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Fenomen Boy Bandov UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI Fakulteta za družbene vede Nina Kodrič Fenomen boy bandov Diplomsko delo Ljubljana, 2006 1 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI Fakulteta za družbene vede Nina Kodrič Mentor: doc. dr. Peter Stanković Fenomen boy bandov Diplomsko delo Ljubljana, 2006 2 FENOMEN BOY BANDOV Predstavitev fenomena boy bandov se začne z njihovo umestitvijo v okvir popularne glasbe in nadaljuje z opredelitvijo tega pojma. Predstavljene so osnovne značilnosti boy bandov, njihovi začetki, odnos do medijev in publike. Ugotovitve o tem fenomenu so predstavljene s študijo primera. Med boy bande sodijo vokalne glasbene skupine, sestavljene iz mladih fantov, ki pojejo, plešejo in poudarjajo svoj videz. Člani tovrstnih skupin ponavadi niso vpleteni v kreativni proces ustvarjanja glasbe, saj večinoma ne pišejo besedil in glasbe, ki jo izvajajo. V večini primerov nastanejo na pobudo glasbenega menedžmenta, s čimer se uvrščajo med t.i. umetno sestavljene skupine. Dobiček predstavlja osnovni motiv za njihov nastanek in obstoj. Njihova ciljna publika so mlada dekleta, najstnice, ki se s člani teh skupin identificirajo. Največji uspeh so boy bandi dosegli v devetdesetih letih, ko so se redno uvrščali na vrhove glasbenih lestvic in nastopali v razprodanih dvoranah. Obravnava se zaključi z ugotavljanjem vpliva boy bandov na razvoj sodobne pop glasbe, ki se kaže predvsem v porastu pop izvajalcev, ki se javnosti predstavljajo kot pevci in plesalci s pomočjo poudarjanja svojega videza ter večjemu vplivu menedžmenta na proces ustvarjanja glasbe. Ključne besede: boy band, popularna glasba, glasbena industrija, imidž, občinstvo THE PHENOMENON OF BOY BANDS The presentation of the phenomenon of boy bands begins with its placement within the frames of popular music, and continues with defining this notion. Main characteristics, beginnings, relationship towards media and audience are introduced and later on examined with the case study. Boy bands are considered to be vocal music groups, combined of young boys, who sing, dance, and emphasize their appearance. Members of this kind of groups are usually not involved in the creative process of making music because they mostly don’t write lyrics and music that they perform. Music management is in most cases responsible for creation of boy bands, and that is why they are placed among so called prefabricated or manufactured bands. The main motive for foundation and existence of this kind of bands is making profit. Their target audience consists of young preteen and teen girls, who identify themselves with group members. The nineties are considered to be the most successful era for boy bands so far. They were regularly placed on the top of the charts and were performing in sell out concert halls. At the end of presentation the influence of boy bands on the development of contemporary pop music is examined. Their influence is manifested in increasing number of performers that sing, dance, and in larger role of management on creating process of making music. Key words: boy band, popular music, music industry, image, audience 3 KAZALO 1. UVOD 5 2. POP GLASBA 7 2.1 Teeenybop glasba 11 2.2 Bubblegum glasba 12 2.3 Glasbena industrija in menedžerji 13 3. BOY BANDI 18 3.1 Opredelitve boy bandov 18 3.2 Elementi boy bandov 20 3.2.1 Imidž 23 3.2.2 Značilnosti besedil 24 3.3 Povezave med boy bandi, mediji in občinstvom 25 3.3.1 Mediji 26 3.3.2 Občinstvo 28 3.4 Zgodovina in kronološki pregled boy bandov 30 4. ŠTUDIJA PRIMERA TAKE THAT 36 4.1 Nastanek in razvoj Take That 36 4.2 Člani Take That 39 4.3 Občinstvo 40 5 VZOREC SODOBNEGA POPA 42 6 ZAKLJUČEK 47 7 LITERATURA 49 8 PRILOGE 4 1. UVOD V diplomski nalogi bom poskušala čim bolj obsežno predstaviti in opredeliti fenomen boy bandov. Naloga je sestavljena iz treh delov. V prvem, teoretskem delu, bom umestila boy bande v okvir popularne glasbe ter opisala začetke in osnovne značilnosti obeh pojavov. V drugem delu se bom osredotočila na predmet proučevanja, to je fenomen boy bandov. Predstavila bom obstoječe definicije, lastnosti ter razvoj tovrstnih skupin in kasneje z metodo študija primera Take That opisala celoten proces in razvoj uspešne boy band skupine na konkretnem primeru. V sklepnem delu bom izbrala vzorec trenutno aktualne pop glasbe, ki ga predstavlja prvih pet singlov Billboardove lestvice, dne 16. 9. 2006 ter iskala podobnosti med boy bandi in sodobnim popom. Boy bandi so konstrukt sodobne družbe in ponazarjajo odličen primer prikaza splošnega stanja sodobne popularne kulture in k potrošništvu nagnjene družbe. Sebi v prid so obrnili osnovne elemente popularne kulture (medije, oglaševanje, potrošništvo, modo in seveda popularno glasbo) in prek njih prišli do ogromnih dobičkov. Ustvarjanje dobička predstavlja osnovno funkcijo proizvodnje kulturnih izdelkov in osmisli obstoj proizvodov kot so boy bandi. Zasluge za komercialno uspešnost tovrstnih skupin lahko pripišemo predvsem uspešnemu in premišljenemu menedžmentu, ki si je izbralo daleč najbolj hvaležno in nezahtevno občinstvo ter prav take izvajalce. Kljub komercialnemu uspehu tovrstne zasedbe ne žanjejo uspeha in odobravanja pri širšem, starostno neomejenem občinstvu, temveč so, nasprotno pogosto tarča posmeha in prezira. Slava tovrstnih skupin je časovno omejena. Njihova ciljna publika je v obdobju odraščanja ter oblikovanja lastne individualnosti, zato hitro preraste mladostniške fascinacije in jih zamenja z novimi. Hkrati s publiko odraščajo tudi člani skupin. Ko odrastejo, izgubijo svoj mladosten videz in s tem postanejo nezanimivi za nove rodove najstnic. Boy bandi, ki so se po nekaj letih premora vrnili na glasbeno sceno, niso dosegli uspeha, ki so si ga bili vajeni. Čeprav so občinstvu ponudili zrelejšo glasbo in podobo, jim ni uspelo prepričati svoje nekdanje publike in pridobiti nove. Občinstvo boy bandov predstavljajo mlada dekleta, najstnice. Obdobje najstništva oz mladostništva velja za najbolj labilno obdobje v človekovem razvoju. Prav zaradi te specifike 5 predstavljajo lahek in nezahteven plen za kremplje požrešne glasbene industrije, kjer sta neizkušenost in naivnost najbolj cenjeni lastnosti. Za člane tovrstnih zasedb je značilna močno izražena želja po slavi in potreba po občutku biti oboževan s strani množice. Da to dosežejo, so pripravljeni storiti marsikaj. Odločitev, da postanejo del uspešnega boy banda, avtomatično pomeni, da postanejo prodajni artikel glasbene industrije, ki mora delovati v njenem interesu. To pomeni, da se, v zameno za slavo in denar, prostovoljno odpovejo svoji lastni individualnosti in svobodni volji. Razcvet boy bandov v devetdesetih, je predstavljal navdih in postavil smernice za razvoj današnje popularne glasbe. S tem mislim, da je sodoben pop prevzel glavne adute komercialnega uspeha boy bandov in jih obrnil sebi v prid. K dobičku usmerjen in premišljen menedžment ter specifičen način prikazovanja izvajalcev, sta prisotna skozi celotno pop zgodovino. Vendar pa so bili prav boy bandi in njihovi predhodniki tisti, ki so temu podredili celoten obstoj. Gonja za komercialnim uspehom si je glasbo podredila in jo naredila preračunljivo. Boy bande se lahko primerja s kulturo hitre prehrane (fast food), kjer je vse naravnano k čim večji storilnosti, dosegljivosti, rutiniranosti in prepoznavnosti, za doseganje osnovnega cilja, to je dobička. Ljudem nudijo takojšnjo zadovoljstvo, pozabljajo pa na kakovost, izvirnost in osebno noto izdelkov. Najbolj fascinantna je prav preprostost tega fenomena. Vse je tako dorečeno in preverjeno, da bi lahko rekli, da obstaja recept ali formula kako s pomočjo začetnega kapitala ustvariti uspešen boy band. 6 2. POPULARNA GLASBA Za boljše razumevanje načel in lastnosti glasbe boy band izvajalcev, je potrebno poznavanje popularne glasbe in glasbene industrije, katere sestavni del so tudi boy bandi. Tovrstne zasedbe se s svojimi značilnostmi uvrščajo med finančno bolj uspešne in prepoznavne produkte popularne glasbe. Middleton je označil vprašanje, kaj je popularna glasba, za prepleteno in zapleteno. Uporabil je primer ene izmed definicij ljudskih pesmi »vse pesmi so ljudske pesmi, nikoli še nisem slišal, da bi jih peli konji« in postavil tezo, da je vsa glasba popularna, popularna nekomu. (Middleton v Shuker, 1994: 6). Če izhajam iz tega izhodišča, je popularna glasba pojem, ki je poznan vsem ljudem, ki so kadarkoli poslušali glasbo. Prav ta nepredstavljivo velika količina odjemalcev popularne glasbe pomeni, da je pojem popularne glasbe zelo težko natančno definirati. Vsak poslušalec razvije neko svojo opredelitev popularne glasbe. Popularna glasba zaradi svoje dostopnosti, raznolikosti in ohlapne opredelitve, predstavlja popularno strokovno in poljudno temo. S strokovnim proučevanjem popularne glasbe se je začela ukvarjati sociologija, ki se je v osnovi navezovala na pomen množične kulture in empirično proučevanje mladostnikov, saj je ciljno občinstvo tovrstne glasbe že od začetka bila predvsem mladina. (Frith in Goodwin, 1990: 1) Razlog za začetek raziskovanja popularne glasbe navede Reisman. Po njegovem mnenju so bile začetne raziskave popularne glasbe narejene za potrebe industrije komuniciranja, saj so služile kot dokaz oglaševalcem, da ima popularna kultura velik vpliv na navade potrošnika. (Riesman v Frith in Goodwin, 1990: 5) Za začetek razvoja popularne glasbe je odločilno vlogo igral napredek tehnologije za izdelovanje ter posredovanje zvoka in podobe1. Tehnologija je vplivala na način organiziranja, komuniciranja in potrošnje popularne glasbe oziroma kulture skozi dvajseto stoletje in je omogočila razvoj zabavne industrije. (Negus, 1992: 20) Razmah
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