DOCSLIB.ORG

Rossdale Historical Land Use Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rossdale Historical Land Use Study Rossdale Historical Land Use Study Prepared by: Commonwealth Historic Resource Management Limited Dr. Harold Kalman, Project Manager, Heritage Resource Planner Meg Stanley, M.A., Senior Historian Dr. Clint Evans, Ph.D., Historian Brian Ronaghan, Senior Archaelogist, Golder Associates Dr. Guy Cross, Geophysicist, Golder Associates Sumbitted to: City of Edmonton Planning and Development Department February 2004 ii ROSSDALE HISTORICAL LAND USE STUDY Contents Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... iv Chapter 1 Methodology 1 1.1 Background and Objectives ....................................................................................... 2 1.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 5 1.3 Contents of this Report .............................................................................................. 6 Chapter 2 Historiography 7 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 8 2.2 Fur Trade, Métis, and First Nations .......................................................................... 8 2.3 Environmental History and Urban History ............................................................... 12 2.4 Rossdale History ....................................................................................................... 18 2.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 19 Chapter 3 Natural History 21 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 22 3.2 Geological History of Rossdale and the North Saskatchewan River Valley ............... 22 3.3 Stratigraphy, Soils, and Flooding ............................................................................... 26 3.4 Flora and Fauna of the Rossdale Area ........................................................................ 30 Chapter 4 Regional History 35 4.1 Prehistory: A Brief Overview to 1750 ........................................................................ 36 4.2 Regional History: 1750 to 1900 ................................................................................ 39 4.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 46 Chapter 5 Rossdale and the Fur Trade 47 5.1 The Trading Posts of the Edmonton Area ................................................................... 48 5.2 The HBC Reserve after 1870 ...................................................................................... 55 5.3 Uses of Rossdale Flats ............................................................................................... 61 Chapter 6 Local History 81 6.1 Land Survey and Transportation ............................................................................... 82 6.2 Institutions, Utilities, Roads, and Amenities ............................................................... 99 6.3 The Rossdale Neighbourhood .................................................................................... 131 Commonwealth Historic Resource Management Limited ROSSDALE HISTORICAL LAND USE STUDY iii Chapter 7 Archaeological Evidence 151 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 152 7.2 Archaeological Investigations .................................................................................... 154 7.3 Known Archaeological Resources .............................................................................. 166 7.4 Significance ................................................................................................................ 167 Chapter 8 Archaeological Potential 173 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 174 8.2 Landform Potential ................................................................................................... 174 8.3 Potential for Prehistoric Settlement ............................................................................ 176 8.4 Modern Disturbance .................................................................................................. 179 8.5 Summary .................................................................................................................... 182 Chapter 9 Geophysical Investigation 185 9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 186 9.2 1992 Investigation ...................................................................................................... 187 9.3 2001 Investigation ...................................................................................................... 191 9.4 Summary ................................................................................................................... 196 Chapter 10 Conclusions and Recommendations 199 10.1 Key Findings of the Report ....................................................................................... 200 10.2 The Burial Ground ................................................................................................... 201 10.3 Long-term Management Plan for Archaeological Resources ..................................... 203 10.4 Recommendations .................................................................................................... 207 Appendixes 211 Appendix 1 - Letter from Alberta Community Development ............................................ 212 Appendix 2 - Select Bibliography ..................................................................................... 214 Appendix 3 - Project Team ............................................................................................... 222 Appendix 4 - Abbreviations of Repositories ..................................................................... 223 Appendix 5 - Maps .......................................................................................................... 224 Commonwealth Historic Resource Management Limited iv ROSSDALE HISTORICAL LAND USE STUDY Executive Summary The Rossdale Historical Land Use Study examines the many uses that have occurred, and continue to occur, within Edmonton’s Rossdale neighbourhood, particularly within a designated 17.1-acre study area. The present study is one of several parallel initiatives being undertaken by the City of Edmonton that are intended to compile information about the area because of its historical and archaeological significance, to commemorate the former Fort Edmonton burial ground, and to relocate a portion of Rossdale Road that crosses the burial ground site. The History of Rossdale The second chapter reviews essays on historiography, which is the study of the writing of history. This literature review enabled the authors to identify approaches and sources that helped them write the narrative history of Rossdale. The narrative begins with the natural history of the Rossdale area. It presents an overview of the region’s geological history, flood events, flora, and fauna to provide a better understanding of the context for Rossdale’s long history of human use, occupation, and settlement. In prehistoric and early historic times the North Saskatchewan River was the principal transportation corridor through the region. It was these natural features, including the river and its valley, that made the future site of Edmonton attractive to early Aboriginal peoples and fur-traders alike, and which made the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Fort Edmonton prominent not as a trading post and later also as a regional centre. The flats by the river were highly valued by their users and were seen as being the centre of that segment of the universe. Things changed in the late nineteenth century with the arrival of the railway. Economic development focussed on the high land at either side of the river – first Strathcona to the south and later downtown Edmonton to the north. The river and the flats were no longer the focus of all activity. Indeed, the river began to be seen as a barrier and no longer as an artery. The flats gradually diminished in importance and became land with relatively little economic value. For several decades after Fort Edmonton closed its doors, the Hudson’s Bay Company retained the idea of selling its land in the flats for a tidy profit, but over time found that the market showed little interest in it and it was barely sellable for low-cost housing. As the ownership of much of the land was gradually transferred from the HBC to the City over the years, Rossdale became a place for utilities and transportation routes – the power plant, the water treatment plant, a gravel pit, roads, railway lines, bridges, and very nearly also a manure depot, an incinerator, and an expressway. In the 1920s the HBC grazed its horses here and unused land was cultivated for market gardens. An example of the attitude shown to the Rossdale flats by municipal authorities was the dismissal of a roadway traversing them as a ‘cross-valley road,’ with no reference to the land over which it passed. Commonwealth Historic Resource Management Limited ROSSDALE HISTORICAL LAND USE STUDY v Civic amenities developed here as well, again taking advantage of the low land values. The Edmonton
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Message from the President …
    Share Enjoy Enrich Newsletter of the Faculty Women’s Club, University of Alberta Vol. 30, No. 2a December 2016 A message from the President … As the semester draws to a close and the holiday season approaches, I hope you are all keeping busy and warm! The FWC has had a productive fall. First, we began our year with a successful and well-attended Wine and Cheese Registration Event. Thank you to Cathy, Pat, and others for all your hard work in providing and preparing the food, to Marie and others for manning the registration table, and to those members who volunteered their time at the event to welcome and provide tours to new members. Second, we have recently launched our new website; thank you to Christine for your patience, persistence, and hours of work in making this happen! Finally, the Program Committee (Cathy, Katia, and Judith) is working hard to plan some upcoming club-wide events, including the Robin Hood pantomime at Fort Edmonton in December and the Alberta Legislature tour in March. Personally, I have been enjoying my last few weeks of leave with Emma (now ten months old!) and Kevin. We are looking forward to Emma’s first Christmas with family in Vancouver, and even dressed her up as an elf for Halloween in anticipation. I will return to work full time in January, which seems a bit daunting – but I know many thousands of parents have done it before me, and I know that I have a wonderful network of support from the FWC. In closing, I wish you all a holiday that is warm, bright, and full of fun and friendship! Sarah Moore email: [email protected] December 2016 www.ualberta.ca/faculty-and-staff/faculty-womens-club 1 S E A S O N’ S G R E E T I N G S! from your Executive It’s that time of year again when many of our members are decorating their homes and cooking up a storm in the kitchen, preparing to celebrate.
    [Show full text]
  • Big Lake Quarters
    BLQ YELLOWHEAD TRAIL WINTERBURN ROAD YELLOWHEAD TRAIL For Lease For more information, please contact: Paul Raimundo Big Lake Quarters Vice President, Retail +1 780 328 2575 Yellowhead Trail (Highway 16) & Winterburn Road [email protected] Edmonton, Alberta Bruce Peters Assistant Vice President, Retail +1 780 328 2577 Brand new, exciting retail opportunities in [email protected] Edmonton’s thriving northwest corridor. JLL Edmonton Retail For Lease Big Lake Quarters Big Lake Quarters Largest, most prominent commercial node within the Big Lake Area Structure Plan. YELLOWHEAD TRAIL WINTERBURN ROAD BLQ The Area Big Lake Quarters will be the primary shopping area for the existing population of 18,538† and a future population of 27,192*. It will serve the communities of Kinglet Gardens, Hawks Ridge, Pintail Landing, Trumpeter, Starling, Royal Spring Estates and Countryside Ravines. Winterburn Road (215 Street) north of Yellow- head Trail (Highway 16) sees an average weekday traffic of 4,600 VPD‡ and is expected to double by the next five years. Yellowhead Trail (Highway 16) is a major highway corridor with connections from east to west, serving an average of 70,100 VPD‡ and whose off ramp is the main access into the Big Lake area. † Based off a 5 kilometer radius * Based off the total population upon build-out for Kinglet Gardens, Hawks Ridge, Pintail Landing, Trumpeter and Starling; ‡ VPD - Vehicles per day; City of Edmonton, Tableau Data, 2018 Statistics For Lease Big Lake Quarters Property Details Building S2: 4,158 SF Building S3: 13,200 SF ­ Building S4: 5,400 SF Building S5: 5,400 SF Lease Rates Market Site Area 5.04 Acres Expected Completion 2023 Proposed Zoning CSC - Shopping Centre Future Development Starting in 2022 and with anticipated completion in 2025, the land immediately west of Big Lake Quarters will be developed into Kinglet Gardens—a brand new, residential community with townhomes, duplexes and single family homes.
    [Show full text]
  • Candles to Kilowatts
    Candles to Kilowatts The Story of Edmonton’s Power Company Chapter 1 final 2/7/02 10:07 PM Page 1 lick a light switch, turn on a televi- Fsion, use a microwave – we take many electrical conveniences for granted. But Milestones Chapter 1 before the turn of the twentieth century, electricity was just a flickering novelty for most people. Since then, it has 1891 become central to our daily lives, a driv- Alex Taylor starts the first Edmonton ing force of modern industry, and a electric plant in Edmonton. multi-billion dollar enterprise. And for Electric Lighting people in Edmonton, a home-grown The C&E Railway between Calgary utility has made electricity a reality for and South Edmonton is completed. and Power more than a century. Company Limited Edmonton’s Early 1892 Growth Edmonton is incorporated as a town. • • • • • Edmonton Electric Lighting and Power Company Limited has its roots in the 1895 1891 – 1901 early history of the City of Edmonton. John Walter’s sawmill business is Like other cities in western Canada, operational in Edmonton. Edmonton began as a fur trading post. After relocating several times, Fort 1896 Edmonton was situated in the Edmonton Marconi applies for a patent on area in 1802, when it was erected on the wireless telegraphy. north bank of the North Saskatchewan River. In 1829, the fort was moved to The Klondike Gold higher ground near the present location Rush begins. It is a fact – or have I dreamt it – that, of Alberta’s legislature building. by means of electricity, the world of Fort Edmonton experienced two sepa- The first long-distance, high-voltage rate waves of newcomers.
    [Show full text]
  • Steward : 75 Years of Alberta Energy Regulation / the Sans Serif Is Itc Legacy Sans, Designed by Gordon Jaremko
    75 years of alb e rta e ne rgy re gulation by gordon jaremko energy resources conservation board copyright © 2013 energy resources conservation board Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication ¶ This book was set in itc Berkeley Old Style, designed by Frederic W. Goudy in 1938 and Jaremko, Gordon reproduced in digital form by Tony Stan in 1983. Steward : 75 years of Alberta energy regulation / The sans serif is itc Legacy Sans, designed by Gordon Jaremko. Ronald Arnholm in 1992. The display face is Albertan, which was originally cut in metal at isbn 978-0-9918734-0-1 (pbk.) the 16 point size by Canadian designer Jim Rimmer. isbn 978-0-9918734-2-5 (bound) It was printed and bound in Edmonton, Alberta, isbn 978-0-9918734-1-8 (pdf) by McCallum Printing Group Inc. 1. Alberta. Energy Resources Conservation Board. Book design by Natalie Olsen, Kisscut Design. 2. Alberta. Energy Resources Conservation Board — History. 3. Energy development — Government policy — Alberta. 4. Energy development — Law and legislation — Alberta. 5. Energy industries — Law and legislation — Alberta. i. Alberta. Energy Resources Conservation Board. ii. Title. iii. Title: 75 years of Alberta energy regulation. iv. Title: Seventy-five years of Alberta energy regulation. hd9574 c23 a4 j37 2013 354.4’528097123 c2013-980015-8 con t e nt s one Mandate 1 two Conservation 23 three Safety 57 four Environment 77 five Peacemaker 97 six Mentor 125 epilogue Born Again, Bigger 147 appendices Chairs 154 Chronology 157 Statistics 173 INSPIRING BEGINNING Rocky Mountain vistas provided a dramatic setting for Alberta’s first oil well in 1902, at Cameron Creek, 220 kilometres south of Calgary.
    [Show full text]
  • Writing Alberta POD EPDF.Indd
    WRITING ALBERTA: Aberta Building on a Literary Identity Edited by George Melnyk and Donna Coates ISBN 978-1-55238-891-4 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at [email protected] Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist’s copyright. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: This open-access work is published under a Creative Commons licence. This means that you are free to copy, distribute, display or perform the work as long as you clearly attribute the work to its authors and publisher, that you do not use this work for any commercial gain in any form, and that you in no way alter, transform, or build on the work outside of its use in normal academic scholarship without our express permission. If you want to reuse or distribute the work, you must inform its new audience of the licence terms of this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Mill Woods Development Concept Consolidation
    Mill Woods Development Concept Office Consolidation June 2021 Prepared by: Development Services Urban Planning and Economy City of Edmonton The Mill Woods Development Concept was approved by a resolution of Municipal Planning Commission in March 1971. In June 2021, this document was consolidated by virtue of the incorporation of the following amendments to the original Plan. This Plan is an amendment to the Mill Woods Development Concept was approved by a resolution of Council on March 1971. Mill Woods Development Concept approved by Resolution in March 1971. Amendment approved by resolution December 12, 2006 (as a result of Bylaw 14442 to accommodate row house development for first time homebuyers on a vacant surplus school building envelope located on a school/park site). Amendment approved by resolution January 14, 2008 (to replace the “Town Centre” section in order to align with the adoption of the Mill Woods Station Area Redevelopment Plan, Bylaw 16537). Amendment approved by resolution October, 2012 (to accommodate Medium Density Residential uses for seniors housing on surplus school building envelope located on a school//park site). Amendment approved by resolution September 16, 2013 (to replace the “Town Centre” section in order to align with the adoption of the Mill Woods Station Area Redevelopment Plan, Bylaw 16537). Bylaw 19725 approved June 8th, 2021 (PLAN REPEALED) Editor’s Note: This is an office consolidation edition for the Mill Woods Development Concept as approved by Resolution in March 1971. This edition contains all amendments and additions to the Mill Woods Development Concept Plan. For the sake of clarity, new maps and a standardized format were utilized in this Plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material Not for Distribution Fidler in Context
    TABLE OF CONTENTS acknowledgements vii introduction Fidler in Context 1 first journal From York Factory to Buckingham House 43 second journal From Buckingham House to the Rocky Mountains 95 notes to the first journal 151 notes to the second journal 241 sources and references 321 index 351 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION FIDLER IN CONTEXT In July 1792 Peter Fidler, a young surveyor for the Hudson’s Bay Company, set out from York Factory to the company’s new outpost high on the North Saskatchewan River. He spent the winter of 1792‐93 with a group of Piikani hunting buffalo in the foothills SW of Calgary. These were remarkable journeys. The river brigade travelled more than 2000 km in 80 days, hauling heavy loads, moving upstream almost all the way. With the Piikani, Fidler witnessed hunts at sites that archaeologists have since studied intensively. On both trips his assignment was to map the fur-trade route from Hudson Bay to the Rocky Mountains. Fidler kept two journals, one for the river trip and one for his circuit with the Piikani. The freshness and immediacy of these journals are a great part of their appeal. They are filled with descriptions of regional landscapes, hunting and trading, Native and fur-trade cultures, all of them reflecting a young man’s sense of adventure as he crossed the continent. But there is noth- ing naive or spontaneous about these remarks. The journals are transcripts of his route survey, the first stages of a map to be sent to the company’s head office in London.
    [Show full text]
  • Edmonton's CAPITAL Region
    eDMONTON’S CAPITAL ReGION Water Treatment Process Intakes Sedimentation The intake structures for the water treatment After the floc is formed, it is then allowed to settle to plant are located in the deepest part of the North the bottom of a clarifying basin. This is the process Saskatchewan River, near the lowlift pump station. of sedimentation. Once the dirt-laden floc settles to They are situated below the water surface so oil the bottom of the basin, sludge is removed and and floating debris pass over them. Additionally, the the clear water is decanted from the surface. intake structure at the E.L. Smith water treatment plant is designed with a fish return system to gently Disinfection deposit fish downstream. Free chlorine (0.8 % Sodium Hypochlorite) is added after clarification to kill harmful bacteria and other Screens microbes. After filtration, the water passes through Screens are located just before the lowlift pumps ultraviolet (UV) disinfection that renders the to strain out debris which may enter the intake pipe. microorganisms harmless. Ammonia is then added The screens are designed with holes about one square and combines with chlorine to form a long-lasting centimetre (cm) which keep out fish, sticks, and leaves. disinfectant called monochloramine. The screens are rotated and periodically cleaned using back wash water to return debris to the river. Filtration The water is filtered by allowing it to slowly flow Lowlift Pumps down through a layer of anthracite coal (about 50 The lowlift pumps get their name because they pump at cm) and a layer of sand (about 30 cm).
    [Show full text]
  • CENTURY BUILDING Unit 208, 10310 - 124 Street NW, Edmonton, AB
    FOR LEASE CENTURY BUILDING Unit 208, 10310 - 124 Street NW, Edmonton, AB 1,530 SQ. FT. SECOND FLOOR OFFICE SPACE Property Details: • Second floor office space for lease in the popular Oliver/Westmount area • Move-in ready (existing furniture and fixtures are available for purchase) • Professionally managed • Secure building • Corner of 124th Street and 103rd Avenue, above the Remedy Cafe • Excellent corner office with windows all around • Three (3) professionally appointed offices with its own kitchen area, large reception area, and boardroom • Upgraded common areas with direct access to underground heated parking Seif Jiwaji Suite 2700, TD Tower Senior Associate 10088 102 Avenue 780 643 2141 Edmonton, AB T5J 2Z1 [email protected] www.cwedm.com Cushman & Wakefield Edmonton is independently owned and operated / A Member of the Cushman & Wakefield Alliance. Cushman & Wakefield Copyright 2018. No warranty or representation, express or implied, is made to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained herein, and same is submitted subject to errors, omissions, change of price, rental or other conditions, withdrawal without notice, and to any special listing conditions imposed by the property owner(s). As applicable, we make no representation as to the condition of the property (or properties) in question. July 12, 2018 FOR LEASE CENTURY BUILDING Unit 208, 10310 - 124 Street NW, Edmonton, AB Building Features: Office 1 Available Size: 1,530 sq. ft. Lease Rate: $16.50 per sq. ft. Operating Costs: $12.56 per sq. ft. (2018) Parking: Underground heated parking Availability: 30 days* - please contact Agent Reception Area Office 2 Boardroom Office 3 Seif Jiwaji Suite 2700, TD Tower Senior Associate 10088 102 Avenue 780 643 2141 Edmonton, AB T5J 2Z1 [email protected] www.cwedm.com Cushman & Wakefield Edmonton is independently owned and operated / A Member of the Cushman & Wakefield Alliance.
    [Show full text]
  • Leisure Access Program for Foster Families
    CROSSROADS FAMILY SERVICES ph: 780.430-7715 ~ #201-1207-91 St. SW, Edmonton AB T6X 1E9 [email protected] fax: 780.430-7778 LEISURE ACCESS PROGRAM FOR FOSTER FAMILIES ELIGIBILITY: Based on the number of people in your household, including foster children, in relation to your income. HOUSEHOLD INCOME: Line 150 of last year’s Income Tax Notice of Assessment for main applicant and their partner only. APPLICATION LINK: http://www.edmonton.ca/for_residents/LeisureAccessProgramApplication.pdf # of People Income at or below: Mail your completed form to: 1 $23,298 (Forms e-mailed or faxed are not accepted) 2 $29,004 3 $35,657 Leisure Access Program 4 $43,292 CN Tower 14th Floor 5 $49,102 PO Box 2359 6 $55,378 Edmonton AB T5J 2R7 7+ $61,656 Participating Facilities Pick up your leisure access pass at facilities EXCEPT those marked with an asterisks. RECREATION CENTRES ACT Aquatic and Recreation Centre Grand Trunk Leisure Centre Eastglen Leisure Centre Jasper Place Leisure Centre Northeast Northwest Londonderry Leisure Centre Peter Hemingway Recreation Centre O'Leary Leisure Centre St. Francis Xavier Bonnie Doon Leisure Centre Kinsmen Sports Centre Central Southeast Hardisty Fitness and Leisure Centre Commonwealth Community Recreation Centre Mill Woods Rec Centre Confederation Leisure Centre Southwest Terwillegar Community Rec Centre Scona Pool* INDOOR ICE ARENAS OUTDOOR POOLS Clareview Arena* Northeast Borden Park Outdoor Pool Glengarry Arena* Northwest Fred Broadstock Outdoor Pool Northeast Londonderry Arena* Oliver Outdoor Pool Central Russ
    [Show full text]
  • Lt. Aemilius Simpson's Survey from York Factory to Fort Vancouver, 1826
    The Journal of the Hakluyt Society August 2014 Lt. Aemilius Simpson’s Survey from York Factory to Fort Vancouver, 1826 Edited by William Barr1 and Larry Green CONTENTS PREFACE The journal 2 Editorial practices 3 INTRODUCTION The man, the project, its background and its implementation 4 JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE ACROSS THE CONTINENT OF NORTH AMERICA IN 1826 York Factory to Norway House 11 Norway House to Carlton House 19 Carlton House to Fort Edmonton 27 Fort Edmonton to Boat Encampment, Columbia River 42 Boat Encampment to Fort Vancouver 62 AFTERWORD Aemilius Simpson and the Northwest coast 1826–1831 81 APPENDIX I Biographical sketches 90 APPENDIX II Table of distances in statute miles from York Factory 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY 101 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1. George Simpson, 1857 3 Fig. 2. York Factory 1853 4 Fig. 3. Artist’s impression of George Simpson, approaching a post in his personal North canoe 5 Fig. 4. Fort Vancouver ca.1854 78 LIST OF MAPS Map 1. York Factory to the Forks of the Saskatchewan River 7 Map 2. Carlton House to Boat Encampment 27 Map 3. Jasper to Fort Vancouver 65 1 Senior Research Associate, Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada. 2 PREFACE The Journal The journal presented here2 is transcribed from the original manuscript written in Aemilius Simpson’s hand. It is fifty folios in length in a bound volume of ninety folios, the final forty folios being blank. Each page measures 12.8 inches by seven inches and is lined with thirty- five faint, horizontal blue-grey lines.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Alberta Perceptions and Parameters of Education As A
    University of Alberta Perceptions and Parameters of Education as a Treaty Right within the Context of Treaty 7 Sheila Carr-Stewart A thesis submitted to the Faculîy of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Administration and Leadership Department of Educational Policy Studies Edmonton, Alberta spring 2001 National Library Bibliothèque nationale m*u ofCanada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographk Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. nie Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Oîîawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantid extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenirise de celle-ci ne doivent êeimprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation . In memory of John and Betty Carr and Pat and MyrtIe Stewart Abstract On September 22, 1877, representatives of the Blackfoot Confederacy, Tsuu T'ha and Stoney Nations, and Her Majesty's Govemment signed Treaty 7. Over the next century, Canada provided educational services based on the Constitution Act, Section 91(24).
    [Show full text]