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Præcis Og Koncis Praktisk Swahili-Dansk Kortfattet ordbog med grammatikforklaringer Morten Munk Jakobsen Praktisk Swahili-Dansk Kortfattet ordbog med grammatikforklaringer Praktisk Swahili-Dansk Kortfattet ordbog med grammatikforklaringer Af Morten Munk Jakobsen Hillerød 2003 First edition December 2003 2003 Morten Munk Jakobsen Praktisk Swahili-Dansk downloaded from www.kiswahili.dk Indholdsfortegnelse Indholdsfortegnelse side 5 - 7 Forord 9 - 10 Kort 11 - 12 Indledning (introduktion til swahili): Hilsen og henvendelse 13 - 16 Swahili udtale 17 Stavelser og tryk 17 Vokalers udtale 17 Konsonanters udtale 18 Simpel ”sætningsdannelse” med udsagnsord 18 Tidsbestemmelse 18 - 19 Subjektpræfiks 19 - 21 Objektpræfiks 21 - 22 Personlige stedord 22 Simpel nutid 23 Spørgsmål og spørgeord 23 - 24 Navneord: Indledning 25 M WA klassen 26 - 27 M MI klassen 28 - 29 JI MA klassen 30 - 31 KI VI klassen 32 - 33 N klassen 34 - 36 U klassen 37 - 39 KU Klassen 40 - 41 Mahali klassen (PA, KU, MU) 42 - 43 Morten Munk Jakobsen 5 Tillægsord & biord 44 Tillægsord 44 - 46 Biord 46 - 47 Forholdsord 47 Udsagnsordsformer Navnemåde (Infinitiv) 48 Bydemåde (Imperativ) 48 - 49 Passiv (-wa) 49 - 50 Applikativ (-ia/-ea/-lia/-lea) 51 Kausativ (-sha/-za) 52 Kausativ applikativ (-shia/-zia) 52 -53 Reciprokke form (-ana) 53 Relativformen (som/der) (amba-) 53 - 56 Når, da (-po-) 56 Hvor (-po/-ko/-mo) 56 - 57 Der er – (pana-/kuna/-mna) 57 -ki-/-sipo-/-ka- formerne 58 - 59 -nge-/-ngali- formerne 59 - 60 Hu- formen 60 At være (-kuwa) 60 - 62 At have (-na) 62 At give (-pa) 63 At gøre og omgøre 63 Mere om -me- formen (førnutidsformen) 63 - 64 Andre former Påpegende stedord 65 Ejefald 66 Katika 66 Vilevile/pia 66 6 Morten Munk Jakobsen Sammenligninger (komparation) 67 Fyndord/eftertryk 67 Mere om ’na’ (og/med/hos/af) 67 - 68 Små og store ting 69 - 70 Tid 71 - 73 Tal 74 - 76 Simpelt skriftsprog 77 Opførsel/kulturforskelle 78 Tegn og forkortelser til ordbog, swahili-dansk 79 - 80 Ordbog, swahili-dansk 81- 191 Morten Munk Jakobsen 7 8 Morten Munk Jakobsen Forord Swahili eller Kiswahili som det hedder på swahili, er det mest udbredte afrikanske sprog i Afrika. Det skønnes at over 60 millioner mennesker taler og forstår swahili, og tallet kan meget vel være endnu højere. Udbredelsen af swahili er koncentreret omkring Tanzania (inkl. Zanzibar), Kenya, Uganda, Comorerne og grænseegnene i de lande som støder op til dem. På grund af Tanzanias støtte til uafhængighedsbevægelserne i Zimbabwe og Sydafrika kan man også af og til støde på folk herfra, som taler swahili. Historisk set var swahili et handelssprog på den østafrikanske kyst, fra Mocambique i syd til Somalia i nord. De første arabiske besøgende kaldte området for ”sawahil” som betyder ”kysten”. Kolonisatorer, slavehandlere og missionærer brugte swahili som kontaktsprog for deres indtrængen i det centrale Afrika. På grund af dets slægtskab med andre bantusprog, var det anvendeligt ved kontakten til folk her. Den største betydning for swahilis fortsatte udbredelse var udviklingen i Tanzania. Efter Tanzanias (Tanganyikas) uafhængighed i 1961, blev swahili gjort til både nationalt og officielt sprog i landet. Det var landets første præsident Julius K. Nyerere’s forsøg på at samle mere end 120 forskellige stammer med hver deres lokale sprog, i en national enhed. Sammen med andre tiltag har dette medvirket til en fælles nationalfølelse og fredelig sameksistens til dato i Tanzania. I Praksis betyder det at i landsbyer i selv de fjerneste afkroge af landet undervises der i swahili i skolerne, og al officiel kommunikation ned til laveste niveau foregår på swahili. Folk kan derfor uden nævneværdige problemer optage arbejde og hverv langt fra deres hjemegn. I de mange familier hvor forældrene kommer fra forskellige stammer bruges swahili som fællessprog og børnene har derfor swahili som førstesprog. I Dar es Salaam og andre store byer har millioner af opvoksende børn og unge ligeledes swahili som deres førstesprog. En udvikling der vil accelerere i fremtiden. Også i Kenya blev swahili nationalt sprog efter uafhængigheden. Officiel embedsførelse og undervisning foregik og foregår dog på engelsk. Swahili anvendes derfor stadig mest i kystområderne og i de større byer. Swahili tilhører familien af bantusprog. En gruppe af hundreder beslægtede stammesprog som geografisk strækker sig fra Sydafrika helt til det sydlige Cameroun i Vestafrika. Mere end 220 millioner mennesker i Afrika menes at tilhøre den etniske gruppe af bantuer, og tale et sprog hørende til bantufamilien. Det mest karakteristiske træk i slægtskabet mellem disse sprog er kongruensprincippet (lydoverenstemmelse), hvor navneordets begyndelseslyd/stavelse styrer de efterfølgende ord med præfikser og lyde. Et andet fællestræk er de sammenhængende udsagnsordsudtryk som udover selve udsagnsordsroden indeholder en tidsmarkør (tidsinfiks) og forskellige former for stedord. Swahili har optaget låneord fra en mængde andre sprog. Flest fra arabisk og persisk, men også fra indiske dialekter, portugisisk, tysk og engelsk. Der har gennem tiden været strid om hvorvidt swahili er et afrikansk sprog eller en afart af arabisk. De første nedskrevne swahili beretninger var skrevet med arabiske skrifttegn. Sammen med de mange låneord fra arabisk og persisk, gav dette næring til forvirringen. Analyser har dog vist at swahili har bantusprogenes grundliggende karakteristika (se ovenstående). Ydermere har optælling bestemt at omkring 80% ordene i swahili er af bantu oprindelse, 12% fra arabisk/persisk og resten fra andre sprog. På grund af swahilis store udbredelse forekommer flere forskellige dialekter. F.eks. Kiunguja på Zanzibar, Kiamu på Lamu, Kimvita fra Mombasa og Kingazija på Comorerne. Man vil generelt opleve at i Kenya er swahili ofte meget direkte og kortfattet, mens det i Tanzania stadig er høfligt og gennemført. Tæt på kysten anvendes mange arabiske låneord, hvorimod sproget i indlandet er mere ”banturiseret”. ”Standard swahili” som det beskrives i mange ord- og lærebøger, er baseret på Zanzibar dialekten Kiunguja. Det er forholdsvis nemt at tilegne sig et brugbart swahili. Hvis man derimod ønsker fuldt ud at kontrollere alle navneordklasser med alle deres overensstemmelser, er det straks sværere. Danskere har generelt nemt ved at fange rytmen i swahili med tryk på næstsidste stavelse, alle ord ender på en vokal, ordstilling etc. Der hvor vi ofte falder igennem er vores flade udtale af a og ikke skelnen mellem s og z. Bogen henvender sig til almindelige mennesker uden andre forudsætninger for sprog, end hvad man kan erindre fra sin tid i grundskolen. Derfor titlen ”Praktisk Swahili-Dansk”. Den gør ikke krav på at indeholde samtlige udtalte og skrevne ord på swahili, men et udvalg af ord som ofte indgår i sproget som det tales i begyndelsen af det enogtyvende århundrede. Morten Munk Jakobsen 9 Introduktionsafsnittet er lagt an således at en person der endnu ikke kender til swahili, vil kunne lære sig de grundlæggende principper. Mere øvede personer kan genopfriske avancerede former f.eks. ”hvordan var det nu lige det var med ’HU formen’ eller ’Relativformen’?”. Bogen er skrevet specielt med henblik på danskere der vil lære swahili. Men det er forfatterens håb at også swahilitalende vil kunne bruge specielt det kommende afsnit Dansk-Swahili (er endnu ikke færdiggjort) og dele af introduktionen, i deres bestræbelser på at lære sig dansk. Forfatteren til denne kortfattede ordbog er ikke sprogekspert, men lægmand med stor interesse for swahili og Afrika. Bogen skal derfor opfattes som forfatterens personlige bidrag til samspillet mellem swahili og dansk. En stor tak til Pili for hendes åbenhjertige svar på mine mange spørgsmål. Hillerød, april 2003. 10 Morten Munk Jakobsen OMRÅDE HVOR DER TALES SWAHILI Morten Munk Jakobsen 11 12 Morten Munk Jakobsen Indledning HILSEN OG HENVENDELSE Noget af det første man bør tilegne sig når man vil lære at tale swahili, er hilsnerne. Det er meget mere udbredt at hilse på swahili end på dansk, og det er vigtigt at kunne hilse hvis man ønsker at fremstå som en ”ordentlig” person. Hvis man f. eks. henvender sig til en ekspedient i en butik, spørger man ikke bare: ’har I mælk?’. Man hilser først: ’goddag, hvordan går det i dag?’, og herefter spørger man om mælken. Det gælder generelt at man altid svarer positivt på en hilsen, også selvom man har svare problemer. Så kan man herefter fortælle om sine problemer. Det er ligeledes vigtigt at man lærer sig hvilke hilsener der passende i hvilke situationer, og til hvilke personer. ’Jambo’ hilsener ’Jambo’ (ental) og ’mambo’ (flertal) kan oversættes med ’problemer, sager eller emner’, men det engelske ’matters’ er nok bedre dækkende. Man kan anvende ’jambo?’ for ’hej/goddag’ og svaret er ’jambo’, det er dog mest udbredt i turistområder. Det er mere korrekt at spørge (til en enkelt person): ’hujambo? (huna jambo?) = har du ingen problem(er)?/hvordan har du det?’. Svaret er: ’sijambo (sina jambo = jeg har ingen problem(er)/jeg har det godt’. Nedenstående er oversættelserne tilnærmet de hilsener der ligner mest på dansk. hilsen svar hujambo? = hvordan har du det? sijambo! = jeg har det fint! hajambo? = hvordan har hun/han det? hajambo! = hun/han har det fint! hamjambo? = hvordan har I det? hatujambo! = vi har det fint! hawajambo? = hvordan har de det? hawajambo! = de har det fint! F.eks: watoto hawajambo? = hvordan har børnene det? hawajambo! = de har det godt! mke wako hajambo? = hvordan har din kone det? hajambo! = hun har det fint! ’Mambo?’ eller ’vipi mambo?’ hilsenen er slang og bliver mest brugt af unge mennesker eller i lidt løsslupne situationer. Det kan nok bedst oversættes med ’problemer?/hvordan kører det?/hvad sker der?’. Op gennem halvfemserne under de store AIDS kampagner var standardsvaret på ’mambo?’ altid: ’mambo kwa soksi! = besværligheder med ”sokker!”’ (slang for kondomer). mambo? = hvordan kører det? safi! = rent!/godt! (clean!) vipi mambo? = hvad sker der? mambo poa! = afslappet!/køligt! (cool!) mambo? = hvordan kører det? waa! = fint!/fedt! vipi mambo? = hvordan kører det? kama kazi! = som fast arbejde! Morten Munk Jakobsen 13 ’Habari’ hilsener ’Habari’ betyder nyhed(er) eller information(er).
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