A Dictionary of Common Wildflowers of Texas & the Southern Great

Home , Ageratina wrightii, Allium perdulce, Arisaema quinatum, Ceanothus herbaceus, Chloracantha, Cleomella angustifolia

Final Cover/6-26 9/2/05 10:33 AM Page 1 A Dictionar

of y A Dictionary of

Common Common Wildflowers of Texas & the Southern W

ildfl Great Plains Joel E. Holloway, M.D. ow How does the meadow flower its bloom unfold? ers Because the lovely little flower is free of T

Down to its root, and, in that freedom, bold. exas

William Wordsworth & the Souther n Gr ea Pl t ainss

TCU Press Written&Compiled byJoel E.Holloway,M.D. Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page i

A Dictionary of Common Wildflowers of Texas & the Southern Great Plains Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page ii Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page iii

A Dictionary of Common Wildflowers of Texas & the Southern Great Plains

Written &Compiled by Joel E.Holloway, M.D. 8 Edited by Amanda Neill

TCU Press • Fort Worth Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page iv

Also by Joel E. Holloway, M.D.

A Dictionary of Birds of the United States

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Holloway, Joel Ellis. A dictionary of common wildflowers of Texas and the Southern Great Plains / written and compiled by Joel E. Holloway ; edited by Amanda Neill. p. cm. ISBN 0-87565-309-X (trade paper) 1. Wild flowers--Texas--Nomenclature--Dictionaries. 2. Wild flowers--Great Plains--Nomenclature-- Dictionaries. 3. Wild flowers--Texas--Nomenclature (Popular)--Dictionaries. 4. Wild flowers--Great Plains--Nomenclature (Popular)--Dictionaries. I. Neill, Amanda. II. Title. QK188.H65 2005 582.13'09764--dc22 2005015304

Images provided by the Botanical Research Institute of Texas Cover & Book Design/Margie Adkins West Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page v

v Dedication v

This work is dedicated to William R. Johnson, D.D.S., for his inspiration and example. Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page i Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 1

v Introduction v

This dictionary is intended to function chiefly as a companion resource to the field guides of common flowers of Texas and the southern Great Plains. These guides provide pictures for iden- tification and information about the plants, as well as their scientific binomial names and their common names. Both the scientific name and common name can be referenced in this dictionary. The scientific binomial name, the genus and specific epithet, is translated from its Latinized form and the common name is explained. The original language for the scientific name may be Latin, Greek, some other European, Asian, or American Indian language, or even a person’s name. If, as is fairly common, the original language was Greek, the base word is first written in Greek, without accents and breathing marks, for ease of printing, then transliterated and translated into English. The common names for flowers in the covered area are usually derived from English or Mexican Spanish, or an American Indian language.

The Principle of Priority is a phrase that will be found following some of the scientific name translations when a mistake, usually in spelling, is present. The Principle of Priority states that the original name assigned, once published in a recognized source, will remain the official name, even if it contains mistakes.

Some of the scientific names of plants (and animals) do not translate with ease or clarity. The main reason for this was the lack of peer review of the assigned names in the past. An individ- ual would discover a plant or have one brought to him or her (as an authority) and assign it a Latinized name. If the name was not explained in the original publication, and the authority got it wrong, it becomes quite a problem to ferret out the intended meaning. This is why some of the scientific names will be translated as “most probably” or “intended to mean.”

There can be many common names for the same plant, depending on the local language or folklore. In this dictionary, the one most commonly used was the basis for its selection.

Daucus carota Queen Anne’s Lace

1 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 2

Abronia ameliae Amelia’s Sand Verbena in India. Mallow, from the name of the family of these plants, Malvaceae, Latin SCIENTIFIC NAME: Abronia, from name for this plant group. Greek, αβρος, abros, graceful, delicate, pretty. Reference is to the involucre, the whorl of bracts below the inflorescence + ameliae, Abutilon theophrasti Velvetleaf for Amelia Lundell (1908-1998) by her hus- band, Cyrus Longworth Lundell (1907- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Abutilon + theophrasti, 1993), founder and director of the Texas from Greek, Τηεοπηραστυς, Theophrastus Research Foundation at Renner, Texas. divine speaker, a Greek philosopher who was a student of Aristotle. Aristotle appointed COMMON NAME: Amelia’s, same as him as his successor as head of the species name. Sand, for the habitat. Peripatetic school. Verbena, Latin name for plants used in ceremony or sacred rites. COMMON NAME: Velvetleaf, descriptive of the appearance and feel of the leaves.

Abronia angustifolia Narrowleaf Sand Verbena Acacia angustissima Prairie Acacia

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Abronia + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Acacia, from the angustifolia, Latin for narrow-leaved. Greek name for the acacia tree, ακακια, akakia, in turn from Greek, ακις, akis, a COMMON NAME: Narrowleaf, pointed object. Reference is to the thorns on descriptive. Sand Verbena, see Abronia ameliae. some members of this genus, although this species is thornless + angustissima, Latin for the most narrow. Reference is to the Abronia fragrans Pink Abronia narrow leaves.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Abronia + COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the fragrans, Latin for fragrant, sweet-smelling. habitat. Acacia, same as genus name.

COMMON NAME: Pink, for the flower color. Abronia, same as genus name. Acacia berlandieri Huajillo

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Acacia + berlandieri, Abutilon fruticosum Indian Mallow for Jean Louis Berlandier (1805-1851), a French botantist who collected plants in SCIENTIFIC NAME: Abutilon, from Texas and Mexico. aubutilun, the Arabic name for this plant + fruticosum, Latin for pertaining to or COMMON NAME: Huajillo, the Mexican resembling a shrub. Spanish name for this plant. COMMON NAME: Indian, for the range

2 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 3

Acacia farnesiana Huisache Achillea lanulosa Woolly Yarrow

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Acacia + farnesiana, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Achillea, for the Latin for pertaining to Farnese, for Cardinal Greek hero Achilles (Αχιλλευς). In Greek Odoardo Farnese (1573-1626), who grew myth Achilles learned the medicinal uses of these plants in the gardens of his palace in this plant from Chir¯on (Χιρων), the Rome. centaur + lanulosa, Latin for pertaining to or resembling wool. Reference is to the fuzzy COMMON NAME: Huisache, appearance of the stems. a Mexican Spanish word, derived from the Nahuatl, huixachin, a thorny tree or bush. COMMON NAME: Woolly, same as species name. Yarrow, origin unknown, most probably from gearwe, an Anglo-Saxon word Acacia greggii Catclaw for this plant.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Acacia + greggii, for Josiah Gregg (1806-1850), an American Achillea millefolium Milfoil plant collector. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Achillea + COMMON NAME: Catclaw, for the millefolium, Latin for a thousand leaves. thorns. COMMON NAME: Milfoil, same as species name. Acacia rigidula Blackbush Acacia

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Acacia + rigidula, Acleisanthes longiflora Angel Trumpets Latin for stiff, for the rigid stems. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Acleisanthes, an COMMON NAME: Blackbush, for the unclosed flower, from Greek, ακλειστος, black stems. Acacia, same as genus name. akleistos, not closed or fastened and ανθος, anthos, blossom, flower. This is a night- blooming flower and the blooms are open Acacia roemeriana Roemer’s Acacia when most other flowers are closed + longiflora, Latin for a long flower. The flowers are SCIENTIFIC NAME: Acacia + long trumpet-shaped tubes. roemeriana, Latin for pertaining to Roemer, for Ferdinand Roemer (1818-1891), a COMMON NAME: Angel Trumpets, for the German geologist and explorer. trumpet-shaped flowers that open at night.

COMMON NAME: Roemer’s Acacia, same as scientific name. Acleisanthes obtusa Vine Four O’Clock

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Acleisanthes + obtusa,

3 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 4

Latin for lacking in brilliance, dull. Aesculus pavia Red Buckeye Reference is to the pale flowers. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aesculus + pavia, for COMMON NAME: Vine, this plant is Peter Paaw (d. 1617) of Leyden. The a trailing or climbing vine. Four-O’Clock, Principle of Priority allows the misspelling so called because the flowers open in the to stand. afternoon. COMMON NAME: Red, for the color of the flowers. Buckeye, see Aesculus glabra. Adonis annua Pheasant’s Eye

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Adonis, the Greek Agalinis auriculata Earleaf Gerardia name for this flower, from Αδωνις, Ad¯onis of Greek mythology. Adonis was the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Agalinis, a New epitome of male beauty and was loved by Latin formation meaning “wonder flax,” both Aphrodit¯e (Αφροδιτη) and Persephon¯e from Doric Greek, αγα, aga, wonder, “very” (Περσεφονη). Zeus (Ζευς ) decreed that and Latin, linum, flax. So named because each of them could have Adonis for one- this plant superficially resembles flax + auric- third of the year and Adonis could choose ulata, Latin for eared, for the leaf shape. with whom he would spend the other third. He chose Aphrodite. When Adonis died COMMON NAME: Earleaf, for the ear- he was turned into a beautiful flower shaped leaves. Gerardia, for John Gerard with no scent. Adonis + annua, Latin for of (1545-1612), an English herbalist. the year, annual.

COMMON NAME: Pheasant’s Eye, the Agalinis densiflora Fineleaf Gerardia red petals surrounding the black center of this flower was thought to resemble the red SCIENTIFIC NAME: Agalinis + densiflora, facial skin surrounding the black eye of the Latin for densely flowered. ring-necked pheasant. COMMON NAME: Fineleaf, for the slender leaves. Gerardia, see Agalinis Aesculus arguta White Buckeye auriculata.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aesculus, Latin for a variety of oak tree + arguta, Latin for Agalinis edwardsiana Plateau Gerardia sharply toothed or notched, for the leaf edges. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Agalinis + edward- COMMON NAME: White, for the flower siana, Latin for pertaining to Edwards, for color. Buckeye, from the appearance of the the habitat on the Edwards Plateau of Texas, seed, thought to look like the eye of a buck for Haden (or Hayden) Edwards (1771- in size and color, originally named for 1849), an early settler in the area. Aesculus hippocastanum.

4 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 5

COMMON NAME: Plateau, for the range οµαλος, (h)omalos, flat and ανθος, anthos, on the Edwards Plateau. Gerardia, see flower, for the flower shape. Agalinis auriculata. COMMON NAME: Flatflower, descriptive. Gerardia, see Agalinis auriculata. Agalinis fasciculata Beach Gerardia

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Agalinis + Agalinis purpurea Purple Gerardia fasciculata, Latin for clustered, grouped in bundles. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Agalinis + purpurea, Latin for purple. Reference is to COMMON NAME: Beach, for the the color of the flowers. habitat. Gerardia, see Agalinis auriculata. COMMON NAME: Purple, for the flower color. Gerardia, see Agalinis auriculata. Agalinis gattingeri Gattinger’s Gerardia

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Agalinis + gattingeri, Agalinis tenuifolia Slender Gerardia for Augustin Gattinger (1825-1903), an American botanist. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Agalinis + tenuifolia, Latin for thin leaves. COMMON NAME: Gattinger’s, same as species name. Gerardia, see Agalinis COMMON NAME: Slender, for the thin auriculata. leaves. Gerardia, see Agalinis auriculata.

Agalinis heterophylla Prairie Agalinis Agave lechuguilla Lechuguilla

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Agalinis + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Agave, from Greek, heterophylla, different leaves, from Greek, αγαυος, agauos, of things, noble, brilliant, ετερος, (h)eteros, different and φυλλον, glorious + lechuguilla, little lettuce, the phullon, leaf, for having different kinds of Spanish diminutive of lechuga, lettuce. leaves on the same plant. COMMON NAME: Lechuguilla, same as COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the species name. habitat. Agalinis, same as genus name.

Agave americana Century Plant Agalinis homalantha Flatflower Gerardia SCIENTIFIC NAME: Agave + americana, Latin for pertaining to America. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Agalinis + homalantha, flat flower, from Greek, COMMON NAME: Century Plant, century

5 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 6

plants got their name because it seemed to Agrimonia rostellata Woodland Agrimony take them a century to bloom. Actually, they bloom on average of twelve to fifteen years. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Argimonia + rostellata, Latin for a small beak, for the beaked fruit. Ageratina wrightii Wright’s Snakeroot COMMON NAME: Woodland, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ageratina, a Latin habitat. Agrimony, same as genus name. diminutive for the genus Ageratum, for the appearance + wrightii, for Charles Wright (1811-1885), a Texas plant collector. Agrostemma githago Common Corn Cockle

COMMON NAME: Wright’s, same as SCIENTIFIC NAME: Agrostemma, field species name. Snakeroot, the American garland, from Greek, αγρος, agros, field and Indians used this plant to treat snakebites. στεµµα, stemma, garland + githago, an old name for this genus, Latin for a plant that takes root. Agrimonia microcarpa Smallfruit Agrimony COMMON NAME: Common, common in its range. Corn, in Old English this SCIENTIFIC NAME: Agrimonia, a refered to grain crops. This flower grew in mistransliteration of Greek, αργεµωνη, the grain fields. Cockle, form Old English, argem¯on¯e, a certain plant (Pliny), also coccul, their name for this plant and others αργεµον, argemon, a white speck in the eye, considered weeds in the grain fields. for which this plant was used as a treatment + microcarpa, small fruit, from Greek, µικρος, micros, small and καρπος, karpos, Ajuga reptans Carpet Ajuga fruit. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ajuga, no yoke, COMMON NAME: Smallfruit, from Greek, α, a, without, none and Latin, descriptive. Agrimony, same as genus name. iugum, a yoke. Reference is to the apparently missing upper corolla lip + reptans, Latin for creeping or crawling, for the growth pattern. Agrimonia parviflora Manyflower Agrimony COMMON NAME: Carpet, for the growth pattern. Ajuga, same as genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Agrimonia + parviflora, Latin for small-flowered. Aletris aurea Colic Root COMMON NAME: Manyflower, for the crowded flowers. Agrimony, same as SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aletris, from Greek, genus name. αλετρις, aletris, a female slave who grinds corn or a noble maiden who prepares

6 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 7

offering cakes. The root of this plant is Reference is to the color of the flowers. ground and used as a medicine for colic + aurea, Latin for gold, for the color of the COMMON NAME: Trailing flowers. Four O’Clock, see Allionia choisyi.

COMMON NAME: Colic Root, see genus name. Allium ampeloprasum Wild Leek

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Allium, a form of Alisma subcordatum Water Plantain Latin, alium, garlic + ampeloprasum, vineyard leek, from Greek, αµπελος, ampelos, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Alisma, from vine, vineyard and πρασον, prason, leek. Greek, αλισµα, alisma, their name for this This leek commonly grows in vineyards. type of plant + subcordatum, Latin for somewhat heart-shaped, for the leaves. COMMON NAME: Wild, for the habitat. Leek, from Old English, leac, COMMON NAME: Water, for the their name for this plant. habitat. Plantain, from Latin, plantago, in turn from planta, the sole of the foot. Reference is to the shape of the leaves in Allium canadense Wild Onion some of this genus. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Allium + canadense, Latin for belonging to Canada. Reference Allionia choisyi is to the area of the type specimen. Smooth Trailing Four O’Clock COMMON NAME: Wild, occurs SCIENTIFIC NAME: Allionia, for Carlo naturally in the wild. Onion, from Latin, Ludovico Allioni (1728-1804), an Italian unio, unionis, a large single pearl. botanist + choisyi, for Jacques Denis Choisy (1799-1859), a Swiss botanist. Allium cepa Onion COMMON NAME: Smooth, for the smooth stems. Trailing, for the growth SCIENTIFIC NAME: Allium + cepa, pattern. Four O’Clock, although this Latin for onion. genus belongs to the afternoon-blooming four o’clock family, it opens in the COMMON NAME: Onion, see Allium morning and closes in the evening. canadense.

Allionia incarnata Trailing Four O’Clock Allium drummondii Drummond’s Wild Onion SCIENTIFIC NAME: Allionia + incarnata, Latin for flesh colored, pink. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Allium +

7 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 8

drummondii, for Thomas Drummond COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the (c. 1790-1831) a British plant collector. habitat. Onion, see Allium canadense.

COMMON NAME: Drummond’s, same as species name. Wild Onion, see Allium Alophia drummondii Purple Pleatleaf canadense. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Alophia, a form of the Greek, αλορος, allophos, without a crest + drummondii, for Thomas Drummond (c. 1790-1831) a British plant collector.

COMMON NAME: Purple, for the flower color. Pleat leaf, descriptive.

Aloysia gratissima Whitebrush

Allium drummondii Drummond’s Wild Onion SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aloysia, for Maria Louisa (1751-1819), princess of Parma, Allium perdulce Plains Wild Onion she was the wife of Charles IV (1748- 1819), king of Spain + gratissima, Latin SCIENTIFIC NAME: Allium +perdulce, for most pleasing, for its appearance when Latin for very sweet. in bloom.

COMMON NAME: Plains, for the habi- COMMON NAME: Whitebrush, when tat. Wild Onion, see Allium canadense. in bloom the white flowers cover the plant entirely.

Allium runyonii Runyon’s Onion Alternanthera caracasana SCIENTIFIC NAME: Allium + Mat Chaff Flower runyonii, for H. Everett Runyon (1881- 1968), an American botanist. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Alternanthera, Latin for alternate anther, in this genus COMMON NAME: Runyon’s, same as the stamens are alternately barren and species name. Onion, see Allium canadense. fertile + caracasana, Latin for pertaining to Caracas, Venezuela, for the area of the type specimen. Allium stellatum Prairie Onion COMMON NAME: Mat, for the low SCIENTIFIC NAME: Allium + growth pattern. Chaff Flower, for the stellatum, Latin for starlike, for the appearance on the ground. flower shape.

8 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 9

Alternanthera philoxeroides Ammannia auriculata Earleaf Toothcup Alligator Weed SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ammannia, for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Alternanthera + Paul Ammann (1634-1691) a German philoxeroides, to look like a Philoxerus, physician and botanist. He was a professor from the genus Philoxerus and Greek, at Leipzig + auriculata, Latin for shaped ειοδος, eiodos, resembling. Reference is like an ear. Reference is to the shape of to the leaves. the leaves.

COMMON NAME: Alligator Weed, COMMON NAME: Earleaf, for the this plant grows in waterways in the shape of the leaves. Toothcup, for the southeastern United States, in the same shape of the fruit. areas that alligators occur.

Ammannia coccinea Purple Toothcup Amblyolepis setigera Huisache Daisy SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ammannia + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Amblyolepis, blunt coccinea, from Greek, κοκκινος, kokkinos, scale, from Greek, αµβλυς, amblus, blunt, scarlet, for the color of the flower. dulled, with the point or edge taken off and λεπος, lepos, rind, husk, scale + COMMON NAME: Purple, for the setigera, Latin for bristle-bearing. flower color. Toothcup, for the shape of the fruit. COMMON NAME: Huisache, Spanish, from Nahuatl, huixachin, a thorny tree or bush. Daisy, from Anglo-Saxon, daeges- Ammannia robusta Lavender Toothcup eage, day’s eye, a daisy, for the eyelike appearance and the opening of the rays in SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ammannia + the morning. robusta, Latin for robust.

COMMON NAME: Lavender, for the Amelanchier arborea Common Shadbush flower color. Toothcup, for the shape of the fruit. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Amelanchier, the Old French common name for this plant + arborea, Latin for of or belonging to Amorpha canescens Lead Plant trees, for the appearance. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Amorpha, from COMMON NAME: Common, Greek, αµορφος, amorphos, misshapen, abundant in its range. Shadbush, in New without form. Reference is to the flower England, this bush blooms at the same having only one petal + canescens, Latin for time the shad appear in the rivers. to be somewhat like a thing covered in white, gray with age. Reference is to the

9 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 10

short white or grayish hairs on the leaves. Ampelopsis cordata Heartleaf Ampelopsis

COMMON NAME: Lead Plant, from SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ampelopsis + the belief that the presence of this plant cordata, Latin for heart-shaped, for the indicated lead deposits in the area. heart-shaped leaves.

COMMON NAME: Heartleaf Amorpha fruticosa False Indigo Ampelopsis, same as scientific name.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Amorpha + fruticosa, Latin for pertaining to or Amphiachyris dracunculoides resembling a shrub. Broomweed

COMMON NAME: False, because it SCIENTIFIC NAME: Amphiachyris, on looks like true indigo. Indigo, from both sides chaff, from Greek, αµφι, Spanish, indico, in turn from Latin, amphi, on both sides and αχυρον, indicum, a blue pigment from India. akhuron, chaff, bran, for the appearance of the achenes + dracunculoides, to resemble dracunculus, for its resemblance to Amorpha paniculata Panicled Amorpha Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon) and the Greek, ειδος, eidos, to resemble. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Amorpha + paniculata, Latin for having flowers in COMMON NAME: Broomweed, For panicles. the appearance.

COMMON NAME: Panicled Amorpha, same as scientific name. Amphicarpaea bracteata Hog Peanut

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Amphicarpaea, Ampelopsis arborea Pepper Vine two kinds of fruit, from Greek, αµφι, amphi, on both sides, around, two kinds SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ampelopsis, to and καρπος, karpos, fruit. This plant has look like a vine, from Greek, αµπελος, two types of flowers and two types of ampelos, any climbing plant with tendrils, fruit. One fruit is underground on the a grapevine and οψις, opsis appearance + lower part of the plant and is edible, the arborea, Latin for of or belonging to trees. other occurs on the upper part of the Reference is to this plant climbing trees. plant and is not + bracteata, Latin for having bracts. COMMON NAME: Pepper, for the pungent fruit. Vine, from Latin, vinca, a COMMON NAME: Hog Peanut, hogs vineyard or vine, for the growth pattern. will eat the underground fruit, see genus name.

10 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 11

Amsonia ciliata Blue Star (∆ιοσκοριδες) (fl. first century A.D.), gave this name to this plant + arvensis, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Amsonia, for Latin for belonging to plowed fields. Charles Amson, an eighteenth century American physician and botanist + COMMON NAME: Scarlet, for the ciliata, Latin for fringed with soft hairs, flower color. Pimpernel, from Medieval from Latin, cilium, eyelid, then to eyelash. Latin, pipinella, their name for this flower.

COMMON NAME: Blue Star, for the color and shape of the five-petaled flowers. Anagallis minima False Pimpernel

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Anagallis + Amsonia longiflora Trumpet Slimpod minima, Latin for the smallest.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Amsonia + COMMON NAME: False Pimpernel, longiflora, Latin for long flower, for the the flower resembles the Scarlet Pimpernel. trumpet-shaped flowers.

COMMON NAME: Trumpet, for the Androsace occidentalis flower shape. Slimpod, for the thin Western Rock Jasmine seedpod. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Androsace, male buckle, from Greek, ανδρος, andros, man, Amsonia tabernaemontana male and σακος, sakos, buckle, shield, for Willow Slimpod the shape of the anthers + occidentalis, Latin for western, for the range in the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Amsonia + United States. tabernaemontana, for Jacob Theodore von Berzabern (?-1590), a German COMMON NAME: Western, for the botanist. He Latinized his name to range in the United States. Rock, for the Tabernaemontanus. habitat in rocky areas. Jasmine, for the appearance of the flowers. COMMON NAME: Willow, the leaves are shaped like those of the willow. Slimpod, for the thin seedpod. Androstephium caeruleum Blue Funnel Lily

Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel SCIENTIFIC NAME: Androstephium, stamen crowned, from Greek, ανδρος, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Anagallis, again andros, of man, stamen and στεφος, glorified, from Greek, ανα, ana, again and stephos, crown. Reference is to the stamens αγαλλο, agallo, glorify, exalt. Dioscorides forming a central crown + caeruleum, dark blue, for the flower color.

11 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 12

COMMON NAME: Blue, for the flower COMMON NAME: Southern, for the color. Funnel, for the flower shape. Lily, range in the United States. Anemone, from Latin, lilium, the name for this type same as genus name. of flower.

Anemopsis californica Yerba Mansa Anemone berlandieri Tenpetal Anemone SCIENTIFIC NAME: Anemopsis, to look SCIENTIFIC NAME: Anemone, from like an anemone, from the genus Anemone Greek, ανεµωνη, Anem¯on¯e, the wind- and Greek, οψις, opsis, appearance + flower. Literal translation is “daughter of californica, Latin for of California, for the wind.” As early as 1551 in the Turner the area of the type specimen. Herbal, it was believed that the flowers required the spring wind in order to open COMMON NAME: Yerba Mansa, + berlandieri, for Jean Louis Berlandier Spanish for gentle or tame herb. (1805-1851), a French botanist who worked in Texas. Anisacanthus quadrifidus COMMON NAME: Tenpetal, actually Hummingbird Bush the anemone has no petals but ten or more petal-like sepals form the apparent SCIENTIFIC NAME: Anisacanthus, blossom. Anemone, same as genus name. unequal thorn, from Greek, ανισα, anisa, unequal and ακανθος, akanthos, thorn + quadrifidus, Latin for cut into four. Anemone caroliniana Carolina Anemone COMMON NAME: Hummingbird SCIENTIFIC NAME: Anemone + Bush, the flowers attract hummingbirds. carolinana, Latin for pertaining to Carolina, the area of the type specimen. Antennaria neglecta Field Pussytoes COMMON NAME: Same as scientific name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Antennaria, from New Latin, antenna, a feeler, horn of an insect. Reference is to the pappus, which Anemone decapetala Southern Anemone was thought to resemble the antennae of the butterfly + neglecta, Latin for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Anemone + neglected. decapetala, Latin for having ten petals. Actually the Anemone has no petals, COMMON NAME: Field, for the rather ten or more petal-like sepals on the habitat. Pussytoes (cats’ toes), for the blossom. appearance of the blossom.

12 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 13

Antennaria parlinii flowers staying closed until midday + pilo- Largeleaf Pussytoes sus, Latin for downy, having long soft hairs. Reference is to the downy stems SCIENTIFIC NAME: Antennaria + and leaves. parlinii, for John Crawford Parlin (1863- 1948), an American who discovered COMMON NAME: Hairy, same as this species. species name. Lazy, because the flowers do not open until midday. Daisy, from COMMON NAME: Largeleaf, descrip- Anglo-Saxon, daeges-eage, day’s eye, a tive. Pussytoes, see Antennaria neglecta. daisy, for the eyelike appearance and the opening of the rays in the morning in most species. Anthemis cupula Stinkweed

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Anthemis, from Aphanostephus ramosissimus Greek, ανθεµις, anthemis, the chamomile Plains Lazy Daisy + cupula, Latin for little cup. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aphanostephus + COMMON NAME: Stinkweed, for the ramosissimus, Latin for much branched. unpleasant scent. COMMON NAME: Plains, for the habitat. Lazy Daisy, see Aphanostephus pilosus. Anthericum torreyi Crag Lily

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Anthericum, from Aphanostephus riddellii Greek, ανθερικος, antherikos, the flower- Riddell’s Lazy Daisy ing stem of asphodel + torreyi, for John Torrey (1796-1873), an American SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aphanostephus + botanist, he was co-author, with Asa Gray riddellii, for John Leonard Riddell (1807- (1810-1888), of The Flora of North 1865), an American botanist. America (1838-1843). COMMON NAME: Riddell’s, same as COMMON NAME: Crag, for the species name. Lazy Daisy, see habitat in rocky canyons. Lily, from Latin, Aphanostephus pilosus. lilium, the name for this type of plant.

Aphanostephus skirrhobasis Aphanostephus pilosus Hairy Lazy Daisy Arkansas Lazy Daisy

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aphanostephus, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aphanostephus + unseen crown, from Greek, αφανης, skirrhobasis, hard base, from Greek, aphan¯es, unseen and στεφανος, stephanos, σκερρος, skerros, a form of σκιρος, skiros, circle, crown, wreath. Reference is to the hard and βασις, basis, base. The bases of

13 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 14

COMMON NAME: Spreading, for the sprawling growth pattern. Dogbane, historically used as a dog poison.

Apocynum cannabinum Indian Hemp

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Apocynum + cannabinum, Latin for to be like the genus Cannabis. Reference is to this plant being used to make cordage and ropes. Aphanostephus skirrhobasis Arkansas Lazy Daisy both the ray and disk flowers harden COMMON NAME: Indian Hemp, for with age. the use by North American Indians to make cordage and rope. COMMON NAME: Arkansas, for the area of the type specimen. Lazy Daisy, see Aphanostephus pilosus. Aquilegia canadensis Common Columbine

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aquilegia, from Apios americana Groundnut Latin, aquila, an eagle, for the flower spurs thought to resemble the claws of an SCIENTIFIC NAME: Apios, from eagle + canadensis, Latin for belonging to Greek, απιος, apios, a pear. Reference is to Canada, for the area of the type specimen. the tuberlike thickenings of the rhizomes + americana, of America, for COMMON NAME: Common, the range. abundant in its range. Columbine, from Latin, columba, doves. The flower looks COMMON NAME: Groundnut, for the like a dule of doves drinking when viewed tuber-like thickenings of the rhizomes. from above.

Apocynum androsaemifolium Arbutus xalapensis Texas Madrone Spreading Dogbane SCIENTIFIC NAME: Arbutus, Latin for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Apocynum, from the wild strawberry tree + xalapensis, Latin Greek, αποκυνον, apokunon, dog’s-bane, for belonging to Xalapa, Mexico, the area a poison cake made from this plant was of the type specimen. used to kill dogs + androsaemifolium, Latin for to have leaves like Androsaemum, COMMON NAME: Texas, for the a plant genus related to St. John’s Wort. range. Madrone. From Spanish, madrono, From the genus Androsaemum and Latin, the madrono tree, silk tassel. folium, leaves.

14 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 15

Arenaria benthamii Hilly Sandwort Argemone aurantiaca Prickly Poppy

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Arenaria, from SCIENTIFIC NAME: Argemone + Latin, arena, sand, for the habitat of aurantiaca, Latin for orange-colored, for many in this genus + benthamii, for the flower color. George Bentham (1800-1884), an English taxonomist. COMMON NAME: Prickly Poppy, see Argemone albiflora. COMMON NAME: Hilly, for the habitat. Sandwort, sand, for the habitat and wort from Old English, wort, a plant Argemone chisosensis Pink Prickly Poppy used for food or medicine. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Argemone + chisosensis, Latin for belonging to Chisos, Arenaria serpyllifolia for the range in the Chisos Mountains of Thymeleaf Sandwort Texas.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Arenaria + serpyl- COMMON NAME: Pink, for the flower lifolia, Latin for having leaves like Thymus color. Prickly Poppy, see Argemone albiflora. serpyllum, a species of thyme.

COMMON NAME: Thymeleaf, Argemone intermedia descriptive. Sandwort, see Arenaria Bluestem Prickly Poppy benthamii. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Argemone + intermedia, Latin to indicate an intermedi- Argemone albiflora White Prickly Poppy ate position in color or form.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Argemone, from COMMON NAME: Bluestem, for the Greek, αργεµονε, argemone, the wind- bluish cast of the stem. Prickly Poppy, see rose, Papaver argemone, which this plant Argemone albiflora. resembles + albiflora, Latin for white flower. Argemone mexicana Mexican Poppy COMMON NAME: White, for the flower color. Prickly, for the spiny leaves SCIENTIFIC NAME: Argemone + and stem. Poppy, from Latin, papauum, mexicana, Latin for pertaining to Mexico. their name for this type of plant. This flower was actually brought to Mexico from the West Indies.

COMMON NAME: Mexican, same as species name. Poppy, see Argemone albiflora.

15 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 16

Argemone polyanthemos Arisaema dracontium Green Dragon Crested Prickly Poppy SCIENTIFIC NAME: Arisaema, arum SCIENTIFIC NAME: Argemone + blood, from Latin, arum, and Greek αιµα, polyanthemos, from Greek, πολυανθεµος, haema, blood. Reference is to the close poluanthemos, rich in flowers, many flowers. relationship to the genus Arum or to the spots resembling blood on some of these COMMON NAME: Crested, for the plants + dracontium, the ancient Greek prominent sphere of yellow stamens at the name for Arum dracunculus, which this center of the bloom. Prickly Poppy, see plant resembles. This comes from Greek, Argemone albiflora. δρακοντιον, drakontion, little dragon. The elongated spadix of this plant was thought to look like a dragon’s tongue. Argemone rosea Rose Prickly Poppy COMMON NAME: Green, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Argemone + rosea, green spadix and spathe. Dragon, see Latin for rose, the flower color ranges species name. from pink to dark rose.

COMMON NAME: Rose, for the flower Arisaema quinatum color. Prickly Poppy, see Argemone albiflora. Fiveleaf Jack-in-the-Pulpit

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Arisaema + quina- Argemone sanguinea Rose Prickly Poppy tum, Latin for in fives, for the five leaflets forming the leaf. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Argemone + sanguinea, Latin for bloody, colored like COMMON NAME: Fiveleaf, same as blood. Reference is to the flower color. species name. Jack-in-the-Pulpit, for the thick spadix and the canopied spathe, COMMON NAME: Rose, for the color which reminds one of a small priest in an of the flowers. Prickly Poppy, see old style canopied pulpit. Argemone albiflora.

Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-Pulpit Argemone squarrosa Hedgehog Prickly Poppy SCIENTIFIC NAME: Arisaema + triphyllum, three-leaved, from Greek, τρι, tri, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Argemone + three and φυλλον, phullon, leaf, for the squarrosa, Latin for having parts that three leaflets that make up the leaf. spread or recurve at the ends. COMMON NAME: Jack-in-the-Pulpit, COMMON NAME: Hedgehog, for the see Arisaema quinatum. spines. Prickly Poppy, see Argemone albiflora.

16 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 17

Arnoglossum plantagineum Asclepias asperula Antelope Horn Prairie Plantain SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Arnoglossum, lamb asperula, Latin for rough to the touch. tongue, from Greek, αρνος, arnos, a lamb, and γλωσσα, gl¯ossa, tongue, for the leaves COMMON NAME: Antelope Horn, for + plantaginea, Latin for resembling a the shape of the fruting pods. plantain.

COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the Asclepias engelmanniana habitat. Plantain, for its resemblance to Engelmann’s Milkweed plantain (plantago). SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + engelmanniana, Latin for pertaining to Asclepias amplexicaulis Engelmann, for George Engelmann Bluntleaf Milkweed (1809-1884), a German American physician and botanist. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias, from Greek, ασκληπιας, askl¯epias, the swallow- COMMON NAME: Engelmann’s, wort, Vincetoxicum officinale. Vincetoxicum same as species name. Milkweed, for the is Latin for “to conquer or overcome milky sap. poison”; it was used as a treatment for snakebite. This Greek common name, in turn, came from Ασκληπιος, Askl¯epios, Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed the Greek hero and god of healing + amplexicaulis, Latin for stem clasping, the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + bases of the leaves encircle the stem. incarnata, Latin for flesh-colored. Reference is to the pink flowers. COMMON NAME: Bluntleaf, for the ovate leaves. Milkweed, for the milky sap. COMMON NAME: Swamp, for the habitat. Milkweed, for the milky sap.

Asclepias arenaria Sand Milkweed Asclepias latifolia Broadleaf Milkweed SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + arenaria, from Latin, harenaria, a sandpit. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + Reference is to the habitat. latifolia, Latin for having broad leaves.

COMMON NAME: Sand, for the COMMON NAME: Broadleaf, for the habitat. Milkweed, for the milky sap. elliptical leaves that are wider than those of most milkweeds. Milkweed, for the milky sap.

17 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 18

Asclepias linearis Slim Milkweed COMMON NAME: Fourleaf, same as species name. Milkweed, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + linearis, milky sap. Latin for narrow, with sides almost parallel, for the thin leaves. Asclepias speciosa Showy Milkweed COMMON NAME: Slim, for the narrow leaves. Milkweed, for the milky sap. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + speciosa, Latin for showy, attractive in appearance. Reference is to the rose-pink Asclepias oenotheroides inflorescences. Sidecluster Milkweed COMMON NAME: Showy, same as SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + species name. Milkweed, for the oenotheroides, to look like Oenothera, from milky sap. the genus Oenothera and Greek, ειδος, eidos, resembling. Asclepias stenophylla COMMON NAME: Sidecluster, for the Narrowleaf Milkweed flower arrangement. Milkweed, for the milky sap. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + stenophylla, narrow-leaved, from Greek, στενος, stenos, narrow and φυλλον, Asclepias perennis Shore Milkweed phullon, leaf.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + COMMON NAME: Narrowleaf, perennis, Latin for perennial. descriptive. Milkweed, for the milky sap.

COMMON NAME: Shore, for the habitat along streams and swampy areas. Asclepias subverticillata Milkweed, for the milky sap. Poison Milkweed

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + Asclepias quadrifolia subverticillata, Latin for a whorl below. Fourleaf Milkweed Reference is to the whorled pattern of leafy shoots that form at the bases of SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + the leaves. quadrifolia, Latin for having four leaves. Reference is to the leaf pattern of the COMMON NAME: Poison, toxic to middle leaves, which form a whorl of four. livestock. Milkweed, for the milky sap.

18 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 19

Asclepias sullivantii Sullivant Milkweed Asclepias variegata Whiteflower Milkweed SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + sullivantii, for William Starling Sullivant SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + (1803-1873), an American botanist. variegata, Latin for variegated, to have different colors. Reference is to the white COMMON NAME: Sullivant, same as flowers with purple gynostegia. species name. Milkweed, for the milky sap. COMMON NAME: Whiteflower, descriptive. Milkweed, for the milky sap. Asclepias syriaca Common Milkweed

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + syriaca, Asclepias verticillata Whorled Milkweed of Syria, Syrian, for the range of the type specimen. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + verticillata, Latin for whorled. Reference is COMMON NAME: Common, to the pattern of leaf arrangement. common in its range in the United States. Milkweed, for the milky sap. COMMON NAME: Whorled, same as species name. Milkweed, for the milky sap.

Asclepias texana Texas Milkweed Asclepias viridiflora Green Milkweed SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + texana, Latin for pertaining to Texas, for the range. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + viridiflora, Latin for having green flowers. COMMON NAME: Texas, for the range. Milkweed, for the milky sap. COMMON NAME: Green, same as species name. Milkweed, for the milky sap.

Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly Milkweed

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + tuberosa, Latin for having tubers. Reference is to the tuberous roots used as a laxative and for treating pleurisy by American Indians.

COMMON NAME: Butterfly, the flowers are attractive to a variety of butterflies. Asclepias tuberosa Milkweed, this plant is in the milkweed Butterfly Milkweed family but lacks the milky sap of the other members.

19 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 20

Asclepias viridis Green Antelope Horn COMMON NAME: Bentpod, same as species name. Milk Vetch, see Astragalus SCIENTIFIC NAME: Asclepias + viridis, canadensis. Latin for to be green, for the green flowers.

COMMON NAME: Green, same as Astragalus giganteus Giant Milk Vetch species name. Antelope Horn, for the shape of the seed pods. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Astragalus + giganteus, Latin for relating to giants, for the relative size. Astragalus canadensis Canada Milk Vetch COMMON NAME: Giant, same as SCIENTIFIC NAME: Astragalus, from species name. Milk Vetch, see Astragalus Greek, αστραγαλος, astragalos, their canadensis. name for this plant, it means “star milk,” for the flower shape and the belief that it increased milk production in goats that Astragalus leptocarpus ate it + canadensis, Latin for belonging to Slimpod Milk Vetch Canada, for the area of the type specimen. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Astragalus + COMMON NAME: Canada, same as leptocarpus, having thin fruit, from Greek, species name. Milk Vetch, milk, for the λεπτος, leptos, thin and καρπος, karpos, belief that it increased the milk produc- fruit. tion of goats, Vetch, from the Latin name for this plant, vicia. COMMON NAME: Slimpod, the fruiting pod is relatively thin. Milk Vetch, see Astragalus canadensis. Astragalus crassicarpus Ground Plum

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Astragalus + Astragalus lindheimeri crassicarpus, having thick fruit, from Latin, Lindheimer’s Milk Vetch crassus, thick and Greek, καρπος, karpos, fruit. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Astragalus + lindheimeri, for Ferdinand Jacob Lindheimer COMMON NAME: Ground Plum, for (1809-1879), a German political exile the thick fruits. who collected plants in Texas.

COMMON NAME: Lindheimer’s, same Astragalus distortus Bentpod Milk Vetch as species name. Milk Vetch, see Astragalus canadensis. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Astragalus + distortus, Latin for distorted, twisted, for the twisted fruit.

20 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 21

Astragalus lotiflorus Lotus Milk Vetch Nuttall, for Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859), an English botanist, explorer, printer, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Astragalus + ornithologist, and plant collector. He was lotiflorus, Latin for having flowers like the a fellow of the Linnaean Society. genus Lotus. COMMON NAME: Turkey Pea, for the COMMON NAME: Lotus, same as seeds, which are eaten by turkeys and species name. Milk Vetch, see Astragalus other birds. Canadensis.

Astragalus plattensis Astragalus missouriensis Platte River Milk Vetch Missouri Milk Vetch SCIENTIFIC NAME: Astragalus + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Astragalus + plattensis, Latin for belonging to the missouriensis, Latin for belonging to Platte, for the Platte River, for the area Missouri, for the area of the type specimen. of the type specimen.

COMMON NAME: Missouri, same as COMMON NAME: Platte River, same species name. Milk Vetch, see Astragalus as species name. Milk Vetch, see Astragalus canadensis. canadensis.

Astragalus mollissimus Woolly Locoweed Astragalus racemosus Creamy Milk Vetch

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Astragalus + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Astragalus + race- mollissimus, the Latin superlative of mollis, mosus, Latin for to grow in racemes. soft. Therefore, very soft, softest. Reference is to the flowers opening along Reference is to the soft, downy leaves. a central stalk from the bottom up.

COMMON NAME: Wooly, for the silky COMMON NAME: Creamy, for the hairs of the leaves. Locoweed, this plant flower color. Milk Vetch, see Astragalus contains lococine, which is poisonous to canadensis. livestock. The dyskinetic spasmotic mus- cular actions induced by this toxin makes the affected animal appear “loco,” the Astragalus reflexus Texas Milk Vetch common word in Spanish for crazy. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Astragalus + reflexus, Latin for bent back sharply. Astragalus nuttallianus Turkey Pea COMMON NAME: Texas, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Astragalus + range. Milk Vetch, see Astragalus nuttallianus, Latin for pertaining to canadensis.

21 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 22

Astragalus wrightii Wright’s Milk Vetch absinthifolia, Latin for having leaves like absinthe, Artemisia absinthium. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Astragalus + wrightii, for Charles Wright (1811-1885), COMMON NAME: Yerba Raton, a Texas plant collector. Spanish for mouse herb or mouse grass.

COMMON NAME: Wright’s, same as species name. Milk Vetch, see Astragalus Baileya multiradiata Desert Marigold canadensis. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Baileya, for Jacob Whitman Bailey (1811-1857), an Astranthium integrifolium American botanist + multiradiata, Latin Western Daisy for many spokes, for the multiple rows of ray petals. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Astranthium, star flower, from Greek, αστρον, astron, star COMMON NAME: Desert, for the and ανθος, anthros, flower, for the flower habitat. Marigold, Mary’s gold, from the shape + integrifolium, Latin for having proper name Mary, with reference to the entire leaves. Virgin Mary and gold for the color of the flowers. COMMON NAME: Western, for the range in the United States. Daisy, from Anglo-Saxon, daeges-eage, day’s eye, a Baptisia australis Blue False Indigo daisy, for the eyelike appearance and the opening of the rays in the morning. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Baptisia, from Greek, βαπτω, bapt¯o, to dip, to dye. Reference is to this plant genus being used Aureolaria grandiflora Downy Oakleech as a dye + australis, Latin for of the south wind, southern. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aureolaria, from Latin, aureo, golden, for the flower color + COMMON NAME: Blue, for the flower grandiflora, Latin for large flowers. color. False, not true indigo, although it looks like it. Indigo, a blue dye from COMMON NAME: Downy, for the soft India, from Greek, ινδικος, indikos, hairs on the stems. Oakleech, this plant is Indian. Obtained from Indigofera tinctoria. hemiparasitic on oaks.

Baptisia bicolor Two-Color Wild Indigo Bahia absinthifolia Yerba Raton SCIENTIFIC NAME: Baptisia + bicolor, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Bahia, for Juan Latin for having two colors, the flowers Francisco de Bahi y Fonseca (1775-1841), have two shades of blue-violet. a Spanish physician and botanist +

22 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 23

COMMON NAME: Two-color, same as λευκος, leukos, white and ανθη, anth¯e, species name. Wild, for the habitat. bloom, flower. Indigo, see Baptisia australis. COMMON NAME: White, for the flower color. Indigo, see Baptisia australis. Baptisia bushii Bush’s Wild Indigo

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Baptisia + bushii, Baptisia leucophaea Plains Wild Indigo for Benjamin Franklin Bush (1858-1937), an American plant collector. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Baptisia + leucophaea, white-brown, from Greek, COMMON NAME: Bush’s, same as λευκος, leukos, white and φαεο, phaeo, species name. Wild, for the habitat. brown. Reference is to the dark yellow Indigo, see Baptisia australis. flowers.

COMMON NAME: Plains, for the Baptisia bracteata habitat. Wild, for the habitat. Indigo, see Longbract Wild Indigo Baptisia australis.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Baptisia + bracteata, Latin for having bracts. Reference is to the Baptisia nuttalliana Nuttall’s Baptisia long bracts. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Baptisia + nuttal- COMMON NAME: Longbract, descrip- liana, Latin for pertaining to Nuttall, for tive. Wild, for the habitat. Indigo, see Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859), an English Baptisia australis. botanist, explorer, printer, ornithologist, and plant collector. He was a fellow of the Linnaean Society. Baptisia lactea Wild White Indigo COMMON NAME: Nuttall’s, same as species SCIENTIFIC NAME: Baptisia + lactea, name. Baptisia, see Baptisia australis. Latin for milky, of milk. Reference is to the white flowers. Baptisia sphaerocarpa Green Wild Indigo COMMON NAME: Wild, for the habitat. White, for the flower color. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Baptisia + Indigo, see Baptisia australis. sphaerocarpa, ball or globe fruited, from Greek, σφαιρα, sphaira, a ball or globe and καρπος, karpos, fruit. Baptisia leucantha White Indigo COMMON NAME: Green, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Baptisia + blue-green leaves. Wild, for the habitat. leucantha, white flowered, from Greek, Indigo, see Baptisia australis.

23 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 24

Berberis trifoliolata Wild Currant

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Berberis, the Latinized form of the Arabian word, barbaris, their name for the fruit, is the commonly accepted definition. Barbaris was actually the Latin name employed by Arabian botanists to name this plant, it is not known what the base word or language was. The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, 1989, states that no such Arabic or Persian word exists and lists the derivation as unknown + trifoliolata, Latin for Baptisia sphaerocarpa having three leaves, the leaves are made up Green Wild Indigo of three leaflets.

COMMON NAME: Wild, for the habitat. Currant, for the edible fruit, currant comes from Anglo-French, raisins Baptisia variicolor de Corauntz (raisins of Cornith). Varicolor Wild Indigo

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Baptisia + Berlandiera betonicifolia Texas Greeneyes variicolor, Latin for having various colors, the flower color ranges from red, yellow, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Berlandiera, for orange to blue-violet. Jean Louis Berlandier (1805-1851), a French physician and botanist, who col- COMMON NAME: Varicolor, same as lected plants in Texas and Mexico + species name. Wild, for the habitat. betonicifolia, Latin for having leaves like Indigo, see Baptisia australis. the genus Betonica.

COMMON NAME: Texas, for the range. Bastardia viscosa Bastardia Greeneyes, for the green central disk.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Bastardia, for Toussaint Bastard (1784-1846), a French Berlandiera lyrata Greeneyes physician and botanist + viscosa, Latin for sticky. Reference is to the sticky hairs SCIENTIFIC NAME: Berlandiera + which cover the plant. lyrata, Latin for shaped like a lyre, for the leaves. COMMON NAME: Bastardia, same as genus name. COMMON NAME: Greeneyes, for the green central disk.

24 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 25

Berlandiera pumila Soft Greeneyes for the appearance and adherence of the achenes. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Berlandiera, + pumila, Latin for a dwarf or midget. This flower resembles a small sunflower. Bidens frondosa Beggar Ticks

COMMON NAME: Soft, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Bidens + frondosa, velvety leaves. Greeneyes, for the green Latin for being full of leaves, having well- central disk. developed leaves.

COMMON NAME: Beggar Ticks, see Bidens aristosa Western Tickseed Bidens cernua.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Bidens, Latin for “two-toothed.” Reference is to the two Bidens laevis Smooth Bidens bristles on the achenes + aristosa, Latin for having a beard or bristle. Again the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Bidens + laevis, reference is to the bristles on the achenes. Latin for smooth. Reference is to the smooth stems. COMMON NAME: Western, for the range in the United States. Tickseed, for COMMON NAME: Smooth Bidens, the appearance and the adherence of the same as scientific name. achenes.

Bifora americana Prairie Bishop’s Weed Bidens bipinnata Spanish Needles SCIENTIFIC NAME: Bifora, Latin for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Bidens + bipinnata, having two doors or openings. Reference Latin for “two-feathered” or “two-winged.” is to the mericarp + americana, Latin for Reference is to the bristles on the achenes. pertaining to America.

COMMON NAME: Spanish Needles, COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the for the barbs on the achenes. habitat. Bishop’s Weed, common name first applied in Scotland because it was almost impossible to get rid of, as it would Bidens cernua Nodding Beggar Ticks be to remove a bishop from the church.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Bidens + cernua, Latin for drooping or nodding. Reference Bigelowia nuttallii Rayless Goldenrod is to the flowers. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Bigelowia, for COMMON NAME: Nodding, for the Jacob Bigelow (1787-1879), an American appearance of the flowers. Beggar Ticks, physician and plant collector + nuttallii,

25 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 26

for Thomas Nuttall (1786-1858), an COMMON NAME: Purple, for the English botanist, explorer, printer, flower color. Spiderling, for the spiderly ornithologist, and plant collector. He was appearance of the slender branches. a fellow of the Linnaean Society.

COMMON NAME: Rayless, for the Boltonia asteroides White Boltonia rayless flowers. Goldenrod, for the appearance of the yellow inflorescence. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Boltonia, for James Bolton (1758-1799), an English botanist + asteroides, to look like a star, Bignonia capreolata Cross Vine from Greek, αστερ, aster and ειδος, eidos, resembling, for the flower shape. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Bignonia, for Abbe Jean Paul Bignon (1662-1743), COMMON NAME: White, for the librarian to King Louis XIV + capreolata, flower color. Boltonia, same as genus Latin for provided with tendrils. name.

COMMON NAME: Cross, a cross section of the stem reveals a cross. Vine, Boltonia diffusa Smallhead Boltonia for the growth habit. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Boltonia + diffusa, Latin for diffuse, spreading, for the Boerhavia linearifolia growth pattern. Narrowleaf Spiderling COMMON NAME: Smallhead, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Boerhavia, for small flower heads. Boltonia, same as Herman Boeraave (1668-1739), a Dutch genus name. physician and botanist. The Principle of Priority allows the misspelling to stand. + linearifolia, Latin for having linear leaves. Borrichia frutescens Sea Oxeye

COMMON NAME: Narrowleaf, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Borrichia, for Olaf descriptive of the linear leaves. Spiderling, Borrick, a Danish botanist + frutescens, for the spiderly appearance of the slender Latin for shrublike. branches. COMMON NAME: Sea, for the habitat along the coast. Oxeye, for the appearance of Boerhavia purpurascens the heads, which have a large central disk. Purple Spiderling

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Boerhavia + purpurascens, Latin for somewhat purple, for the color of the flowers.

26 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 27

Brassica juncea India Mustard German botanist + americana, Latin for pertaining to America. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Brassica, Latin for cabbage + juncea, from Latin, iunceus, COMMON NAME: American, for the resembling rushes. range. Blueheart, for the usually blue flower. COMMON NAME: India, for the original range. Mustard, from Spanish, mostaza, mustard. The name comes from the condi- Caesalpinia gilliesii Bird-of-Paradise ment, prepared by grinding the seeds of the plant with must (new wine), not from the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Caesalpinia, for plant. Andrea Cesalpino (1519-1603), an Italian physician and botanist + gilliesii, for John Gillies (1792-1834), a Scottish physician Brickellia cylindracea and botanist. Gravelbar Brickellbush COMMON NAME: Bird-of-Paradise, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Brickellia, for for the appearance of the flower. John Brickell (1749-1809), an American plant collector + cylindracea, Latin for cylindrical. Calamintha arkansana Arkansas Calamint COMMON NAME: Gravelbar, for the habitat. Brickellbush, same as genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Calamintha, beautiful mint, from Greek, καλος, kalos, beautiful and µινθη, minth¯e, mint + Brickellia eupatorioides Brickellbush arkansana, Latin for pertaining to Arkansas, for the area of the type specimen. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Brickellia + eupatorioides, to look like Eupatorium, COMMON NAME: Arkansas Calamint, from the genus Eupatorium and Greek, same as scientific name. ειοδος, eiodos, resembling.

COMMON NAME: Brickellbush, same Calibrachoa parviflora Wild Petunia as genus name. SCIENTIFC NAME: Calibrachoa, for Antonio de Cal y Bracho, a nineteenth century Buchnera americana Mexican botanist + parviflora, Latin for American Blueheart small flower.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Buchnera, for COMMON NAME: Wild, for the Johann Gottfried Buchner (1695-1749), a habitat. Petunia, for the appearance of

27 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 28

the flower, some in this genus are often Calliroe leiocarpa Tall Wine Cup classified in the Petunia genus. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Calliroe + leiocarpa, smooth fruit, from Greek, λειος, Callicarpa americana French Mulberry leios, smooth and καρπος, karpos, fruit.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Callicarpa, from COMMON NAME: Tall, for the relative Greek, καλος, kalos, beautiful and height. Wine Cup, for the color and shape καρπος, karpos, fruit + americana, Latin of the blossom. for pertaining to America.

COMMON NAME: French Mulberry, Callirhoe pedata Finger Poppy Mallow for the appearance of the fruit. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Callirhoe + pedata, Latin for footed, for the Callirhoe alcaeoides lobes at the foot of the leaf. Plains Poppy Mallow COMMON NAME: Finger, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Callirhoe, from shape of the leaf lobes. Poppy Greek, καλλιρροη, kallirro¯e, one of the Mallow, for the appearance Oceanids of Greek mythology. Her name of the blossom. means “beautiful flowing” + alcaeoides, to look like a mallow, from Alcea, the genus of mallow and Greek, ειδος, eidos, resembling.

COMMON NAME: Plains, for the habitat. Poppy Mallow, for the appearance of the blossom.

Callirhoe involucrata Wine Cup

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Callirhoe + involucrata, Latin for having an involucre, a ring of bracts beneath the flower.

COMMON NAME: Wine Cup, for the color and shape of the blossom. Callirhoe pedata Finger Poppy Mallow

28 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 29

Calochortus kennedyi Calopogon tuberosus Grass Pink Desert Mariposa Lily SCIENTIFIC NAME: Calopogon + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Calochortus, tuberosus, Latin for having tubers. beautiful grass, from Greek, καλος, kalos, beautiful and χορτος, khortos, grass, any COMMON NAME: Grass Pink, see fodder. Reference is to the grasslike leaves Calopogon barbatus. + kennedyi, for John Kennedy (1775-1842), a Scottish nurseryman. Calylophus berlandieri COMMON NAME: Desert, for the Squarebud Day Primrose habitat. Mariposa, Spanish for butterfly. Lily, from Latin, lilium, their name for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Calylophus, calyx this type of flower. crest, from Greek, καλυξ, kalux, calyx and λοφος, lophos, a crest or ridge. Reference is to the raised mid-nerve of the Calopogon barbatus Bearded Grass Pink sepals covering the bud + berlandieri, for Jean Louis Berlandier (1805-1851), a SCIENTIFIC NAME: Calopogon, beauti- French botanist who made extensive plant ful beard, from Greek, καλος, kalos, collections in Texas. beautiful and πωγων, p¯ogon,¯ beard, for the bearded lip petal + barbatus, Latin for COMMON NAME: Squarebud, having barbs. descriptive. Day Primrose, in contrast with the evening primrose, the flowers COMMON NAME: Bearded, same as stay open during the day. Primrose, from genus name. Grass Pink, for the grasslike Middle English, prime rose, first rose. leaves and the pink flowers. Refers to the Primula genus, one of the first flowers to bloom in the spring. The American flowers that reminded early Calopogon oklahomensis botanists of the English Primrose aquired Oklahoma Grass Pink the name, even though they were not related. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Calopogon + oklahomensis, Latin for belonging to Oklahoma, for the area of the type Calylophus hartwegii specimen. Hartweg’s Evening Primrose

COMMON NAME: Oklahoma, same as SCIENTIFIC NAME: Calylophus + species name. Grass Pink, see Calopogon hartwegii, for Karl Theodore Hartweg barbatus. (1812-1871), a German botanist who collected in North and South America.

COMMON NAME: Hartweg’s, same as

29 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 30

species name. Evening, the flowers open Calystegia macounii Hedge Bindweed in the evening. Primrose, see Calylophus berlandieri. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Calystegia, calyx roof, from Greek, καλυξ, kalux, calyx and στεγη, steg¯e, roof, covering, tent. Calylophus lavandulifolius Reference is to the large bracteoles + Lavenderleaf Evening Primrose maucounii, for John Macoun (fl. 1895), who collected the type specimen. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Calylophus + lavandulifolius, Latin for lavender-leaved. COMMON NAME: Hedge, for the habitat. Bindweed, for the trailing stems. COMMON NAME: Lavenderleaf, descriptive. Evening Primrose, see Calylophus hartwegii. Calystegia sepium Trailing Hedge Bindweed

Calylophus serrulatus SCIENTIFIC NAME: Calystegia + Plains Yellow Evening Primrose sepium, Latin for relating to hedges or fences. Reference is to the habitat. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Calylophus + serrulatus, Latin for somewhat serrate. COMMON NAME: Trailing, for the Reference is to the notched leaves. growth pattern. Hedge, for the habitat. Bindweed, for the trailing stems. COMMON NAME: Plains, for the habitat. Yellow, for the flower color. Evening Primrose, see Calylophus Camassia scilloides Wild Hyacinth hartwegii. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Camassia, from the Chinook Indian camass or lakamas, Calyptocarpus vialis Hierba Del Caballo their name for this plant + scilloides, resembling Scilla, from the genus Scilla, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Calyptocarpus, the old genus for hyacinth and Greek, covered fruit, from Greek, καλυπτο, ειδος, eidos, resembling. kalupto a caplike covering, and καρπος, karpos, fruit, for the cortex of the achene + COMMON NAME: Wild, for the habitat. vialis, Latin for of or belonging to the Hyacinth, from Greek, υακινθος, highways, for the common habitat along uakinthos, a flower and a gem. The word roadsides. was originally used for the name of a youth beloved by Apollo. COMMON NAME: Hierba Del Caballo, Spanish for herb of the horse.

30 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 31

Campsis radicans Trumpet Creeper COMMON NAME: Sand, for the habitat. Bittercress, see Cardamine hirsuta. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Campsis, from Greek, καµπσις, kampsis, bending, having a bend. Reference is to the stamens + Cardamine pensylvanica Bittercress radicans, Latin for producing adventitious roots along the stem. This vine will put SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cardamine + down roots along its course. pensylvanica, Latin for of Pennsylvania, for the area of the type specimen. The COMMON NAME: Trumpet, for the Principle of Priority allows the misspelling shape of the flowers. Creeper, for the to stand. growth pattern. COMMON NAME: Bittercress, see Cardamine hirsuta. Cardamine bulbosa Spring Cress

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cardamine, from Carduus nutans Nodding Thistle Greek, καρδαµινη, kardamin¯e, a watercress + bulbosa, Latin for bulbous, for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Carduus, Latin the tuber. for thistle + nutans, Latin for nodding. Reference is to the movement of the COMMON NAME: Spring, grows in flower head. springs and streams. Cress, from Old High German, chresan, to creep. COMMON NAME: Nodding, same as species name. Thistle, from Old Teutonic, pistil-o, their name for this plant. Cardamine hirsuta Hairy Bittercress

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cardamine + Carduus tenuiflorus hirsuta, Latin for hairy, for the hairs on Slender Bristle Thistle the leaves. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Carduus + COMMON NAME: Hairy, same as tenuiflorus, Latin for slender flowers. species name. Bitter, for the taste. Cress, see Cardamine bulbosa. COMMON NAME: Slender, for the flowers. Bristle, for the spines. Thistle, see Carduus nutans. Cardamine parviflora Sand Bittercress

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cardamine + Carphephorous pseudoliatris False Liatris parviflora, Latin for small flowers. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Carphephorous, to bear a dry body, from Greek, καρφος,

31 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 32

karphos, any dry body, a dry stalk and paint. The American Indians did obtain φορος, phoros, bearing + pseudoliatris, false dye from this plant. liatris, from Greek, ψευδης, pseud¯es, false and the genus Liatris, for the appearance. Castilleja indivisa Texas Paintbrush COMMON NAME: False Liatris, same as species name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Castilleja + indivisa, Latin for not split or cloven, indivisible, for the entire leaves. Carthamus lanatus Saffron Thistle COMMON NAME: Texas, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Carthamus, from range. Paintbrush, see Castilleja coccinea. Arabic, quarthami, to paint. Reference is to the dye extracted from Carthamus tinctorius + lanatus, Latin for woolly, for Castilleja integra Scarlet Paintbrush the white hairs on the stems. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Castilleja + COMMON NAME: Saffron, for the integra, Latin for entire, undivided, for flower. Thistle, see Carduus nutans. the leaves.

COMMON NAME: Scarlet, for the Carthamus tinctorius Safflower flower color. Paintbrush, see Castilleja coccinea. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Carthamus + tinctorius, Latin for pertaining to dyes, a dye can be extracted from this species. Castilleja purpurea Lemon Paintbrush

COMMON NAME: Safflower, a SCIENTIFIC NAME: Castilleja + contraction of Saffron Flower, for the purpurea, Latin for purple. Reference is to appearance. the color of the flowers of one variety of this species.

Castilleja coccinea Indian Paintbrush COMMON NAME: Lemon, for the yellow color of the flowers of one variety. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Castilleja, for Paintbrush, see Castilleja coccinea. Domingo Castillejo (fl. 1781), a Spanish botanist + coccinea, Latin for scarlet. Reference is to the color of the flowers. Castilleja sessiliflora Downy Paintbrush

COMMON NAME: Indian Paintbrush, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Castilleja + from the appearance of the inflorescence sessiliflora, Latin for having flowers with- and calyx that resemble a brush dipped in out stalks.

32 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 33

COMMON NAME: Downy, for the soft Ceanothus herbaceus Redroot hairy appearance. Paintbrush, see Castilleja coccinea. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Coeanothus + herbaceus, Latin for like a herb, not woody.

Catalpa bignonioides Southern Catalpa COMMON NAME: Redroot, descriptive.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Catalpa, for the Catawba Indians of South Carolina, the Ceanothus ovatus Smaller Redroot area of the type specimen + bignonioides, to look like a Bignonia, from the genus SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ceanothus + Bignonia and Greek, ειδος, eidos, ovatus, Latin for oval. Reference is to the resembling, for the flowers. shape of the leaves.

COMMON NAME: Southern, for the COMMON NAME: Smaller, shorter range in the United States. Catalpa, same than the others in this genus. Redroot, as genus name. descriptive.

Catalpa speciosa Catalpa Centaurea americana Basket Flower

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Catalpa + speciosa, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Centaurea, from Latin for showy, attractive, for the flowers Greek, κενταυρος, kentaura, a Centaur, of that cover the tree in the spring. or for Centaurs. Used as a medicinal by the American Indians, the Centaurs of COMMON NAME: Catalpa, same as Greek mythology were involved in healing genus name. + americana, Latin for pertaining to America.

Ceanothus americanus New Jersey Tea COMMON NAME: Basketflower, for the shape of the involucre. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ceanothus, from Greek, κεανοθος, keanothos, the corn- thistle, used by Theophrastus Centaurea cyanus Bachelor’s Button (θεοφραστυς) + americanus, Latin for pertaining to America. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Centaurea + cyanus, from Greek, κυανος, kuanos, dark COMMON NAME: New Jersey Tea, the blue, for the flower color. leaves were used to make tea. COMMON NAME: Bachelor’s Button, for the shape of the flower.

33 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 34

Centaurea melitenis Tocalote Centaurium calycosum Centaury

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Centaurea + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Centaurium + melitenis, Latin for belonging to Malta, its calycosum, pertaining to a calyx, form ancient name was Melita. Reference is to Greek, καλυξ, kalux, cup, calyx, for the the range of the type specimen. large calyx.

COMMON NAME: Tocalote, a variety COMMON NAME: Centaury, same as of chicalote, the Nahuatl (Mexico) Indian genus name. word for the prickly poppy, which this plant resembles. Centaurium floribundum June Centaury Centaurea solstitialis Yellow Star Thistle SCIENTIFIC NAME: Centaurium + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Centaurea + floribundum, Latin for abundant flowers. solstitialis, Latin for the summer solstice. Reference is to this flower blooming in COMMON NAME: June, for the time of midsummer. flowering. Centaury, same as genus name.

COMMON NAME: Yellow, for the flower color. Star, for the flower shape. Centaurium pulchellum Centaury Thistle, see Carduus nutans. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Centaurium + pulchellum, Latin for little pretty. Centaurium beyrichii Rock Centaury COMMON NAME: Centaury, same as SCIENTIFIC NAME: Centaurium, from genus name. Greek, κενταυρα, kentaura, a Centaur, of or for the Centaurs. Used by the American Indians as a medicinal, the Centaurium texense Texas Centaury Centaurs of Greek mythology were involved in healing + beyrichii, for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Centaurium + Heinrich Kral Beyrich (1796-1834), a texense, Latin for belonging to Texas, for Prussian botanist. the range.

COMMON NAME: Rock, for the COMMON NAME: Texas Centaury, habitat. Centaury, same as genus name. same as scientific name.

34 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 35

Centrosema virginianum Spurred Pea Cerastium brachypodum Shortstalk Chickweed SCIENTIFIC NAME: Centrosema, from Greek, κεντρον, kentron, any sharp point, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cerastium + a spur and στεµµα, stemma, a wreath or brachypodum, Latin for short-stalked. garland. Reference is to the small thorns on the stems + virginianum, Latin for COMMON NAME: Shortstalk, pertaining to Virginia, for the area of the descriptive. Chickweed, see Cerastium type specimen. brachypetalum.

COMMON NAME: Spurred, same as genus name. Pea, for the fruit. Cerastium fontanum Common Mouse Ear

Cephalanthus occidentalis Button Bush SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cerastium + fontanum, Latin for pertaining to springs SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cephalanthus, or fountains, growing in moving water. head flower, from Greek, κεφαλη, kephal¯e, head and ανθος, anthos, flower, for the COMMON NAME: Common, shape + occidentalis, Latin for of or abundant in its range. Mouse Ear, for the pertaining to the west. shape of the leaves, which are opposite on the stem. COMMON NAME: Button Bush, for the shape of the inflorescences. Cerastium glomeratum Chickweed

Cerastium brachypetalum SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cerastium + Gray Chickweed glomeratum, Latin for clustered, for the grouped flowers. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cerastium, from Greek, κεραστης, kerast¯es, horned. COMMON NAME: Chickweed, see Reference is to the shape of the seed Cerastium brachypetalum. capsules + brachypetalum, Latin for short petals. Cerastium nutans Nodding Chickweed COMMON NAME: Gray, for the hairs covering the stems, which give the plant a SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cerastium + gray-green appearance. Chickweed, birds nutans, Latin for nodding, for the flowers, are attracted to the seeds as a food source. on slender stems, that nod in the breeze.

COMMON NAME: Nodding, same as species name. Chickweed, see Cerastium brachypetalum.

35 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 36

Cerastium pumilum texanum, Latin for pertaining to Texas. Dwarf Mouse-Ear Chickweed COMMON NAME: Spreading, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cerastium + growth pattern. Chervil, a pot-herb used pumilum, Latin for dwarf, for the relative for its aromatic qualities. size.

COMMON NAME: Dwarf, for the Chaetopappa asterodes relative size. Mouse-Ear Chickweed, see Common Least Daisy Cerastium fontanum. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chaetopappa, bristling pappus, from Greek, χαιτη, Cercis canadensis Red Bud khait¯e, a horse’s mane, flowing hair, bristles and παππος, pappos, down on the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cercis, from achenes of certain plants + asterodes, Greek, κερκις, kerkis, their name for this starlike, from Greek, αστεροειδης, aster- tree + canadensis, Latin for belonging to oeid¯es, starlike. Reference is to the shape of Canada, for the area of the type specimen. the flowers.

COMMON NAME: Red Bud, this tree COMMON NAME: Common, abun- is covered with pink or red buds and then dant in its range. Least, for the small size. pink flowers in the spring before it Daisy, from Anglo-Saxon, daeges-eage, produces leaves. day’s eye, a daisy, for the eyelike appearance and the opening of the rays in the morning. Chaerophyllum tainturieri Chervil

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chaerophyllum, Chaetopappa ericoides Baby White Aster pleasing leaf, from Greek, χαιρω, chairo¯, rejoice at, take pleasure in and φυλλον, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chaetopappa + phullon, leaf. Reference is to the fragrance ericoides, to look like Erica, from the + tainturieri, for L. F. Tainturier des genus Erica and Greek, ειδος, eidos, Essarts, a plant collector who sent plants resembling. from Louisiana to England. COMMON NAME: Baby, for the small COMMON NAME: Chervil, a potherb size. White, for the petal color. Aster, from used for its aromatic qualities. the Greek, αστερ, ast¯er, a star, for the flower shape.

Chaerophyllum texanum Spreading Chervil

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chaerophyllum +

36 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 37

ground, low, dwarf and the genus Saracha, therefore, a plant that looks like a small Saracha + coniodes, to appear dusty, from Greek, κονιος, konios, dusty and ειδος, eidos, resembling. Reference is to dust on the sticky leaves.

COMMON NAME: Chamaesaracha, same as genus name. Chamaecrista fasciculata Showy Partridge Pea Chamaesaracha coronopus Green False Nightshade Chamaecrista fasciculata Showy Partridge Pea SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chamaesaracha + coronopus, crow-foot, from Greek, κορονη, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chamaecrista, a korone, crow, and πους, pous, foot. crest on the ground, from Greek, χαµαι, khamai, on the ground and Latin, crista, a COMMON NAME: Green False crest + fasciculate, Latin for clustered. Nightshade, so called because it resembles silvery nightshade, but the leaves are COMMON NAME: Showy, for the large greener. flowers. Partridge Pea, this plant produces legumes, which are eaten by partridges and other game birds. Chamaesaracha edwardsiana Plateau False Nightshade

Chamaecrista nictitans Sensitive Pea SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chamaesaracha + edwardsiana, Latin for pertaining to SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chamaecrista + Edwards, for the range on the Edwards nictitans, Latin for winking or blinking. Plateau of Texas, named for Haden (or Reference is to the flower movement in Hayden) Edwards (1771-1849), an early the breeze. settler in the area.

COMMON NAME: Sensitive, the leaves COMMON NAME: Plateau, for the curl up when stroked. Pea, for the pod it range on the Edwards Plateau of Texas. produces. False Nightshade, for the appearance, which resembles the silver nightshade.

Chamaesaracha coniodes Chamaesaracha

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chamaesaracha, from Greek, χαµαι, khamai, on the

37 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 38

Chamaesaracha sordida Chionanthus virginicus Fringe Tree Hairy False Nightshade SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chionanthus, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chamaesaracha + snow flower, from Greek, χιον, khion, sordida, Latin for dirty, the plants of this snow and ανθος, anthos, flower. genus are sticky and usually covered with Reference is to the abundant white flowers dust. + virginicus, Latin for of Virginia, the area of the type specimen. COMMON NAME: Hairy, for the dense pubescent hairs that cover the stems COMMON NAME: Fringe Tree, for the and leaves. False Nightshade, see flowers whose strap-shaped petals hang Chamaesaracha edwardsiana. like a fringe.

Chamaesaracha villosa Chloracantha spinosa Woolly False Nightshade Mexican Devil Wood

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chamaesaracha + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Choloracantha, villosa, Latin for shaggy or hairy. green thorns from Greek, χλορος, khloros, Reference is to the glandular hairs that green and ακανθα, akantha, thorn + cover the plant. spinosa, Latin for full of spines. Reference COMMON NAME: Woolly, same as is to the spines at the base of the stems. species name. False Nightshade, see Chamaesaracha edwardsiana. COMMON NAME: Mexican, for the range of the type specimen. Devil Wood, for the spines on the stems. Chilopsis linearis Desert Willow

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chilopsis, to Chorispora tenella Blue Mustard resemble a lip, from Greek, χειλος, kheilos, lip and οψις, opsis, appearance. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chorispora, sepa- Reference is to the shape of the calyx + rate seeds, from Greek, χϖρις, kh¯oris, linearis, Latin for narrow, with sides nearly separate, apart and spora, spora, seed. parallel. Reference is to the leaves. Reference is to the septate fruits + tenella, Latin for physically soft or tender. COMMON NAME: Desert, for the habitat. Willow, the leaves resemble those COMMON NAME: Blue for the color of the willow. of the flowers. Mustard, from Spanish, mostaza, mustard, in turn from Old French, moutarde. Originally from Latin, mustum ardens. The name came from the condiment, prepared by grinding the seeds

38 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 39

of the plant with must (new wine), not Arabic, chikourych, a salad vegetable + from the plant itself. intybus, from Greek, ιντυβος, intubos, the endive or chicory plant.

Chrysactinia mexicana Damianita COMMON NAME: Chicory, from another Greek word for chicory, κιχορα, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chrysactinia, gold kikhora. ray, from Greek, χρυσος, khrusos, gold and ακτις, aktin, a ray, for the flowers + mexicana, Latin for pertaining to Mexico. Cicuta maculata Common Water Hemlock COMMON NAME: Damianita, the Mexican Spanish vernacular name for this SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cicuta, the Latin plant. name for hemlock + maculata, Latin for variegated, spotted or striped. Reference is to the purple spots on the stems. Chrysopsis pilosa Golden Aster COMMON NAME: Common, com- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chrysopsis, to mon in its range. Water, for the occur- resemble gold, from Greek, χρυσος, rence near water. Hemlock, from hymlic, khrusos, gold and οψις, opsis, appearance, the Old English name for this plant. for the flower color + pilosa, Latin for hairy. Reference is to the hairy stems. Cirsium altissimum Tall Thistle COMMON NAME: Golden, for the gold disk and rays. Aster, from Greek, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cirsium, from αστηρ, ast¯er, a star, for the flower shape. Greek, κιρσιον, kirsion, a type of thistle + altissimum, Latin for the tallest. This is the tallest plant in the genus. Chrysopsis texana Mauchia COMMON NAME: Tall, may reach SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chrysopsis + ten feet in height. Thistle, from Old texana, Latin for pertaining to Texas, for Teutonic, pistil-o, their name for this type the range. of plant.

COMMON NAME: Mauchia, the Mexican Spanish vernacular name for Cirsium engelmannii Blackland Thistle this plant. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cirsium + engelmannii, for George Engelmann Cichorium intybus Chicory (1809-1884) a German physician and botanist. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cichorium, from

39 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 40

COMMON NAME: Blackland, for the Cirsium texanum Texas Thistle Blackland area of Texas. Thistle, see Cirsium altissimum. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cirsium + texanum, Latin for pertaining to Texas.

Cirsium horridulum Yellow Thistle COMMON NAME: Texas, for the range. Thistle, see Cirsium altissimum. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cirsium + horridulum, Latin for very thorny. Cirsium undulatum Wavyleaf Thistle COMMON NAME: Yellow, for the yellow color phase of the flowers; the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cirsium + flower color ranges from yellow to violet. undulatum, Latin for wavy. Reference is Thistle, see Cirsium altissimum. to the leaves.

COMMON NAME: Wavyleaf, descriptive. Thistle, see Cirsium altissimum.

Cirsium vulgare Bull Thistle

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cirsium + vulgare, Latin for common.

COMMON NAME: Bull, for the spines on the leaves. Thistle, see Cirsium Cirsium horridulum altissimum. Yellow Thistle

Claytonia virginica Spring Beauty Cirsium ochrocentrum Yellow Spine Thistle SCIENTIFIC NAME: Claytonia, for John Clayton (1686-1773), a British SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cirsium + physician and botanist who moved to ochrocentrum, Latin for having a reddish- Virginia in 1705 + virginica, for Virginia, yellow center. for the area of the type specimen.

COMMON NAME: Yellow Spine, for COMMON NAME: Spring Beauty, this the color of the flowers. Thistle, see is one of the earliest flowers to appear in Cirsium altissimum. the spring.

40 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 41

Clematis pitcheri Pitcher’s Clematis

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Clematis + pitcheri, for Zina Pitcher (1797-1872), an American physician and botanist.

COMMON NAME: Pitcher’s Clematis, same as scientific name.

Claytonia virginica Clematis reticulata Netleaf Clematis Spring Beauty SCIENTIFIC NAME: Clematis + reticulata, Latin for having a netlike pattern, for the leaves.

COMMON NAME: Netleaf, for the leaf Clematis crispa Curl Flower pattern. Clematis, same as genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Clematis, from Greek, κλεµατις, klematis, their name for Clematis terniflora this type of plant, meaning small vine + Sweet Autumn Clematis crispa, Latin for curly or curled, for the curled flower petals. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Clematis + terniflora, Latin for having flowers in threes. COMMON NAME: Curl Flower, same as species name. COMMON NAME: Sweet, for the fragrance. Autumn, for the time of blooming. Clematis, same as genus name. Clematis drummondii Texas Virgin’s Bower Clematis texensis Scarlet Clematis SCIENTIFIC NAME: Clematis + drummondii, for Thomas Drummond SCIENTIFIC NAME: Clematis + (c. 1790-1831), a British naturalist and texensis, Latin for belonging to Texas. plant collector. COMMON NAME: Scarlet, for the COMMON NAME: Texas, for the range. flower color. Clematis, same as genus name. Virgin’s Bower, for the white flowers and this climbing plant can form a bower as it grows over other plants. Cleome hassleriana Spiderplant

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cleome, Greek

41 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 42

name used by Theophrastus, of Maryland, for the area of the type (Θεοπηραστυς), reference is obscure, specimen. possibly from Greek, κλειω, kleio, to close, in reference to the flowers + hassleriana, COMMON NAME: Spoonflower, for Latin for pertaining to Hassler, for Emile the flower shape. Hassler (1861-1937), a Swiss physician and plant collector. Cnidoscolus texanus Bull Nettle COMMON NAME: Spiderplant, for the pistils and stamens, which are much SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cnidoscolus, nettle longer than the petals and give the flower thorn, from Greek, κνιδη, knid¯e, a nettle a spidery appearance. and σκλοψ, sklops, anything pointed, a thorn + texanus, Latin for pertaining to Texas. Cleome serrulata Rocky Mountain Bee Plant COMMON NAME: Bull, for the large size, Nettle, from Old English, netele, in SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cleome + turn from Old High German, nazza, their serrulata, Latin for somewhat serrate. name for this type of plant, for the sting- Reference is to the leaf margins, which ing hairs on the leaves and stems. may be minutely toothed.

COMMON NAME: Rocky Mountain, Collinsia violacea Violet Collinsia for a common habitat. Bee Plant, the flowers attract numerous bees. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Collinsia, for Zaccheus Collins (1764-1831), a Philadelphia merchant and botanist + Cleomella angustifolia Cleomella violacea, Latin for violet, for the flower color.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cleomella, Latin COMMON NAME: Violet Collinsia, for a little Cleome, see Cleome hassleriana + same as scientific name. angustifolia, Latin for having narrow leaves.

COMMON NAME: Cleomella, same as Comandra umbellata Bastard Toadflax genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Comandra, hairy stamen, from Greek, κοµη, kome, the hair Clitoria mariana Spoonflower of the head and ανδρος, andros, male, man, stamen. Reference is to the bearded SCIENTIFIC NAME: Clitoria, from stamens + umbellata, Latin for having Latin, clitoris, for the keel, which umbels. Reference is to the shape of the restmbles a clitoris + mariana, Latin for inflorescence.

42 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 43

COMMON NAME: Bastard Toadflax, COMMON NAME: Erect, for the when the flowers are not blooming this erect stems. Dayflower, see Commelina plant resembles toadflax. communis.

Commelina communis Commelina virginica Common Dayflower Virginia Dayflower

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Commelina, for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Commelina + the Dutch botanists Johan Commelin virginica, Latin for of Virginia, for the (1629-1692), his nephew Caspar area of the type specimen. Commelin (1667-1731)—both were well known botanists—and for Caspar’s son COMMON NAME: Virginia, for the also named Caspar, who was almost area of the type specimen. Dayflower, see unknown. Reference is to the three- Commelina communis. petaled flower with two conspicuous petals and one that is inconspicuous + communis, Latin for common or to grow Conium maculatum Poison Hemlock in abundance. Reference is to these flowers growing in patches. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Conium, from Greek, κωνειον, k¯oneion, their name for COMMON NAME: Common, hemlock + maculatum, Latin for variegated, common in its range. Dayflower, this spotted or striped. Reference is to the pur- flower opens in the morning and closes in ple spots on the stems. the afternoon. COMMON NAME: Poison, this plant contains alkaloids that can cause death in Commelina diffusaa humans and animals. Hemlock, from Old Spreading Dayflower English, hymlic, their name for this plant. This species is of European origin. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Commelina + diffusa, Latin for diffuse, spreading, for the growth pattern. Consolida ajacis Annual Larkspur

COMMON NAME: Spreading, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Consolida, Latin growth pattern. Dayflower, see Commelina for to consolidate, to become solid. communis. Reference is to the use of this plant to heal wounds + ajacis, for Ajax (Αιας), the Greek hero, for the shield-shaped areas on Commelina erecta Erect Dayflower the leaves.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Commelina + COMMON NAME: Annual, for the erecta, Latin for upright or erect. timing of the growth. Larkspur, for the

43 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 44

spur on the flower that resembles the spur of a lark.

Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Convolvulus, the Latin name for bindweed, from Latin, convolvo, to twist or roll up + arvensis, Latin for belonging to a plowed field. Cooperia drummondii COMMON NAME: Field, for the Evening-Star Rain Lily habitat. Bindweed, this vine wraps tightly around other plants. Cooperia pedunculata Rain Lily

Convolvulus equitans Gray Bindweed SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cooperia + pedunculata, Latin for having many or SCIENTIFIC NAME: Convolvulus + well-developed flower stalks. equitans, Latin for riding a horse, each flower petal seems to be riding on the COMMON NAME: Rain Lily, see adjacent petal. Cooperia drummondii.

COMMON NAME: Gray, for the grayish hairs on the leaves. Bindweed, see Corallorhiza wisteriana Convolvulus arvensis. Early Southern Coral Root

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Corallorhiza, coral Cooperia drummondii root, from Greek, κοραλλιον, korallion, Evening-Star Rain Lily coral, especially red coral and ριζα, r(h)iza, root. Reference is to the coral SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cooperia, for shaped root + wisteriana, Latin for Daniel Cooper (c. 1817-1842), an English pertaining to Wister, for Charles Jones botanist + drummondii, for Thomas Wister (1782-1865), he discovered the Drummond (c. 1790-1831), a British type specimen. plant collector. COMMON NAME: Early, blooms early COMMON NAME: Evening-Star, for in the spring. Southern, for the range in the shape of the flower. Rain Lily, this the United States. Coral Root, same as plant blooms following a rain. genus name.

44 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 45

Coreopsis grandiflora Coreopsis wrightii Rock Coreopsis Bigflower Coreopsis SCIENTIFIC NAME: Coreopsis + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Coreopsis, to look wrightii, for Charles Wright (1811-1885), like a bug, from Greek, κορις, koris, a bug a Texas plant collector. and οψις, opsis, appearance, for the seeds + grandiflora, Latin for large flowers. COMMON NAME: Rock, for the common habitat. Coreopsis, same as COMMON NAME: Bigflower, for the genus name. blossom size. Coreopsis, same as genus name. Cornus drummondii Roughleaf Dogwood Coreopsis lanceolata Tickseed SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cornus, Latin for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Coreopsis + lanceo- the cornel or dogwood, from cornu, horn, lata, Latin for spear-shaped, for the leaves. for the hardness of the wood, + drummondii, for Thomas Drummond (c. 1790- COMMON NAME: Tickseed, for the 1831), a British plant collector. appearance of the seeds. COMMON NAME: Roughleaf, descriptive. Dogwood, from Old English, Coreopsis palmata Finger Coreopsis dagwood, in turn from dagge, a dagger or pointed object. The branches of this wood SCIENTIFIC NAME: Coreopsis + palmata, were commonly sharpened and used as Latin for having leaves like a palm. skewers to cook meat.

COMMON NAME: Finger, for the leaf shape. Coreopsis, same as genus name. Cornus florida Flowering Dogwood

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cornus + florida, Coreopsis tinctoria Plains Coreopsis Latin for covered with or producing flowers, for the abundant flowers in the spring. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Coreopsis + tinctoria, Latin for pertaining to dyes. The COMMON NAME: Flowering, the tree White Mountain Apache and the Zuni is covered with flowers in the spring used this plant to obtain a red dye. before the leaves appear. Dogwood, see Cornus drummondii. COMMON NAME: Plains, for the habitat. Coreopsis, same as genus name.

45 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 46

Coronilla varia Crown Vetch descriptive. Corydalis, same as genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Coronilla, Latin for little crown. Reference is to the shape of the flowers + varia, Latin for variable. Corydalis flavula Pale Fumewort

COMMON NAME: Crown, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Corydalis + flavula, shape of the flowers. Vetch, from the Latin for yellow, for the flower color. Latin name for this plant, vicia. COMMON NAME: Pale, the yellow flower color is paler than the other fume- Corydalis aurea Golden Fumewort worts. Fumewort, see Corydalis aurea.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Corydalis, from Greek, κορυδος, korudos, a lark. The spur Corydalis micrantha Scrambled Eggs of the flower resembles a lark’s spur + aurea, Latin for golden, for the flower SCIENTIFIC NAME: Corydalis + color. micrantha, Latin for small flowers.

COMMON NAME: Golden, for the COMMON NAME: Scrambled Eggs, flower color. Fumewort, smoke plant. This for the color and appearance of the yellow plant is also called Golden Smoke for the grouped flowers. appearance of the flowers at a distance.

Coryphantha echinus Rhinoceros Cactus Corydalis crystallina Mealy Corydalis SCIENTIFIC NAME: Coryphantha, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Corydalis + crown flower, from Greek, κορυφη, crystallina, Latin for crystalline or koruph¯e, top of the head, crown + ανθος, transparent. anthos, flower, the flowers are on the top of the stems + echinus, Latin for spiny. COMMON NAME: Mealy, for the appearance. Corydalis, same as genus name. COMMON NAME: Rhinoceros, for the spines. Cactus, from Greek, κακτος, kaktos, a prickly plant. Corydalis curvisiliqua Curvepod Corydalis Coryphantha sulcata Pineapple Cactus SCIENTIFIC NAME: Corydalis + curvisiliqua, Latin for a curved seed pod. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Coryphantha + sulcata, Latin for furrowed. COMMON NAME: Curvepod, COMMON NAME: Pineapple, for the

46 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 47

appearance. Cactus, see Coryphantha Croptilon hookerianum echinus. Hooker’s Croptilon

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Croptilon + Cosmos parviflorus Southwest Cosmos hookerianum, Latin for pertaining to Hooker, for William Jackson Hooker SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cosmos, from (1785-1865), an English botanist and a Greek, κοσµειος, kosmeios, well adorned + director of Kew Gardens in London. parviflorus, Latin for having small flowers. COMMON NAME: Hooker’s COMMON NAME: Southwest, for the Croptilon, same as scientific name. range in the United States. Cosmos, same as genus name. Croton alabamensis Texabama Croton

Crinum americanum Swamp Lily SCIENTIFIC NAME: Croton, from Greek, κροτων, krot¯on, castorberry, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Crinum, from sesame seed or a tick, for the appearance Greek, κρινων, krin¯on, lily + americanum, of the seeds + alabamensis, Latin for Latin for pertaining to America. belonging to Alabama.

COMMON NAME: Swamp, for the COMMON NAME: Texabama, for the habitat. Lily, for the appearance of the range in Texas and Alabama. Croton, flower. same as genus name.

Croptilon divaricatum Croton capitatus Woolly Croton Slender Goldenweed SCIENTIFIC NAME: Croton + capita- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Croptilon, tus, Latin for having or forming a head. according to the author of this genus, this Reference is to the compact inflorescences means “col. feather,” probably color or near the ends of the branches. colored feather. The first part of the word is of uncertain derivation, the last part is COMMON NAME: Woolly, for the from Greek, πτιλον, ptilon, feather + woolly hairs covering the plant. Croton, divaricatum, Latin for spreading, for the same as genus name. growth pattern.

COMMON NAME: Slender, for the Croton fruticulosus Encinilla thin stems. Goldenweed, for the yellow flowers. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Croton + fruticulosus,

47 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:20 PM Page 48

Latin for a shrubby dwarf. Croton, same as genus name.

COMMON NAME: Encinilla, the Mexican Spanish name for this plant. Croton texensis Texas Croton

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Croton + texensis, Croton lindheimerianus Latin for belonging to Texas. Three-Seed Croton COMMON NAME: Texas, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Croton + lind- range. Croton, same as genus name. heimerianus, Latin for pertaining to Lindheimer, for Ferdinand Jacob Lindheimer (1801-1879), a German Cryptantha cinerea Bownut Cryptantha botanist, who collected plants in Texas. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cryptantha, COMMON NAME: Three-Seed, hidden flower, from Greek, κρυπτος, descriptive, this plant produces three seeds kruptos, hidden, secret and ανθος, anthos, per capsule. Croton, same as genus name. flower. Reference is to the cleistogamous flowers, which self-fertilize before opening + cinerea, Latin for the color of ashes. Croton michauxii Narrowleaf Rushfoil COMMON NAME: Bownut, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Croton + shape of the seed. Cryptantha, same as michauxii, for Andre Michaux (1746- genus name. 1803), a French botanist.

COMMON NAME: Narrowleaf, Cryptantha crassisepala descriptive. Rushfoil, for the appearance, Thicksepal Cryptantha the thin leaves (foils) resemble those of the Rush. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cryptantha + crassisepala, thick sepals, from Latin, crassus, thick and sepala, a Latinized form Croton monanthogynus of sepal. One-Seed Croton COMMON NAME: Thicksepal, descrip- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Croton + monan- tive. Cryptantha, same as genus name. thogynus, one flower woman, from Greek, µονο, mono, one, ανθος, anthos, flower and γυνη, gun¯e, woman. Reference is to the Cryptantha minima Little Cryptantha production of one seed per fruit capsule. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cryptantha + COMMON NAME: One-seed, this minima, Latin for smallest, a superlative plant produces one seed per capsule. adjective to minor.

48 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 49

COMMON NAME: Little, this is the Curcurbita texana Texas Gourd smallest Cryptantha. Cryptantha, same as genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Curcurbita + texana, Latin for pertaining to Texas.

Cryptantha texana Texas Cryptantha COMMON NAME: Texas, for the range. Gourd, see Curcurbita foetidissima. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cryptantha + texana, Latin for pertaining to Texas. Cuscuta cephalanthi COMMON NAME: Texas Cryptantha, Buttonbush Dodder same as scientific name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cuscuta, Medieval Latin name for this plant + cephalanthi, Cucurbita foetidissima Buffalo Gourd for its resemblance to the genus Cephalanthus. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cucurbita, Latin for gourd + foetidissima, Latin for very COMMON NAME: Buttonbush, same foul smelling. as species name. Dodder, from Middle English, doder, a bunch of thread, their COMMON NAME: Buffalo, grows in name for this parasitic, stringlike plant. the range of the Buffalo (American Bison). Gourd, from the French name for this plant, gourde. Cuscuta compacta Compact Dodder

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cuscuta + compacta, Latin for compact, for the growth pattern.

COMMON NAME: Compact, for the growth pattern. Dodder, see Cuscuta cephalanthi.

Cuscuta coryli Hazel Dodder

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cuscuta + coryli, for the genus Corylus (hazel), on which this plant commonly grows.

COMMON NAME: Hazel, this plant Cucurbita foetidissima commonly grows on hazel. Dodder, see Buffalo Gourd Cuscuta cephalanthi.

49 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 50

Cuscuta cuspidata Dodder Cuscuta indecora Dodder

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cuscuta + cuspidata, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cuscuta + indecora, Latin for having a cusp. Reference is to Latin for not decorative, not ornamental, the shape of the flowers. unadorned.

COMMON NAME: Dodder, see COMMON NAME: Dodder, see Cuscuta cephalanthi. Cuscuta cephalanthi.

Cuscuta exaltata Tree Dodder Cuscuta obtusiflora Red Dodder

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cuscuta + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cuscuta + obtusi- exaltata, Latin for very tall. flora, Latin for obtuse (blunt) flower.

COMMON NAME: Tree, parasite on COMMON NAME: Red, for the flower trees, especially oaks. Dodder, see Cuscuta color. Dodder, see Cuscuta cephalanthi. cephalanthi.

Cuscuta pentagona Five-Angled Dodder Cuscuta glomerata Cluster Dodder SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cuscuta + pentag- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cuscuta + glomer- ona, five-angled, from Greek, πεντα, ata, Latin for to form or gather into a ball. penta, five and γωνον, g¯onon, angle, for Reference is to the flower ball. the calyx.

COMMON NAME: Cluster, for the COMMON NAME: Five-angled, same clusters of flowers. Dodder, see Cuscuta as species name. Dodder, see Cuscuta cephalanthi. cephalanthi.

Cuscuta gronovii Gronovius’ Dodder Cymopterus acaulis Stemless Corkwing

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cuscuta + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cymopterus, wave gronovii, for Jan Fredrick Gronovius wing, from Greek, κυµα, kuma, a wave (1690-1762), who taught Carl Linnaeus and πτερον, pteron, wing. Reference is to (1707-1778). the winged seed pods + acaulis, Latin for stemless. COMMON NAME: Gronovius’, same as species name. Dodder, see Cuscuta cepha- COMMON NAME: Stemless, descrip- lanthi. tive. Corkwing, for the winged seed pods that look like a cork and have two wings.

50 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 51

Cymopterus macrorhizus COMMON NAME: Sand, for the Bigroot Wavewing habitat. Vine, descriptive, from Latin, vinea, a trailing or climbing plant. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cymopterus + macrorhizus, big root, from Greek, µακρος, macros, big, long and ριζα, Cypripedium calceolus r(h)iza, root. Yellow Lady’s Slipper Orchid

COMMON NAME: Bigroot, descriptive. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cypripedium, Wavewing, for the undulating wings on Aphrodite’s Sandals, from Greek, Κυπρις, the seed pods. Kupris, a name for Aphrodit¯e (Αφροδιτη) and πεδιλον, pedilon, sandals, any covering for the feet. Reference is to the slip- Cymopterus montanus per-shaped lip petal + calceolus, little shoe, Mountain Corkwing a diminutive of Latin, calceus, shoe.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cymopterus + COMMON NAME: Yellow, for the montanus, Latin for pertaining to the flower color. Lady’s Slipper, for the slip- mountains. per-shaped lip petal. Orchid, from Greek, ορχις, orkhis, testicle, for the shape of the COMMON NAME: Mountain, for the pseudobulbs. range. Corkwing, see Cymopterus acualis.

Dalea aurea Golden Prairie Clover Cynanchum barbigerum Thicket Threadvine SCIENTIFIC NAME: Dalea, for Samuel Dale (1659-1739), an English physician, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cynanchum, dog apothecary and botanist + aurea, Latin for quinsy, (a sore throat), from Greek, gold, for the flower color. κυναγχη, kunagkh¯e, dog quinsy. Reference is to the poisonous properties of this plant COMMON NAME: Golden, for the + barbigerum, Latin for bearded, for the petal color. Prairie Clover, for the habitat hairs on the corolla. and Anglo-Saxon, clafre, clover.

COMMON NAME: Thicket, for the habitat. Threadvine, for the growth Dalea candida White Prairie Clover pattern. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Dalea + candida, Latin for white, for the flower color. Cynanchum laeve Sand Vine COMMON NAME: White, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cynanachum + color of the petals. Prairie Clover, see laeve, Latin for smooth, free of hairs. Dalea aurea.

51 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 52

Dalea formosa Feather Dalea Latin for dwarf, for the small size.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Dalea + formosa, COMMON NAME: Dwarf, for the Latin for handsome, beautiful. small size. Dalea, same as genus name.

COMMON NAME: Feather, for the hairy sepals. Dalea, same as genus name. Dalea pogonathera Bearded Awn

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Dalea + pogo- Dalea greggii Gregg’s Dalea nathera, bearded awn, from Greek, πωγων, p¯og¯on, beard and ανθερο, anth¯er, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Dalea + greggii, awn. Reference is to the plumes on the for Josiah Gregg (1806-1850), an calyx teeth. American explorer and plant collector. COMMON NAME: Bearded Dalea, COMMON NAME: Gregg’s Dalea, same as scientific name. same as scientific name.

Dalea purpurea Purple Prairie Clover Dalea lanata Silky Prairie Clover SCIENTIFIC NAME: Dalea + purpurea, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Dalea + lanata, Latin for purple, for the flower color. Latin for woolly. Reference is to the hairs on this plant. COMMON NAME: Purple, for the flower color. Prairie Clover, see Dalea aurea. COMMON NAME: Silky, for the flowers. Prairie Clover, see Dalea aurea. Dalea villosa Silky Prairie Clover

Dalea lasiathera Purple Dalea SCIENTIFIC NAME: Dalea + villosa, Latin for hairy. Reference is to the silky SCIENTIFIC NAME: Dalea + lasiathera, hairs on the flowers. shaggy flower, from the Greek prefix, λασιος, lasi, shaggy and ανθηρος, anth¯ero, COMMON NAME: Silky, for the silky flower. Reference is to the inflorescence. hairs on the flowers. Prairie Clover, see Dalea aurea. COMMON NAME: Purple, for the flower color. Dalea, same as genus name. Dasylirion leiophyllum Desert Candle

Dalea nana Dwarf Dalea SCIENTIFIC NAME: Dasylirion, thick or hairy lily, from Greek, δασυς, dasus, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Dalea + nana, thick, hairy and λειριον, leirion, lily, for

52 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 53

the arrangement of the flowers + leiophyl- where its toxic properties were quickly lum, smooth leaves, from Greek, λειος, discovered. leios, smooth and φυλλον, phullon, leaf.

COMMON NAME: Desert, for the Datura wrightii Southern Thorn Apple habitat. Candle, for the appearance of the flower spike. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Datura + wrightii, for Charles Wright (1811-1885), a Texas plant collector. Datura inoxia Sacred Datura COMMON NAME: Southwestern, for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Datura, from the the range in the United States. Thorn Sanskrit name for this plant, dhatura + Apple, for the round, spiny seed capsule. inoxia, Latin for not injurious, harmless. Regardless of the assigned species name, this plant is poisonous. Daucus carota Queen Anne’s Lace

COMMON NAME: Sacred, for its use SCIENTIFIC NAME: Daucus, from in North American Indian rituals. The Greek, δαυκος, daukos, wild carrot + alkaloids in this plant produce hallucina- carota, Latin for carrot. tions. Datura, same as genus name. COMMON NAME: Queen Anne’s Lace, for the lacelike appearance of the Datura quercifolia Oakleaf Datura inflorescence.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Datura + quercifolia, Latin for oak-leaved.

COMMON NAME: Oakleaf, for the shape of the leaves. Datura, same as genus name.

Datura stramonium Jimsonweed

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Datura, + stramonium, from the French name for this plant, stramonium.

COMMON NAME: Jimsonweed, a corruption of Jamestown Weed, for Daucus carota Queen Anne’s Lace Jamestown, Virginia, where it was first collected. Originally used as a potherb,

53 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 54

Daucus pusillus Southwestern Carrot Delphinium tricorne Dwarf Larkspur

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Daucus + pusillus, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Delphinium + Latin for very small. tricorne, Latin for three horns.

COMMON NAME: Southwestern, for COMMON NAME: Dwarf, for the size. the range in the United States. Carrot, Larkspur, see Delphinium carolinianum. from Latin, carota, a carrot.

Descurainia incana Tansy Mustard Delphinium carolinianum Blue Larkspur SCIENTIFIC NAME: Descurainia, for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Delphinium from Francois Descourain (1658-1740), a Greek, δελφινιον, delphinion the Larkspur French pharmacist and botanist. The + carolinianum, Latin for pertaining to Principle of Priority allows the misspelling Carolina, for the area of the type specimen. to stand + incana, Latin for very gray, hoary. COMMON NAME: Blue, for the color of the flowers. Larkspur, the nectary of COMMON NAME: Tansy, this plant this flower is shaped like the spur on a resembles true tansy (Tanacetum vulgare). lark’s foot. Mustard, from Spanish mostaza, mustard, in turn from Old French, moustarde, originally from Latin, mustum ardens. The name comes from the condiment, prepared by grinding the seeds of the plant with must (new wine), not from the plant.

Descurainia pinnata Tansy Mustard

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Descurainia + pinnata, Latin for to look like a feather. Reference is to the leaf arrangement.

COMMON NAME: Tansy Mustard, see Descurainia incana.

Descurainia sophia Flixweed Tansy Mustard

Delphinium carolinianum Blue Larkspur SCIENTIFIC NAME: Descurainia + sophia, an old genus name.

54 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 55

COMMON NAME: Flixweed, a corrup- Desmanthus virgatus Bundle Flower tion of flaxweed, for the appearance. Tansy Mustard, see Descurainia incana. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Desmanthus + virgatus, Latin for twiggy.

Desmanthus illinoensis COMMON NAME: Bundle Flower, Illinois Bundle Flower same as genus name.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Desmanthus, bun- dled flower, from Greek, δεσµος, desmos, a Desmodium canescens Hoary Tickclover bundle and ανθος, anthos, flower, for the clustered flowers +illinoensis, Latin for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Desmodium, from belonging to Illinois, for the area of the Greek, δεσµος, desmos, in this sense a type specimen. chain, for the segments of the fruits resembling a chain + canescens, Latin for COMMON NAME: Illinois Bundle the very short hairs that give a white flower, same as scientific name. appearance.

COMMON NAME: Hoary, same as Desmanthus leptolobus species name. Tickclover, the seedpods Narrowpod Bundle Flower break apart easily and stick on people and animals; these pieces have the appearance SCIENTIFIC NAME: Desmanthus + of ticks. leptolobus, narrow lobe, from Greek, λεπτος, leptos, thin, narrow and Latin, lobos, lobe. Reference is to the fruit pods. Desmodium ciliare Littleleaf Tickclover

COMMON NAME: Narrowpod Bundle SCIENTIFIC NAME: Desmodium + Flower, same as scientific name. ciliare, Latin for fringed.

COMMON NAME: Littleleaf, descrip- Desmanthus velutinu Bundle Flower tive. Tickclover, see Desmodium canescens.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Desmanthus + velutinus, Latin for velvety. Desmodium glutinosum Largeflower Tickclover COMMON NAME: Bundle Flower, same as genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Desmodium + glutinosum, Latin for glutinous, sticky. Reference is to the fruits.

55 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 56

COMMON NAME: Largeflower, has Desmodium obtusum Rigid Tickclover the largest flowers of this genus. Tickclover, see Desmodium canescens. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Desmodium + obtusum, Latin for blunt, for the leaves.

Desmodium illinoense COMMON NAME: Rigid, for the erect Illinois Tickclover stems. Tickclover, see Desmodium canescens. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Desmodium + illinoense, Latin for belonging to Illinois, for the area of the type specimen. Desmodium paniculatum Panicled Tickclover COMMON NAME: Illinois, same as species name. Tickclover, see Desmodium SCIENTIFIC NAME: Desmodium + canescens. paniculatum, Latin for having flowers in panicles.

Desmodium marilandicum COMMON NAME: Panicled, same as Maryland Tickclover species name. Tickclover, see Desmodium canescens. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Desmodium + marilandicum, Latin for of Maryland, for the area of the type specmen. Desmodium pauciflorum Fewflower Tickclover COMMON NAME: Maryland, for the area of the type specimen. Tickclover, see SCIENTIFIC NAME: Desmodium + Desmodium canescens. pauciflorum, Latin for having few flowers.

COMMON NAME: Fewflower, Desmodium nuttallii descriptive. Tickclover, see Desmodium Nuttall’s Tickclover canescens.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Desmodium + nuttallii, for Thomas Nuttall (1786-1856) Desmodium psilophyllum Sticktights an English botanist, explorer, printer, ornithologist, and plant collector. He was SCIENTIFIC NAME: Desmodium + a fellow of the Linnaean Society. psilophyllum, smooth leaf, from Greek, ψιλος, psilos, smooth, bare and φυλλον, COMMON NAME: Nuttall’s, same as phullon, leaf. species name. Tickclover, see Desmodium canescens. COMMON NAME: Sticktights, for the seeds that stick to clothing and animals.

56 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 57

Desmodium sessilifolium COMMON NAME: Spectacle Pod, for Sessileleaf Tickclover the appearance of the seed pod, which resembles a pair of spectacles. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Desmodium + sessilifolium, Latin for having leaves without stalks. Dodecatheon meadia Shooting Star

COMMON NAME: Sessileleaf, same as SCIENTIFIC NAME: Dodecatheon, species name. Tickclover, see Desmodium twelve gods, from Greek, δοδεκα, dodeka, canescens. twelve and θεος, theos, god. Pliny gave this name to the primrose (a related plant), because it was belived that it was Desmodium tweedyi Tweedy’s Tickclover protected by the twelve main Greek gods + meadia, for Richard Mead (1673-1754), SCIENTIFIC NAME: Desmodium + an English physician. tweedyi, for Frand Tweedy (1854-1937), an American plant collector. COMMON NAME: Shooting Star, for the appearance of the flower. COMMON NAME: Tweedy’s, same as species name. Tickclover, see Desmodium canescens. Dracopis amplexicaulis Claspingleaf Coneflower

Desmodium viridiflorum SCIENTIFIC NAME: Dracopis, to look Velvetleaf Tickclover like a dragon or serpent, from Greek, δρακον, drakon, dragon, serpent and SCIENTIFIC NAME: Desmodium + οψις, opsis, resembling. Reference is to the viridiflorum, Latin for green flowers. appendages on the style + amplexicaulis, Latin for to embrace the stem. Reference COMMON NAME: Velvetleaf, for the is to the base of the leaf, which is wrapped soft leaves. Tickclover, see Desmodium around the stem. canescens. COMMON NAME: Claspingleaf, same as species name. Coneflower, for the cone- Dimorphocarpa wislizeni Spectacle Pod shaped disk.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Dimorphocarpa, two shape fruit, from Greek, δις, dis, two, Drosera breviflora Sundew µορφη, morphe a shape and καρπος, karpos, fruit. Reference is to the appear- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Drosera, from ance of the seed pod + wislizeni, for Greek, δροσερος, droseros, dewy, for the Friedrich Adolph Wislizenus (1810-1889), clear glandular secretions that look like a German physician and explorer. dew, these are sticky and trap insects for

57 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 58

this insectivorous plant + breviflora, Latin like a Tagetes, from the genus Tagetes and for short flower. Greek, ειδος, eidos, resembling.

COMMON NAME: Sundew, for the COMMON NAME: Fetid, for the scent. viscid, clear glandular secretions that glit- Marigold, Mary’s Gold, with reference to ter in the sun like dew. the Virgin Mary and the gold color of the flowers.

Duchesnea indica Yellow Strawberry Dyssodia papposa Fetid Marigold SCIENTIFIC NAME: Duchesnea, for Antoine Nicholas Duchesne (1747-1827), SCIENTIFIC NAME: Dyssodia, from a French botanist + indica, Latin for of Greek, δυσοδια, dusodia, ill-smelling, India, for the native range. stinking + papposa, from Greek, παππος, pappos, grandfather, down on seeds. COMMON NAME: Yellow, for the Reference is to the hair on the achenes. flower color. Strawberry, from Anglo- Saxon, streawberige (strawberry), their COMMON NAME: Fetid, for the name for this berry, origin of the deriva- strong odor. Marigold, see Dysodiopsis tion is obscure. tagetoides.

Dyschoriste linearis Snake Herb Echinacea angustifolia Narrowleaf Purple Coneflower SCIENTIFIC NAME: Dyschoriste, diffi- cult to separate, from Greek, δυς, dus, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Echinacea, similar with difficulty, poorly and χοριστος, to a hedgehog, from Greek, εχινος khoristos, separable. Reference is to the ekhinos, a hedgehog and the Latin suffix, valves of the capsules + linearis, Latin for aceus, similar to. Reference is to the spiny narrow, with sides nearly parallel, for central disk + angustifolia, Latin for the leaves. narrow leaves.

COMMON NAME: Snake Herb, used COMMON NAME: Narrow-leaf, for the for treatment of snakebite. lance-shaped leaves. Purple, for the color of the petals. Coneflower, for Dysodiopsis tagetoides Fetid Marigold the shape of the central disk. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Dysodiopsis, bad smelling appearance, from Greek, Echinacea δυσοσης, dusos¯es, ill-smelling, stinking angustifolia and οψις, opsis, for appearance resembling Narrowleaf Purple Dyssodia thymophylla + tagetoides, to look Coneflower

58 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 59

Echinacea atrorubens Echinocactus texensis Horse Crippler Topeka Purple Coneflower SCIENTIFIC NAME: Echinocactus, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Echinacea + hedgehog cactus, from Greek, εχινος, atrorubens, Latin for becoming dark red. ekhinos, sea urchin and κακτος, kaktos, a Reference is to the dark purple ray flower prickly plant + texensis, Latin for belong- petals. ing to Texas.

COMMON NAME: Topeka, for the COMMON NAME: Horse Crippler, area of the type specimen, Topeka, Kansas, this cactus grows low to the ground and Purple Coneflower, see Echinacea angusti- has very strong spines, which can cause folia. Echinacea, same as genus name. severe injury to a horse if it steps on one.

Echinacea pallida Pale Coneflower

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Echinacea + pallida, Latin for pale, for the pale petals.

COMMON NAME: Pale, same as species name. Coneflower, for the shape of the central disk.

Echinacea purpurea Purple Echinacea

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Echinacea + purpurea, Latin for purple, for the flower color.

COMMON NAME: Purple Echinacea, same as scientific name.

Echinocactus texensis Echinacea sanguinea Purple Coneflower Horse Crippler

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Echinacea + sanguinea, Latin for of blood. Reference is to the color of the petals.

COMMON NAME: Purple Coneflower, see Echinacea angustifolia.

59 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 60

Echinocereus chisoensis Chisos Hedgehog range. Rainbow, the yellow flowers have streaks of magenta and green. Cactus, see SCIENTIFIC NAME: Echinocereus, from Echinocactus texensis. Greek, εχινος, ekhinos, hedgehog and cereus, Latin for a wax taper + chisonensis, Latin for belonging to Chisos, for the Echinocereus reichenbachii range in the Chisos Mountains of Texas. Purple Candle

COMMON NAME: Chisos Hedgehog, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Echinocereus + same as scientific name. reichenbachii, for Heinrich Gottleib Ludwig Reichenbach (1793-1989) a German naturalist. Echinocereus coccineu Claret-Cup Cactus COMMON NAME: Purple Candle, the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Echinocereus + purple flower blooms at the top of this coccineus, Latin for scarlet, for the flower cactus, giving the illusion of a candle’s color. flame.

COMMON NAME: Claret-Cup, for the color and shape of the flower. Cactus, see Echinocereus russanthus Echinocactus texensis. Rusty Hedgehog Cactus

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Echinocereus + Echinocereus enneacanthus russanthus, russet flower, from Latin, Strawberry Cactus russatus, rust-colored and Greek, ανθος, anthos, flower. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Echinocereus + enneacanthus, Latin for having nine spines. COMMON NAME: Rusty, for the flower color. Hedgehog Cactus, see COMMON NAME: Strawberry, the Echinocactus texensis. greenish fruits taste like strawberries. Cactus, see Echinocactus texensis. Echinocereus triglochidiatus Claret-Cup Cactus Echinocereus pectinatus Texas Rainbow Cactus SCIENTIFIC NAME: Echinocereus + triglochidiatus, Latin for having three SCIENTIFIC NAME: Echinocereus + glochids, the small spines, at the areoles. pectinatus, Latin for comblike, for the spines. COMMON NAME: Claret-cup, for the color and shape of the flower. Cactus, see COMMON NAME: Texas, for the Echinocactus texensis.

60 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 61

Echinocereus viridiflorus COMMON NAME: Water, for the habi- Greenflower Hedgehog tat. Hyacinth, from Latin, hyacinthus, in turn from Greek, υακινθος, uakinthos, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Echinocereus + a precious gem of blue color, for the viridiflorus, Latin for green-flowered. blue flower.

COMMON NAME: Greenflower, descriptive. Hedgehog, for the spines.

Echinodorus berteroi Burrhead

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Echinodorus, hedgehog bag, from Greek, εχινος, ekhinos, a hedgehog and δορος, doros, bag, wallet, bottle, for the grouped spiny achenes + berteroi, for C. G. L. Bertero (1789-1831), an Italian physician and plant collector. Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth COMMON NAME: Burrhead, for the rough, fruiting heads. Engelmannia peristenia Engelmann Daisy

Echinodorus cordifolius SCIENTIFIC NAME: Engelmannia, for Creeping Burrhead Geroge Engelmann (1809-1884), a German-born American physician and SCIENTIFIC NAME: Echinodorus + botanist + peristenia, extra bands, from cordifolius, Latin for heart-shaped leaves. Greek, περισσο, perisso, over and above and τενια, tenia, band, ribbon, for the COMMON NAME: Creeping, for the featherlike leaves. growth pattern. Burrhead, see Echinodorus berteroi. COMMON NAME: Engelmann, same as genus name. Daisy, from Anglo-Saxon, daeges-eage, day’s eye, daisy, for the eyelike Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth appearance and the opening of the rays in the morning. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eichhornia, for Johann Albrecht Friedrich Eichhorn (1779-1856), a Prussian education minister + crassipes, Latin for thick-footed, for the thick stem.

61 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 62

Erigeron annuus Annual Fleabane Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia Fleabane SCIENTIFIC NAME: Erigeron, from Greek, ηριγερϖν, ¯eriger¯on, early old man, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Erigeron + their name for groundsel. Reference is to philadelphicus, for Philadelphia, its early spring flowering and the hoary Pennsylvania, the area of the type down + annuus, Latin for annual. specimen.

COMMON NAME: Annual, lives only COMMON NAME: Philadelphia, same one season. Fleabane, for the ability to kill as species name. Fleabane, see Erigeron or drive off fleas. annuus.

Erigeron bellidiastrum Erigeron strigosus Daisy Fleabane Western Fleabane SCIENTIFIC NAME: Erigeron + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Erigeron + strigosus, Latin for having stiff bristles. bellidiastrum, Latin for little wild daisy star, for the size and shape of the flowers. COMMON NAME: Daisy, from Anglo- Saxon, daeges-eage, day’s eye, a daisy, for COMMON NAME: Western, for the the eyelike appearance and the opening of range in the United States. Fleabane, see the rays in the morning. Fleabane, see Erigeron annuus. Erigeron annuus.

Erigeron geiseri Basin Fleabane Erigeron tenuis Slender Fleabane

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Erigeron + geiseri, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Erigeron + tenuis, for Samuel Wood Geiser (1890-1983), Latin for thin, slender, for the stems. professor at Southern Methodist University. COMMON NAME: Slender, for the stems. Fleabane, see Erigeron annuus. COMMON NAME: Basin, for the habitat. Fleabane, see Erigeron annuus. Eriogonum abertianum Abert Wild Buckwheat Erigeron modestus Plains Fleabane SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eriogonum, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Erigeron + woolly knee, from Greek, εριον, erion, modestus, Latin for modest, gentle. wool and γονυ, gonu, knee. Reference is to the downy nodes on the stems + COMMON NAME: Plains, for the abertianum, Latin for pertaining to Abert, habitat. Fleabane, see Erigeron annuus.

62 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 63

for James William Abert (1820-1897), an Eriogonum wrightii Wild Buckwheat American Army officer and explorer. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eriogonum + COMMON NAME: Abert, same as wrightii, for Charles Wright (1713-1885), species name. Wild, for the habitat. a Texas plant collector. Buckwheat, thought to be an original English word for this plant, originally COMMON NAME: Wild Buckwheat, beechwheat. see Eriogonum annuum.

Eriogonum annuum Wild Buckwheat Erodium cicutarium Pin Clover

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eriogonum + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Erodium, from annuum, Latin for annual. Greek, ερωδιος, er¯odios, a heron. Reference is to the shape of the fruit, COMMON NAME: Wild Buckwheat, which resembles the bill of a heron or see Eriogonum abertianum. stork + cicutarium, Latin for resembling the genus Cicuta (water hemlock).

Eriogonum longifolium COMMON NAME: Pin, for the pinlike Longleaf Wild Buckwheat seed pods. Clover, for the appearance of the leaves. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eriogonum + longifolium, Latin for having long leaves, the leaves of this species are three to five Erodium texanum Texas Stork’s Bill times longer than those of the other species. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Erodium + texanum, Latin for pertaining to Texas, for COMMON NAME: Longleaf, same as the range. species name. Wild Buckwheat, see Eriogonum annuum. COMMON NAME: Texas, for the range. Stork’s Bill, same as genus name.

Eriogonum multiflorum Heartsepal Wild Buckwheat Eryngium diffusum Bushy Eryngo

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eriogonum + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eryngium, from multiflorum, Latin for many flowers. Greek, ερυγγιον, eruggion, their name for this type of plant, originally for Eryngium COMMON NAME: Heart Sepal, for the campestre + diffusum, Latin for spreading, heart-shaped sepals. Wild Buckwheat, see for the growth pattern. Eriogonum abertianum.

63 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 64

COMMON NAME: Bushy, for the Eryngium leavenworthii overall appearance. Eryngo, same as Leavenworth’s Eryngo genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eryngium + leavenworthii, for Melines Conklin Eryngium heterophyllum Leavenworth (1796-1862), a United States Mexican Thistle Army surgeon and botanist.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Erygium + hetero- COMMON NAME: Leavenworth’s phyllum, different leaves, from Greek, Eryngo, same as scientific name. ετερος, (h)etero, different, other and φυλλον, phullon, leaf, for the two different kinds of leaves. Eryngium prostratum Creeping Eryngo

COMMON NAME: Mexican, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eryngium + range. Thistle, for the overall appearance, prostratum, Latin for prostrate, for the actually belongs to the carrot family. matlike growth pattern.

COMMON NAME: Creeping, for Eryngium hookeri Hooker’s Eryngo the growth pattern. Eryngo, same as genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eryngium + hookeri, for Willian Jackson Hooker (1785-1865), a director of Kew Gardens in Eryngium yuccifolium Button Snakeroot London. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eryngium + yucci- COMMON NAME: Hooker’s Eryngo, folium, Latin for having leaves like a yucca. same as scientific name. COMMON NAME: Button, for the round shape of the flower spike. Eryngium integrifolium Snakeroot, this plant was used by Native Simpleleaf Eryngo American Indians as a snakebite remedy.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eryngium + integrifolium, Latin for having entire Erysimum asperum Plains Wallflower leaves. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Erysimum. from COMMON NAME: Simpleleaf, Greek, ερυσιµον, erusimon, their name descriptive. Eryngo, same as genus name. for hedge mustard; this plant is in the mustard family + asperum, Latin for rough, harsh.

64 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 65

COMMON NAME: Plains, for the Erythronium albidum habitat. Wallflower, for the growth on old White Dog-Tooth Violet walls, rocks, and quarries. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Erythronium, from Greek, ερυθρονιον, eruthronion, a Erysimum capitatum Western Wallflower type of orchid, in turn from ερυθρος, eruthros, red, for the flower color of some SCIENTIFIC NAME: Erysimum + of this species + albidum, Latin for white, capitatum, Latin for forming a head. for the flower color. Reference is to the showy terminal cluster of flowers. COMMON NAME: White, for the flower color. Dog-tooth, for the sharply COMMON NAME: Western, for the recurved sepals of the flower, which range in the United States. Wallflower, see remind one of the canine teeth of a dog. Erysimum asperum. Violet, for the resemblance to the violet family.

Erysimum repandum Bushy Wallflower Erythronium grandiflorum Glacier Lily SCIENTIFIC NAME: Erysimum + repandum, Latin for wavy margins, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Erythronium + leaves. grandiflorum, Latin for large flower.

COMMON NAME: Bushy, for the COMMON NAME: Glacier, this flower appearance. Wallflower, see Erysimum blooms just below the receding snow as it asperum. melts at high elevations. Lily, from Latin, Lilium, the name for this type of flower.

Erythrina herbacea Coral Bean Erythronium mesochoreum SCIENTIFIC NAME: Erythrina, from Dog-Tooth Violet Greek, ερυθρος, eruthros, red, for the flower and seed color of most species + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Erythronium + herbacea, Latin for herbaceous, not woody. mesochoreum, midland, from Greek, µεσοχωρος, mesokh¯oros, midland, for the COMMON NAME: Coral Bean, for the range. red beanlike seeds. COMMON NAME: Dog-Tooth Violet, see Erythronium albidum.

65 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 66

Erythronium rostratum vivipara, Latin for bearing live young, this Dog-Tooth Violet cactus produces asexual propagules.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Erythronium + COMMON NAME: Pincushion, for the rostratum, Latin for beaked, for the flower. appearance. Cactus, see Escobaria missouriensis. COMMON NAME: Dog-Tooth Violet, see Erythronium albidum. Eucnide bartonioides Rock Nettle

Eschscholzia californica SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eucnide, good California Poppy nettle, from Greek, ευ, eu, good, well and κνιδη, knid¯e, nettle + bartonioides, to look SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eschscholzia, for like a Bartonia, from the genus Bartonia John Friedrich Gustav von Eschscholtz and the Greek suffix, ειδος, eidos, to (1793-1831), an Estonian professor of resemble. medicine and anatomy, zoologist, biologist and explorer + californica, Latin COMMON NAME: Rock, for the for of California, for the area of the habitat in dry, stony areas. Nettle, from type specimen. Old English, netele, in turn from Old High German, nazza, their name for this COMMON NAME: California, same as type of plant. species name. Poppy, from Latin, papaver, a poppy. Eupatorium altissimum Tall Joe-Pie Weed Escobaria missouriensis Plains Nipple Cactus SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eupatorium, for Mithridates Eupator (132-63 B.C.), king SCIENTIFIC NAME: Escobaria, for two of Pontus. This name was associated with Mexican brothers, Romulo and Numa the plant agrimony. The ancient Greek Escobar (fl. early 1900s), plant collectors + word for agrimony, ευπατεριον, missouriensis, Latin for of Missouri. eupaterion, was derived from this surname + altissimum, Latin for the tallest. COMMON NAME: Plains, for the habitat. Nipple, for the overall shape. COMMON NAME: Tall, may grow to Cactus, from Greek, κακτος, kaktos, a six feet in height. Joe-Pie, a name for an prickly plant. American Indian (possibly mythical) who used the Eupatorium genus for treatment of typhus. Weed, from Old English, weod, Escobaria vivipara Pincushion Cactus a herbaceous plant, growing wild, of no value for beauty or commerce. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Escobaria +

66 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 67

Eupatorium capillifolium Dogfennel Eupatorium incarnatum Pink Eupatorium SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eupatorium + capillifolium, Latin for hairy leaves. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eupatorium + incarnatum, Latin for flesh-colored, for COMMON NAME: Dogfennel, for the the pink flowers. unpleasant scent and the fennel-like leaves. COMMON NAME: Pink, for the flower color. Eupatorium, same as genus name.

Eupatorium coelestinum Mistflower Eupatorium perfoliatum Boneset SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eupatorium + coelestinum, Latin for heavenly, sky blue. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eupatorium + Reference is to the color of the flowers. perfoliatum, Latin for a leaf that surrounds the stem. COMMON NAME: Mistflower, for the appearance of the multiple threadlike COMMON NAME: Boneset, see disk flowers. Eupatorium havanense.

Eupatorium greggii Gregg’s Mistflower Eupatorium rugosum White Snakeroot

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eupatorium + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eupatorium + greggii, for Josiah Gregg (1806-1850), an rugosum, Latin for wrinkled. American explorer and plant collector. COMMON NAME: White, for the COMMON NAME: Gregg’s, same as bright white flowers. Snakeroot, used by species name. Mistflower, see Eupatorium the American Indians to treat snakebite. coelestinum.

Eupatorium serotinum Eupatorium havanense Shrubby Boneset Late-Flowering Boneset

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eupatorium + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eupatorium + havanense, Latin for pertaining to Havana, serotinum, Latin for late-flowering. This for the area of the type specimen. plant blooms in the fall.

COMMON NAME: Shrubby, for the COMMON NAME: Late-flowering, appearance. Boneset, from its use, among same as species name. Boneset, see many others, by the American Indians to Eupatorium perfoliatum. aid in mending bones.

67 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 68

Euphorbia antisyphilitica Candelilla Euphorbia cyathophora Fire-on-the-Mountain SCIENTIFIC NAME: Euphorbia, the literal translation is good food, from SCIENTIFIC NAME: Euphorbia + Greek, ευ, eu, good and φορβη, phorb¯e, cyathophora, Latin for cup-bearing. food, pasture, however, this plant was Reference is to the cup-shaped involucral named after Euphorbus, physician to glands. King Luba of Mauritania in the first century A.D. + antisyphilitica, Latin for COMMON NAME: Fire-on-the- against syphilis, for its use in treating Mountain, for the yellow and red patches venereal disease. at the bases of the leaves and bracts, when viewed from a distance these appear as fire. COMMON NAME: Candelilla, Spanish for little candle, for the thin stems topped by a cluster of white and pink flowers, Euphorbia dentata Toothed Spurge which look like a candle flame. This plant also yields a wax used in making candles, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Euphorbia + soap, sealing wax and other products. dentata, Latin for provided with teeth. Reference is to the toothed margins of the leaves. Euphorbia bicolor Snow-on-the-Prairie COMMON NAME: Toothed, same as SCIENTIFIC NAME: Euphorbia + species name. Spurge, see Euphorbia bicolor, Latin for having two colors, for corollata. the green and white bracts.

COMMON NAME: Snow-on-the- Euphorbia hexagona Green Spurge Prairie, from a distance a large number of these plants together looks like snow on SCIENTIFIC NAME: Euphorbia + the ground. hexagona, from Greek, εξαγωνος, exag¯onos, six angles.

Euphorbia corollata Flowering Spurge COMMON NAME: Green, for the overall color. Spurge, see Euphorbia corollata. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Euphorbia + corollata, Latin for corollalike. Reference is to the white petal-like appendages of the Euphorbia marginata glands that surround the insignificant Snow-on-the-Mountain flowers. True petals are absent. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Euphorbia + COMMON NAME: Flowering, same as marginata, Latin for relating to the border species name. Spurge, a plant of the or margins. Reference is to the white Euphorbia genus with milky sap. borders of the showy bracts.

68 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 69

COMMON NAME: Snow-on-the- στοµα, stoma, mouth, used here in the Mountain, patches of this plant look like sense of a large mouth. Reference is to the snow in the distance. shape of the flowers + exaltatum, Latin for very tall.

COMMON NAME: Bluebell, for the color and shape of the flowers. Gentian, Euphorbia marginata named for Gentius, king of Illyria. Snow-on-the-Mountain

Euthamia leptocephala Slenderhead Euthamia

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Euthamia, well crowded, from Greek, ευ, eu, good, well and θαµεες, thamees, crowded. Reference is to the crowded flowers + leptocephala, thin headed, from Greek, λεπτος, leptos, thin, fine and κεφαλη, kephal¯e, head. Reference is to the slender inflorescences.

COMMON NAME: Slenderhead Euthamia, same as scientific name.

Evolvulus nuttallianus Nuttall’s Evolvulus Euphorbia roemeriana Roemer’s Euphorbia SCIENTIFIC NAME: Evolvulus, Latin for “do not twine,” to untwist, this genus SCIENTIFIC NAME: Euphorbia + does not climb as others in this family do roemeriana, Latin for pertaining to + nuttallianus, Latin for pertaining to Roemer, for Ferdinand Roemer (1818- Nuttall, for Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859), 1891), an American geologist. an English botanist, explorer, printer, ornithologist, and plant collector. He was COMMON NAME: Roemer’s a fellow of the Linnaean Society. Euphorbia, same as scientific name. COMMON NAME: Nuttall’s Evolvulus, same as scientific name. Eustoma exaltatum Bluebell Gentian

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eustoma, good mouth, from Greek, ευ, eu, good and

69 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 70

Fallugia paradoxa Apache Plume COMON NAME: Ocotillo, a diminutive of the Mexican Spanish, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Fallugia, for ocote, a resinous Mexican pine, in turn Virgilio Fallugi (?-1707), an Italian botanist from, ocotl, the Nahautl Indian word for + paradoxa, Greek for paradoxical the pine. (παραδοξα), contrary to what is expected.

COMMON NAME: Apache Plume, for Froelichia arizonica the range (Apache territory) and the Arizona Snake Cotton feathery plumes of the achenes. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Froelichia, for Joseph Aloys Froelich (1766-1841) a Ferocactus hamatacanthus Turk’s Head German botanist + arizonica, of Arizona, for the range. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ferocactus, Latin for ferocious cactus, for the spines + COMMON NAME: Arizona, same as hamatacanthus, Latin for hooked thorn, species name. Snake Cotton, Snake, for for the hooked spines. the habitat in sandy and rocky soil (where snakes are found) and Cotton, for the COMMON NAME: Turk’s Head, for white, woolly flowers that look like the overall shape, generally the shape of a cotton. human head.

Froelichia floridana Snake Cotton Ferocactus uncinatus Catclaw Cactus SCIENTIFIC NAME: Froelichia + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ferocactus + floridana, pertaining to Florida, for the uncinatus, Latin for having hooks, for the area of the type specimen. hooked spines. COMMON NAME: Snake Cotton, see COMMON NAME: Catclaw, for the Froelichia arizonica. hooked spines. Cactus, from Greek, κακτος, kaktos, a prickly plant. Froelichia gracilis Slender Snake Cotton

Fouquieria splendens Ocotillo SCIENTIFIC NAME: Froelichia + gracilis, Latin for slender, for the stems. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Fouquieria, for Pierre Eloi Fouquier (1776-1850), a COMMON NAME: Slender, for the stems. French physician + splendens, Latin for Snake Cotton, see Froelichia arizonica. splendid, for the flowers.

70 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 71

Gaillardia aestivalis Prairie Gaillardia Gaillardia pulchella Indian Blanket

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gaillardia, for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gaillardia + Gaillard de Charentoneau (fl. late 1700s), pulchella, meant to be Latin for little pretty. a French magistrate and member of the Actually a depreciatory or condescending Academie des Sciences, a patron of botany diminutive of pulcher, Latin for pretty. + aestivalis, Latin for summer, like the summer, or in this case summer-blooming. COMMON NAME: Indian Blanket, for the colors and pattern of the flowers. COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the habitat. Gaillardia, same as genus name. Gaillardia suavis Fragrant Gaillardia

Gaillardia amblyodon Red Gaillardia SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gaillardia + suavis, Latin for sweet, fragrant. Reference SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gaillardia + is to the heavy, pleasant scent. amblyodon, blunt toothed, from Greek, αµβλυς, amblu, blunt, dull and οδοντ, COMMON NAME: Fragrant, for the odont, tooth. Reference is to the blunt- scent. Gaillardia, same as genus name. toothed ends of the petals.

COMMON NAME: Red, for the color Gaura brachycarpa Plains Gaura of the petals. Gaillardia, same as genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gaura, from Greek, γαυρος, gauros, splendid, for the flowers + brachycarpa, short fruit, from Gaillardia multiceps Greek , βραχυς, brakhus, short, and Gyp Indian Blanket καρπος, fruit.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gaillardia + COMMON NAME: Plains, for the multiceps, Latin for having many heads. habitat. Gaura, same as genus name. Reference is to the brown-red central disks that remain on the stems after the petals fall, they appear as multiple small heads. Gaura coccinea Scarlet Gaura

COMMON NAME: Gyp, grows in areas SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gaura + coccinea, where gypsum is found. Indian Blanket, Latin for scarlet, for the pink flowers. for the colors and pattern of the flowers. COMMON NAME: Scarlet, for the pink flowers. Gaura, same as genus name.

71 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 72

Gaura drummondii Sweet Gaura Gaura sinuata Wavyleaf Gaura

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gaura + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gaura + sinuata, drummondii, for Thomas Drummond Latin for having wavy margins, for the (1780-1835), a Scottish plant collector. leaves.

COMMON NAME: Sweet, for the COMMON NAME: Wavyleaf, for the scent. Gaura, same as genus name. leaf margins. Gaura, same as genus name.

Gaura lindheimeri White Gaura Gaura suffulta Wild Honeysuckle

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gaura + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gaura + suffulta, lindheimeri, for Ferdinand Jacob Latin for supported, for the growth Lindheimer (1801-1879), a German plant pattern, supported by other plants. collector who made a large collection of plants from Texas. COMMON NAME: Wild, for the habitat. Honeysuckle, for the “honey COMMON NAME: White, for the sucking” of bees, also called Bee Blossom. flower color. Gaura, same as genus name.

Gaura villlosa Woolly Gaura Gaura longiflora Largeflower Gaura SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gaura + villosa, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gaura + longiflora, latin for having soft hair, for the hairs on Latin for having long flowers. the stems.

COMMON NAME: Largeflower, COMMON NAME: Woolly Gaura, although the flowers on this species are no same as scientific name. larger than some of the other Gaura. Gaura, same as genus name. Gelsemium sempervirens Carolina Jessamine Gaura parviflora Velvety Gaura SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gelsemium, from SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gaura + parviflora, Italian, gelsemino, jessamine + Latin for small-flowered. The flowers on sempervirens, Latin for always green, for this plant are less than one-eighth of an the evergreen leaves. inch long. COMMON NAME: Carolina, for the COMMON NAME: Velvety, for the area of the type specimen. Jessamine, a dense glandular hairs. Gaura, same as form of jasmine, from Persian, yasmin, genus name. their name for this kind of flower.

72 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 73

Gentiana puberulenta Prairie Gentain COMMON NAME: Texas, for the range. Geranium, same as genus name SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gentiana, Latin for gentian, from Gentius, a second century king of Illyria, said to have Gilia incisa Splitleaf Gilia discovered the medicinal uses of this plant + puberulenta, Medieval Latin, a diminu- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gilia, for Felipe tive of pubens, downy, therefore, little Gil (fl. eighteenth century), a Spanish downy. Reference is to the small hairs on botanist + incisa, Latin for cut, deeply this plant. lobed, for the leaves.

COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the COMMON NAME: Splitleaf, for the habitat. Gentian, same as genus name. deeply lobed leaves. Gilia, same as genus name.

Geranium carolinianum Crane’s Bill Gilia rigidula Blue Gilia SCIENTIFIC NAME: Geranium, from Greek, γερανος, geranos, a crane, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gilia + rigidula, long beak on the fruit, thought to resem- Latin for a little rigid, for the stems. ble the beak of a crane + carolinianum, Latin for pertaining to Carolina, for the COMMON NAME: Blue, for the flower area of the type specimen. color. Gilia, same as genus name.

COMMON NAME: Crane’s Bill, same as genus name. Grindelia adenodonta Littlehead Gumweed

Geranium dissectum Crane’s Bill SCIENTIFIC NAME: Grindelia, for David Hieronymus Grindel (1777-1836), SCIENTIFIC NAME: Geranium + a German physician, apothecary, and dissectum, Latin for deeply cut, dissected, botanist + adenodonta, Latin for gland for the leaf margins. tooth or sticky tooth, for the sticky resin.

COMMON NAME: Crane’s Bill same as COMMON NAME: Littlehead, has genus name. relatively small inflorescences. Gumweed, for the sticky resin.

Geranium texanum Texas Geranium

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Geranium + texanum, Latin for pertaining to Texas.

73 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 74

Grindelia lanceolata Gulf Gumweed Grindelia squarrosa Curlytop Gumweed SCIENTIFIC NAME: Grindelia + lanceolata, Latin for lance-shaped, for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Grindelia + the leaves. squarrosa, Latin for scaly. Reference is to the bracts. COMMON NAME: Gulf, for the range. Gumweed, for the sticky resin. COMMON NAME: Curlytop, for the recurved tips of the bracts. Gumweed, for the sticky resin. Grindelia nuda Rayless Gumweed

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Grindelia + nuda, Gutierrezia amoena Broomweed Latin for nude, bare, for the absense of ray flowers. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gutierrezia, for Pedro Gutierrez (fl. 1816), correspondent COMMON NAME: Rayless, descriptive. for the Madrid botanical garden + Gumweed, for the sticky resin. amoena, Latin for plesant, delightful.

COMMON NAME: Broomweed, was Grindelia papposa Sawleaf Daisy used as a broom by American Indians and early settlers. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Grindelia + papposa, Latin for pappus, this plant has a conspicuous pappus. Gutierrezia microcephala Threadleaf Snakeweed COMMON NAME: Sawleaf, for the saw-toothed leaf edges. Daisy, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gutierrezia + flowers resembling those of the daisy. microcephala, small head, from Greek, µικροκεφαλος, mikrokephalos, small head, for the overall appearance of the inflorescences.

COMMON NAME: Threadleaf, for the thin leaves. Snakeweed, used in snakebite remedies by the Navajo of the western United States. Grindelia papposa Sawleaf Daisy

Gutierreza sarothrae Broom Snakeweed

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gutierrezia, + sarothrae, a broom, from Greek,

74 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 75

σαροθρον, sarothron, a form of σαρον, Habenaria repens Creeping Orchid saron, a broom. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Habenaria + COMMON NAME: Broom, used as a repens, Latin for creeping, for the growth broom by some American Indians and pattern. early settlers. Snakeweed, see Gutierrezia microcephala. COMMON NAME: Creeping, for the growth pattern. Orchid, see Habenaria nivea. Guterrezia texana Texas Broomweed

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Guterrezia + tex- Habranthus texanus Copper Lily ana, Latin for pertaining to Texas. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Habranthus, pret- COMMON NAME: Texas, for the ty flower, from Greek, αβρος, abros, range. Broomweed, see Gutierrezia amoena. graceful, pretty and ονθος, anthos, flower, blossom + texanus, Latin for pertaining to Texas, for the range. Gymnosperma glutinosum Gumhead COMMON NAME: Copper, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gymnosperma, flower color. Lily, from Latin, lilium, lily. naked seed, from Greek, γυµνος, gumnos, naked and σπερµα, sperma, seed + glutinosum, Latin for sticky, for the sticky leaves. Haplopappus ciliatus Wax Goldenweed

COMMON NAME: Gumhead, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Haplopappus, resinous exudate. single pappus, from Greek, απλος, (h)aplos, single and παππος, pappos, down on seeds. Reference is to the bristle on Habenaria nivea Snowy Orchid the tip of the achene + ciliatus, Latin for fringed with soft hairs. Reference is to the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Habenaria, from hairs on the edges of the leaves. Latin, habena, that by which a thing is held, a strap, holder. Reference is to the COMMON NAME: Wax, for the waxy spur on the lip petal + nivea, Latin for yellow disk flowers. Goldenweed, for the bright, shining, for the white flowers. flower color.

COMMON NAME: Snowy, for the white flowers. Orchid, from Greek, ορχις, orkhis, testicle, for the shape of the pseudobulbs of some members of the Orchid family.

75 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 76

Haplopappus spinulosus Helenium autumnale Sneezeweed Cutleaf Ironweed SCIENTIFIC NAME: Helenium + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Haplopappus + autumnale, Latin for of autumn. spinulosus, Latin for somewhat spiny. Reference is to the fall blooming flowers. Reference is to the bristles on the leaves. COMMON NAME: Sneezeweed, see COMMON NAME: Cutleaf, for the Helenium amarum. toothed, cut-out appearance of the leaves. Ironweed, for the hard stem. Helenium drummondii Fringed Sneezeweed Hedyotis nigricans Fineleaf Bluet SCIENTIFIC NAME: Helenium + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hedyotis , sweet drummondii, for Thomas Drummond ear, from Greek, ηδυς, ¯edus, sweet , (c. 1790-1831), a British plant collector. pleasant to the taste or smell and ωτος, ¯otos, ear. Most probably a pet name + COMMON NAME: Fringed, for the nigricans, Latin for shading into black, fringed flower petals. Sneezeweed, see verging on black. Reference is to the leaves Helenium amarum. turning black as they dry.

COMMON NAME: Fineleaf, for the Helenium flexuosum threadlike leaves. Bluet, see Hedyotis Purplehead Sneezeweed crassifolia. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Helenium + flexuosum, Latin for full of bends and turns. Helenium amarum Bitter Sneezeweed Reference is to the pattern of the stems.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Helenium, from COMMON NAME: Purplehead, for Greek, ελενιον, elenion, the elechampane the red-brown to purple disk flowers. (Inula helenium), which this plant resem- Sneezeweed, see Helenium amarum. bles + amarum, Latin for bitter to taste, pungent to smell. The bitter qualities of this plant can be transfered to milk if cattle Helianthus angustifolius eat it or to honey if bees collect from it. Swamp Sunflower

COMMON NAME: Bitter, same as SCIENTIFIC NAME: Helianthus, species name. Sneezeweed, the odor of this sunflower, from Greek, ηλιος, (h)¯elios, the plant is reputed to cause sneezing. sun and ανθος, anthos, flower, blossom + angustifolius, Latin for narrow-leaved, descriptive of the very narrow leaves of this plant.

76 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 77

COMMON NAME: Swamp, for the COMMON NAME: Maximilian, same habitat; it prefers moist soil. Sunflower, as species name. Sunflower, see Helianthus this name was originally used for the angustifolius. genus Heliotrope, because the flowers turned with the sun. The genus Helianthus was named by Carl Linnaeus Helianthus mollis Ashy Sunflower (1707-1778) for the type specimen Helianthus annuus, because the flower, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Helianthus + with its bright yellow rays, reminded him mollis, Latin for soft, tender. Reference is of the sun. to the soft, white, woolly hairs.

COMMON NAME: Ashy, for the color Helianthus annuus Common Sunflower of the white, woolly hairs. Sunflower, see Helianthus angustifolius. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Helianthus + annuus, Latin for annual, living only one year. Helianthus petiolaris Plains Sunflower

COMMON NAME: Common, most SCIENTIFIC NAME: Helianthus + common in its range. Sunflower, see petiolaris, Latin for having a leaf stalk. Helianthus angustifolius. COMMON NAME: Plains, for the habitat. Sunflower, see Helianthus Helianthus grosseserratus angustifolius. Sawtooth Sunflower

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Helianthus + gross- Helianthus salicifolius eserratus, Latin for having large saw teeth. Willowleaf Sunflower Reference is to the serrated leaf edges. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Helianthus + COMMON NAME: Sawtooth, same as salicifolius, Latin for willowleaf. The leaves species name. Sunflower, see Helianthus resemble those of the willow. angustifolius. COMMON NAME: Willow-Leaved, same as species name. Sunflower, see Helianthus maximiliani Helianthus angustifolius. Maximilian Sunflower

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Helianthus + Helianthus tuberosus maximiliani, for Maximilian A. P. zu Jerusalem Artichoke Wied-Neuwied (1782-1867), a German prince and naturalist. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Helianthus + tuberosus, Latin for having tubers.

77 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 78

Reference is to the edible tubers. COMMON NAME: Seaside, for the habitat; it also grows inland on saline COMMON NAME: Jerusalem soils. Heliotrope, same as genus name. Artichoke, a corruption of the Italian, Girasole articiocco, sunflower artichoke, for the edible tubers. Heliotropium indicum Turnsole

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Heliotropium + Heliotropium amplexicaule indicum, Latin for of India; this name was Violet Heliotrope attached to many plants that came from India, anywhere in the Far East, and even SCIENTIFIC NAME: Heliotropium, to the East Indies. turn toward the sun, from Greek, ηλιος, (h)¯elios, the sun and τρεπο, trepo, to turn COMMON NAME: Turnsole, from toward a thing. Reference is to the flowers Spanish, tornasol, to turn toward the sun, following the sun + amplexicaule, Latin for see Heliotropium amplexicaule. stem-clasping, for the leaf bases that encircle the stems. Heliotropium tenellum COMMON NAME: Violet, for the Pasture Heliotrope flower color. Heliotrope, same as genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Heliotropium + tenellum, Latin for tender or delicate.

Heliotropium convolvulaceum COMMON NAME: Pasture, for the Bindweed Heliotrope habitat. Heliotrope, same as genus name.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Heliotropium + convolvulaceum, Latin for to resemble the Hesperis matronalis Dame’s Rocket genus Convolvulus, bindweed. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hesperis, of the COMMON NAME: Bindweed, for the evening, from Greek, εσπερα, espera, just trailing vinelike stems. Heliotrope, same at nightfall, the evening. Reference is to as genus name. the fragrance released in the evening + matronalis, Latin for of or befitting a matron, a married woman. Also pertain- Heliotropium curassavicum ing to the Roman festival of the matrons, Seaside Heliotrope held on March first.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Heliotropium + COMMON NAME: Dame’s, from the curassavicum, for Curaçao, West Indies, species name. Rocket, from French, the area of the type specimen. roquette, their name for cruciferous plants.

78 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 79

Hesperaloe parviflora Red Yucca Hibiscus laevis Scarlet Rose Mallow

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hesperaloe, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hibiscus, Latin for western aloe, from Greek, εσπερα, marsh mallow, in turn from Greek, (h)espera, western and the genus Aloe; βλθαξα, ibiskos, the hibiscus + laevis, these plants resemble the old world aloes + Latin for smooth. parviflora, Latin for having small flowers. COMMON NAME: Scarlet, for the COMMON NAME: Red, for the flower flower color. Rose Mallow, for the flower color. Yucca, from Carib, yucca, their color and the Latin name for this plant name for the cassava, inappropriately family, malva. applied to this plant.

Hibiscus moscheutos Rose Mallow Heterotheca canescens Gray Golden Aster SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hibiscus + moscheutos, Latin for musky, for the scent. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Heterotheca, different case, from Greek, ετερος, COMMON NAME: Rose Mallow, see (h)eteros, different and θηκη, th¯ek¯e, a case, Hibiscus laevis. a chest. Reference is to the differing sizes of the achenes of the ray and disk flowers + canescens, Latin for to become gray. Hibiscus trionum Flower-of-an-Hour Reference is to the gray hairs on the foliage. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hibiscus + trionum, New Latin, from Greek, COMMON NAME: Gray, same as τριονον, trionon, a malvaceous plant. species name. Golden Aster, for the gold color and the star shape of the flower, COMMON NAME: Flower-of-the-Hour, from Greek αστερ, aster, a star. for the short time the flower stays open.

Heterotheca stenophylla Hoffmannseggia glauca Pignut Narrowleaf Golden Aster SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hoffmannseggia, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Heterotheca + for Johann Centurius Graf von stenophylla, narrow leaves, from Greek, Hoffmannsegg (1766-1849), a German στενος, stenos, narrow and φυλλον, entomologist and ornithologist + glauca, phullon, leaf. Latin for gray-green, having a whitish bloom. Reference is to the color of the COMMON NAME: Narrowleaf, leaves. descriptive. Golden Aster, see Heterotheca canescens.

79 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 80

COMMON NAME: Pignut, for the pusilla, Latin for very small, for the flowers. edible tubers, which pigs dig up and eat. COMMON NAME: Tiny Bluet, see Houstonia humifusa. Houstonia humifusa Mat Bluet

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Houstonia, for Houstonia rosea Rose Bluet William Houston (1695-1733), an English surgeon and botanist + humifusa, Latin SCIENTIFIC NAME: Houstonia + rosea, for sprawling on the ground, for the Latin for rose, for the flower color. growth pattern. COMMON NAME: Rose, for the rose COMMON NAME: Mat, for the color of the flowers of this species. Bluet, growth pattern. Bluet, for the small, see Houstonia humifusa. usually blue, flower of this genus.

Houstonia subviscosa Nodding Bluet Houstonia micrantha Southern Bluet SCIENTIFIC NAME: Houstonia + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Houstonia + subviscosa, Latin for a little sticky, for micrantha, small flower, from Greek, the stems. µικρος, micros, small and ανθος, anthos, flower. COMMON NAME: Nodding, for the nodding flowers. Bluet, see Houstonia COMMON NAME: Southern, for the humifusa. range in the United States. Bluet see Houstonia humifusa. Hydrolea ovata Blue Waterleaf

Houstonia parviflora Bluet SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hydrolea, water olive, from Greek, υδωρ, ud¯or, water and SCIENTIFIC NAME: Houstonia + ολεα olea, olive tree, olive. Reference is to parviflora, Latin for small-flowered. the habitat in wet areas and the leaves, which are similar in shape to those of the COMMON NAME: Bluet, see olive tree + ovata, Latin for egg-shaped, Houstonia humifusa. oval, for the leaf shape.

COMMON NAME: Blue, for the color Houstonia pusilla Tiny Bluet of the flowers. Waterleaf, from the family name, Hydrophyllaceae, waterleaf, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Houstonia + wet habitat.

80 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 81

Hymenocallis liriosme Spider Lily Hymenopappus flavescens Yellow Hymenopappus SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hymenocallis, beautiful membrane, from Greek, υµην, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hymenopappus + (h)um¯en, a membrane and καλλ−καλος, flavescens, Latin for pale yellow. Reference kalli, kalos, beautiful. Reference is to the is to the flower color. appearance of the central cup of the flower + liriosme, lily smell, from Greek, COMMON NAME: Yellow λειριον, leirion, lily and οσµη, osm¯e, Hymenopappus, same as scientific name. smell, for the fragrance.

COMMON NAME: Spider, for the Hymenopappus scabiosaeus appearance of the flower, with long Old Plainsman segments resembling spider legs and the central cup like the body of a spider. Lily, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hymenopappus + for the appearance. scabiosaeus, Latin for to resemble the genus Scabiosa.

Hymenopappus artemisiifolius COMMON NAME: Old Plainsman, for Woolly White the woolly hairs and the habitat.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hymenopappus, membrane pappus, from Greek, υµην, Hymenopappus tenuifolius um¯en, membrane and παππος, pappos, Slimleaf Hymenopappus grandfather, down on achenes + artemisiifolius, Latin for having leaves like the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hymenopappus + genus Artemisia (wormwood). tenuifolius, Latin for slender or thin- leaved. COMMON NAME: Woolly White, for the soft white hairs on the plant. COMMON NAME: Slimleaf, descriptive. Hymenopappus, same as genus name. Hymenopappus filifolius Fineleaf Woolly White Hymenoxys odorata Bitterweed SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hymenopappus + filifolius, Latin for threadlike leaves. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hymenoxys, sharp membrane, from Greek, υµην, (h)um¯en, COMMON NAME: Fine-Leaf, for the membrane and οξυς, oxus, sharp. thin leaves. Woolly White, for the soft Reference is to the pappus + odorata, white hairs. Latin for having a smell, fragrant.

81 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 82

COMMON NAME: Bitterweed, for the COMMON NAME: Yellow, for the resinlike excretions of this genus, which flower color. Star Grass, for the shape of the are bitter to the taste. flowers and the appearance of the leaves.

Hypericum perforatum St. John’s Wort Ibervillea lindheimeri Globe Berry

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hypericum, above SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ibervillea, most the picture, from Greek, υπερ, uper, above probably for Iberville Parish Lousiana, the and εικον, eikon, picture. Reference is to area of the type specimen + lindheimeri, this plant being hung above pictures to for Ferdinand Jacob Lindheimer (1801- ward off evil spirits + perforatum, Latin for 1879), a German political exile who pierced with holes. Reference is to the collected plants in Texas. transparent dots on the leaves; it was believed that the devil poked holes in the COMMON NAME: Globe Berry, for leaves with a needle in revenge for this the spherical red fruit. plant’s properties of warding off evil.

COMMON NAME: St. John’s, in Indigofera miniata Scarlet Pea Europe this plant blooms on St. John’s Day. Wort, from Old English, wyrt, root, a SCIENTIFIC NAME: Indigofera, I bear plant or herb used for food or medicine. Indigo, from indigo, in turn from Latin, indicus, of India and Latin, fero, I bear + miniata, Latin for having the color of Hypericum sphaerocarpum cinnabar, vermilion. Reference is to the Roundfruit St. John’s Wort flower color.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hypericum + COMMON NAME: Scarlet, for the sphaerocarpum, Latin for having rounded flower color. Pea, for the fruit; this plant is fruit. a legume.

COMMON NAME: Roundfruit, descriptive. St. John’s Wort, see Hypericum Ipomoea coccinea Scarlet Creeper perforatum. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ipomoea, resembling a vine, from Greek, ιψ, ips, vine, Hypoxis hirsuta Yellow Star Grass worm and οµοιος, omoios, resembling, for the growth pattern + coccinea, Latin for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hypoxis, sharp scarlet, for the flower color. below, from Greek, υπο, (h)upo, below and οξυς, oxus, sharp, for the sharp capsule COMMON NAME: Scarlet, for the base + hirsuta, Latin for hairy. Reference is flower color. Creeper, for the growth to the hairs on the flower stems and buds. pattern.

82 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 83

Ipomoea cordatotriloba COMMON NAME: Wild, for the Wild Morning Glory habitat. Potato, for the large starchy root.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ipomoea + cordatotriloba, Latin for heart-shaped, Ipomoea pes-caprae having three lobes, for the leaves. Goat-Foot Morning Glory

COMMON NAME: Wild, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ipomoea + habitat. Morning Glory, for the pretty pes-caprae, Latin for goat-footed. bloom that opens in the morning. Reference is to the shape of the leaves, which resemble the footprint of a goat.

Ipomoea hederacea COMMON NAME: Goat-foot, same as Ivyleaf Morning Glory species name. Morning Glory, see Ipomoea cordatotriloba. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ipomoea + hederacea, Latin for resembling ivy, for the shape of the leaves. Ipomoea purpurea Common Morning Glory COMMON NAME: Ivyleaf, descriptive. Morning Glory, see Ipomoea cordatotriloba. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ipomoea + purpurea, Latin for purple, for the flower color. Ipomoea leptophylla Bush Morning Glory COMMON NAME: Common, common in its range. Morning Glory, see SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ipomoea + Ipomoea cordatotriloba. leptophylla, thin-leaved, from Greek, λεπτος, leptos, thin, fine and φυλλον, phullon, a leaf. Ipomoea sagittata Saltmarsh Morning Glory COMMON NAME: Bush, for the growth pattern. Morning Glory, see SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ipomoea + Ipomoea cordatotriloba. sagittata, Latin for arrow-shaped, for the arrowhead-shaped leaves.

Ipomoea pandurata Wild Potato COMMON NAME: Saltmarsh, for the preferance of moist, brackish soil. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ipomoea + Morning Glory, see Ipomoea cordatotriloba. pandurata, lute shaped, from Greek, πανδουρα, pandoura, a three-stringed lute. Reference is to the shape of the leaves.

83 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 84

Ipomoea shumardiana COMMON NAME: Pale, for the white Narrowleaf Morning Glory or pale lavender color of the flower. Trumpets, for the trumpet shape of the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ipomoea + bloom. shumardiana, Latin for pertaining to Shumard, for Benjamin Franklin Shumard (1820-1869), a state geologist for Texas. Ipomopsis rubra Texas Star

COMMON NAME: Narrowleaf, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ipomopsis + rubra, descriptive. Morning Glory, see Ipomoea Latin for red, for the flower color. cordatotriloba. COMMON NAME: Texas, for the range. Star, for the shape of the flower. Ipomoea stolonifera Beach Morning Glory Iris brevicaulis Zigzag Iris SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ipomoea + stolonifera, Latin for possesing stolons SCIENTIFIC NAME: Iris, from Greek, (root runners). Ιρις, Iris, messenger of the gods, goddess of the rainbow. Reference is to the beauti- COMMON NAME: Beach, for the ful hues of the blooms + brevicaulis, Latin habitat. Morning Glory, see Ipomoea for short stem. cordatotriloba. COMMON NAME: Zigzag, for the shape of the flowering stem. Iris, same as Ipomopsis aggregata Skyrocket genus name.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ipomopsis, to look like an Ipomoea, from the genus Ipomoea Iris pallida Pale Blue Flag and the Greek, οψις, ops, appearance. Reference is to the flower shape + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Iris + pallida, aggregata, Latin for clustered, for the Latin for pale, for the pale blue flower. flower distribution on the stem. COMMON NAME: Pale Blue, same as COMMON NAME: Skyrocket, for the species name. Flag, see Iris brevicaulis. shape and color of the flower.

Iris virginica Southern Iris Ipomopsis longiflora Pale Trumpets SCIENTIFIC NAME: Iris + virginica, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ipomopsis + longi- Latin for of Virginia, for the area of the flora, Latin for long flower, for the long type specimen. tube of the flower.

84 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 85

COMMON NAME: Southern, for the Justicia americana Water Willow range in the United States. Iris, same as genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Justicia, for James Justice (1698-1763), a Scottish horticul- turist and member of the Royal Society + Isocoma pluriflora Rayless Goldenrod americana, Latin for pertaining to America.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Isocoma, equal COMMON NAME: Water Willow, for hair, from Greek, ισος, isos, equal and the habitat and the appearance of the κοµη, kome, hair of the head. Reference is leaves. to the distribution of the leaves on the stem + pluriflora, Latin for many flowers. Kallstroemia californica COMMON NAME: Rayless, the ray California Caltrop flowers are absent. Goldenrod, for the gold flowers on top of the stem. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Kallstroemia, for a man named Kallstroem, a friend of Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (1723-1799), Jacquemontia tamnifolia who named this genus + californica, Latin Hairy Cluster Vine for of California, for the area of the type specimen. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Jacquemontia, for Victor V. Jacquemont (1801-1832), a COMMON NAME: California, same as French naturalist and botanist + tamnifo- species name. Caltrop, from Anglo-Saxon, lia, Latin for having leaves like the tamus coltraeppe, a spiny plant. vine, from Latin, tamus, a climbing plant.

COMMON NAME: Hairy, for the hairy Kallstroemia grandiflora Desert Poppy bracts. Cluster Vine, for the blooms that form in clusters and the growth pattern. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Kallstroemia + grandiflora, Latin for large flower.

COMMON NAME: Desert, for the habitat. Poppy, for the appearance of the flower.

Kallstroemia hirsutissima Carpetweed

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Kallstroemia + hirsutissima, Latin for most hairy, for the Jacquemontia tamnifolia hairy stems and leaves. Hairy Cluster Vine

85 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 86

COMMON NAME: Carpetweed, for the Krigia cespitosa Dwarf Dandelion matlike growth pattern. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Krigia, for David Krieg (1670-1710), a German physician Kallstroemia parviflora Warty Caltrop and botanist and a fellow of the Royal Society; the Principle of Priority allows SCIENTIFIC NAME: Kallstroemia + the misspelling to stand + cespitosa, Latin parviflora, Latin for small-flowered. for growing in tufts.

COMMON NAME: Warty, for the COMMON NAME: Dwarf, for the tubercles on the fruit capsule. Caltrop, see small size. Dandelion, for the superficial Kallstroemia californica. resemblance to the common dandelion.

Kosteletzkya virginica Salt Marshmallow Krigia dandelion Tuber Dwarf Dandelion SCIENTIFIC NAME: Kosteletzkya, for Vincez Franz Kosteletzky (1801-1887), a SCIENTIFIC NAME: Krigia + Czech physician and botanist + virginica, dandelion, for the appearance, it looks like Latin for of Virginia, for the area of the the true dandelion (Taraxacum). type specimen. COMMON NAME: Tuber, for the large COMMON NAME: Salt, prefers brack- tubers on the roots. Dwarf Dandelion, see ish wet soil. Marshmallow, from Old Krigia cespitosa. English, merscmealwe, their name for this plant. Krigia occidentalis Western Dwarf Dandelion Krameria lanceolata Trailing Krameria SCIENTIFIC NAME: Krigia + occiden- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Krameria, for talis, Latin for western, for the range in Johann Georg Heinrich Kramer (?-1742), the United States. an Austrian physician + lanceolata, Latin for lance-shaped, for the leaves. COMMON NAME: Western, for the range in the United States. Dwarf COMMON NAME: Trailing, for the Dandelion, see Krigia cespitosa. growth pattern. Krameria, same as genus name.

86 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 87

Krigia virginica milky sap + canadensis, Latin for belong- Virginia Dwarf Dandelion ing to Canada.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Krigia + virginica, COMMON NAME: Wild, for the Latin for of Virginia, for the area of the habitat. Lettuce, from Old French, laitue, type specimen. the root is the same as for milk, for the milky sap. COMMON NAME: Virginia, for the area of the type specimen. Dwarf Dandelion, see Krigia cespitosa. Lactuca ludoviciana Western Wild Lettuce

Krigia wrightii SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lactuca + Wright’s Dwarf Dandelion ludoviciana, Latin for pertaining to Louisiana, the literal translation is SCIENTIFIC NAME: Krigia + wrightii, “pertaining to Louis.” Reference is to for Charles Wright (1811-1885), a plant Louis XIV (1638-1715), king of France. collector in Texas. COMMON NAME: Western, for the COMMON NAME: Wright’s, same as range in the United States. Wild Lettuce, species name. Dwarf Dandelion, see see Lactua canadensis. Krigia cespitosa.

Lactuca serriola Prickly Lettuce Lactuca canadensis Wild Lettuce SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lactuca + serriola, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lactuca, Latin for a litle saw, from Latin, serra, a saw and the lettuce, the root word is lac, milk, for the diminutive suffix, -uola. Reference is to the spines on the toothed leaf edges.

COMMON NAME: Prickly, for the spines on the leaves. Lettuce, see Lactuca canadensis.

Lamium amplexicaule Lamium amplexicaule Henbit Henbit SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lamium, Latin for dead nettle. Reference is to the leaves, which look like those of the nettle but do not sting + amplexicaule, stem-clasping, from Latin, amplexus, clasping in an embrace and caulis, stalk, stem. Reference

87 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 88

is to the base of the leaves appearing to Lantana urticoides Texas Lantana clasp the stem. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lantana + COMMON NAME: Henbit, from Old urticoides, Latin for resembling the genus Low German, hoenderbeet, their name for Urtica. this plant. COMMON NAME: Texas, for the range. Lantana, same as genus name. Lamium purpureum Purple Dead Nettle

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lamium + Larrea tridentata Creosote Bush purpureum, Latin for purple, for the flower color. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Larrea, for Juan Antonio de Larrea (fl. 1810), a Spanish COMMON NAME: Purple Dead patron of science + tridentata, Latin for Nettle, same as scientific name. three teeth, for the leaves.

COMMON NAME: Creosote Bush, the Lantana achyranthifolia crushed leaves smell like creosote. Veinleaf Lantana

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lantana, the Late Lepidium austrinum Latin name for Viburnum lantana, for the Southern Pepperweed flowers, which resemble that plant + achyranthifolia, Latin for having leaves like SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lepidium, the genus Achyranthes. the pepperwort, from Greek, λεπιδιον, lepidion, used by Discorides to describe COMMON NAME: Veinleaf, for the the pepperwort, used to treat scurvy + obvious leaf veins. Lantana, same as genus austrinum, Latin for southern, for the name. range in the United States.

COMMON NAME: Southern, for the Lantana camara Largeleaf Lantana range in the United States. Pepperweed, for the fruits, which can be used as a SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lantana + camara, pepper substitute. a South American vernacular name.

COMMON NAME: Largeleaf, has Lepidium densiflorum relatively large leaves. Lantana, same as Prairie Pepperweed genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lepidium + densiflorum, Latin for densely flowered.

88 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 89

COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the Lespedeza repens Creeping Bush Clover habitat. Pepperweed, see Lepidium austrinum. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lespedeza + repens, Latin for creeping, for the trailing growth pattern. Lepidium montanum Mountain Pepperweed COMMON NAME: Creeping, same as species name. Bush Clover, see Lespedeza SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lepidium + capitata. montanum, Latin for pertaining to the mountains. Lespedeza texana Texas Bush Clover COMMON NAME: Mountain, for the range. Pepperweed, see Lepidium SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lespedeza + austrinum. texana, Latin for pertaining to Texas, for the range.

Lespedeza capitata Bush Clover COMMON NAME: Texas, for the range. Bush Clover, see Lespedeza capitata. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lespedeza, for Vincente Manuel de Cespedes (late 1780s), the Spanish governor of eastern Lespedeza violacea Prairie Lespedeza Florida and a patron of botany. His name was misspelled when the book containing SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lespedeza + this plant’s description was being printed; violacea, Latin for violet, for the flower the Principle of Priority allows the color. misspelling to stand + capitata, Latin for having or forming a head. Reference is to COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the the inflorescence. habitat. Lespedeza, same as genus name.

COMMON NAME: Bush, for the overall appearance. Clover, for the Lespedeza virginica Slender Lespedeza inflorescence, which resembles a large clover inflorescence. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lespedeza + virginica, Latin for of Virginia, for the area of the type specimen. Lespedeza hirta Hairy Bush Clover COMMON NAME: Slender, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lespedeza + hirta, slender stems. Lespedeza, same as genus Latin for hairy, for the stems. name.

COMMON NAME: Hairy, for the stems. Bush clover, see Lespedeza capitata.

89 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 90

Lesquerella angustifolia cloth spread on the ground. Narrowleaf Bladderpod

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lesquerella, for Lesquerella grandiflora Carles Leo Lesquereux (1806-1889), an Bigflower Bladderpod American paleobotanist + angustifolia, Latin for narrow-leaved. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lesquerella + grandiflora, Latin for large-flowered. COMMON NAME: Narrowleaf, descriptive. Bladderpod, for the ball- COMMON NAME: Bigflower, has shaped fruits. relatively large flowers. Bladderpod, see Lesquerella angustfolia.

Lesquerella densiflora Denseflower Bladderpod Lesquerella ovalifolia Oval-Leaf Bladderpod SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lesquerella + densiflora, Latin for densely flowered. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lesquerella + ovalifolia, Latin for oval-leaved, descriptive of COMMON NAME: Denseflower, the leaf shape. descriptive. Bladderpod, see Lesquerella angustfolia. COMMON NAME: Oval-leaf, descriptive. Bladderpod, see Lesquerella angustfolia.

Lesquerella fendleri Fendler Bladderpod Leucanthemum vulgare SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lesquerella + Oxeye Daisy fendleri, for August Fendler (1813-1883), an American botanist. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Leucanthemum, white flower, from Greek, λευκος, leukos, COMMON NAME: Fendler, same as of color, white and ανθεον, antheon, species name. Bladderpod, see Lesquerella flower +vulgare, Latin for common. angustfolia. COMMON NAME: Oxeye, for the large size and the eyelike appearance. Daisy, Lesquerella gracilis Cloth-of-Gold from Anglo-Saxon, daeges-eage, day’s eye, a daisy, for the eyelike appearance and the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lesquerella + opening of the rays in the morning. gracilis, Latin for slender, graceful.

COMMON NAME: Cloth-of-Gold, the Leucophyllum frutescens Cenizo large number of yellow flowers over a large area give the appearance of a gold SCIENTIFIC NAME: Leucophyllum,

90 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 91

Latin for white leaves, for the silvery Liatris punctata Dotted Gayfeather leaves + frutescens, Latin for becoming bushy. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Liatris + punctata, Latin for a small hole, a puncture, a dot, a COMMON NAME: Cenizo, Spanish for spot. Reference is to the glandular punctu- ashy, for the silvery leaves. ations on the leaves.

COMMON NAME: Dotted, same Liatris aspera Button Blazing Star as species name. Gayfeather, see Liatris elegans. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Liatris, a coined New Latin name assigned by Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber (1739- Liatris pycnostachya 1810), origin is unknown + aspera, Latin Thickspike Gayfeather for rough. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Liatris + pycnos- COMMON NAME: Button Blazing tachya, thick spike, thick ear of corn, from Star, for the shape and color of the flowers. Greek, πυκνος, puknos, thick and στακυς, stakhus, spike, ear of corn. Reference is to the thick inflorescences. Liatris elegans Gayfeather COMMON NAME: Thickspike, same SCIENTIFIC NAME: Liatris + elegans, as species name. Gayfeather, see Liatris Latin for elegant, for the flower spike. elegans.

COMMON NAME: Gayfeather, from a distance the inflorescence looks like a Liatris squarrosa Blazing Star bright pink feather. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Liatris + squarrosa, Latin for scurfy, scaly. Reference Liatris mucronata is to the spreading tips of the bracts. Narrowleaf Gayfeather COMMON NAME: Blazing Star, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Liatris + mucronata, color and shape of the flowers. Latin for having a sharp point. Reference is to the abruptly pointed involucral bracts. Liatris squarrosa COMMON NAME: Narrowleaf, Blazing Star descriptive, the leaves are 5-10 cm long and 5 mm wide. Gayfeather, see Liatris elegans.

91 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 92

Linaria texana Texas Toadflax Lindheimera texana Texas Yellow Star

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Linaria, New SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lindheimera, for Latin, from Latin, linum, the flax plant, a Ferdinand Jacob Lindheimer (1801-1879), thread or cord. Reference is to the leaf a German botanist who made a large shape of some species, which resemble collection of plants in Texas + texana, those of the flax + texana, Latin for per- Latin for pertaining to Texas. taining to Texas. COMMON NAME: Texas, for the COMMON NAME: Texas, for the range. Yellow Star, for the color and shape range. Toadflax, not a true flax, but the of the flowers. leaves look like those of flax. The toad part of the name is believed to be from mistaking the Latin, bubonium, a plant Linum grandiflorum Flowering Flax used medicinally for swelling of the groin (buboes), for bufonis, of or belonging to a SCIENTIFIC NAME: Linum, Latin toad, in an early translation of Dodoen’s for flax + grandiflorum, Latin for large- Latin description of this plant. flowered.

COMMON NAME: Flowering, for Linaria vulgaris Common Toadflax the prominent flowers. Flax, from Old Teutonic, flah, to plait, for its use in SCIENTIFIC NAME: Linaria + vulgaris, making thread and cloth. Latin for common.

COMMON NAME: Common, Linum hudsonioides Flax common in its range. Toadflax, see Linaria texana. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Linum + hudsonioides, to resemble Hudsonia, from the genus Hudsonia and Greek, ειδος, eidos, Lindernia dubia resembling. Clasping False Pimpernel COMMON NAME: Flax, see Linum SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lindernia, for grandiflorum. Franz Balthasa von Lindern (1682-1755), a German physician and botanist + dubia, Latin for dubious, doubtful, it looks like a Linum lewisii Prairie Flax pimpernel but is not. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Linum + lewisii, COMMON NAME: Clasping, for the for Captain Meriwether Lewis (1774- leaf bases of the middle and upper leaves. 1809), of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. False Pimpernel, for the appearance.

92 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 93

COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the COMMON NAME: Common, habitat. Flax, see Linum grandiflorum. common in range. Flax, see Linum grandiflorum.

Linum pratense Meadow Flax Lithospermum arvensis Corn Gromwell SCIENTIFIC NAME: Linum + pratense, Latin for belonging to meadows, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lithospermum, habitat. stone seed, the Greek name for gromwell, from Greek, λιθος, lithos, stone and COMMON NAME: Meadow Flax, same σπερµα, sperma, seed. Reference is to the as scientific name. hard mericarps + arvensis, Latin for belonging to a field, for the habitat.

Linum rigidum Stiffstem Flax COMMON NAME: Corn, for the large seeds. Gromwell, old form is grommel, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Linum + rigidum, or gromel, the “w” is a late intrusion. Latin for rigid. Reference is to the stiff Thought to have come from Latin, stems. granummilii, grain or millet, with reference to the seeds. Exact derivation is COMMON NAME: Stiffstem, descrip- uncertain. tive. Flax, see Linum grandiflorum.

Lithospermum canescens Hoary Puccoon Linum sulcatum Yellow Prairie Flax SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lithospermum + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Linum + sulcatum, canescens, Latin for to become covered Latin for a furrow. Reference is to the with white. Reference is to the soft, white grooved stem. hairs on the stems and leaves.

COMMON NAME: Yellow, for the COMMON NAME: Hoary, same as flower color. Prairie, for the habitat. Flax, species name. Puccoon, an American see Linum rigidum. Indian name for this type of plant.

Linum usitatissimum Common Flax Lithospermum carolinense Puccoon

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Linum + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lithospermum + usitatissimum, Latin for most useful; this carolinense, Latin for belonging to is the flax that is cultivated and has Carolina. many uses. COMMON NAME: Puccoon, see Lithospermum canescens.

93 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 94

Lithospermum incisum Fringed Puccoon Lobelia siphilitica Blue Cardinal Flower

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lithospermum + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lobelia + siphilitica, incisum, Latin for an incision or cut. for its former use in treating syphilis. Reference is to the fringed flower petals. COMMON NAME: Blue Cardinal COMMON NAME: Fringed, same as Flower, a somewhat contradictory name, species name. Puccoon, see Lithospermum it came about from the blue flowers and canescens. the fact that this plant is in the same genus as the cardinal flower, see Lobelia cardinalis. Lobelia appendiculata Pale Lobelia

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lobelia, for Lobelia spicata Palespike Lobelia Mathias de L’Obel (1538-1616), a Flemish physician and botanist + appendiculata, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lobelia + spicata, Latin for having appendages. Reference is Latin for spiked. Reference is to the to the two upper petals on the flower, terminal inflorescences. which were thought to stand up like the tufts of feathers (appendages) above the COMMON NAME: Palespike, for the eyes of an owl. pale blue flowers and the spikelike terminal inflorescences. Lobelia, same as COMMON NAME: Pale, for the white genus name. to light blue flowers. Lobelia, same as genus name. Lomatium foeniculaceum Wild Parsley

Lobelia cardinalis Cardinal Flower SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lomatium, a small fringe, a diminutive of the Greek, λωµα, SCIENTIFIC NAME: l¯oma, a fringe or border. Reference is to Lobelia + cardinalis, for the the winged fruit + foeniculaceum, Latin for red color of the flowers, resembling fennel. which resemble the red color of the robes of a Roman COMMON NAME: Wild, for the habitat. Catholic cardinal. Parsley, from Old French, peresil, their name for this type of plant. COMMON NAME: Cardinal Flower, Lomatium orientale Wild Parsley same as species name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lomatium + Lobelia cardinalis Cardinal Flower orientale, Latin for eastern.

94 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 95

COMMON NAME: Wild Parsley, see German physician and botanist + alterni- Lomatium foeniculaceum. folia, Latin for alternate leaves. Reference is to the leaves being alternate and not opposite on the stem. Lonicera albiflora White Honeysuckle COMMON NAME: Bushy, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lonicera, for appearance. Seedbox, for the square- Adam Lonitzer (Lonicer) (1528-1586), a shaped fruits, which contain many small German botanist + albiflora, Latin for seeds. white-flowered.

COMMON NAME: White, for the Ludwigia leptocarpa Water Primrose flower color. Honeysuckle, for the “honey-sucking” of bees that feed on the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ludwigia + sweet nectar. leptocarpa, thin-fruited, from Greek, λεπτος, lepto, thin, slender and καρπος, karpos, fruit. Lonicera fragrantissima Sweet-Breath-of-Spring COMMON NAME: Water, for the habitat. Primrose, for the appearance of SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lonicera + the flower. fragrantissima, Latin for the most fragrant.

COMMON NAME: Sweet-Breath-of- Ludwigia linearis Narrowleaf Seedbox Spring, for the pleasant scent. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ludwigia + linearis, Latin for having sides nearly Lonicera sempervirens parallel, narrow, for the leaves. Coral Honeysuckle COMMON NAME: Narrowleaf, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lonicera + descriptive. Seedbox, see Ludwiga sempervirens, Latin for always green, for alternifolia. the leaves.

COMMON NAME: Coral, for the Ludwigia peploides coral-red flowers. Honeysuckle, see Floating Evening Primrose Lonicera albiflora. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ludwigia + peploides, to look like Peplis, from the Ludwigia alternifolia Bushy Seedbox genus Peplis and Greek, ειδος, eidos, resembling. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ludwigia, for Christian Gottlieb Ludwig (1709-1773), a

95 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 96

COMMON NAME: Floating, the plant COMMON NAME: Dune, for the will float on water when aquatic. Evening habitat on sand dunes. Bluebonnet, see Primrose, for the flower, which looks like Lupinus havardii. that of an Evening Primrose.

Lupinus subcarnosus Lupinus concinnus Annual Lupine Sandyland Bluebonnet

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lupinus, the Latin SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lupinus + name for this plant, root word means of subcarnosus, Latin for somewhat fleshy. or belonging to a wolf. Reference is to the Reference is to the inflated side petals of old belief that this plant took the good the young blooms. parts out of the soil + concinnus, Latin for neat, elegant. COMMON NAME: Sandyland, for the habitat. Bluebonnet, see Lupinus havardii. COMMON NAME: Annual, completes its life cycle in one year. Lupine, same as genus name. Lupinus texensis Texas Bluebonnet

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lupinus + texensis, Lupinus havardii Big Bend Bluebonnet Latin for belonging to Texas.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lupinus + COMMON NAME: Texas, for the havardii, for Valery Harvard (1846-1927), habitat. Bluebonnet, see Lupinus havardii. an American physician and botanist. The name was misspelled when assigned. The Principle of Priority allows the misspelling Lycopus americanus to stand. American Bugleweed

COMMON NAME: Big Bend, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lycopus, wolf’s range in the Big Bend area of Texas. foot, from Greek, λυκος, lukos, wolf and Bluebonnet, for the color and shape of the πους, pous, foot, for the shape of the flowers. rhizomes + americanus, Latin for pertaining to America.

Lupinus plattensis Dune Bluebonnet COMMON NAME: American, for the range. Bugleweed, origin unknown, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lupinus + possibly for the shape of the flowers. plattensis, Latin for belonging to the platte, for the Platte River, for the area of the type specimen. Lycopus virginicus Virginia Bugleweed

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lycopus + virgincus,

96 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 97

Latin for of Virginia, for the area of the COMMON NAME: California, for the type specimen. area of the type specimen. Loosestrife, from Greek, λυσιµαχια, lusimakhia, their COMMON NAME: Virginia, for the name for this plant. area of the type specimen. Bugleweed, see Lycopus americanus. Lythrum lanceolatum Lanceleaf Loosestrife Lygodesmia juncea Rush Skeletonplant SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lythrum + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lygodesmia, like a lanceolatum, Latin for spearlike. Reference willow bond, from Greek, λυγωδης, is to the lance-shaped leaves. lug¯od¯es, like a willow and δεσµος, desmos, a band, a bond, anything used for tying. COMMON NAME: Lanceleaf, same as Reference is to the thin stems that resem- species name. Loosestrife, see Lythrum ble thin willow branches used to tie californicum. bundles + juncea, from iuncus, Latin for a rush, for the appearance of the stems. Machaeranthera gracilis COMMON NAME: Rush, same as Slender Goldenweed species name. Skeletonplant, for the appearance of the branching leafless stems. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Machaeranthera, dagger anther, from Greek, µαχαιρα, makhaira, a dirk, a dagger, and anther, a Lygodesmia texana Skeletonplant New Latin formation from Greek, ανθρος, anthros, anther + gracilis, Latin SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lygodesmia + for slender, graceful, for the thin stems. texana, Latin for pertaining to Texas. COMMON NAME: Slender, for the COMMON NAME: Skeletonplant, see stems. Goldenweed, for the flower color. Lygodesmia juncea.

Machaeranthera pinnatifida Lythrum californicum Cutleaf Ironplant California Loosestrife SCIENTIFIC NAME: Machaeranthera + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lythrum, from pinnatifida, Latin for pinnately cut, like Greek, λυθρον, luthron, defilement by a feather, for the deeply cut leaves. blood, of blood in general. Reference is to the color of the flowers + californicum, COMMON NAME: Cutleaf, for Latin for of California, for the area of the the deeply cut leaves. Ironplant, for the type specimen. hard stems.

97 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 98

Machaeranthera tanacetifolia COMMON NAME: Little, for the Tansy Aster flower size. Mallow, same as genus name.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Machaeranthera + tanacetifolia, Latin for having leaves like Malva rotundifolia Roundleaf Mallow Tanacetum, a tansy, from the genus Tanacetum and Latin, folia, leaves. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Malva + rotundifolia, Latin for having round leaves. COMMON NAME: Tansy, for the leaves, which look like those of the true COMMON NAME: Roundleaf Mallow, tansy. Aster, Latin for a star, for the shape same as scientific name. of the inflorescence.

Malvastrum aurantiacum False Mallow Macrosiphonia lanuginosa Longtube Trumpet Flower SCIENTIFIC NAME: Malvastrum, Latin for little Malva, for the appearance + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Macrosiphonia, aurantiacum, Latin for orange-red, for the long tube, from Greek, µακρος, makro, flower color. long and σιφονια, siphonia, tube, for the trumpet-shaped flowers + lanuginosa, COMMON NAME: False Mallow, for Latin for woolly or downy. the resemblance to the genus Malva.

COMMON NAME: Longtube Trumpet Flower, for the trumpet-shaped flowers Malvaviscus arboreus Turk’s Cap with a long tubular base. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Malvaviscus, either a combination of the genus names Malva neglecta Common Mallow Malva and Hibiscus or, more probably from Latin, malva, mallow and viscus, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Malva, Latin for glue, for the sticky pulp around the seeds, the mallow + neglecta, Latin for not cared either derivation is unclear + arboreus, for, neglected. Latin for tree-like.

COMMON NAME: Common, COMMON NAME: Turk’s Cap, the common in its range. Mallow, from the flower was thought to resemble a Turkish genus name. turban.

Malvella leprosa Malvella Malva parviflora Little Mallow SCIENTIFIC NAME: Malvella, little SCIENTIFIC NAME: Malva + parviflora, malva, a diminutive of the Latin, malva, Latin for small-flowered. for the appearance and size + leprosa,

98 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 99

scales, from Greek, λεπος, λεπις, lepos, COMMON NAME: Snapdragon, the lepis, a scale. Reference is to the small flowers resemble those of the Snapdragon. scales on the stems and leaves. Vine, for the climbing behavior.

COMMON NAME: Malvella, same as genus name. Melampodium leucanthum Blackfoot Daisy

Malvella sagittifolia Arrowleaf Malvella SCIENTIFIC NAME: Melampodium, black foot, from Greek, µελας, melas, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Malvella + black and πους, pous, foot. Reference is to sagittifolia, Latin for having arrowhead- the small bract, shaped like a foot, at the shaped leaves. base of each ray flower. It turns black at maturity + leucanthum, white flower, from COMMON NAME: Arrowleaf, for the Greek, λευκος, leukos, of color, white and arrowhead-shaped leaves. Malvella, same ανθος, anthos, flower, blossom. as genus name. COMMON NAME: Blackfoot, same as genus name. Daisy, from Anglo-Saxon, Marshallia caespitosa daeges-eage, day’s eye, daisy, for the eyelike White Barbara’s Buttons appearance and the rays that open in the morning. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Marshallia, for Moses Marshall (1758-1813), an American botanist + caespitosa, Latin for growing in Melilotus alba White Sweet Clover clumps. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Melilotus, honey COMMON NAME: White, for the lotus, from Greek, µελι, meli, honey, and flower color. Barbara’s Buttons, the flowers Latin for lotus + alba, Latin for white, for resemble a round lacy button used on the flower color. women’s dresses. COMMON NAME: White, for the flower color. Sweet, for the fragrance. Maurandya antirrhiniflora Clover, from Old English, clafre, in turn Snapdragon Vine from Old Teutonic, klaibron, their name for this type of plant. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Maurandya, for Catalina Pancratia Maurandy (fl. late eighteenth century), a Spanish botanist + antirrhiniflora, to have flowers like the genus Antirrhinum, from the genus Antirrhinum (snapdragon) and flora, Latin for flower.

99 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 100

Melilotus indicus Sour Clover longiflora, Latin for long-flowered.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Melilotus + COMMON NAME: Showy, for the indicus, Latin for of India, this name was flowers. Menodora, same as genus name. attached to many plants that came in from India, the far east, and even the East Indies. Mentzelia decapetala Tenpetal Mentzelia COMMON NAME: Sour, for the taste. Clover, see Melilotus alba. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Mentzelia, for Christian Mentzel (1622-1701), a German physician and botanist + decapetala, ten Melilotus officinalis Yellow Sweet Clover petals, from Greek, δεκα, deka, ten and πεταλον, petalon, a leaf, a petal. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Melilotus + Reference is to the ten flower petals. officinalis, Latin for a place where some- thing is made, sold in shops. Used here to COMMON NAME: Tenpetal Mentzelia, mean sold in apothecary shops, having same as scientific name. medicinal value.

COMMON NAME: Yellow, for the Mentzelia multiflora Blazing Star flower color. Sweet Clover, see Melilotus alba. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Mentzelia + multiflora, Latin for many flowers.

Menodora heterophylla Redbud COMMON NAME: Blazing Star, for the bright yellow, star-shaped flower. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Menodora, moon gift, from Greek, µηνη, m¯en¯e, moon and δορον, doron, a gift + heterophylla, Mentzelia nuda Sand Lily different leaves, from Greek, ετρος, (h)etros one or the other of two, different SCIENTIFIC NAME: Mentzelia + nuda, and φυλλον, phullon, leaf. The leaves may Latin for naked or bare. Reference is to be entire or lobed. the absence of bracts.

COMMON NAME: Redbud, for the red COMMON NAME: Sand, for the buds, which forms before the yellow habitat. Lily, for the appearance. bloom.

Menodora longiflora Showy Menodora

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Menodora +

100 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 101

Mentzelia oligosperma Stickleaf Microseris cuspidata False Dandelion

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Mentzelia + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Microseris, little oligosperma, few seeds, from Greek, chicory, from Greek, µικρος, mikros, ολιγος, oligos, few and σπερµα, sperma, small, little and σερις, seris, chicory. seed. Reference is to the tuberous roots + cuspidata, Latin for having a sharp point, a COMMON NAME: Stickleaf, for the lance, a spear, for the lance-shaped leaves. short barbs on the leaves, common to this family of plants. The leaves are easily COMMON NAME: False Dandelion, detached and stick to clothing or animals. for the resemblance to the true dandelion, Taraxacum officinale.

Mentzelia reverchonii Prairie Stickleaf Mikania scandens Climbing Hempweed SCIENTIFIC NAME: Mentzelia + reverchonii, for Julien Reverchon (1834- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Mikania, for 1905), a French botanist. Joseph Gottfried Mikan (1743-1814), a Bohemian botanist + scandens, Latin for COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the climbing, for the growth pattern. habitat. Stickleaf, see Mentzelia oligosperma. COMMON NAME: Climbing, for the growth pattern. Hempweed, for the appearance, the allusion is to a rope.

Mimosa borealis Fragrant Mimosa

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Mimosa, from Latin, mimus, an actor in mimes, a mimic. Reference is to the collapse of the sensitive leaves when they are touched + borealis, Latin for northern.

COMMON NAME: Fragrant, for the scent. Mimosa, same as genus name.

Mimosa hystricina Bristly Sensitive Briar

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Mimosa + hystricina, Mentzelia nuda Latin for bristly, to be like a porcupine, Sand Lily for the small thorns.

101 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 102

COMMON NAME: Bristly, for the Mimulus alatus small thorns. Sensitive, the leaves fold up Sharpwing Monkey Flower when stroked. Briar, for the small thorns. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Mimulus, Latin for a little mime. Reference is to the shape Mimosa nuttallii Catclaw Sensitive Briar of the flowers, thought to resemble the face of a monkey + alatus, Latin for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Mimosa + winged, for the shape of the leaves. nuttallii, for Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859), an English botanist, explorer, printer, COMMON NAME: Sharpwing Monkey ornithologist, and plant collector. He was Flower, same as scientific name. a fellow of the Linnaean Society.

COMMON NAME: Catclaw, for the Mimulus glabratus small thorns. Sensitive Briar, see Mimosa Roundleaf Monkey Flower hystricina. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Mimulus + glabratus, Latin for lacking hair, smooth. Reference is to the lack of hairs on the stems and leaves.

COMMON NAME: Roundleaf, descriptive. Monkey Flower, see Mimulus alatus.

Mimulus ringens Allegheny Monkey Flower

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Mimulus + ringens, Latin for gaping, for the open Mimosa nuttallii flower. Catclaw Sensitive Briar COMMON NAME: Allegheny, for the Mimosa strigillosa Powderpuff range of the type specimen. Monkey Flower, see Mimulus alatus. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Mimosa + strigillosa, Latin for having short bristles. Reference is to the bristles on the stems. Minuartia drummondii Drummond’s Sandwort COMMON NAME: Powderpuff, for the appearance of the infloresence. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Minuartia, for Juan Minuart (1693-1768), a Spanish

102 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 103

botanist and apothecary + drummondii, COMMON NAME: Giant, for the size. for Thomas Drummond (1780-1835), a Four O’Clock, see Mirabilis albida. Scottish plant collector.

COMMON NAME: Drummond’s, same Mirabilis linearis as species name. Sand, for the habitat. Narrowleaf Four O’Clock Wort, from Anglo-Saxon, wyrt, a plant used in food or medicine. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Mirabilis + linearis, Latin for narrow, with sides nearly parallel. Reference is to the thin leaves. Minuartia michauxii Rock Sandwort COMMON NAME: Narrowleaf, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Minuartia + descriptive. Four O’Clock, see Mirabilis michauxii, for Andre Michaux (1746- albida. 1803), a French botanist.

COMMON NAME: Rock, for the com- Mirabilis nyctaginea mon habitat among rocks. Sandwort, see Wild Four O’Clock Minuartia drummondii. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Mirabilis + nyctaginea, night plant, from Greek, νυξ, Mirabilis albida White Four O’Clock νυκτος, nux, nuktos, night and Latin - agin, used for some plant names. The SCIENTIFIC NAME: Mirabilis, Latin original intent was to mean night bloom- for marvelous. Reference is to the flowers ing. Reference is to the flower opening in + albida, Latin for white or whitish, for late afternoon. the glaucous or whitened underside of the leaves. COMMON NAME: Wild, occurs naturally in nature. Four O’Clock, see COMMON NAME: White, same as Mirabilis albida. species name. Four O’Clock, the flowers open in the late afternoon. Mollugo verticillata Carpetweed

Mirabilis gigantea Giant Four O’Clock SCIENTIFIC NAME: Mollugo, Latin, used by Pliny for the lappago plant. The SCIENTIFIC NAME: Mirabilis + root is Latin, mollis, soft, for the soft gigantea, gigantic, from Greek, γιγας, leaves of the lappago + verticillata, Latin gigas, giant. Reference is to the size of the for whirlpool, whorl. Reference is to the overall plant, may grow to two meters whorls of leaves surrounding the stem. in height.

103 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 104

COMMON NAME: Carpetweed, for the Monarda pectinata Spotted Beebalm low, spreading growth pattern that carpets the ground. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Monarda + pectinata, Latin for like a comb.

Monarda citriodora Lemon Mint COMMON NAME: Spotted, for the gland dots on the leaves. Beebalm, see SCIENTIFIC NAME: Monarda, for Monarda lindheimeri. Nicolas Bautista Mondardes (1493-1588), a Spanish physician and botanist + citriodora, Latin for to smell like a lemon, Monarda punctata Dotted Beebalm from, citrus, the citron (citrus) tree and odoro, to make fragrant, perfume. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Monarda + punctata, Latin for a small hole, a dot. COMMON NAME: Lemon, for the fra- Reference is to the gland dots on the grance of the entire plant. Mint, from leaves. Latin, menta, mint. COMMON NAME: Dotted, for the gland dots on the leaves. Beebalm, see Monarda fistulosa Wild Bergamont Monarda lindheimeri.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Monarda + fistulosa, Latin for full of holes, pipe- Nama hispidum Sand Bell shaped, tubular. Reference is to the tubular flowers. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Nama, from Greek, ναµα, nama, anything flowing, COMMON NAME: Wild, occurs natu- running water. Many of this genus grow rally in nature. Bergamont, for the by streams + hispidum, Latin for bristly, fragrance, which is similar to essence of hairy, for the rough hairs on the stems. bergamont. COMMON NAME: Sand Bell, for the habitat and the shape of the flower. Monarda lindheimeri Lindheimer Beebalm Nama jamaicense Fiddleleaf SCIENTIFIC NAME: Monarda + lindheimeri, for Ferdinand Jacob Lindheimer SCIENTIFIC NAME: Nama + (1801-1879), a German political exile who jamaicense, Latin for belonging to Jamaica, collected plants in Texas. for the area of the type specimen.

COMMON NAME: Lindheimer, same as COMMON NAME: Fiddleleaf, for the species name. Beebalm, for the aromatic leaf shape. fragrance that attracts bees.

104 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 105

Nemastylis geminiflora Prairie Iris Neptunia lutea Yellow Puff

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Nemastylis, thread SCIENTIFIC NAME: Neptunia, for column, from Greek, νηµα, n¯ema, thread Neptune, the Roman god of water. Many and στυλος, stulos, a pillar, column. plants of the genus grow around water + Reference is to the slender style + gemini- lutea, Latin for yellow, especially bright flora, twin-flowered, from Latin, geminus, reddish or orange-yellow. Reference is to twins and flora, flower. the flower color.

COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the COMMON NAME: Yellow, for the habitat. Iris, from Greek, Ιρις, Iris, flower color. Puff, the inflorescence shape messenger among the gods, goddess of the resembles a powder puff. rainbow. Reference is to the beautiful hues of the flowers. Nerisyrenia camporum Velvety Nerisyrenia Nemophila phacelioides Baby Blue Eyes SCIENTIFIC NAME: Nerisyrenia, fresh SCIENTIFIC NAME: Nemophila, glade- plant, from Greek, νηρος, n¯eros, fresh and loving, from Greek, νεµος, nemos, a glade συρεον, sureon, a name used by Pliny for and φιλο, philo, loving. Reference is to the an unidentified plant + camporum, to habitat + phacelioides, like a Phacelia, from bend, from Greek, καµπη, kamp¯e, to the genus Phacelia and Greek, ειδος, bend, turn, wind. eidos, resembling. COMMON NAME: Velvety, for the soft COMMON NAME Baby Blue Eyes, for hairs on the leaves. Nerisyrenia, same as the flower color. genus name.

Neolloydia conoidea Cone Cactus Nicotiana glauca Tobacco Tree

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Neolloydia, for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Nicotiana, Latin Francis Ernest Lloyd (1868-1947), an for pertaining to Nicot, for Jean Nicot American plant physiologist and professor (1530-1600), a French diplomat who of botany at Montreal. The prefix neo- introduced tobacco into France + glauca, was used because the genus name Lloydia Latin for gray-green, for the leaf color. was already in use + conoidea, Latin for conelike, for the overall shape. COMMON NAME: Tobacco Tree, the leaves were smoked for various rituals by COMMON NAME: Cone, for the over- the Cahuilla Indians. all shape. Cactus, from Greek, κακτος, kaktos, a prickly plant.

105 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 106

Nicotiana obtusifolia Desert Tobacco COMMON NAME: Yellow, for the flower color. Cow Lily, for the habitat in SCIENTIFIC NAME: Nicotiana + cow ponds and the appearance. obtusifolia, Latin for blunt-leaved.

COMMON NAME: Desert, for the Nymphaea elegans Blue Water Lily habitat. Tobacco, the Carib Indian (Haiti) name for this plant. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Nymphaea, from Greek, νυµφαια, numphaia, a water nymph, for the habitat in water + elegans, Nicotiana repanda Fiddleleaf Tobacco Latin for elegant.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Nicotiana + COMMON NAME: Blue Water Lily, for repanda, Latin for bent backward, turned the flower color and the habitat. up, undulate. Reference is to the wavy leaf margins. Nymphaea mexicana Banana Water Lily COMMON NAME: Fiddleleaf, descriptive of the shape of the leaves. Tobacco, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Nymphaea + mex- see Nicotiana obtusifolia. icana, Latin for pertaining to Mexico.

COMMON NAME: Banana, for the Nothoscordum bivalve False Garlic yellow flower. Water Lily, for the habitat and the appearance. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Nothoscordum, false garlic, from Greek, νοθος, nothos, false and σκορδον, skordon, garlic. This Nymphaea odorata Fragrant Water Lily plant looks like garlic but does not smell or taste like it + bivalve, Latin for two SCIENTIFIC NAME: Nymphaea + folding doors. Reference is to the leaves, odorata, Latin for having a fragrance. which have a deep central groove. COMMON NAME: Fragrant, for the COMMON NAME: False Garlic, same scent. Water Lily, see Nymphaea mexicana. as genus name.

Oenothera albicaulis Nuphar lutea Yellow Cow Lily Pale Evening Primrose

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Nuphar, from SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oenothera, named ninufar, the Persian name for this type of by Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) to mean plant + lutea, Latin for yellow, for the a plant with roots that smell like wine. flower color. From Greek, οινοθηρας, oinoth¯eras, from

106 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 107

οινος, oinos, wine and θεραν, theran, who worked in North America. hunting, seeker, therefore the literal translation is “wine seeker” + albicaulis, Latin COMMON NAME: Beach, for the for white stem, from albus, white and habitat. Evening Primrose, see Oenothera caulis, stalk, stem. albicaulis.

COMMON NAME: Pale, for the pale flower color. Evening, the flower opens in Oenothera engelmannii the evening. Primrose, first rose, from Engelmann Evening Primrose Medieval Latin, prima, first and rosa, rose. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oenothera + engelmannii, for George Engelmann Oenothera biennis (1809-1884), a German-born physician Common Evening Primrose and botanist who worked in North America. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oenothera + biennis, Latin for biennial, this plant lives COMMON NAME: Engelmann, same two years and only flowers in the second as species name. Evening Primrose, see year. Oenothera albicaulis.

COMMON NAME: Common, abundant in its range. Evening Primrose, see Oenothera jamesii Oenothera albicaulis. Trumpet Evening Primrose

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oenothera + Oenothera coryi jamesii, for Edwin James (1797-1861), an Cory’s Evening Primrose American surgeon and plant collector.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oenothera + coryi, COMMON NAME: Trumpet, for the for Victor Louis Cory (1880-1964), an flower shape. Evening Primrose, see American botanist. Oenothera albicaulis.

COMMON NAME: Cory’s, same as species name. Evening Primrose, see Oenothera laciniata Oenothera albicaulis. Cutleaf Evening Primrose

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oenothera + Oenothera drummondii laciniata, Latin for torn, for the deeply Beach Evening Primrose lobed leaves.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oenothera + COMMON NAME: Cutleaf, for the drummondii, for Thomas Drummond deeply lobed leaves. Evening Primrose, see (c. 1790-1831), a British plant collector Oenothera albicaulis.

107 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 108

Oenothera latifolia COMMON NAME: Showy, for the Pale Evening Primrose flower. Evening Primrose, see Oenothera albicaulis. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oenothera + latifolia, Latin for broad leaves. Oenothera triloba COMMON NAME: Pale Evening Stemless Evening Primrose Primrose, see Oenothera albicaulis. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oenothera + triloba, Latin for having three lobes. Oenothera macrocarpa Reference is to the lobed leaves. Missouri Primrose COMMON NAME: Stemless, descrip- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oenothera + tive. Evening Primrose, see Oenothera macrocarpa, large fruit, from Greek, albicaulis. µακρος, macros, long, large and καρπος, karpos, fruit.

COMMON NAME: Missouri, for the area of the type specimen. Primrose, see Oenothera albicaulis

Oenothera rhombipetala Fourpoint Evening Primrose Oenothera triloba Stemless Evening Primrose SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oenothera + rhombipetala, Latin for having rhomboid or diamond-shaped petals.

COMMON NAME: Fourpoint, for the Onosmodium helleri Heller’s Marbleseed four diamond-shaped petals of the flower. Evening Primrose, see Oenothera SCIENTIFIC NAME: Onosmodium, albicaulis. Latin for to be like the genus Onosma + helleri, for Amos Arthur Heller (1867- 1844), the American botanist who discov- Oenothera speciosa ered the plant. Showy Evening Primrose COMMON NAME: Heller’s, same as SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oenothera + species name. Marbleseed, for the appear- speciosa, Latin for attractive in appearance, ance of the mericarps. showy, for the flower.

108 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 109

Opuntia engelmannii COMMON NAME: Low, for the low Engelmann’s Prickly Pear growth pattern. Prickly Pear, see Opuntia fragilis. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Opuntia, from the ancient Greek town Opus or Opuntis (town of figs), it got transferred to this Optunia imbricata Tree Cholla cactus for the figlike fruit + engelmannii, for Georg Engelmann (1809-1884), a SCIENTIFIC NAME: Opuntia, ancient German physician and botanist. Greek town Opus, which originally meant “town of figs.” see Opuntia engelmannii, + COMMON NAME: Engelmann’s, same imbricata, Latin for shaped like an imbrex, as species name. Prickly Pear, for the a semi-cylindrical tile placed over the spines on the pear-shaped fruit. joints between roof tiles. Reference is to the pattern on the stems.

Opuntia fragilis Little Prickly Pear COMMON NAME: Tree, for the appearance. Cholla, the Mexican Spanish name SCIENTIFIC NAME: Opuntia + fragilis, for this type of plant. Latin for liable to break. Reference is to the stem segments easily breaking off. Opuntia leptocaulis Christmas Cactus COMMON NAME: Little, for the relative size. Prickly Pear, see Opuntia SCIENTIFIC NAME: Opuntia + lepto- engelmannii. caulis, thin stemmed, from Greek, λεπτος, leptos, thin and καυλος, kaulis, stem.

Opuntia grahamii COMMON NAME: Christmas, for the Graham’s Prickly Pear red fruits that look like Christmas tree balls. Cactus, from Greek, κακτος, kaktos, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Opuntia + a prickly plant. grahamii, for Robert Graham (1786- 1845), a Scottish physician and botanist. Opuntia macrorhiza Plains Prickly Pear COMMON NAME: Graham, same as species name. Prickly Pear, see Opuntia SCIENTIFIC NAME: Opuntia + engelmannii. macrorhiza, large roots, from Greek, µακρος, makros, long, large and ριζα, riza, root. Opuntia humifusa Low Prickly Pear COMMON NAME: Plains, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Opuntia + humi- habitat. Prickly Pear, see Opuntia fusa, Latin for sprawling on the ground, engelmannii. for the low spreading growth pattern.

109 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 110

Opuntia rufida Blind Prickly Pear Oxalis drummondii Drummond’s Oxalis SCIENTIFIC NAME: Opuntia + rufida, Latin for somewhat red, for the multiple SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oxalis + drum- reddish glochids. mondii, for Thomas Drummond (1780- 1835), a British plant collector. COMMON NAME: Blind, the glochids are very loose on this cactus and will blow COMMON NAME: Drummond’s away in a strong wind. They have lodged Oxalis, same as scientific name. in the eyes of cattle and blinded them, hence the common name. Prickly Pear, see Opuntia engelmannii. Oxalis stricta Yellow Wood Sorrel

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oxalis + stricta, Oxalis articulata Latin for closely packed, dense, for the Windowbox Wood Sorrel flower clusters.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oxalis, from COMMON NAME: Yellow, for the Greek, οξαλις, oxalis, the sorrel, sour flower color. Wood Sorrel, see Oxalis wine. Reference is to the sour taste + articulata. articulata, Latin for jointed.

COMMON NAME: Windowbox, commonly cultivated in windowboxes. Wood, for the habitat. Sorrel, used for plants with a sour taste, from German, sur, sour.

Oxalis corniculata Creeping Ladies Sorrel

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oxalis + corniculata, Latin for having small horns. Reference is to the seed capsules.

COMMON NAME: Creeping, for the growth pattern. Ladies, a pet name. Sorrel, see Oxalis articulata.

Oxalis stricta Yellow Wood Sorrel

110 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 111

Oxalis violacea Violet Wood Sorrel Packera plattensis Prairie Groundsel

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oxalis + violacea, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Packera + Latin for violet, for the flower color. platensis, Latin for belonging to the Platte, for the Platte River, the area of the type COMMON NAME: Violet, for the specimen. flower color. Wood Sorrel, see Oxalis articulata. COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the habitat. Groundsel, etymology is uncertain, thought to come from an Old Oxytropis lambertii Locoweed English word for pus absorber. This plant was used as a wound poultice. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oxytropis, sharp keel, from Greek, οξυς, oxus, sharp, brought to a point and τροπις, tropis, a Palafoxia callosa Small Palafoxia keel. Reference is to the flower shape + lambertii, for Aylmer Bourke Lambert SCIENTIFIC NAME: Palafoxia, for an (1761-1842), an English botanist. unspecified Spaniard, there are two possi- bilites: (1) General Jose de Rebolledo COMMON NAME: Locoweed, for the Palafox y Melei (or Melzi) (c. 1776-1847) neurologic effects of this plant’s toxin; it or (2) Prelate Jaun de Palafox y Mendoza accumulates selenium from the soil. (1600-1659) + callosa, Latin for hard- skinned, tough. Reference is to the leaves, which are rough to the touch. Oxytropis sericea White Locoweed COMMON NAME: Small, for the rela- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oxytropis + tive size. Palafoxia, same as genus name. sericea, Latin for silky.

COMMON NAME: White, for the Palafoxia hookeriana Hooker Palafoxia flower color. Locoweed, see Oxytropis lambertii. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Palafoxia + hookeriana, Latin for pertaining to Hooker, for William Jackson Hooker (1785-1865), an Packera glabella Yellowtop English botanist and director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Packera, for John G. Packer (1929-) + glabella, Latin for COMMON NAME: Hooker Palafoxia, hairless, smooth. same as scientific name.

COMMON NAME: Yellowtop, for the yellow flowers, which are produced at the top of the plant.

111 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 112

Palafoxia rosea Rose Palafoxia apothecary + aculeata, Latin for prickly, for the thorns on the stems. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Palafoxia + rosea, Latin for rose, for the flower color. COMMON NAME: Paloverde, Mexican Spanish for green tree, for the green bark. COMMON NAME: Rose Palafoxia, same as scientific name. Paronychia drummondii Drummond’s Nailwort

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Paronychia, a whitlow, from Greek, παρα, para, beside and ονυξ, onukhos, a claw or nail. A whitlow is a soft tissue infection on the end of the finger or around the nail; this plant was used in the past to treat this problem + drummondii, for Thomas Drummond (1780-1835), a British plant collector.

COMMON NAME: Drummond’s, same as species name. Nailwort, nail, for its use in treating whitlow and wort, from Old English, wyrt, root, a plant used for food Palafoxia rosea or medicine. Rose Palafoxia

Paronychia fastigata Palafoxia sphacelata Sand Palafoxia Clusterstem Nailwort

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Palafoxia + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Paronychia + sphacelata, from Greek, σφακηλος, fastigata, Latin for crowded with erect sphak¯elos, gangrene, rot, withered. branches. Reference is to the overall withered appearance of this plant. COMMON NAME: Clusterstem, same as species name. Nailwort, see Paronychia COMMON NAME: Sand, for the habi- drummondii. tat. Palafoxia, same as genus name.

Paronychia jamesii James’ Nailwort Parkinsonia aculeata Paloverde SCIENTIFIC NAME: Paronychia + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Parkinsonia, for jamesii, for Edwin James (1797-1861), an John Parkinson (1567-1650), a London American explorer and plant collector.

112 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 113

COMMON NAME: James’, same as COMMON NAME: False Ragweed, for species name. Nailwort, see Paronychia the resemblance of the leaves to those drummondii. of ragweed.

Paronychia lindheimeri Passiflora incarnata Passion Flower Lindheimer’s Nailwort SCIENTIFIC NAME: Passiflora, Latin SCIENTIFIC NAME: Paronychia + lind- for passion flower, from passio, to suffer, heimeri, for Ferdinand Jacob Lindheimer passion and floris, a flower. This flower (1801-1879), a German political exile who was named by the early missionaries to collected plants in Texas. South America, who believed it showed various signs of the crucifixion of Christ + COMMON NAME: Lindheimer’s, same incarnata, Latin for flesh-colored. as species name. Nailwort, see Paronychia drummondii. COMMON NAME: Passion Flower, same as genus name.

Paronychia virginica Broom Whitlow Wort Passiflora lutea Yellow Passion Flower

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Paronychia + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Passiflora + lutea, virginica, Latin for of Virginia, for the Latin for yellow, for the flower color. area of the type specimen. COMMON NAME: Yellow, for the COMMON NAME: Broom, for the flower color. Passion Flower, see Passiflora appearance. Whitlow Wort, see Paronychia incarnata. drummondii.

Passiflora tenuiloba Parthenium hysterophorus Birdwing Passion Flower False Ragweed SCIENTIFIC NAME: Passiflora + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Parthenium, from tenuiloba, Latin for narrow lobes, for the Greek, παρθενος, parthenos, maiden, girl, leaves. virgin. Reference is to only the pistillate ray flowers producing seeds + hysteropho- COMMON NAME: Birdwing, for the rus, to bear a uterus, from Greek, υστερα, shape of the leaves. Passion Flower, see (h)istera, uterus and φορος, phoros, to Passiflora incarnata. bear, for the seed capsule, this was an old genus name.

113 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 114

Pavonia lasiopetala Rock Rose Pediomelum argophyllum Silverleaf Scurf Pea SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pavonia, for José Antonio Pavon y Jiménez (1754-1844), a SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pediomelum, plain Spanish botanist who explored in Chile melon, from Greek, πεδιον, pedion, plain and Peru + lasiopetala, Latin for woolly and Latin, melo, a short form of melopepo, leaved, from Greek, λασιος, lasios, shaggy, a melon-shaped fruit. Reference is to the woolly and πεταλον, petalon, leaf. character and shape of the fruit + argophyllum, white leaves, from Greek, αργος, COMMON NAME: Rock, for the habi- argo, white, shining and φυλλον, phullon, tat among rocks. Rose, for the appearance leaf. and color of the flower. COMMON NAME: Silverleaf, descriptive of the leaf color. Scurf Pea, for the Pectis angustifolia Pectis glandular dots and the fruit.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pectis, Latin for comb, for the serrated leaf margins + Pediomelum cuspidatum angustifolia, Latin for narrow leaves. Tall-Bread Scurf Pea

COMMON NAME: Pectis, same as SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pediomelum + genus name. cuspidatum, Latin for having a point, for the beaked seed.

Pedicularis canadensis Wood Betony

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pedicularis, Latin for relating to lice. This name came from the belief that if sheep ate this plant is would cause them to develop lice + canadensis, Latin for belonging to Canada, for the area of the type specimen.

COMMON NAME: Wood, for the habitat. Betony, a name for a plant used by Pliny, who said it was discovered by a Spanish tribe called the Vettones, of which Pediomelum hypogaeum betony is a corruption. Indian Breadroot

114 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 115

COMMON NAME: Tall-bread, for the Penstemon albidus White Beardtongue relative height and the root used for making flour. Scurf Pea, see Pediomelum SCIENTIFIC NAME: Penstemon, five argophylla. stamens, from Greek, πεντε, pente, five and στηµων, st¯em¯on, stamen of a flower. Reference is to the four stamens and one Pediomelum cyphocalyx staminode + albidus, Latin for white, for Turniproot Scurf Pea the flower color.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pediomelum + COMMON NAME: White, for the cyphocalyx, Latin for a curved calyx. flower color. Beardtongue, for the hairy staminode. COMMON NAME: Turniproot, for the large turnip-shaped root. Scurf Pea, see Pediomelum argophylla. Penstemon ambiguus Pink Plains Penstemon

Pediomelum esculentum SCIENTIFIC NAME: Penstemon + Breadroot Scurf Pea ambiguus, Latin for doubtful. Reference is to the difficulty in correctly identifying SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pediomelum + this plant. esculentum, Latin for good to eat, for the root. COMMON NAME: Pink, for one of the flower colors. Plains, for the habitat. COMMON NAME: Breadroot, for the Penstemon, same as genus name. large root that is used in making flour. Scurf Pea, see Pediomelum argophylla. Penstemon buckleyi Buckley’s Penstemon

Pediomelum hypogaeum SCIENTIFIC NAME: Penstemon + buck- Indian Breadroot leyi, for Samuel Botsford Buckley (1809- 1884), an American botanist and state SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pediomelum + geologist of Texas. hypogaeum, below the earth, from Greek, υπο, upo, below and γαια, gaia, earth, for COMMON NAME: Buckley’s the edible root. Penstemon, same as scientific name.

COMMON NAME: Indian Breadroot, the American Indians used the root of this Penstemon cobaea Cobaea Beardtongue genus for making flour for bread. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Penstemon + cobaea, for its resemblance to the genus

115 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 116

Cobaea, in turn for Bernardo Cobo COMMON NAME: Large, for the large (1572-1659), a Jesuit priest in Mexico flowers. Beardtongue, see Penstemon albidus. and Peru.

COMMON NAME: Cobaea , same as Penstemon havardii Havard Penstemon species. Beardtongue, see Penstemon albidus. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Penstemon + havardii, for Valery Harvard (1846-1927), an American physician and botanist. The Penstemon digitalis name was misspelled when assigned. The Smooth Beardtongue Principle of Priority allows the misspelling to stand. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Penstemon + digitalis, Latin for measuring a finger COMMON NAME: Havard Penstemon, breadth, of the finger. A Latinized form of same as scientific name. the common German name for foxglove (fingerhut), so called because the flowers looked like the fingers of a glove. The Penstemon laxiflorus flowers of many penstemons look like Looseflower Penstemon those of the foxglove. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Penstemon + COMMON NAME: Smooth, for the laxiflorus, Latin for loose-flowered, from smooth stems. Beardtongue, see laxus, relaxed, loose and floris, flower. Penstemon albidus. Reference is to the sprawling appearance.

COMMON NAME: Looseflower Penstemon fendleri Fendler’s Penstemon Penstemon, same as scientific name.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Penstemon + fendleri, for August Fendler (1813-1883), a Penstemon murrayanus German botanist. Scarlet Penstemon

COMMON NAME: Fendler’s SCIENTIFIC NAME: Penstemon + Penstemon, same as scientific name. murrayanus, Latin for pertaining to Murray, for Johann Andreas Murray (1740-1791), a Swedish physician and Penstemon grandiflorus botanist. Large Beardtongue COMMON NAME: Scarlet, for the flower SCIENTIFIC NAME: Penstemon + color. Penstemon, same as genus name. grandiflorus, Latin for large-flowered, from grandis, large and floris, flower.

116 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 117

Penstemon triflorus Penstemon COMMON NAME: Spike, for the flower spike. Phacelia, same as genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Penstemon + triflorus, Latin for three-flowered. Phacelia glabra Smooth Phacelia COMMON NAME: Penstemon, same as genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Phacelia + glabra, Latin for hairless, smooth, for the smooth stems. Penstemon tubiflorus Tube Penstemon COMMON NAME: Smooth Phacelia, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Penstemon + same as scientific name. tubiflous, Latin for trumpet flower, from tuba, a trumpet with a straight tube and floris, flower. Reference is to the flower shape. Phacelia hirsuta Hairy Phacelia

COMMON NAME: Tube Penstemon, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Phacelia + hirsuta, same as scientific name. Latin for hairy, for the hairy stems.

COMMON NAME: Hairy Phacelia, Penthorum sedoides Ditch Stonecrop same as scientific name.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Penthorum, five pillars, from Greek, πεντε, pente, five and Phacelia integrifolia Gyp Blue Curls ορος, oros, pillar, boundary, mark. Reference is to the five symmetrical petals SCIENTIFIC NAME: Phacelia + + sedoides, to look like Sedum, form the integrifolia, Latin for whole leaves, entire genus Sedum and Greek ειδος, eidos, leaves, a leaf without any indentations. resembling. COMMON NAME: Gyp, this flower is COMMON NAME: Ditch, for the commonly found in gypsum-rich soil. habitat. Stonecrop, commonly grows Blue curls, for the blue, coiled spike of among rocks. flowers.

Phacelia congesta Spike Phacelia Phacelia patuliflora Purple Phacelia

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Phacelia, from SCIENTIFIC NAME: Phacelia + Greek, φακελος, phakelos, a bundle. patuliflora, spreading flower, from Latin, Reference is to the flower clusters + patulus, wide-open, gaping, spreading and congesta, Latin for congested, arranged flora, flower. For the wide open flowers. close together. Reference is again to the flower clusters. COMMON NAME: Purple, for the

117 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 118

flower color. Phacelia, same as genus name. COMMON NAME: Drummond Phlox, same as scientific name.

Phacelia strictiflora Phacelia Phlox oklahomensis Oklahoma Phlox SCIENTIFIC NAME: Phacelia + strictiflora, Latin for upright flower. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Phlox + oklahomensis, Latin for belonging to COMMON NAME: Phacelia, same as Oklahoma, for the area of the type genus name. specimen.

COMMON NAME: Oklahoma Phlox, Phlox cuspidata Pointed Phlox same as scientific name.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Phlox, from Greek, φλοξ, phlox, a flame. Reference is Phlox pilosa Prairie Phlox to the flower color; this genus name was originally used for the current genus SCIENTIFIC NAME: Phlox + pilosa, Lychnis + cuspidata, Latin for having a Latin for covered with hair. Reference is to sharp point. Reference is to the pointed the soft hairs on the stems. flower petals. COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the COMMON NAME: Pointed Phlox, habitat. Phlox, same as genus name. same as scientific name.

Phlox roemeriana Roemer’s Phlox Phlox divaricata Blue Phlox SCIENTIFIC NAME: Phlox + roemeri- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Phlox + divaricata, ana, Latin for pertaining to Roemer for Latin for spread out, splayed. Reference is Ferdinand Roemer (1818-1891), an to the growth pattern. American geologist and paleontologist.

COMMON NAME: Blue, for the flower COMMON NAME: Roemer’s Phlox, color. Phlox, same as genus name. same as scientific name.

Phlox drummondii Drummond Phlox Phyla nodiflora Frog Fruit

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Phlox + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Phyla, from drummondii, for Thomas Drummond Greek, φυλη, phul¯e, a tribe. Reference is (1780-1835), a British plant collector who to the grouped flowers + nodiflora, Latin worked in the United States. for flowering at the nodes.

118 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 119

COMMON NAME: Frog Fruit, a Physalis pubescens corruption of Fog Fruit, for the natural Downy Ground Cherry habitat in low-lying moist areas. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Physalis + pubescens, Latin for to become downy, for Physalis angulata the soft hairs on the stems. Cutleaf Ground Cherry COMMON NAME: Downy, for the soft SCIENTIFIC NAME: Physalis, from hairs on the stems. Ground Cherry, see Greek, φυσα, phusa, a bladder. Reference Physalis angulata. is to the inflated calyx that encloses the fruit + angulata, Latin for angled, for the leaf edges. Physalis pumila Low Ground Cherry

COMMON NAME: Cutleaf, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Physalis + pumila, sharply angled leaves. Ground Cherry, for Latin for dwarf, for the small size. the size and shape of the fruit and the low-growing habit. COMMON NAME: Low, for the small size. Ground Cherry, see Physalis angulata.

Physalis cinerascens Beach Ground Cherry Physalis virginiana Virginia Ground Cherry SCIENTIFIC NAME: Physalis + cinera- cens, Latin for to become ashy, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Physalis + virgini- color of the leaves. ana, Latin for pertaining to Virginia, for the area of the type specimen. COMMON NAME: Beach, for the common habitat. Ground Cherry, see COMMON NAME: Virginia, same as Physalis angulata. scientific name. Ground Cherry, see Physalis angulata.

Physalis longifolia Common Ground Cherry Physostegia angustifolia Narrowleaf Dragonhead SCIENTIFIC NAME: Physalis + longifolia, Latin for having long leaves. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Physostegia, bladder roof, from Greek, φυσα, phusa, a COMMON NAME: Common, bladder and στεγη, steg¯e, a roof or cover- abundant in its range. Ground Cherry, see ing. Reference is to the inflated calyx that Physalis angulata. covers the fruit + angustifolia, Latin for narrow leaves.

119 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 120

COMMON NAME: Narrowleaf, Phytolacca americana Pokeweed descriptive. Dragonhead, for the shape of the flowers, which look like those of the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Phytolacca, plant Dracocephalum, the true dragonhead. dye, from Greek, φυτον, phuton, a plant and lacca, a Latinization of the Hindi, lakh, which refers to a dye extracted from Physostegia digitalis False Dragonhead the lac insect. Reference here is to the berries of pokeweed having the properties SCIENTIFIC NAME: Physostegia + of a dye + americana, Latin for pertaining digitalis, a Latinized form of the common to America. German name for foxglove (fingerhut), so called because the flowers looked like the COMMON NAME: Pokeweed, Poke is finger of a glove. This plant was named from Algonquian Indian, puccoon, any for its resemblance to foxglove. plant used for dyeing.

COMMON NAME: False Dragonhead, see Physostegia angustifolia. Pinaropappus roseus White Dandelion

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pinaropappus, Physostegia intermedia dirty fluff, from Greek, πιναρος, pinaros, Intermediate False Dragonhead dirty and παππος, pappos, grandfather, down on the achenes + roseus, Latin for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Physostegia + rose-colored. Reference is to the rose color intermedia, Latin for an intermediate of the underside of the flower petals. form. COMMON NAME: White, for the COMMON NAME: Intermediate, same color of the upper sides of the flower as species name. False Dragonhead, see petals. Dandelion, for the resemblance of Physostegia angustifolia. the bloom to that of the dandelion.

Physostegia pulchella Plantago patagonica Patagonia Plantain Beautiful False Dragonhead SCIENTIFIC NAME: Plantago, Latin SCIENTIFIC NAME: Physostegia + name for plantain, so named by Pliny, pulchella, meant to be Latin for “little from Latin, planta, the sole of the foot. pretty,” literally translated it is a Reference was to the shape of the leaves + condescending diminutive of pulcher, patagonica, Latin for of Patagonia, for the beautiful, pretty. area of the type specimen.

COMMON NAME: Beautiful, for the COMMON NAME: Patagonia Plantain, showy flowers. False Dragonhead, see same as scientific name. Physostegia angustifolia.

120 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 121

Podophyllum peltatum Mayapple

Pluchea camphorata Camphor Weed Podophyllum peltatum Mayapple

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pluchea, for Noel- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Podophyllum, Antoine Pluche (1688-1761), a French (duck)foot leaf, from Anapodophyllum, the abbot and naturalist + camphorata, Latin original name. From Latin, anas, duck, for possessing camphor, for the camphor from Greek, πους, pous, foot and φυλλον, odor of the leaves. phullon, leaf. Reference is to the shape of the leaves + peltatum, from Greek, πελτη, COMMON NAME: Camphor Weed, pelt¯e, a small shield. Reference is to the for the camphor odor of the leaves. leaf shape and to the attachment of the stem away from the leaf margin, toward the center of the leaf as where the handle Pluchea foetida Stinking Pluchea of a small shield would be.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pluchea + foetida, COMMON NAME: Mayapple, for the Latin for bad smelling. appearance of the fruit that forms in the spring, in many areas during the month COMMON NAME: Stinking Pluchea, of May. same as scientific name.

Polanisia dodecandra Clammy Weed Pluchea odorata Purple Pluchea SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polanisia, many SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pluchea + unequal, from Greek, πολυς, polus, many, odorata, Latin for having an odor, fragrant. αγ, an, not, and ισος, isos, equal. Reference is to how the stamens differ COMMON NAME: Purple, for the from a closely related genus, Cleome + flower color. Pluchea, same as genus name. dodecandra, twelve stamens, from Greek,

121 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 122

δοδεκα, dodeka, twelve and ανδρος, Polygala alba White Milkwort andros, man, the root for stamen. The stamen number actually ranges from ten SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polygala, much to twenty. milk, from Greek, πολυς, polus, many, much and γαλα, gala, milk. It was COMMON NAME: Clammy Weed, for believed that this plant increased milk the sticky exudate on the stems and leaves. production in nursing mothers and cows + alba, Latin for white, for the flower color. Polanisia jamesii Cristatella COMMON NAME: White Milkwort, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polanisia + same as scientific name. jamesii, for Edwin James (1797-1861), an American physician and botanist. Polygala cruciata Marsh Milkwort COMMON NAME: Cristatella, little crest, a diminutive of the Latin, cristata, a SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polygala + crucia- crest. Reference is to the fringed flower ta, Latin for like a cross. petals. COMMON NAME: Marsh, for the habitat in moist areas. Milkwort, same as Polanisia uniglandulosa Clammy Weed genus name.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polanisia + uniglandulosa, Latin for one gland, for the Polygala incarnata Slender Milkwort resinous leaf gland. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polygala + incar- COMMON NAME: Clammy Weed, for nata, Latin for flesh-colored. Reference is the sticky exudate on the stems and leaves. to the flower color.

COMMON NAME: Slender, for the Polycarpon tetraphyllum thin stems. Milkwort, same as genus name. Fourleaf Manyseed

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polycarpon, many Polygala lindheimeri fruited, from Greek, πολυς, polus, many Lindheimer’s Milkwort and καρπος, karpos, fruit + tetraphyllum, Latin for four-leaved; the leaves occur in SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polygala + lind- groups of four in whorls around the stem. heimeri, for Ferdinand Jacob Lindheimer (1809-1879), a German political exile who COMMON NAME: Fourleaf Manyseed, collected plants in Texas. same as genus name.

122 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 123

COMMON NAME: Lindheimer’s Polygonatum biflorum Milkwort, same as scientific name. Great Solomon’s Seal

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polygonatum, Polygala polygama Pink Milkwort many knees, from Greek, πολυς, polus, many, much and γονυ, gonu, knee. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polygala + polyga- Reference is to the jointed appearance of ma, many marriage, from Greek, πολυς, the rhizome + biflorum, Latin for two polus, many and γαµος, gamos, marriage. flowers. Reference is to the blooms occur- Reference here is to having two types of ring in pairs. flowers, see common name. COMMON NAME: Great Solomon’s COMMON NAME: Pink, for the above Seal, the scar formed by the stems ground (chasmogamous, or open-pollinat- breaking off the rhizome was thought to ed) flowers, there are also underground resemble the seal of King Solomon. (cleistogamous, or self-pollinating) flowers that are white. Milkwort, same as genus name. Polygonella americana Southern Jointweed

Polygala sanguinea Blood Milkwort SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polygonella, little Polygonum, from the genus Polygonum and SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polygala + the diminutive-ella. Reference is to the sanguinea, Latin for blood-colored, for the swollen nodes on the stems + americana, flower color. Latin for pertaining to America.

COMMON NAME: Blood Milkwort, COMMON NAME: Southern, for the same as scientific name. range in the United States. Jointweed, for the multiple nodes on the stems.

Polygala verticillata Whorled Milkwort Polygonum amphibium SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polygala + verticil- Water Smartweed lata, Latin for having whorls. Reference is to the leaf whorls. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polygonum, many knees, from Greek, πολυς, polus, many, COMMON NAME: Whorled Milkwort, much and γονυ, gonu, knee. Reference is same as scientific name. to the swellings on the stems that resemble joints or knots + amphibium, from Greek, αµφιβιος, amphibios, living a dou- ble life. Reference is to this plant growing both on land and in the water.

123 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 124

COMMON NAME: Water, for part of sorrel, from Greek, λαπαθον, lapathon, the habitat. Smartweed, the sap will dock and Latin, folium, leaf. irritate the skin (make it “smart”). COMMON NAME: Pale, for the pale flowers. Smartweed, see Polygonum Polygonum aviculare Knotweed amphibium.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polygonum + aviculare, Latin for pertaining to small Polygonum pensylvanicum birds, in this case they eat the seeds of this Pennsylvania Smartweed plant. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polygonum + COMMON NAME: Knotweed, same as pensylvanicum, Latin for of Pennsylvania, genus name. the Principle of Priority allows the misspelling to stand.

Polygonum convolvulus Cornbind COMMON NAME: Pennsylvania Smartweed, same as scientific name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polygonum + convolvulus, Latin for convoluted, to twist around, for the growth pattern of twisting Polygonum punctatum around other plants. Dotted Smartweed

COMMON NAME: Cornbind, this SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polygonum + plant will twine around crop plants. punctatum, Latin for dotted, for the glands on the flowers.

Polygonum densiflorum COMMON NAME: Dotted, same as Snout Smartweed species name. Smartweed, see Polygonum amphibium. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polygonum + densiflorum, Latin for densely flowered. Polygonum ramosissimum COMMON NAME: Snout, for the Bushy Knotweed flower shape. Smartweed, see Polygonum amphibium. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polygonum + ramosissimum, Latin for most branched, Polygonum lapathifolium for the overall appearance. Pale Smartweed COMMON NAME: Bushy Knotweed, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polygonum + same as scientific name. lapathifolium, to have leaves like a dock or

124 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 125

Polygonum scandens Portulaca pilosa Shaggy Portulaca Thicket Knotweed SCIENTIFIC NAME: Portulaca, the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polygonum + Latin name for this plant, it is a diminu- scandens, Latin for climbing, for the tive of the Latin, porta, a door or gate. growth pattern. Reference is to the lid on the fruit + pilosa, Latin for long, soft hairs, for the COMMON NAME: Thicket, for the woolly leaf axils. habitat. Knotweed, same as genus name. COMMON NAME: Shaggy Portulaca, same as scientific name. Polytaenia nuttallii Prairie Parsley

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polytaenia, many Portulaca umbraticola ribbons, from Greek, πολυς, polus, many, Wingpod Portulaca much and ταινια, tainia, ribbon, band. Reference is to oil tubes in the fruit + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Portulaca + nuttallii, for Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859), umbraticola, Latin for living in the shade. an English botanist, explorer, printer, ornithologist, and plant collector. He was COMMON NAME: Wingpod, for the a fellow of the Linnaean Society. winged seedpods. Portulaca, same as genus name. COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the habitat. Parsley, from Greek, ετροσελινον, petroselinon, rock parsley, the name for Potentilla recta Cinquefoil this type of plant. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Potentilla, little powerful, a diminutive of Latin, potentis, Pontederia cordata Pickerelweed powerful, mighty. Reference is to the medicinal properties of some in this genus SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pontederia, for + recta, Latin for upright. Guilio Pontedera (1688-1757), an Italian physician and botanist. He was prefect of COMMON NAME: Cinquefoil, Old the botanical garden of Padua + cordata, French for five leaves, the leaves of this Latin for heart-shaped. Reference is to the genus are made up of five to seven leaflets. shape of the leaf.

COMMON NAME: Pickerelweed, a Potentilla simplex Oldfield Cinquefoil pickerel is a small pike. This aquatic plant grows where pike spawn. In the past this SCIENTIFIC NAME: Potentilla + plant was thought to have been produced simplex, Latin for simple, in this case by the pike. unbranched.

125 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 126

COMMON NAME: Oldfield, for the COMMON NAME: Self-Heal, also habitat in abandonded fields. Cinquefoil, called All-Heal, reference is to the use in see Potentilla recta. treating wounds.

Proboscidea louisianica Devil’s Claw Prunus angustifolia Sandhill Plum

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Proboscidea, from SCIENTIFIC NAME: Prunus, Latin for Greek, προβοσκιδος, proboskidos, a form a plum tree + angustifolia, Latin for of προβοσκις, proboskis, an elephant’s narrow-leaved. trunk. Reference is to the shape of the unopened fruit + louisianica, Latin for of COMMON NAME: Sandhill, for the Louisana, for the area of the type common habitat. Plum, from Old specimen. English, plume, their name for this fruit.

COMMON NAME: Devil’s Claw, for the hooked shape of the opened fruit Prunus americana Wild Plum capsule and the black color. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Prunus + americana, Latin for pertaining to America. Prosopis glandulosa Honey Mesquite COMMON NAME: Wild, occuring SCIENTIFIC NAME: Prosopis, from naturally, not domesticated. Plum, see Greek, προσωπις, pros¯opis, an unidenti- Prunus angustifolia. fied plant. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) selected this genus name in 1767, the reason is not clear + glandulosa, Latin for Prunus caroliniana Laurel Cherry glandular. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Prunus + COMMON NAME: Honey, the seeds caroliniana, Latin for pertaining to are sweet, used by many American Indian Carolina, for the area of the type specimen. tribes as food, drink, and animal fodder. Mesquite, from Mexican Spanish, COMMON NAME: Laurel, for the mesquite, in turn from Nahuatl, mizquitil, leaves, which are evergreen and resemble their name for this tree. those of the laurel, which is also evergreen. Cherry, adopted into English from Prunella vulgaris Self-Heal Old French, cherise, originally from Greek, κερασος, kerasos, cherry. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Prunella, a corruption of the German vernacular, brunella, their name for this herb + vulgaris, Latin for common, usual.

126 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 127

Prunus gracilis Oklahoma Plum Psilostrophe tagetina Woolly Paper Flower SCIENTIFIC NAME: Prunus + gracilis, Latin for graceful, slender. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Psilostrophe, bare twist, from Greek, ψιλος, psilos, bare and COMMON NAME: Oklahoma, for part τροφε, trophe, twisting. Reference is to the of the range. Plum, see Prunus angustifolia. many-branched stems + tagetina, to look like a Tagetes, a marigold.

Prunus mexicana Mexican Plum COMMON NAME: Woolly, for the woolly white hairs on the leaves and SCIENTIFIC NAME: Prunus + stems. Paper Flower, the blooms stay on mexicana, Latin for pertaining to Mexico, the plant and dry, taking on the character for the area of the type specimen. and appearance of paper.

COMMON NAME: Mexican, same as species name. Plum, see Prunus Psoralidium tenuiflorum Scurfy Pea angustifolia. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Psoralidium, little scabby, a diminutive of the Greek, Prunus rivularis Creek Plum πσοραλεος, ps¯oraleos scabby, mangy. Reference is to the glandular dots on the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Prunus + rivularis, leaves + tenuiflorum, Latin for slender Latin for brook-loving, for the habitat flowers. by streams. COMMON NAME: Scurfy Pea, for the COMMON NAME: Creek Plum, same glandular dots on the leaves and the fruit. as scientific name.

Ptilimnium capillaceum Prunus serotina Blackcherry Threadleaf Mock Bishop’s Weed

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Prunus + serotina, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ptilimnium, little Latin for to ripen late. marsh feather, from Greek, πτιλον, ptilon, feather, wing and a diminutive of λιµνιον, COMMON NAME: Blackcherry, for the limnion, marsh or a marshy lake, mud. dark purple fruit, which sometimes does Reference is to the habitat and to the approach black. featherlike leaves + capillaceum, Latin for being thin or hairlike.

COMMON NAME: Threadleaf, for the thin leaves. Mock Bishop’s Weed, because it resembles Bishop’s Weed.

127 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 128

Ptilimnium nuttallii Pyrrhopappus carolinianus Mock Bishop’s Weed False Dandelion

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ptilimnium + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pyrrhopappus, nuttallii, for Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859), flame colored fluff, from Greek, πυρρος, an English botanist, explorer, printer, pyrrhos, flame-colored and παππος, ornithologist, and plant collector. He was pappos, grandfather, down on the achenes a fellow of the Linnaean Society. + carolinianus, Latin for pertaining to Carolina, for the area of the type COMMON NAME: Mock Bishop’s specimen. Weed, see Ptilimnium capillaceum. COMMON NAME: False Dandelion, for its resemblance to the dandelion. Pycnanthemum albescens Whiteleaf Mountain Mint Pyrrhopappus grandiflorus SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pycnanthemum, Tuber False Dandelion dense flower, from Greek, πυκνος, puknos, dense and ανθεµον, anthemon, flower. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pyrrhopappus + Reference is to the tightly clustered grandiflorus, Latin for large-flowered. flowers + albescens, Latin for becoming white, for the leaves. COMMON NAME: Tuber, for the swollen structure at the end of the tap- COMMON NAME: White-Leaf, for the root. False Dandelion, for its resemblance whitish color of the top of the leaves. to the dandelion. Mountain, for the habitat. Mint, from Latin, mentha, in turn from Greek, µινθη, minth¯e, mint. Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus Texas Dandelion

Pycnanthemum tenuifolium SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pyrrhopappus + Slender Mountain Mint pauciflorus, Latin for few flowers.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pycnanthemum + COMMON NAME: Texas, for the area tenuifolium, Latin for slender leaves. of the type specimen. Dandelion, for the resemblance to the dandelion. COMMON NAME: Slender, for the thin leaves. Mountain Mint, see Pycnanthemum albescens. Quincula lobata Purple Ground Cherry

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Quincula, Latin for little five, for the five spots on the corolla of the type specimen + lobata,

128 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 129

Latin for having lobes. Some of the leaves COMMON NAME: Littleleaf, descrip- are lobed. tive. Buttercup, for the yellow color and the shape of the flower. COMMON NAME: Purple, for the flower color. Ground Cherry, for the low- growing habit and for the cherry-sized Ranunculus hispidus Buttercup fruit. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ranunculus + hispidus, Latin for bristly, for the hairs on the stems.

COMMON NAME: Buttercup, see Ranunculus abortivus.

Ranunculus macranthus Large Buttercup

Quincula lobata Purple Ground Cherry SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ranunculus + macranthus, large flower, from Greek, µακρος, macros, large and ανθος, anthos, Rafinesquia neomexicana Plume Seed flower; this plant has the largest flower in the genus. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rafinesquia, for Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783- COMMON NAME: Large, same as 1840), a Turkish-born botanist, concholo- species name. Buttercup, see Ranunculus gist, and archaeologist. He lived many abortivus. years in the United States + neomexicana, Latin for pertaining to New Mexico, for the area of the type specimen.

Ranunculus macranthus COMMON NAME: Plume Seed, for the Large Buttercup feathery hairs on the achenes.

Ranunculus abortivus Littleleaf Buttercup

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ranunculus, Latin for little frog, for the habitat in damp places + abortivus, Latin for with parts missing, reduced parts, abortive, for the small stem leaves.

129 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 130

Ranunculus sceleratus Ratibida pinnata Celeryleaf Buttercup Grayhead Prairie Coneflower

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ranunculus + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ratibida + pinna- sceleratus, Latin for cursed, wicked, hurtful; ta, Latin for featherlike. Reference is to the sap of this plant will blister the skin. the leaves.

COMMON NAME: Celeryleaf, the COMMON NAME: Grayhead, for the leaves resemble those of celery. Buttercup, central gray disk. Prairie, for the habitat. see Ranunculus abortivus. Coneflower, for the columnar central receptacle.

Ratibida columnifera Mexican Hat Ratibida tagetes SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ratibida, listed by Short-ray Prairie Coneflower Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783- 1840) without comment, most probably a SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ratibida + tagetes, local vernacular name + columnifera, Latin from the genus Tagetes, the marigold, for for column bearing. Reference is to the the appearance. Tagetes was named for column-shaped central receptacle. Tages, an Etruscan god who sprung from the earth as it was being tilled. COMMON NAME: Mexican Hat, for the hat-shaped inflorescence and the COMMON NAME: Short-ray, for the brightly colored petals. short ray petals. Prairie Coneflower, see Ratibida pinnata.

Rhexia lutea Yellow Meadow Beauty

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rhexia, from Greek, rexis, rexis, a breaking, a rupture, burst forth. This name was used by Pliny for an unidentified plant + lutea, Latin for yellow, for the flower color.

COMMON NAME: Yellow, for the flower color. Meadow Beauty, for the habitat and the appearance.

Ratibida columnifera Mexican Hat

130 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 131

Rhexia mariana Rivina humilis Rouge Plant Maryland Meadow Beauty SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rivina, for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rhexia + mariana, Augustus Quirinus Rivinus (1652-1723), a Latin for pertaining to Mary, in this case, German physician and botanist + humilis, pertaining to Maryland, for the area of the Latin for low-growing. type specimen. COMMON NAME: Rouge Plant, for COMMON NAME: Maryland, for the the red dye produced from the berries. area of the type specimen. Meadow Beauty, for the habitat and the appearance. Robinia hispida Bristly Locust

Rhexia virginica SCIENTIFIC NAME: Robinia, for Jean Common Meadow Beauty Robin (1550-1629), a French gardener for Henri IV and Louis XIII, and his son SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rhexia + virginica, Vespasian Robin (1579-1662), who was Latin for of Virginia, for the area of the the first to cultivate locust in France + type specimen. hispida, Latin for bristly, for the bristly stems and branches. COMMON NAME: Common, common in its range. Meadow Beauty, for COMMON NAME: Bristly, same as the habitat and the appearance. species name. Locust, used as a common name for this tree in the United States area since 1550, origin is obscure. Rhododendron canescen Wild Azalea

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rhododendron, Robinia pseudoacacia Black Locust rose tree, from Greek, ροδοδενδρον, r(h)ododendron, for the rose-flowered SCIENTIFIC NAME: Robinia + oleander + canescens, Latin for becoming pseudoacacia, false acacia, from Greek, greyed, for the grayish hairs on most parts ψευδης, pseud¯es, false and the genus of the plant. Acacia, for the appearance.

COMMON NAME: Wild, for the habi- COMMON NAME: Black, for the dark tat. Azalea, from Greek, azalea, azalea, bark. Locust, see Robinia hispida. dry. Reference is either to the dry soil in which it grows or to the dry, brittle wood. Rorippa microphylla Watercress

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rorippa, from Old Saxon, rorippen, their name for this type of plant + microphylla, small leaves,

131 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 132

from Greek, µικρος, micros, small and Rosa foliolosa Leafy Rose φυλλον, phullon, leaf. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rosa + foliolosa, COMMON NAME: Watercress, water, Latin for full of leaves. for the habitat and cress, from Old High German, chresan, to creep, for the growth COMMON NAME: Leafy Rose, same as pattern. scientific name.

Rorippa palustris Bog Yellowcress Rosa micrantha Smallflower Rose

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rorippa + palus- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rosa + micrantha, tris, Latin for marsh-loving, for the habitat small-flowered, from Greek, µικρος, in damp places. micros, small and ανθος, anthos, flower.

COMMON NAME: Bog, for the habitat. COMMON NAME: Smallflower Rose, Yellowcress, for the flower color, see same as scientific name. Rorippa microphylla for cress.

Rosa setigera Climbing Prairie Rose Rosa arkansana Prairie Wild Rose SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rosa + setigera, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rosa, Latin for Latin for bearing bristles, for the thorns. rose + arkansana, Latin for pertaining to Arkansas, for the area of the type specimen. COMMON NAME: Climbing, for the growth pattern. Prairie, for the habitat. COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the Rose, same as genus name. habitat. Wild Rose, occurring naturally in nature. Rosa multiflora Multiflora Rose

Rosa carolina Carolina Rose SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rosa + multiflora, Latin for many flowers. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rosa + carolina, Latin for of Carolina, for the area of the COMMON NAME: Multiflora Rose, type specimen. same as scientific name.

COMMON NAME: Carolina Rose, same as scientific name. Rubus aboriginum Northern Dewberry

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rubus, Latin for bramble or blackberry + aboriginum, Latin for aboriginal, native.

132 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 133

COMMON NAME: Northern, the type Rudbeckia grandiflora Tall Coneflower specimen was found in the northern United States. Dewberry, a berry associated SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rudbeckia, for with the dew. Olaf Rudbeck (1630-1702) and his son Olaf Rudbeck (1660-1740), both were professors at Uppsala. Carolus Linnaeus Rubus allegheniensis (1707-1778) was the student of the son + Common Blackberry grandiflora, Latin for large flower.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rubus + COMMON NAME: Tall, may grow up allegheniensis, Latin for belonging to the to five feet tall. Coneflower, for the cone- Alleghenies, for the area of the type shaped central receptacle. specimen.

COMMON NAME: Common, Rudbeckia hirta Black-Eyed Susan abundant. Blackberry, descriptive of the ripe berry. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rudbeckia + hirta, Latin for hairy, for the hairs on the bracts, stems, and leaves. Rubus oklahomus Oklahoma Blackberry COMMON NAME: Black-eyed, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rubus + black central disk. Susan, a pet name. oklahomus, Latin for of Oklahoma, for the area of the type specimen. Rudbeckia laciniata Golden Glow COMMON NAME: Oklahoma for the area of the type of specimen; Blackberry, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rudbeckia + descriptive of the fruit. laciniata, Latin for slashed or torn. Reference is to the three- to five-lobed leaves. Rubus trivialis Southern Dewberry COMMON NAME: Golden Glow, for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rubus + trivialis, the yellow central disk and petals. Latin for trivial, ordinary, for its common occurance. Rudbeckia triloba Brown-Eyed Susan COMMON NAME: Southern, for the range in the United States. Dewberry, see SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rudbeckia + Rubus aboriginum. triloba, Latin for having three lobes. Reference is to the leaves.

COMMON NAME: Brown-Eyed, for the brown central disk. Susan, a pet name.

133 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 134

Ruellia humilis Fringeleaf Ruellia Ruellia strepens Limestone Ruellia

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ruellia, for Jean SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ruellia + strepens, Ruel (1474-1537), a French physician and Latin for rattling, clattering, for the seeds botanist + humilis, Latin for low-growing. that rattle in the capsule. COMMON NAME: Limestone, for the COMMON NAME: Fringeleaf, for the habitat. Ruellia, same as genus name. hairy leaf margins. Ruellia, same as genus name. Rumex altissimus Smooth Dock

Ruellia malacosperma Softseed Ruellia SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rumex, Latin for sorrel + altissimus, Latin for the tallest. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ruellia + malacosperma, soft seed, from Greek, µαλακος, COMMON NAME: Smooth, for the malakos and σπερµα, sperma, seed leaves. Dock, from Anglo-Saxon, docce, their name for this plant. COMMON NAME: Softseed Ruellia, same as scientific name. Rumex crispus Curly Dock

Ruellia nudiflora Violet Ruellia SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rumex + crispus, Latin for crisped, curled, for the leaves. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ruellia + nudiflora, Latin for naked flower. Reference is to the COMMON NAME: Curly, same as flowers appearing on the plant before the species name. Dock, see Rumex altissimus. leaves.

COMMON NAME: Violet, for the Rumex hymenosepalus Canaigre flower color. Ruellia, same as genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rumex + hymenosepalus, membranous sepals, from Ruellia pedunculata Stalked Ruellia Greek, υµεν, (h)umen, a thin membrane and Modern Latin, sepalum, sepal. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ruellia + pedunculata, Latin for stalked, for the flower COMMON NAME: Canaigre, the stalk. Mexican Spanish name for this plant.

COMMON NAME: Stalked Ruellia, same as scientific name. Rumex pulcher Fiddle Dock

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rumex + pulcher, Latin for pretty, handsome.

134 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 135

COMMON NAME: Fiddle, for the leaf latifolia, Latin for having broad leaves. shape. Dock, see Rumex altissimus. COMMON NAME: Common, abundant in its range. Arrowhead, see Sabatia campestris Sagittaria brevirostra. Prairie Rose Gentian

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sabatia, for Salvia azurea Blue Sage Liberato Sabbati (1714-?), an Italian botanist and surgeon + campestris, Latin SCIENTIFIC NAME: Salvia, Latin for for growing in fields. sage, in turn from salvare, to save, for its medicinal properties + azurea, Latin for COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the sky blue, for the flower color. habitat. Rose, for the flower color. Gentian, from Latin, gentiana, their name COMMON NAME: Blue Sage, same as for this type of plant. scientific name.

Sagittaria brevirostra Arrowhead Salvia coccinea Indian Fire

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sagittaria, Latin SCIENTIFIC NAME: Salvia + coccinea, for formed like an arrow, for the arrow- Latin for scarlet-dyed, for the flower color. head-shaped leaves + brevirostra, Latin for short-beaked, for the beaked achenes. COMMON NAME: Indian Fire, for the bright red flowers. COMMON NAME: Arrowhead, for the arrowhead-shaped leaves. Salvia farinacea Mealy Sage

Sagittaria lancifolia SCIENTIFIC NAME: Salvia + farinacea, Scythe-Fruit Arrowhead Latin for mealy, powdered. Reference is to the white hairs on the calyx. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sagittaria + lancifolia, Latin for lance-shaped leaves. COMMON NAME: Mealy Sage, same as scientific name. COMMON NAME: Scythe-fruit, for the curved fruit. Arrowhead, see Sagittaria brevirostra. Salvia lycioides Canyon Sage

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Salvia + lycioides, Sagittaria latifolia Common Arrowhead referring to Lycia in Asia Minor, for the area of the type specimen and Greek, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sagittaria + ειδος, eidos, resembling.

135 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 136

COMMON NAME: Canyon, for the Sanguinaria canadensis Bloodroot habitat. Sage, see Salvia azurea. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sanguinaria, Latin for belonging to blood. Reference is to the Salvia lyrata Lyreleaf Sage yellowish-red sap + canadensis, Latin for belonging to Canada. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Salvia + lyrata, Latin for shaped like a lyre, for the shape COMMON NAME: Bloodroot, for the of the leaves. yellowish-red sap.

COMMON NAME: Lyreleaf Sage, same as scientific name. Saponaria officinalis Soapwort

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Saponaria, Latin Salvia reflexa Lanceleaf Sage for possessing soap, for the mucilaginous sap that will form suds with water + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Salvia + reflexa, officinalis, Latin for sold in shops, usually Latin for bent backward. apothecaries. Reference is to real or supposed medicinal value. COMMON NAME: Lanceleaf, for the leaf shape. Sage, see Salvia azurea. COMMON NAME: Soapwort, same as scientific name.

Salvia texana Texas Sage Saururus cernuus Lizard’s Tail SCIENTIFIC NAME: Salvia + texana, Latin for pertaining to Texas, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Saururus, lizard range. tail, from Greek, σαυρος, sauros, lizard and ουρα, oura, tail. Reference is to the COMMON NAME: Texas Sage, same as shape of the flower spike + cernuus, Latin scientific name. for head first, drooping, nodding, for the drooping flower spike.

Sambucus nigra Elderberry COMMON NAME: Lizard’s Tail, same as genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sambucus, a form of Latin, sabucus, the Elder tree + nigra, Latin for black, for the fruit color. Schoenocaulon drummondii Green Lily

COMMON NAME: Elderberry, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Schoenocaulon, berries on the Elder. reed stem, from Greek, σχοινος, skhoinos, rush, reed, and καυλος, kaulos, stem of a plant + drummondii, for Thomas

136 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 137

Drummond (1780-1835), a British plant Scutellaria lateriflora collector. Sideflower Skullcap

COMMON NAME: Green, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Scutellaria + flower color. Lily, from Latin, lilium, a lily. lateriflora, Latin for having flowers on the sides of the stems.

Schoenocaulon texanum Texas Sabadilla COMMON NAME: Sideflower, descriptive. Skullcap, see Scutellaria SCIENTIFIC NAME: Schoenocaulon + drummondii. texanum, Latin for pertaining to Texas.

COMMON NAME: Texas, for the Scutellaria ovata Eggleaf Skullcap range. Sabadilla, little barley, a diminutive of the Spanish word for barley, cebada. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Scutellaria + ovata, Latin for oval, egg-shaped, for the leaves. Schoenolirion croceum Yellow Sunnybell COMMON NAME: Eggleaf, same as SCIENTIFIC NAME: Schoenolirion, reed species name. Skullcap, see Scutellaria lily, from Greek, σχοινος, skhoinos, rush, drummondii. reed, and λειρον, leiron, a lily. Reference is to the appearance + croceum, Latin for saffron-colored, yellow, for the flower Scutellaria parvula Small Skullcap color. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Scutellaria + COMMON NAME: Yellow, for the parvula, Latin for very small, for the flower color. Sunnybell, for the yellow relative size. color and shape of the buds just before opening. COMMON NAME: Small Skullcap, same as scientific name.

Scutellaria drummondii Skullcap Scutellaria resinosa Resinous Skullcap SCIENTIFIC NAME: Scutellaria, Latin for possessing a small shield or dish. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Scutellaria + Reference is to the disk-shaped calyx resinosa, Latin for having resin, for the appendage; it persists after flowering + resin-dotted stems. drummondii, for Thomas Drummond (1780-1835), a British plant collector. COMMON NAME: Resinous Skullcap, same as scientific name. COMMON NAME: Skullcap, same as genus name.

137 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 138

Scutellaria wrightii Wright’s Skullcap, seeds is another possibility + dissecta, Latin for deeply cut. Reference is to the deeply SCIENTIFIC NAME: Scutellaria + lobed leaves. wrightii, for Charles Wright (1811-1885), a Texas plant collector. COMMON NAME: Texas, for the range. Selenia, same as genus name. COMMON NAME: Wright’s Skullcap, same as scientific name. Selenia jonesii Jones Selenia

Sedum nuttallianum Yellow Stonecrop SCIENTIFIC NAME: Selenia + jonesii, for Marcus Eugene Jones (1852-1934), an SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sedum, Latin American botanist and mining engineer. for stonecrop, from sedo, to set, for their attachment to rocks + nuttallianum, Latin COMMON NAME: Jones Selenia, same for pertaining to Nuttall, for Thomas as scientific name. Nuttall (1786-1839), an English botanist, explorer, printer, ornithologist, and plant collector. He was a fellow of the Senecio ampullaceus Texas Groundsel Linnaean Society. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Senecio, Latin for COMMON NAME: Yellow, for the old man, also for groundsel. Reference is flower color. Stonecrop, for the typically to the white pappus on the achenes + rocky habitat. ampullaceus, Latin for shaped like a flask, for the inflorescence shape.

Sedum pulchellum Texas Stonecrop COMMON NAME: Texas, for the range. Groundsel, etymology is uncertain, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sedum + thought to come from an Old English pulchellum, Latin for little pretty, a word for pus absorber. This plant was dimunitive of pulcher, pretty. used as a wound poultice.

COMMON NAME: Texas, for the range. Stonecrop, see Sedum nuttallianum. Senecio vulgaris Common Groundsel

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Senecio + vulgaris, Selenia dissecta Texas Selenia Latin for common, unremarkable.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Selenia, the COMMON NAME: Common, common moon, from Greek, σεληνη, sel¯en¯e, the in its range. Groundsel, see Senecio moon. Reference is most probably to the ampullaceus. mound of yellow flowers, the shape of the

138 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 139

Senna alata Emperor’s Candlesticks made up of two leaflets. Senna, same as genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Senna, from Arabic, sana, their name for this type of plant + alata, Latin for winged, for the Sesbania drummondii Rattlebush fruits; this is the only American Senna that has winged fruit. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sesbania, from Arabic, sisaban, their name for this plant + COMMON NAME: Emperor’s drummondii, for Thomas Drummond Candlesticks, for the seed capsules. (1780-1835), a British plant collector.

COMMON NAME: Rattlebush, for the Senna lindheimeriana rattling sound the dried seed pods make. Lindheimer’s Senna

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Senna + Sesbania herbacea Coffee Bean lindheimeriana. Latin for pertaining to Lindheimer, for Ferdinand Jacob SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sesbania + Lindheimer (1801-1879), a German polit- herbacea, Latin for not woody, herbaceous. ical exile who collected plants in Texas. COMMON NAME: Coffee Bean, for COMMON NAME: Lindheimer’s the seeds, which resemble coffee beans but Senna, same as scientific name. are poisonous.

Senna obtusifolia Sickle Pod Sida abutifolia Spreading Sida

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Senna + obtusifo- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sida, from lia, Latin for blunt leaves. Greek, σιδη, sid¯e, a type of water lily, a pomegranate, this name was used by COMMON NAME: Sickle Pod, for the Theophrastus for a similar plant + shape of the seed capsule. abutifolia, Latin for having leaves like the genus Abutilon.

Senna roemeriana Twoleaf Senna COMMON NAME: Spreading, for the growth pattern. Sida, same as genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Senna + roemeriana, Latin for pertaining to Roemer, for Ferdinand Roemer (1818-1891), an Sida spinosa Prickly Sida American geologist and paleontologist. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sida + spinosa, COMMON NAME: Twoleaf, each leaf is Latin for spiny.

139 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 140

COMMON NAME: Prickly, for the Latin for graceful, slender. spines. Sida, same as genus name. COMMON NAME: Slender, for the stems. Rosinweed, see Silphium Silene laciniata Fire Pink albiflorum.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Silene, for the Greek god, Sil¯enus (Σιληνος), a compan- Silphium laciniatum Compass Plant ion of Bacchus (Βακκος) + laciniata, Latin for having a fringe, cut into small SCIENTIFIC NAME: Silphium + divisions. Reference is to the fringed laciniatum, Latin for slashed into narrow petals. divisions. Reference is to the leaves.

COMMON NAME: Fire Pink, for the COMMON NAME: Compass Plant, the shape and color of the flower. blade edges of the leaves tend to be oriented north and south.

Silene stellata Whorled Silene Silphium perfoliatum Cup Rosinweed SCIENTIFIC NAME: Silene + stellata, Latin for starry, for the flowers. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Silphium + perfoliatum, Latin for having leaves that COMMON NAME: Whorled, for the surround the stem. whorls of basal leaves. Silene, same as genus name. COMMON NAME: Cup, the joined leaf bases form a cup around the stem. Rosinweed, see Silphium albiflorum. Silphium albiflorum Whiteflower Rosinweed Silphium radula SCIENTIFIC NAME: Silphium, from Roughstem Rosinweed Greek, σιλφιον, silphion, the laserwort, used as food and medicine + albiflorum, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Silphium + radula, Latin for white-flowered. Latin for a rasp or file, for the rough stems.

COMMON NAME: Whiteflower, COMMON NAME: Roughstem, descriptive. Rosinweed, for the sticky descriptive. Rosinweed, see Silphium secretions on the stems and leaves. albiflorum.

Silphium gracile Slender Rosinweed Silybum marianum Blessed Milk Thistle SCIENTIFIC NAME: Silphium + gracile,

140 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 141

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Silybum, from Sisymbrium irio Rocket Mustard Greek, σιλυβον, silubon, their name for this type of plant + marianum, Latin for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sisymbrium + irio, pertaining to Mary, for the Virgin Mary; Latin for a mustard or mustardlike plant. the white spots on the leaves were believed to represent drops of milk from the COMMON NAME: Rocket, from Virgin Mary. French, roquette, a brassicaceous plant, used in salads. Mustard, see Sisymbrium COMMON NAME: Blessed Milk altissimum. Thistle, same as species name.

Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard Siphonoglossa pilosella Tube Tongue SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sisymbrium + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Siphonoglossa, officinale, Latin for sold in shops, used as tube tongue, from Greek, σιφων, siph¯on, food or medicine, usually pertains to tube and γλωσσα, gl¯ossa, tongue. apothecaries. Reference is to the lipped corolla, which is tube-shaped + pilosella, Latin for little COMMON NAME: Hedge, for the hairy or shaggy one. growth pattern. Mustard, see Sisymbrium altissimum. COMMON NAME: Tube Tongue, same as scientific name. Sisyrinchium angustifolium Blue-Eyed Grass Sisymbrium altissimum Tumble Mustard SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sisyrinchium, from Greek, σισυριγχιον, sisurigkhion, Iris SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sisymbrium, sisyrinchium; this plant is in the iris family from Greek, σισυµβριον, sisumbrion, + angustifolium, Latin for having bergamont mint + altissimum, Latin for narrow leaves. the tallest. COMMON NAME: Blue-Eyed Grass, COMMON NAME: Tumble, the dried for the blue flowers and the thin, plant breaks at the base and is blown grasslike leaves. (tumbled) by the wind. Mustard, from Spanish, mostaza, mustard. The name came from the condiment, prepared by Sisyrinchium campestre grinding the seeds of the plant with must White-Eyed Grass (new wine), not from the plant. This plant is in the mustard family. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sisyrinchium + campestre, Latin for flat country, the plains, for the habitat.

141 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 142

COMMON NAME: White-Eyed Grass, Solanum citrullifolium for the white flowers and the thin, grass- Melonleaf Nightshade like leaves. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Solanum + citrullifolium, Latin for having leaves like Sisyrinchium langloisii the genus Citrullus (watermelon). Pale Blue-Eyed Grass COMMON NAME: Melonleaf, same as SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sisyrinchium + species name. Nightshade, an allusion to langloisii, for A. B. Langlois (1832-1900), the poisonous or narcotic action of a French botanist and clergyman. the berries.

COMMON NAME: Pale, for the light blue flowers. Blue-Eyed Grass, see Solanum elaeagnifolium Sisyrinchium angustifolium. Silverleaf Nightshade

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Solanum + Sisyrinchium sagittiferum elaeagnifolium, Latin for having leaves Blue-Eyed Grass resembling those of the genus Elaeagnus (olive). SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sisyrinchium + sagittiferum, Latin for arrow bearing, for COMMON NAME: Silverleaf, for the the long pointed leaves. gray-green scales covering the leaves, which give the appearance of silver dust. COMMON NAME: Blue-Eyed Grass, Nightshade, see Solanum citrullifolium. see Sisyrinchium angustifolium.

Solanum rostratum Buffalo Bur Solanum carolinense Carolina Horse Nettle SCIENTIFIC NAME: Solanum + rostratum, Latin for having a beak. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Solanum, Reference is to the brown stamen, which thought to be Latin for nightshade, listed is longer than the yellow ones and is as of dubious origin in the Oxford curved like a hook. Latin Dictionary + carolinense, Latin for belonging to Carolina, for the area of the COMMON NAME: Buffalo Bur, for the type specimen. large, spine-covered calyx.

COMMON NAME: Carolina, for the area of the type specimen. Horse Nettle, Solidago canadensis Canada Goldenrod Horse, for the large size and Nettle, from Old English, netele, their name for this SCIENTIFIC NAME: Solidago, Latin for type of plant. to make firm or whole. Reference is to its

142 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 143

medicinal use on wounds + canadensis, Solidago nemoralis Old-Field Goldenrod Latin for belonging to Canada, for the area of the type specimen. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Solidago + nemoralis, Latin for growing in groves or COMMON NAME: Canada, same as woods. species name. Goldenrod, for the color and shape of the inflorescence panicle. COMMON NAME: Old-field, for the habitat. Goldenrod, see Solidago Canadensis. Solidago gigantea Giant Goldenrod

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Solidago + gigantea, Solidago odora Fragrant Goldenrod Latin for giant, for the relative size. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Solidago + odora, COMMON NAME: Giant, same as Latin for fragrant. species name. Goldenrod, see Solidago canadensis. COMMON NAME: Fragrant, descriptive. Goldenrod, see Solidago canadensis.

Solidago missouriensis Missouri Goldenrod Solidago petiolaris Downy Goldenrod

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Solidago + mis- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Solidago + souriensis, Latin for belonging to Missouri. petiolaris, Latin for having a leaf stalk.

COMMON NAME: Missouri, same as COMMON NAME: Downy, for the fine species name. Goldenrod, see Solidago hairs on the stem. Goldenrod, see Solidago canadensis. canadensis.

Solidago mollis Soft Goldenrod Solidago rigida Rigid Goldenrod

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Solidago + mollis, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Solidago + rigida, Latin for soft, for the soft hairs on Latin for rigid. Reference is to the the stems. straight, unbranched stems.

COMMON NAME: Soft, same as COMMON NAME: Rigid, same as species name. Goldenrod, see Solidago species name. Goldenrod, see Solidago canadensis. canadensis.

143 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 144

Solidago speciosa COMMON NAME: Texas, for the Showy-Wand Goldenrod range. Sophora, same as genus name.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Solidago + speciosa, Latin for showy, attractive in Sophora nuttalliana White Loco appearance, for the showy inflorescence. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sophora + nuttal- COMMON NAME: Showy-Wand, for liana, Latin for pertaining to Nuttall, for the appearance and shape of the inflores- Thomas Nuttall (1786-1839), an English cence. Goldenrod, see Solidago canadensis. botanist, explorer, printer, ornithologist, and plant collector. He was a fellow of the Linnaean Society. Sonchus asper Sow Thistle COMMON NAME: White, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sonchus, from flower color. Loco, for the effect the toxic Greek, σογκος, sogkos, their name for this properties have on animals that eat it, type of plant + asper, Latin for rough, from Spanish, loco, crazy. harsh, for the spiny leaves.

COMMON NAME: Sow Thistle, a Sophora secundiflora corruption of the earlier name for this Texas Mountain Laurel plant, Thow Thistle. Thow, from Anglo- Saxon, theaw, a custom or habit, having SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sophora + secun- properties that indicate strength. Thistle, diflora, Latin for having flowers on only from Old Teutonic, pistil-o, their name one side of the stem. for this type of plant. COMMON NAME: Texas, for the range. Mountain, for the habitat, common Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow Thistle in the Guadalupe Mountains. Laurel, the Modern Spanish name for the Bay tree, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sonchus + which the leaves of this plant resemble. oleraceus, Latin for of the vegetable garden.

COMMON NAME: Common, Sphaeralcea angustifolia common in its range. Sow Thistle, see Narrowleaf Globe Mallow Sonchus asper. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sphaeralcea, from Greek, σφαιρα, sphaira, a ball, any globe, Sophora affinis Texas Sophora and the genus Alcea, αλκαια, alkaia, a mallow. Reference is to the globular fruit SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sophora, from + angustifolia, Latin for narrow leaves. Arabic, sophera, for a tree with pea like flowers + affinis, Latin for related, similar.

144 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 145

foremost, in this case drooping. Reference is to the flowers pointing downward.

COMMON NAME: Ladies’ Tresses, the inflorescence was thought to resemble a woman’s braids or curls.

Spiranthes lacera Slender Ladies’ Tresses

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Spiranthes + acera, Latin for to tear or lacerate. Reference is to the wavy lip of the flower.

COMMON NAME: Slender, the inflorescence is more slender than the others Sphaeralcea angustifolia of this genus. Ladies’ Tresses, see Narrowleaf Globe Mallow Spiranthes cernua.

COMMON NAME: Narrowleaf, descriptive. Globe, for the globular fruit. Spiranthes magnicamporum Mallow, from Latin, malva, mallow. Great Plains Ladies’ Tresses

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Spiranthes + Sphaeralcea coccinea magnicamporum, Latin for belonging to Scarlet Globe Mallow the Great Plains, from magnus, large, great, campus, flat, open country, plains, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sphaeralcea + and the suffix, -orius, orum, belonging to. coccinea, Latin for scarlet-dyed, for the Reference is to the habitat. flower color. COMMON NAME: Great Plains, for COMMON NAME: Scarlet, for the the range. Ladies’ Tresses, see Spiranthes flower color. Globe Mallow, see cernua. Sphaeralcea angustifolia.

Spiranthes tuberosa Little Ladies’ Tresses Spiranthes cernua Ladies’ Tresses SCIENTIFIC NAME: Spiranthes + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Spiranthes, twisted tuberosa, Latin for having a tuber. flower, from Greek, σπειρα, speira, anything twisted or wound and ανθος, COMMON NAME: Little, for the anthos, flower. Reference is to the spiraling relative size. Ladies’ Tresses, see Spiranthes inflorescence + cernua, Latin for head cernua.

145 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 146

Stachys drummondii Pink Mint Stenosiphon linifolius False Gaura

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Stachys, from SCIENTIFIC NAME: Stenosiphon, nar- Greek, σταχυς, stakhus, an ear of corn, a row siphon, from Greek, στενος, stenos, spike. Reference is to the shape of the narrow and σιφων, siph¯on, a siphon, tube. inflorescence + drummondii, for Thomas Reference is to the tube-shaped flowers + Drummond (c. 1790-1831), a British linifolius, Latin for having leaves like flax. plant collector. COMMON NAME: False Gaura, so COMMON NAME: Pink, for the flower named because the flowers look like those color. Mint, from Latin, mentha, mint. of the genus Gaura. Actually, recent DNA testing has shown this plant to be a true Gaura, the genus Stenosiphon will soon be Stachys tenuifolia Slenderleaf Betony extinct.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Stachys + tenuifolia, Latin for ribbon or slender leaves. Stillingia sylvatica Queen’s Delight

COMMON NAME: Slenderleaf, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Stillingia, for descriptive. Betony, from Latin, vettonica, Benjamin Stillingfleet (1702-1771), a said by Pliny to be a Gaulish name for a British botanist + sylvatica, Latin for grow- plant discovered by a tribe called the ing in the forest. Vettones. COMMON NAME: Queen’s Delight, in honor of the queen of England. Stellaria media Chickweed

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Stellaria, Latin for Stillingia texana Texas Stillingia starlike, for the flower shape + media, Latin for intermediate (in form). SCIENTIFIC NAME: Stillingia + texana, Latin for pertaining to Texas. COMMON NAME: Chickweed, the plants are eaten by wild and domesticated COMMON NAME: Texas Stillingia, birds. same as scientific name.

Stellaria pallida Lesser Chickweed Streptanthus carinatus Lyreleaf Twistflower SCIENTIFIC NAME: Stelleria + pallida, Latin for pale, for the flowers. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Streptanthus, twisted flower, from Greek, στρεπτος, COMMON NAME: Lesser, for the size. streptos, twisted and ανθος, anthos, flower, Chickweed, see Stellaria media. bloom. Reference is to the twisted, wavy

146 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 147

petals + carinatus, Latin for having a keel, COMMON NAME: Trailing, for the for the keeled sepals. growth pattern. Wildbean, descriptive of the fruit. COMMON NAME: Lyreleaf, for the shape of some of the leaves. Twistflower, descriptive, same as genus name. Strophostyles leiosperma Slickseed Wildbean

Streptanthus hyacinthoides SCIENTIFIC NAME: Strophostyles + Smooth Twistflower leiosperma, smooth seed, from Greek, λειος, leios, smooth and σπερµα, sperma, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Streptanthus + seed. This is to contrast it with hyacinthoides, to look like a Hyacinthus, Strophostyles helvula, which has hairy from the genus Hyacinthus and Greek, seeds. ειδος, eidos, resembling. COMMON NAME: Slickseed, same as COMMON NAME: Smooth, for the species name. Wildbean, descriptive of hairless stems and leaves. Twistflower, see the fruit. Streptanthus carinatus.

Stylisma humistrata White Stylisma Streptanthus playtcarpus Broadpod Twistflower SCIENTIFIC NAME: Stylisma, from Greek, στυλος, stulos, a pillar, for the style SCIENTIFIC NAME: Streptanthus + + humistrata, Latin for spread out on the platycarpus, broad fruit, from Greek, ground. πλατυς, platus, broad and καρπος, karpos, fruit, for the broad seed pod. COMMON NAME: White, for the flower color. Stylisma, same as genus COMMON NAME: Broadpod, same as name. species name. Twistflower, see Streptanthus carinatus. Symphyotrichum boreale Northern Bog Aster Strophostyles helvula Trailing Wildbean SCIENTIFIC NAME: Symphyotrichum SCIENTIFIC NAME: Strophostyles, from Greek, συµφυω, sumphuo, to make; twisted pillar, from Greek, στροφειον, to grow together, and, θριξ, thrix hair + stropheion, twisted and στυλος, stulos, a boreale, Latin for northern; for the range pillar. Reference is to the twisted flower in the United States. keel + helvula, Latin for a dull yellow, for the color of the seeds.

147 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 148

COMMON NAME: Northern, for the Symphyotrichum drummondii range in the United States. Bog, for the Drummond’s Aster habitat in moist places. Aster, from Greek, αστερ, aster, a star; for the flower shape. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Symphyotrichum + drummondii, for Thomas Drummond (1780-1835), a Scottish Botanist. Symphyotrichum ciliolatum Leafy Aster COMON NAME: Drummond’s, same as species name. Aster, see Symphyotrichum SCIENTIFIC NAME: Symphyotrichum + boreale. ciliolatum, Latin for fringed.

COMMON NAME: Leafy, for the leafy Symphyotrichum dumosus Bushy Aster stems. Aster, see Symphyotrichum boreale. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aster + dumosus, Latin for bushy, for the growth pattern. Symphyotrichum cordifolius Common Blue Wood Aster COMMON NAME: Bushy, for the growth pattern. Aster, see Symphyotrichum SCIENTIFIC NAME: Symphyotrichum + boreale. cordifolius, Latin for having heart-shaped leaves. Symphyotrichum ericoides COMMON NAME: Common, common White Heath Aster in its range. Blue, for the flower color. Wood, for the habitat. Aster, see SCIENTIFIC NAME: Symphyotrichum + Symphyotrichum boreale. ericoides, to resemble Erica, from the genus for heath, Erica and the Greek suffix, ειοδος, eiodos, to resemble. Symphyotrichum divaricatum Southern Annual Saltmarsh Aster COMMON NAME: White, for the flower color. Heath, for the leaf pattern. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Symphyotrichum + Aster, see Symphyotrichum boreale. divaricatum, Latin for spreading or strag- gling growth. Symphyotrichum falcatum COMMON NAME: Southern for the White Prairie Aster range in the United States. Annual, grows each year from seed. Saltmarsh, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Symphyotrichum + habitat. Aster, see Symphyotrichum boreale. falcatum, Latin for curved like a scythe, for the curved leaves.

COMMON NAME: White, for the

148 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 149

flower color. Prairie, for the habitat. Aster, lateriflorum, Latin for having flowers on see Symphyotrichum boreale. one side.

COMMON NAME: Calico, for the Symphyotrichum frondrosum Leafy Aster flower color. Aster, see Symphyotrichum boreale. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Symphyotrichum + frondrosum, Latin for leafy, for the leafy stems. Symphyotrichum oblongifolium COMMON NAME: Leafy, for the leafy Aromatic Aster stems. Aster, see Symphyotrichum boreale. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Symphyotrichum + oblongifolium, Latin for having leaves of Symphyotrichum lanceolatum oblong shape. White Panicle Aster COMMON NAME: Aromatic, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Symphyotrichum + scent. Aster, see Symphyotrichum boreale. lanceolatum, Latin for lance-shaped, for the leaves. Symphyotrichum oolentangiensis COMMON NAME: White Panicle, for Skyblue Aster the flowers. Aster, see Symphyotrichum boreale. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Symphyotrichum + oolentangiensis, Latin for belonging to Olentangy, for the Olentangy River in Symphyotrichum lateriflorum Ohio, the area of the type specimen. Calico Aster COMMON NAME: Skyblue, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Symphyotrichum + flower color. Aster, see Symphyotrichum boreale.

Symphyotrichum patens Symphyotrichum patens Late Purple Aster Late Purple Aster

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Symphyotrichum + patens, Latin for spreading, for the growth pattern.

COMMON NAME: Late, blooms later than other species. Purple, for the flower color. Aster, see Symphyotrichum boreale.

149 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 150

Symphyotrichum pilosum Heath Aster COMMON NAME: Eastern, for the range in the United States. Annual, grows SCIENTIFIC NAME: Symphyotrichum + each year from seed. Saltmarsh for the pilosum, Latin for covered with fine hair. habitat. Aster, see Symphyotrichum boreale.

COMMON NAME: Heath, for the leaf pattern. Aster, see Symphyotrichum boreale. Talinum aurantiacum Orange Flameflower

Symphyotrichum praealtum SCIENTIFIC NAME: Talinum, most Willowleaf Aster probably from Greek, θαλεια, thaleia, rich, plentiful, full of bloom + auranti- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Symphyotrichum + acum, Latin for orange, orange-red, for praealtus, Latin for very tall. the flower color.

COMMON NAME: Willowleaf, the COMMON NAME: Orange, for the leaves resemble those of the willow. Aster, flower color. Flameflower, for the color see Symphyotrichum boreale. and appearance.

Symphyotrichum sericeum Talinum calycinum Rockpink Western Silver Aster SCIENTIFIC NAME: Talinum + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Symphyotrichum + calycinum, Latin for calyxlike, for the sericeum, Latin for silky. Reference is to flowers. the silky hairs on the leaves. COMMON NAME: Rockpink, for the COMMON NAME: Western, for the color of the flowers and the habitat on range, although in this case the range is in sandstone outcrops. the middle of the United States. Silver, for the leaves. Aster, see Symphyotrichum boreale. Talinum parviflorum Prairie Flameflower

Symphyotrichum subulatum SCIENTIFIC NAME: Talinum + Eastern Annual Saltmarsh Aster parviflorum, Latin for having small flowers.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Symphyotrichum + COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the subulatum, to be shaped like an awl, from habitat. Flameflower, see Talinum Latin, subula, a shoemaker’s awl. aurantiacum. Reference is to the shape of the leaves.

150 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 151

Taraxacum laevigatum Tephrosia onobrychoides Redseed Dandelion Multibloom Tephrosia

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Taraxacum, bitter SCIENTIFIC NAME: Tephrosia + herb, from Persian, tarashqum or talkh onobrychoides, to look like Onobrychis, chakok + laevigatum, Latin for smooth. from the genus Onobrychis, and Greek, ειοδος, eiodos, resembling. COMMON NAME: Redseed, for the red-brown achenes. Dandelion, from COMMON NAME: Multibloom, for French, dent de lion, tooth of the lion. the multiple blooms on a single spike. Reference is to the leaves. Tephrosia, same as genus name.

Taraxacum officinale Tephrosia virginiana Goat’s Rue Common Dandelion SCIENTIFIC NAME: Tephrosia + vir- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Taraxacum + giniana, Latin for pertaining to Virginia, officinale, Latin for official, used to for the area of the type specimen. designate plants sold in shops that were used for food or medicine, usually COMMON NAME: Goat’s Rue, this referring to apothecaries. plant was fed to goats to increase milk production. Rue comes from Greek, ρυτη, COMMON NAME: Common, rut¯e, their name for this plant. abundant. Dandelion, see Taraxacum laevigatum. Tetragonotheca texana Squarebud Daisy Tephrosia lindheimeri Lindheimer Tephrosia SCIENTIFIC NAME: Tetragonotheca, four-cornered box, from Greek, τετρα, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Tephrosia, from tetra, four, γωνια, g¯onia, corner, angle and Greek, τεφρος, tephros, ash-colored. θηκη, th¯ek¯e, a money chest, a tomb, a Reference is to the hoary leaves of some of box. Reference is to the four sepals that this genus + lindheimeri, for Ferdinand cover the flower bud + texana, Latin for Jacob Lindheimer (1801-1879), a German pertaining to Texas. political exile who collected plants in Texas. COMMON NAME: Squarebud, same as genus name. Daisy, from Anglo-Saxon, COMMON NAME: Lindheimer daeges-eage, day’s eye, a daisy. For the Tephrosia, same as scientific name. eyelike appearance and the opening of the rays in the morning.

151 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 152

Teucrium canadense Thalictrum arkansanum American Germander Arkansas Meadow Rue

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Teucrium, from SCIENTIFIC NAME: Thalictrum, from Greek, Τευκρως, Teukr¯os, the son of Greek, ταλικτρον, taliktron, used by Scamander, (Σχαµανδρος), a river and Dioscorid¯es (∆ιοσκοριδες) for a plant Idaea (Ιδαεα), a nymph of Mount Ida with leaves resembling the coriander + (Ιδα). He was the most ancient of the arkansanum, Latin for belonging to kings of Troy + canadense, Latin for Arkansas, for the area of the type specimen. belonging to Canada, for the area of the type specimen. COMMON NAME: Arkansas, for the area of the type specimen. Meadow, for COMMON NAME: American, for the the habitat. Rue, for its resemblance to range in North America. Germander, a European rue (ruta). corruption of the Greek, χαµανδρυα, khamandrua, a ground oak. Thalictrum dasycarpum Purple Meadow Rue Teucrium cubense Coast Germander SCIENTIFIC NAME: Thalictrum + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Teucrium + dasycarpum, thick-fruited, from Greek, cubense, Latin for belonging to Cuba, for δασυ, dasu, thick, hairy and καρπος, the area of the type specimen. karpos, fruit.

COMMON NAME: Coast, for the COMMON NAME: Purple, stems are habitat of the type specimen. Germander, often purple. Meadow-Rue, see see Teucrium canadense. Thalictrum arkansanum.

Teucrium laciniatum Thelesperma filifolium Greenthread Cutleaf Germander SCIENTIFIC NAME: Thelesperma, from SCIENTIFIC NAME: Teucrium + Greek, θηλη, th¯el¯e, a nipple and σπερµα, laciniatum, Latin for cut or torn, for the sperma, seed, for the bumps on the leaves that have deep, narrow lobes. achenes + filifolium, Latin for threadlike leaves. COMMON NAME: Cutleaf, same as species name. Germander, see Teucrium COMMON NAME: Greenthread, for canadense. the thin leaves.

152 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 153

Thelesperma flavodiscum thyme, and φυλλον, phullon, leaf +acerosa, East Texas Greenthread Latin for needlelike, for the prickly leaves.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Thelesperma + COMMON NAME: Prickleleaf, for flavodiscum, Latin for yellow disk, for the the spines on the leaves. Dogweed, a yellow central disk. depreciatory moniker, probably for the disagreeable scent. COMMON NAME: East Texas, for the range. Greenthread, for the threadlike leaves. Towndsendia exscapa Easter Daisy

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Towndsendia, for Thelesperma megapotamicum David Towndsend (1787-1858) an Slender Greenthread American amateur botanist + exscapa, Latin for without a scape, a scape is a SCIENTIFIC NAME: Thelesperma + leafless stem, therefore, stemless. megapotamicum, of the big river, from Greek, µεγα, mega, big and ποταµιος, COMMON NAME: Easter, for the tim- potamios, of or from a river. Reference is ing of the bloom. Daisy, from Anglo- to the range along the Rio Grande. Saxon, daeges-eage, day’s eye, a daisy. For the eyelike appearance and the opening of COMMON NAME: Slender the rays in the morning. Greenthread, for the thin leaves.

Tradescantia bracteata Thelocactus setispinus Hedgehog Cactus Bracted Spiderwort

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Thelocactus, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Tradescantia, for nipple cactus, from Greek, θηλη, th¯el¯e, John Tradescant (1608-1662), a British nipple, the ribs of some in this genus look botanist and gardener to Charles I + like nipples, and κακτος, kaktos, a prickly bracteata, Latin for having bracts. plant + setispinus, Latin for bristly spines. COMMON NAME: Bracted, for the COMMON NAME: Hedgehog, for prominent bracts. Spiderwort, this plant the shape and the spines. Cactus, see was used for the treatment of spider bites. genus name.

Tradescantia edwardsiana Thymophylla acerosa Plateau Spiderwort Prickleleaf Dogweed SCIENTIFIC NAME: Tradescantia + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Thymophylla, edwardsiana, Latin for belonging to thyme leaf, from Greek, θυµον, thumon,

153 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 154

Edwards, for the habitat on the Edwards hirsutiflora, Latin for hairy flower, for the Plateau of Texas, named for Haden (or hairs on the floral bracts. Hayden) Edwards (1771-1849), an early settler in the area. COMMON NAME: Hairyflower, same as species name. Spiderwort, see COMMON NAME: Plateau, same as Tradescantia bracteata. species name. Spiderwort, see Tradescantia bracteata. Tradescantia humilis Texas Spiderwort Tradescantia gigantea Giant Spiderwort SCIENTIFIC NAME: Tradescantia + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Tradescantia + humilis, Latin for low-growing. gigantea, Latin for gigantic, for the relative size. COMMON NAME: Texas, for the range. Spiderwort, see Tradescantia COMMON NAME: Giant, for the bracteata. relative size. Spiderwort, see Tradescantia bracteata. Tradescantia occidentalis Prairie Spiderwort Tradescantia hirtsutiflora Hairyflower Spiderwort SCIENTIFIC NAME: Tradescantia + occidentalis, Latin for western, of the west, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Tradescantia + for the range in the United States.

COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the habitat. Spiderwort, see Tradescantia bracteata.

Tradescantia ohiensis Ohio Spiderwort

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Tradescantia + ohiensis, Latin for belonging to Ohio, for the area of the type specimen.

COMMON NAME: Ohio, same as species name. Spiderwort, see Tradescantia bracteata.

Tradescantia ohiensis Ohio Spiderwort

154 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 155

Tradescantia reverchonii achenes + dubius, Latin for doubtful, does Reverchon’s Spiderwort not conform to the usual pattern.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Tradescantia + COMMON NAME: Goat’s Beard, same reverchonii, for Julien Reverchon (1837- as genus name. 1905), a French immigrant to Texas, who was a plant collector. Tragopogon porrifolius Oyster Plant COMMON NAME: Reverchon’s, same as species name. Spiderwort, see SCIENTIFIC NAME: Tragopogon + Tradescantia bracteata. porrifolius, Latin for having leaves like a leek.

Tradescantia subacaulis COMMON NAME: Oyster Plant, for Stemless Spiderwort the edible root.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Tradescantia + subacaulis, Latin for almost stemless, for Tribulus terrestris Goat Head the short stem of this species. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Tribulus, three COMMON NAME: Stemless, actually points, from Greek, τριβολος, tribolos, has a stem but it is much shorter than the three-pointed. Reference is to the fruits, others of this genus. Spiderwort, see which break into five triangular segments Tradescantia bracteata. + terrestris, Latin for of the ground, growing on the ground, for the sprawling growth pattern. Tradescantia tharpii Tharp’s Spiderwort COMMON NAME: Goat Head, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Tradescantia + shape of the triangular fruit segments. tharpii, for Benjamin Carroll Tharp (1885-1964), an American botanist. Trichostema brachiatum COMMON NAME: Tharp’s, same as False Pennyroyal species name. Spiderwort, see Tradescantia bracteata. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Trichostema, hair stamen, from Greek, θριξ, thrix, hair and στεµµα, stema, stamen, for the long Tragopogon dubius Goat’s Beard hairlike filaments + brachiatum, Latin for branching at right angles armlike, for SCIENTIFIC NAME: Tragopogon, the stems. he-goat beard, from Greek, τραγος, tra- gos, he-goat and πωγων, p¯og¯on, beard. Reference is to the hairy pappus on the

155 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 156

COMMON NAME: False Pennyroyal, Trifolium pratense Red Clover for its resemblance to pennyroyal. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Trifolium + pratense, Latin for meadows, for the Trichostema dichotomum habitat. Forked Blue Curls COMMON NAME: Red, for the flower SCIENTIFIC NAME: Trichostema + color. Clover, see Trifolium campestre. dichotomum, Latin for forked in pairs, for the stems. Trifolium repens White Clover COMMON NAME: Forked, for the stems. Blue-Curls, for the blue flowers SCIENTIFIC NAME: Trifolium + repens, with long curled stamen filaments. Latin for creeping, for the growth pattern.

COMMON NAME: White, for the Trifolium campestre Low Hop Clover flower color. Clover, see Trifolium campestre. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Trifolium, Latin for three-leaved, for the three leaflets that make up the leaf + campestre, Latin for Triodanis perfoliata belonging to open fields. Venus’ Looking Glass

COMMON NAME: Low, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Triodanis, three- sprawling growth pattern. Hop, the flowers toothed, from Greek, τρεις, treis, three resemble those of hops. Clover, from Old and οδοντ,-odont, tooth. Reference is to English, clafre, their name for this type the shape of the calyx + perfoliata, Latin of plant. for having a leaf base that surrounds the stem.

Trifolium incarnatum Crimson Clover COMMON NAME: Venus’ Looking- Glass, for the black shiny mirrorlike seeds. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Trifolium + incarnatum, Latin for blood-colored, for the crimson flowers. Utricularia radiata Floating Bladderwort COMMON NAME: Crimson, for the flower color. Clover, see Trifolium SCIENTIFIC NAME: Utricularia, Latin campestre. for possessing a sac. Reference is to the bladders, which trap small aquatic animals + radiata, Latin for radiating, having rays, for the floating leaf rosette.

156 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 157

COMMON NAME: Floating, Verbascum blattaria Moth Mullein descriptive. Bladderwort, for the bladders. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Verbascum, Latin name for this plant, used by Pliny + Vaccaria hispanica Cowherb blattaria, Latin for associated with moths; the flowers attract moths. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Vaccaria, from Latin, vacca, cow, for its use as cow fodder COMMON NAME: Moth, same as + hispanica, Latin for Spanish. spcies name. Mullein, most probably from French, mol, soft, for the soft leaves. COMMON NAME: Cowherb, for its use as cow fodder. Verbascum thapsus Common Mullein

Valerianella amarella Corn Salad SCIENTIFIC NAME: Verbascum + thapsus, from the name of a town in Sicily, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Valerianella, little now known as Magnisi. valeriana, from the genus Valeriana and the Latin diminutive, -ella + amaros, Latin COMMON NAME: Common, most for bitter; the leaves have a bitter taste. common mullein in its range. Mullein, see Verbascum blattaria. COMMON NAME: Corn Salad, commonly found in grain fields and used in salads.

Valerianella radiata Beaked Corn Salad

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Valerianella + radiata, Latin for having rays.

COMMON NAME: Beaked, for the beaked fruits. Corn Salad, see Valerianella amarelle.

Valerianella radiata Beaked Corn Salad

157 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 158

Verbena bipinnatifida Dakota Verbena Verbena halei Texas Vervain

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Verbena, Latin SCIENTIFIC NAME: Verbena + halei, name for plants used in ceremony or for J. P. Hale (fl. 1889) a California plant sacred rites + bipinnatifida, Latin for two collector. feathers, used for a leaf that is bipinnately lobed. COMMON NAME: Texas, for the area of the type specimen. Vervain, a form of COMMON NAME: Dakota, for the verbena, same as genus name. area of the type specimen. Verbena, same as genus name. Verbena hastata Blue Verbena

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Verbena + hastata, Latin for spear-shaped, for the flower spike.

COMMON NAME: Blue, for the flower color. Verbena, same as genus name.

Verbena neomexicana Hillside Vervain

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Verbena + neomexicana, Latin for of New Mexico, for the area of the type specimen.

COMMON NAME: Hillside, for the common habitat. Vervain, a form of verbena, same as genus name. Verbena bipinnatifida Dakota Verbena

Verbena plicata Fanleaf Vervain Verbena bracteata Prostrate Verbena SCIENTIFIC NAME: Verbena + plicata, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Verbena + bractea- Latin for folded like a fan, for the leaves. ta, Latin for having bracts. COMMON NAME: Fanleaf, for the COMMON NAME: Prostrate, for the folds and shape of the leaves. Vervain, a low, sprawling growth pattern. form of verbena, same a genus name.

158 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 159

Verbena simplex Verbesina encelioides Narrowleaf Verbena Golden Crownbeard

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Verbena +simplex, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Verbesina + Latin for simple, in this case, unbranched. encelioides, to look like Encelia, from the genus Encelia, and the Greek, ειδος, COMMON NAME: Narrowleaf, eidos, resembling. descriptive. Verbena, same as genus name. COMMON NAME: Golden, for the flower color. Crownbeard, for the appear- Verbena stricta Hoary Verbena ance of the disk flowers.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Verbena + stricta, Latin for erect, standing up. Verbesina nana Dwarf Crownbeard

COMMON NAME: Hoary, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Verbesina + nana, white hairs on the stems. Verbena, same as Latin for dwarf, for the low growth genus name. pattern.

COMMON NAME: Dwarf, same as Verbena urticifolia Nettleleaf Vervain species name. Crownbeard, see Verbesina enclioides. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Verbena + urticifolia, Latin for having leaves like the genus Urtica (nettle). Verbesina virginica Frostweed

COMMON NAME: Nettleleaf, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Verbesina + same as species name. Vervain, a form of virginica, Latin for of Virginia, for the verbena, same as genus name. area of the type specimen.

COMMON NAME: Frostweed, at first Verbesina alternifolia Wingstem freeze the stems of this plant split and release a sap that expands and then freezes SCIENTIFIC NAME: Verbesina, Latin to look like frost. for resembling verbena, although this plant does not resemble the genus Verbena. Reference is to the leaves resem- Vernonia baldwinii Western Ironweed bling some species of Verbena + alternifolia, Latin for having alternate leaves. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Vernonia, for William Vernon (c. 1666-1711), an COMMON NAME: Wingstem, for the English botanist and Fellow of the Royal leafy wings extending from the base of Society who collected plants in North the leaves.

159 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 160

America + baldwinii, for William Baldwin Vernonia marginata Plains Ironweed (1779-1819), an American physician and botantist who collected the plant. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Vernonia + marginata, Latin for having margins. COMMON NAME: Western, for the Reference is to the white leaf margins. range in the United States. Ironweed, for the tough stems and roots. COMMON NAME: Plains, for the habitat. Ironweed, see Vernonia baldwinii.

Vernonia fasciculata Ironweed Vernonia texana Texas Ironweed SCIENTIFIC NAME: Vernonia + fasciculata, Latin for clustered, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Vernonia + texana, flower arrangement. Latin for pertaining to Texas, for the range. COMMON NAME: Ironweed, see Vernonia baldwinii. COMMON NAME: Texas, for the range. Ironweed, see Vernonia baldwinii.

Vernonia gigantea Tall Ironweed Vicia ludoviciana Deer Pea Vetch SCIENTIFIC NAME: Vernonia + gigantea, Latin for gigantic, for the relative SCIENTIFIC NAME: Vicia, Latin for size. vetch, from vincire, to bind, for the winding tendrils + ludoviciana, Latin for COMMON NAME: Tall, for the relative pertaining to Louisiana. height. Ironweed, see Vernonia baldwinii. COMMON NAME: Deer Pea, deer will graze on this plant. Vetch, same as genus Vernonia lindheimeri Woolly Ironweed name.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Vernonia + lindheimeri, for Ferdinand Jacob Vicia minutiflora Smallflower Vetch Lindheimer (1801-1879), a German political exile who collected plants in Texas. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Vicia + minutiflora, Latin for small-flowered. COMMON NAME: Woolly, for the gray woolly hairs. Ironweed, see Vernonia COMMON NAME: Smallflower, for the baldwinii. relatively small flowers. Vetch, same as genus name.

160 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 161

Vicia sativa Common Vetch Vinca major Bigleaf Periwinkle

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Vicia + sativa, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Vinca, from Latin for cultivated. Latin, vinca pervinca, in turn from, vincio, to bind. Reference is to the use of this COMMON NAME: Common, most plant in wreaths + major, Latin for large, common in its range. Vetch, same as for the leaf size. genus name. COMMON NAME: Bigleaf, for the relatively large leaf. Periwinkle, from Vicia villosa Winter Vetch Middle English, per wynke, their name for this plant, it is derived from vinca SCIENTIFIC NAME: Vicia + villosa, pervinca also. Latin for soft hair, for the hairy fruit and vegetative parts. Vinca minor Common Periwinkle COMMON NAME: Winter, gows in the winter. Vetch, same as genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Vinca + minor, Latin for small, for the relatively small leaf size. Viguiera cordifolia Heartleaf Goldeneye COMMON NAME: Common, most SCIENTIFIC NAME: Viguiera, for L. G. common type in its range. Periwinkle, see Alexander Viguier (1790-1867), a French Vinca major. physician and botanist + cordifolia, Latin for heart-shaped leaves. Viola bicolor Field Pansy COMMON NAME: Heartleaf, for the heart-shaped leaves. Goldeneye, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Viola, Latin for yellow flowers. violet, any sweet-smelling flower + bicolor, Latin for having two colors, for the different colored flower petals. Viguiera dentata Golden Eye COMMON NAME: Field, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Viguiera + dentata, habitat. Pansy, for the resemblance to the Latin for having teeth. Reference is to the garden pansy, from French, pensee, their toothed leaf edges and flower petals. name for this type of flower.

COMMON NAME: Golden Eye, for the yellow flower. Viola lovelliana Lovell’s Violet

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Viola + lovelliana, Latin for pertaining to Lovell, for Phoebe

161 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 162

Lovell, who discovered this flower in 1906, Latin for like a bird’s foot. Reference is to named by Ezra Brainerd (1844-1924). the shape of the leaves.

COMMON NAME: Lovell’s Violet, COMMON NAME: Bird’s-foot Violet, same as scientific name. same as scientific name.

Viola missouriensis Missouri Violet Viola pedatifida Prairie Violet

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Viola + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Viola + pedatifida, missouriensis, Latin for belonging to Latin for cut like a bird’s foot, for the Missouri, for the area of the type shape of the leaves. specimen. COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the COMMON NAME: Missouri Violet, habitat. Violet, same as genus name. same as scientific name.

Viola primulifolia Viola nephrophylla Northern Bug Violet Primroseleaf Violet

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Viola + nephro- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Viola + primulifo- phylla, kidney leaf, from Greek, νεϕρος, lia, Latin for having leaves like a primula nephos kidney and φυλλον, phullon, leaf, (primrose). for the shape. COMMON NAME: Primroseleaf COMMON NAME: Northern, for the Violet, same as scientific name. range in the United States. Bug, for the habitat in damp places. Violet, same as genus name. Viola pubescens Yellow Violet

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Viola + pubescens, Viola palmata Wood Violet Latin for downy hair, for the hairs on the leaves. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Viola + palmata, Latin for like a hand, for the lobed leaves. COMMON NAME: Yellow, for the flower color. Violet, same as genus name. COMMON NAME: Wood, for the habitat. Violet, same as genus name. Viola sagittata Arrowleaf Violet

Viola pedata Bird’s-Foot Violet SCIENTIFIC NAME: Viola + sagittata, Latin for like an arrow, for the arrowhead- SCIENTIFIC NAME: Viola + pedata, shaped leaves.

162 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 163

COMMON NAME: Arrowleaf, for the Wedelia texana Hairy Wedelia arrowhead-shaped leaf. Violet, same as genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Wedelia, for Georg Wolfgang Wedel (1645-1721), a German physician and botanist + texana, Viola sororia Common Blue Violet Latin for pertaining to Texas, for the range. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Viola + sororia, Latin for sisterly, used here to mean very COMMON NAME: Hairy, for the closely related to some other violets. It rough hairs on the leaves. Wedelia, same hybridizes with Viola pedatifidia and as genus name. Viola nephrophylla.

COMMON NAME: Common in its Xanthisma texanum Sleepy Daisy range. Blue for flower color. Violet, same as genus name. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Xanthisma, from Greek, ξανθισµα, xanthisma, dyed yellow, for the flower color + texanum, Viola villosa Carolina Violet Latin for pertaining to Texas, for the range.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Viola + villosa, COMMON NAME: Sleepy Daisy, the Latin for soft hairs, for the hairs on the flowers open at mid-morning and close in leaves. the late afternoon.

COMMON NAME: Carolina, for the area of the type specimen. Violet, same as genus name.

Warnockia scutellarioides Prairie Brazoria

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Warnockia, for Barton Holland Warnock (1911-1998), an American botanist + scutellarioides, resembling Scutellaria, from the genus Scutellaria (skullcap) and Greek, ειοδος, eidos, resembling.

COMMON NAME: Prairie, for the habitat. Brazoria, this plant was originally Xanthisma texanum Sleepy Daisy placed in the genus Brazoria, named for the range along the Brazos River.

163 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 164

Xanthocephalum gymnospermoides Yucca pallida Pale Yucca Gummy Broomweed SCIENTIFIC NAME: Yucca + pallida, SCIENTIFIC NAME: Xanthocephalum, Latin for pale, for the glaucous leaves. yellow-headed, from Greek ξανθος, xanthos, yellow and κεϕαλς, kephal¯e, head COMMON NAME: Pale Yucca, same as + gymnospermoides, to look like a scientific name. Gymnosperma, from the genus Gymnosperma and Greek, ειδος, eidos, resembling. Yucca rupicola Texas Yucca

COMMON NAME: Gummy, for the SCIENTIFIC NAME: Yucca + rupicola, resinous stems and leaves. Broomweed, Latin for living on cliffs, for the common this plant was used as a broom in the past. habitat.

COMMON NAME: Texas, for the Yucca arkansana Arkansas Yucca range. Yucca, same as genus name.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Yucca, the Carib word for cassava, inappropriately applied Yucca torreyi Torrey Yucca to this plant + arkansana, Latin for of Arkansas. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Yucca + torreyi, for John Torrey (1796-1873), an American COMMON NAME: Arkansas, for the physician and botanist who wrote The area of the type specimen. Yucca, same as Flora of North America, with Asa Gray genus name. (1810-1888).

COMMON NAME: Torrey Yucca, same Yucca glauca Small Soapweed as scientific name.

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Yucca + glauca, Latin for having a bloom, a white pow- Zigadenus glaberrimus Camas dery coating occuring on the leaves. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Zigadenus, yoke COMMON NAME: Small, for the gland, from Greek, ζυγον, zugon, yoke relative size. Soapweed, the root lathers in and αδεν, aden, gland. Reference is to the water, may be used as soap or shampoo. flower glands, which sometimes are in pairs (yoked) + glaberrimus, Latin for completely hairless.

COMMON NAME: Camas, from Chinook, kamass, a bulb.

164 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 165

Zigadenus nuttallii Death Camas Zizia aurea Golden Alexander

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Zigadenus + SCIENTIFIC NAME: Zizia, for Johann nuttallii, for Thomas Nuttall (1786-1839), Baptist Ziz (1779-1829), a German an English botanist, explorer, printer, botanist + aurea, Latin for golden, for the ornithologist, and plant collector. He was flower color. a fellow of the Linnaean Society. COMMON NAME: Golden, for the COMMON NAME: Death, the bulb flower color. Alexander, from Old French, and seeds contain toxic alkaloids. Camas, alissandre, their name for this type from Chinook, kamass, a bulb. of plant.

Zinnia acerosa Dwarf Zinnia

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Zinnia, for Johann Gottfried Zinn (1727-1759), a German physcian and botanist + acerosa, Latin for like a needle, for the sharp pointed leaves.

COMMON NAME: Dwarf, for the small size. Zinnia, same as genus name.

Zinnia grandiflora Rocky Mountain Zinnia

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Zinnia + grandiflora, Latin for having large flowers.

COMMON NAME: Rocky Mountain, for the area of the type specimen. Zinnia, same as genus name.

Zinnia grandiflora Rocky Mountain Zinnia

165 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 166

Bibliography

Ajilvsgi, Geyata. Wildflowers of Texas. Jaeger, Edmund C. A Source-Book of Biological Fredericksburg, Tex.: Shearer, 1984. Names and Terms. 3rd ed. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1978. Bell, Robert E. Women of Classical Mythology: A Biographical Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford Liddell, H. G., and R. Scott. A Greek-English University Press, 1991. Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.

Brown, Roland W. Composition of Scientific Loughmiller, Campbell and Lynn. Texas Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Wildflowers. Austin: University of Institution Press, 1956. Texas Press, 2002.

The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. Morris, Richard B., ed. Encyclopedia of New York: Century Company, 1913. American History. New York: Harper and Row, 1961. Davidson, Gustav. A Dictionary of Angels Including the Fallen Angels. New York: Nybakken, Oscar E. Greek and Latin in Free Press, 1967. Scientific Terminology. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1959. Diggs, George M. Jr., Barney L. Lipscomb, and Robert J. O’Kennon. Shinners and Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. Prepared by Mahler’s Illustrated Flora of North Central I. A. Simpson and E. S. Weiner. Texas. Fort Worth: Botanical Research Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. Institute of Texas, 1999. Quattrocchi, Umberto. CRC World Dictionary Freeman, Craig C., and Eileen K. Schofield. of Plant Names. Boca Raton, Fla.: Roadside Wildflowers of the Southern Great CRC Press, 2000. Plains. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1991. Rose, H. J. A Handbook of Greek Mythology. New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, Glare, P. G. W., ed. Oxford Latin Dictionary. 1959. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982. Seyffert, Oskar. A Dictionary of Classical Gotch, A. F. Latin Names Explained. Antiquities, Mythology, Religion, Literature, New York: Facts on File, 1995. and Art. Revised and edited from the original German by Henry Nettleship and Hopkins, Daniel J., ed. Merriam-Webster’s J. E. Sandys. New York: Macmillian, 1904. Geographical Dictionary. 3rd ed. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1997. Skeat, Walter W., ed. An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Oxford: Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spawforth, Oxford University Press, 1959. eds. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Souter, Alexander. A Glossary of Later Latin to 600 A.D. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.

166 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 167

Stearn, William T. Botanical Latin. 3rd ed. London: David and Charles, 1983.

———. Stearn’s Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. Portland, Ore.: Timber Press, 1996.

Sweet, Henry. The Student’s Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1911.

Torrey, John, and Asa Gray. Flora of North America. New York: Hafner, 1969. Reprint, Reprint Services Corp., 1994.

Warre Cornish, Francis, ed. A Concise Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. London: John Murray, 1898.

Webster’s New International Dictionary of the English Language. 2nd ed. Springfield, Mass.: G & C Merriam, 1946.

167 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 168

Index of Common Tansy, 98; Western Silver, Blessed Milk Thistle, 140–41 Names 150; White Heath, 148; Blind Prickly Pear, 110 White Panicle, 149; White Blood Milkwort, 123 Abert Wild Buckwheat, 62–63 Prairie, 148–49; Bloodroot, 136 Acacia: Blackbush, 3; Prairie, Willowleaf, 150/ Blue Cardinal Flower, 94 2; Roemer’s, 3 I Blue False Indigo, 22 Allegheny Monkey Flower, Baby Blue Eyes, 105 Blue Funnel Lily, 11–12 102 Baby White Aster, 36 Blue Gilia, 73 Alligator Weed, 9 Bachelor’s Button, 33 Blue Larkspur, 54 Amelia’s Sand Verbena, 2 Banana Water Lily, 106 Blue Mustard, 38–39 American Blueheart, 27 Basin Fleabane, 62 Blue Phlox, 118 American Bugleweed, 96 Basket Flower, 33 Blue Sage, 135 American Germander, 152 Bastard Toadflax, 42–43 Blue Star, 11 Anemone: Carolina, 12; Bastardia, 24 Blue Verbena, 158 Southern, 12; Tenpetal, 12 Beach Evening Primrose, 107 Blue Water Lily, 106 Angel Trumpets, 3 Beach Gerardia, 5 Blue Waterleaf, 80 Annual Fleabane, 62 Beach Ground Cherry, 119 Bluebell Gentian, 69 Annual Larkspur, 43–44 Beach Morning Glory, 84 Blue-Eyed Grass, 141, 142 Annual Lupine, 96 Beaked Corn Salad, 157 Bluestem Prickly Poppy, 15 Antelope Horn, 17 Bearded Awn, 52 Bluet: 80; Fineleaf, 76; Mat, Apache Plume, 70 Bearded Grass Pink, 29 80; Nodding, 80; Rose, 80; Arizona Snake Cotton, 70 Beautiful False Dragonhead, Southern, 80; Tiny, 80 Arkansas Calamint, 27 120 Bluntleaf Milkweed, 17 Arkansas Lazy Daisy, 13–14 Beggar Ticks, 25 Bog Yellowcress, 132 Arkansas Meadow Rue, 152 Bentpod Milk Vetch, 20 Boneset, 67 Arkansas Yucca, 164 Big Bend Bluebonnet, 96 Bownut Cryptantha, 48 Aromatic Aster, 149 Bigflower Bladderpod, 90 Bracted Spiderwort, 153 Arrowhead: 135; Common, Bigflower Coreopsis, 45 Breadroot Scurf Pea, 115 135; Scythe-Fruit, 135 Bigleaf Periwinkle, 161 Brickellbush, 27 Arrowleaf Malvella, 99 Bigroot Wavewing, 51 Bristly Locust, 131 Arrowleaf Violet, 162–63 Bindweed Heliotrope, 78 Bristly Sensitive Briar, 101–102 Ashy Sunflower, 77 Bird’s-Foot Violet, 162 Broadleaf Milkweed, 17 Aster: Aromatic, 149; Baby Bird-of-Paradise, 27 Broadpod Twistflower, 147 White, 36; Bushy, 148; Birdwing Passion Flower, 113 Broom Snakeweed, 74–75 Calico, 149; Common Bitter Sneezeweed, 76 Broom Whitlow Wort, 113 Blue Wood, 148; Bittercress, 31 Broomweed, 10, 74 Drummond’s, 148; Eastern Bitterweed, 81–82 Brown-Eyed Susan, 133 Annual Saltmarsh, 150; Black Locust, 131 Buckley’s Penstemon, 115 Golden, 39; Gray Golden, Blackbush Acacia, 3 Buckwheat: Abert Wild, 79; Heath, 150; Late Blackcherry, 127 62–63; Heartsepal Wild, Purple, 149; Leafy, 148, Black-Eyed Susan, 133 63; Longleaf Wild, 63; 149; Narrowleaf Golden, Blackfoot Daisy, 99 Wild, 63 79; Northern Bog, 147–48; Blackland Thistle, 39–40 Buffalo Bur, 142 Skyblue, 149; Southern Blazing Star, 91, 100 Buffalo Gourd, 49 Annual Saltmarsh, 148;

168 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 169

Bull Nettle, 42 Carolina Violet, 163 Coffee Bean, 139 Bull Thistle, 40 Carpet Ajuga, 6 Colic Root, 6–7 Bundle Flower, 55 Carpetweed, 85–86, 103–104 Common Arrowhead, 135 Burrhead, 61 Catalpa, 33 Common Blackberry, 133 Bush Clover, 89 Catclaw Cactus, 70 Common Blue Violet, 163 Bush Morning Glory, 83 Catclaw Sensitive Briar, 102 Common Blue Wood Aster, Bush’s Wild Indigo, 23 Catclaw, 3 148 Bushy Aster, 148 Celeryleaf Buttercup, 130 Common Columbine, 14 Bushy Eryngo, 63–64 Cenizo, 90–91 Common Corn Cockle, 6 Bushy Knotweed, 124 Centaury: 34; June, 34; Rock, Common Dandelion, 151 Bushy Seedbox, 95 34; Texas, 34 Common Dayflower, 43 Bushy Wallflower, 65 Century Plant, 5–6 Common Evening Primrose, Buttercup, 129 Chamaesaracha, 37 107 Butterfly Milkweed, 19 Chervil, 36 Common Flax, 93 Button Blazing Star, 91 Chickweed, 35, 146 Common Ground Cherry, 119 Button Bush, 35 Chicory, 39 Common Groundsel, 138 Button Snakeroot, 64 Chisos Hedgehog, 60 Common Least Daisy, 36 Buttonbush Dodder, 49 Christmas Cactus, 109 Common Mallow, 98 I Cinquefoil, 125 Common Meadow Beauty, Cactus: Catclaw, 70; Clammy Weed, 121–22, 122 131 Christmas, 109; Claret- Claret-Cup Cactus, 60 Common Milkweed, 19 Cup, 60; Cone, 105; Clasping False Pimpernel, 92 Common Morning Glory, 83 Hedgehog, 153; Claspingleaf Coneflower, 57 Common Mouse Ear, 35 Pincushion, 66; Pineapple, Clematis: Netleaf, 41; Pitcher’s, Common Mullein, 157 46–47; Plains Nipple, 66; 41; Scarlet, 41; Sweet Common Periwinkle, 161 Rhinoceros, 46; Rusty Autumn, 41 Common Shadbush, 9 Hedgehog, 60; Strawberry, Cleomella, 42 Common Sow Thistle, 144 60; Texas Rainbow, 60 Climbing Hempweed, 101 Common Sunflower, 77 Calico Aster, 149 Climbing Prairie Rose, 132 Common Vetch, 161 California Caltrop, 85 Cloth-of-Gold, 90 Common Water Hemlock, 39 California Loosestrife, 97 Clover: Bush, 89; Creeping Compact Dodder, 49 California Poppy, 66 Bush, 89; Crimson, 156; Compass Plant, 140 Camas: 164; Death, 165 Golden Prairie, 51; Hairy Cone Cactus, 105 Camphor Weed, 121 Bush, 89; Low Hop, 156; Copper Lily, 75 Canada Goldenrod, 142–43 Pin, 63; Purple Prairie, 52; Coral Bean, 65 Canada Milk Vetch, 20 Red, 156; Silky Prairie, 52; Coral Honeysuckle, 95 Canaigre, 134 Sour, 100; Texas Bush, 89; Corn Gromwell, 93 Candelilla, 68 White, 156; White Prairie, Corn Salad, 157 Canyon Sage, 135–36 51; White Sweet, 99; Cornbind, 124 Cardinal Flower, 94 Yellow Sweet, 100 Cory’s Evening Primrose, 107 Carolina Anemone, 12 Cluster Dodder, 50 Corydalis: Curvepod, 46; Carolina Horse Nettle, 142 Clusterstem Nailwort, 112 Mealy, 46 Carolina Jessamine, 72 Coast Germander, 152 Cowherb, 157 Carolina Rose, 132 Cobaea Beardtongue, 115–16 Crag Lily, 13

169 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 170

Crane’s Bill, 73 Redseed, 151; Texas, 128; I Creamy Milk Vetch, 21 Tuber Dwarf, 86; Tuber Earleaf Gerardia, 4 Creek Plum, 127 False, 128; Virginia Dwarf, Earleaf Toothcup, 9 Creeping Burrhead, 61 87; Western Dwarf, 86; Early Southern Coral Root, 44 Creeping Bush Clover, 89 White, 120; Wright’s East Texas Greenthread, 153 Creeping Eryngo, 64 Dwarf, 87 Easter Daisy, 153 Creeping Ladies Sorrel, 110 Death Camas, 165 Eastern Annual Saltmarsh Creeping Orchid, 75 Deer Pea Vetch, 160 Aster, 150 Creosote Bush, 88 Denseflower Bladderpod, 90 Eggleaf Skullcap, 137 Crested Prickly Poppy, 16 Desert Candle, 52–53 Elderberry, 136 Crimson Clover, 156 Desert Marigold, 22 Emperor’s Candlesticks, 139 Cristatella, 122 Desert Mariposa Lily, 29 Encinilla, 47–48 Cross Vine, 26 Desert Poppy, 85 Engelmann Daisy, 61 Croton: One-Seed, 48; Desert Tobacco, 106 Engelmann Evening Primrose, Texabama, 47; Texas, 48; Desert Willow, 38 107 Three-Seed, 48; Woolly, 47 Devil’s Claw, 126 Engelmann’s Milkweed, 17 Crown Vetch, 46 Ditch Stonecrop, 117 Engelmann’s Prickly Pear, 109 Cup Rosinweed, 140 Dodder: 50; Buttonbush, 49; Erect Dayflower, 43 Curl Flower, 41 Cluster, 50; Compact, 49; Eryngo: Bushy, 63–64; Curly Dock, 134 Five-Angled, 50; Creeping, 64; Hooker’s, 64; Curlytop Gumweed, 74 Gronovius’, 50; Hazel, 49; Leavenworth’s, 64; Curvepod Corydalis, 46 Red, 50; Tree, 50 Simpleleaf, 64; Cutleaf Evening Primrose, 107 Dogfennel, 67 Evening-Star Rain Lily, 44 Cutleaf Germander, 152 Dog-Tooth Violet, 65, 66 I Cutleaf Ground Cherry, 119 Dotted Beebalm, 104 False Dandelion, 101, 128 Cutleaf Ironplant, 97 Dotted Gayfeather, 91 False Dragonhead, 120 Cutleaf Ironweed, 76 Dotted Smartweed, 124 False Garlic, 106 I Downy Goldenrod, 143 False Gaura, 146 Daisy Fleabane, 62 Downy Ground Cherry, 119 False Indigo, 10 Daisy: Arkansas Lazy, 13–14; Downy Oakleech, 22 False Liatris, 31–32 Blackfoot, 99; Common Downy Paintbrush, 32–33 False Mallow, 98 Least, 36; Easter, 153; Drummond Phlox, 118 False Pennyroyal, 155–56 Engelmann, 61; Hairy Drummond’s Aster, 148 False Pimpernel, 11 Lazy, 13; Huisache, 9; Drummond’s Nailwort, 112 False Ragweed, 113 Oxeye, 90; Plains Lazy, 13; Drummond’s Oxalis, 110 Fanleaf Vervain, 158 Riddell’s Lazy, 13; Sawleaf, Drummond’s Sandwort, Feather Dalea, 52 74; Sleepy, 163; 102–103 Fendler Bladderpod, 90 Squarebud, 151; Western, Drummond’s Wild Onion, 7–8 Fendler’s Penstemon, 116 22 Dune Bluebonnet, 96 Fetid Marigold, 58 Dakota Verbena, 158 Dwarf Crownbeard, 159 Fewflower Tickclover, 56 Dalea: Dwarf, 52; Feather, 52; Dwarf Dalea, 52 Fiddle Dock, 134–35 Gregg’s, 52; Purple, 52 Dwarf Dandelion, 86 Fiddleleaf Tobacco, 106 Dame’s Rocket, 78 Dwarf Larkspur, 54 Fiddleleaf, 104 Damianita, 39 Dwarf Mouse-Ear Chickweed, Field Bindweed, 44 Dandelion: Common, 151; 36 Field Pansy, 161 Dwarf, 86; False, 101, 128; Dwarf Zinnia, 165 Field Pussytoes, 12

170 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 171

Fineleaf Bluet, 76 Fringed Sneezeweed, 76 Gray Golden Aster, 79 Fineleaf Gerardia, 4 Fringeleaf Ruellia, 134 Grayhead Prairie Coneflower, Fineleaf Woolly White, 81 Frog Fruit, 118–19 130 Finger Coreopsis, 45 Frostweed, 159 Great Plains Ladies’ Tresses, Finger Poppy Mallow, 28 I 145 Fire Pink, 140 Gattinger’s Gerardia, 5 Great Solomon’s Seal, 123 Fire-on-the-Mountain, 68 Gaura: False, 146; Largeflower, Green Antelope Horn, 20 Five-Angled Dodder, 50 72; Plains, 71; Scarlet, 71; Green Dragon, 16 Fiveleaf Jack-in-the-Pulpit, 16 Sweet, 72; Velvety, 72; Green False Nightshade, 37 Flatflower Gerardia, 5 Wavyleaf, 72; White, 72; Green Lily, 136–37 Flax: 92; Common, 93; Woolly, 72 Green Milkweed, 19 Flowering, 92; Meadow, Gayfeather: 91; Dotted, 91; Green Spurge, 68 93; Prairie, 92–93; Narrowleaf, 91; Thickspike, Green Wild Indigo, 23–24 Stiffstem, 93; Yellow 91 Greeneyes, 24 Prairie, 93 Gerardia: Beach, 5; Earleaf, 4; Greenflower Hedgehog, 61 Fleabane: Annual, 62; Basin, Fineleaf, 4; Flatflower, 5; Greenthread, 152 62; Daisy, 62; Gattinger’s, 5; Plateau Gregg’s Dalea, 52 Philadelphia, 62; Plains, Gerardia, 4–5; Purple, 5; Gregg’s Mistflower, 67 62; Slender, 62; Western, Slender, 5 Gronovius’ Dodder, 50 62; Giant Four O’Clock, 103 Ground Cherry: Beach, 119; Flixweed Tansy Mustard, Giant Goldenrod, 143 Common, 119; Cutleaf, 54–55 Giant Milk Vetch, 20 119; Downy, 119; Low, Floating Bladderwort, 156–57 Giant Spiderwort, 154 119; Purple, 128–29; Floating Evening Primrose, Glacier Lily, 65 Virginia, 119 95–96 Globe Berry, 82 Ground Plum, 20 Flowering Dogwood, 45 Goat Head, 155 Groundnut, 14 Flowering Flax, 92 Goat’s Beard, 155 Groundsel: Common, 138; Flowering Spurge, 68 Goat’s Rue, 151 Prairie, 111; Texas, 138; Flower-of-an-Hour, 79 Goat-foot Morning Glory, 83 Gulf Gumweed, 74 Forked Blue Curls, 156 Golden Alexander, 165 Gumhead, 75 Four O’Clock: Giant, 103; Golden Aster, 39 Gummy Broomweed, 164 Narrowleaf, 103; Smooth Golden Crownbeard, 159 Gyp Blue Curls, 117 Trailing, 7; Trailing, 7; Golden Eye, 161 Gyp Indian Blanket, 71 Vine, 3–4; White, 103; Golden Fumewort, 46 I Wild, 103 Golden Glow, 133 Hairy Bittercress, 31 Fourleaf Manyseed, 122 Golden Prairie Clover, 51 Hairy Bush Clover, 89 Fourleaf Milkweed, 18 Graham’s Prickly Pear, 109 Hairy Cluster Vine, 85 Fourpoint Evening Primrose, Grass Pink: 29; Bearded, 29; Hairy False Nightshade, 38 108 Oklahoma, 29 Hairy Lazy Daisy, 13 Fragrant Gaillardia, 71 Grass: Blue-Eyed, 141, 142; Hairy Phacelia, 117 Fragrant Goldenrod, 143 Pale Blue-Eyed, 142; Hairy Wedelia, 163 Fragrant Mimosa, 101 White-Eyed, 141–42; Hairyflower Spiderwort, 154 Fragrant Water Lily, 106 Yellow Star, 82 Hartweg’s Evening Primrose, French Mulberry, 28 Gravelbar Brickellbush, 27 29–30 Fringe Tree, 38 Gray Bindweed, 44 Havard Penstemon, 116 Fringed Puccoon, 94 Gray Chickweed, 35 Hazel Dodder, 49

171 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 172

Heartleaf Ampelopsis, 10 Intermediate False Desert Mariposa, 29; Heartleaf Goldeneye, 161 Dragonhead, 120 Evening-Star Rain, 44; Heartsepal Wild Buckwheat, Iris: Prairie, 105; Southern, Fragrant Water, 106; 63 84–85; Zigzag, 84 Glacier, 65; Green, 136–37; Heath Aster, 150 Ironweed, 160 Rain, 44; Sand, 100–101; Hedge Bindweed, 30 Ivyleaf Morning Glory, 83 Spider, 81; Swamp, 47; Hedge Mustard, 141 I Yellow Cow, 106 Hedgehog Cactus, 153 Jack-in-the-Pulpit, 16 Limestone Ruellia, 134 Hedgehog Prickly Poppy, 16 James’ Nailwort, 112–13 Lindheimer Beebalm, 104 Heller’s Marbleseed, 108 Jerusalem Artichoke, 77–78 Lindheimer Tephrosia, 151 Henbit, 87–88 Jimsonweed, 53 Lindheimer’s Milk Vetch, 20 Hierba Del Caballo, 30 Jones Selenia, 138 Lindheimer’s Milkwort, 122–23 Hillside Vervain, 158 June Centaury, 34 Lindheimer’s Nailwort, 113 Hilly Sandwort, 15 I Lindheimer’s Senna, 139 Hoary Puccoon, 93 Knotweed, 124 Little Cryptantha, 48–49 Hoary Tickclover, 55 I Little Ladies’ Tresses, 145 Hoary Verbena, 159 Ladies’ Tresses, 145 Little Mallow, 98 Hog Peanut, 10 Lanceleaf Loosestrife, 97 Little Prickly Pear, 109 Honey Mesquite, 126 Lanceleaf Sage, 136 Littlehead Gumweed, 73 Honeysuckle: Coral, 95; Lantana: Largeleaf, 88; Texas, Littleleaf Buttercup, 129 White, 95; Wild, 72 88; Veinleaf, 88 Littleleaf Tickclover, 55 Hooker Palafoxia, 111 Large Beardtongue, 116 Lizard’s Tail, 136 Hooker’s Croptilon, 47 Large Buttercup, 129 Locoweed, 111 Hooker’s Eryngo, 64 Largeflower Gaura, 72 Longbract Wild Indigo, 23 Horse Crippler, 59 Largeflower Tickclover, 55–56 Longleaf Wild Buckwheat, 63 Huajillo, 2 Largeleaf Lantana, 88 Longtube Trumpet Flower, 98 Huisache Daisy, 9 Largeleaf Pussytoes, 13 Looseflower Penstemon, 116 Huisache, 3 Larkspur: Annual, 43–44; Lotus Milk Vetch, 21 Hummingbird Bush, 12 Blue, 54; Dwarf, 54; Lovell’s Violet, 161-–62 I Late Purple Aster, 149 Low Ground Cherry, 119 Illinois Bundle Flower, 55 Late-Flowering Boneset, 67 Low Hop Clover, 156 Illinois Tickclover, 56 Laurel Cherry, 126 Low Prickly Pear, 109 India Mustard, 27 Lavender Toothcup, 9 Lyreleaf Sage, 136 Indian Blanket, 71 Lavenderleaf Evening Primrose, Lyreleaf Twistflower, 146–47 Indian Breadroot, 114, 115 30 I Indian Fire, 135 Lead Plant, 9–10 Mallow: Common, 98; False, Indian Hemp, 14 Leafy Aster, 148, 149 98; Finger Poppy, 28; Indian Mallow, 2 Leafy Rose, 132 Indian, 2; Little, 98; Indian Paintbrush, 32 Leavenworth’s Eryngo, 64 Narrowleaf Globe, 144–45; Indigo: Blue False, 22; Bush’s Lechuguilla, 5 Plains Poppy, 28; Rose, 79; Wild, 23; False, 10; Green Lemon Mint, 104 Roundleaf, 98; Scarlet Wild, 23–24; Longbract Lemon Paintbrush, 32 Globe, 145; Scarlet Rose, Wild, 23; Plains Wild, 23; Lesser Chickweed, 146 79 Two-Color Wild, 22–23; Lily: Banana Water, 106; Blue Malvella, 98–99 Varicolor Wild, 24; White, Funnel, 11–12; Blue Water, Manyflower Agrimony, 6 23; Wild White, 23; 106; Copper, 75; Crag, 13; Marigold: Desert, 22; Fetid, 58

172 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 173

Marsh Milkwort, 122 Flixweed Tansy, 54–55; Ocotillo, 70 Maryland Meadow Beauty, 131 Hedge, 141; India, 27; Ohio Spiderwort, 154 Maryland Tickclover, 56 Rocket, 141; Tansy, 54; Oklahoma Blackberry, 133 Mat Bluet, 80 Tumble, 141 Oklahoma Grass Pink, 29 Mat Chaff Flower, 8 I Oklahoma Phlox, 118 Mauchia, 39 Narrowleaf Bladderpod, 90 Oklahoma Plum, 127 Maximilian Sunflower, 77 Narrowleaf Dragonhead, Old Plainsman, 81 Mayapple, 121 119–20 Oldfield Cinquefoil, 125–26 Meadow Flax, 93 Narrowleaf Four O’Clock, 103 Old-Field Goldenrod, 143 Mealy Corydalis, 46 Narrowleaf Gayfeather, 91 One-Seed Croton, 48 Mealy Sage, 135 Narrowleaf Globe Mallow, Onion: 7; Drummond’s Wild, Melonleaf Nightshade, 142 144–45 7–8; Plains Wild, 8; Prairie, Mexican Devil Wood, 38 Narrowleaf Golden Aster, 79 8; Runyon’s, 8; Wild, 7 Mexican Hat, 130 Narrowleaf Milkweed, 18 Orange Flameflower, 150 Mexican Plum, 127 Narrowleaf Morning Glory, 84 Oval-Leaf Bladderpod, 90 Mexican Poppy, 15 Narrowleaf Purple Coneflower, Oxeye Daisy, 90 Mexican Thistle, 64 58 Oyster Plant, 155 Milfoil, 3 Narrowleaf Rushfoil, 48 I Milkweed: Bluntleaf, 17; Narrowleaf Sand Verbena, 2 Paintbrush: Downy, 32–33; Broadleaf, 17; Butterfly, 19; Narrowleaf Seedbox, 95 Indian, 32; Lemon, 32; Common, 19; Engelmann’s, Narrowleaf Spiderling, 26 Scarlet, 32; Texas, 32 17; Fourleaf, 18; Green, 19; Narrowleaf Verbena, 159 Pale Blue Flag, 84 Narrowleaf, 18; Poison, 18; Narrowpod Bundle Flower, 55 Pale Blue-Eyed Grass, 142 Sand, 17; Shore, 18; Netleaf Clematis, 41 Pale Coneflower, 59 Showy, 18; Sidecluster, 18; Nettle: Bull, 42; Carolina Pale Evening Primrose, Slim, 18; Sullivant, 19; Horse, 142; Purple Dead, 106–107, 108 Swamp, 17; Texas, 19; 88; Rock, 66 Pale Fumewort, 46 Whiteflower, 19; Whorled, Nettleleaf Vervain, 159 Pale Lobelia, 94 19 New Jersey Tea, 33 Pale Smartweed, 124 Missouri Goldenrod, 143 Nightshade: Green False, 37; Pale Trumpet, 84 Missouri Milk Vetch, 21 Hairy False, 38; Melonleaf, Pale Yucca, 164 Missouri Primrose, 108 142; Plateau False, 37; Palespike Lobelia, 94 Missouri Violet, 162 Silverleaf, 142; Woolly Paloverde, 112 Mistflower, 67 False, 38 Panicled Amorpha, 10 Mock Bishop’s Weed, 128 Nodding Beggar Ticks, 25 Panicled Tickclover, 56 Morning Glory: Beach, 84; Nodding Bluet, 80 Passion Flower, 113 Bush, 83; Common, 83; Nodding Chickweed, 35 Pasture Heliotrope, 78 Goat-Foot, 83; Ivyleaf, 83; Nodding Thistle, 31 Patagonia Plantain, 120 Narrowleaf, 84; Saltmarsh, Northern Bog Aster, 147–48 Pea: Breadroot Scurf, 115; 83; Wild, 83 Northern Bug Violet, 162 Scarlet, 82; Scurfy, 127; Moth Mullein, 157 Northern Dewberry, 132–33 Sensitive, 37; Showy Mountain Corkwing, 51 Nuttall’s Baptisia, 29 Partridge, 37; Silverleaf Mountain Pepperweed, 89 Nuttall’s Evolvulus, 69 Scurf, 114; Spurred, 35; Multibloom Tephrosia, 151 Nuttall’s Tickclover, 56 Tall-Bread Scurf, 114–15; Multiflora Rose, 132 I Turkey, 21; Turniproot Mustard: Blue, 38–39; Oakleaf Datura, 53 Scurf, 115

173 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 174

Pectis, 114 Platte River Milk Vetch, 21 Cory’s Evening, 107; Cutleaf Pennsylvania Smartweed, 124 Plume Seed, 129 Evening, 107; Engelmann Penstemon: 117; Buckley’s, Pointed Phlox, 118 Evening, 107; Floating 115; Fendler’s, 116; Poison Hemlock, 43 Evening, 95–96; Fourpoint Havard, 116; Looseflower, Poison Milkweed, 18 Evening, 108; Hartweg’s 116; Pink Plains, 115; Pokeweed, 120 Evening, 29–30; Scarlet, 116; Tube, 117 Poppy: Bluestem Prickly, 15; Lavenderleaf Evening, 30; Pepper Vine, 10 California, 66; Crested Missouri, 108; Pale Evening, Phacelia, 118 Prickly, 16; Desert, 85; 106–107, 108; Plains Yellow Pheasant’s Eye, 4 Hedgehog Prickly, 16; Evening, 30; Showy Philadelphia Fleabane, 62 Mexican, 15; Pink Prickly, Evening, 108; Squarebud Phlox: Blue, 118; Drummond, 15; Prickly, 15; Rose Day, 29; Stemless Evening, 118; Oklahoma, 118; Prickly, 16; White Prickly, 108; Trumpet Evening, 107; Pointed, 118; Prairie, 118; 15 Water, 95 Roemer’s, 118 Powderpuff, 102 Primroseleaf Violet, 162 Pickerelweed, 125 Prairie Acacia, 2 Prostrate Verbena, 158 Pignut, 79–80 Prairie Agalinis, 5 Puccoon, 93 Pimpernel: Clasping False, 92; Prairie Bishop’s Weed, 25 Purple Candle, 60 False, 11; Scarlet, 11 Prairie Brazoria, 163 Purple Coneflower, 59 Pin Clover, 63 Prairie Flameflower, 150 Purple Dalea, 52 Pincushion Cactus, 66 Prairie Flax, 92–93 Purple Dead Nettle, 88 Pineapple Cactus, 46–47 Prairie Gaillardia, 71 Purple Echinacea, 59 Pink Abronia, 2 Prairie Gentain, 73 Purple Gerardia, 5 Pink Eupatorium, 67 Prairie Groundsel, 111 Purple Ground Cherry, 128–29 Pink Milkwort, 123 Prairie Iris, 105 Purple Meadow Rue, 152 Pink Mint, 146 Prairie Lespedeza, 89 Purple Phacelia, 117–18 Pink Plains Penstemon, 115 Prairie Onion, 8 Purple Pleatleaf, 8 Pink Prickly Poppy, 15 Prairie Parsley, 125 Purple Pluchea, 121 Pitcher’s Clematis, 41 Prairie Pepperweed, 88–89 Purple Prairie Clover, 52 Plains Coreopsis, 45 Prairie Phlox, 118 Purple Spiderling, 26 Plains Fleabane, 62 Prairie Plantain, 17 Purple Toothcup, 9 Plains Gaura, 71 Prairie Rose Gentian, 135 Purplehead Sneezeweed, 76 Plains Ironweed, 160 Prairie Spiderwort, 154 Pussytoes: Field, 12; Largeleaf, Plains Lazy Daisy, 13 Prairie Stickleaf, 101 13 Plains Nipple Cactus, 66 Prairie Violet, 162 I Plains Poppy Mallow, 28 Prairie Wild Rose, 132 Queen Anne’s Lace, 1, 53 Plains Prickly Pear, 109 Prickleleaf Dogweed, 153 Queen’s Delight, 146 Plains Sunflower, 77 Prickly Lettuce, 87 I Plains Wallflower, 64–65 Prickly Pear: Blind, 110; Rain Lily, 44 Plains Wild Indigo, 23 Engelmann’s, 109; Rattlebush, 139 Plains Wild Onion, 8 Graham’s, 109; Little, 109; Rayless Goldenrod, 25–26 Plains Yellow Evening Low, 109; Plains, 109 Rayless Goldenrod, 85 Primrose, 30 Prickly Poppy, 15 Rayless Gumweed, 74 Plateau False Nightshade, 37 Prickly Sida, 139–40 Red Buckeye, 4 Plateau Gerardia, 4–5 Primrose: Beach Evening, 107; Red Bud, 36 Plateau Spiderwort, 153–54 Common Evening, 107; Red Clover, 156

174 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 175

Red Dodder, 50 Saffron Thistle, 32 Shrubby Boneset, 67 Red Gaillardia, 71 Sage: Blue, 135; Canyon, Sickle Pod, 139 Red Yucca, 79 135–36; Lanceleaf, 136; Sidecluster Milkweed, 18 Redbud, 100 Lyreleaf, 136; Mealy, 135; Sideflower Skullcap, 137 Redroot, 33 Texas, 136 Silky Prairie Clover, 52 Redseed Dandelion, 151 Salt Marshmallow, 86 Silverleaf Nightshade, 142 Resinous Skullcap, 137 Saltmarsh Morning Glory, 83 Silverleaf Scurf Pea, 114 Reverchon’s Spiderwort, 155 Sand Bell, 104 Simpleleaf Eryngo, 64 Rhinoceros Cactus, 46 Sand Bittercress, 31 Skeletonplant, 97 Riddell’s Lazy Daisy, 13 Sand Lily, 100–101 Skullcap: 137; Eggleaf, 137; Rigid Goldenrod, 143 Sand Milkweed, 17 Resinous, 137; Sideflower, Rigid Tickclover, 56 Sand Palafoxia, 112 137; Small, 137; Wright’s, Rock Centaury, 34 Sand Vine, 51 138 Rock Coreopsis, 45 Sandhill Plum, 126 Skyblue Aster, 149 Rock Nettle, 66 Sandyland Bluebonnet, 96 Skyrocket, 84 Rock Rose, 114 Sawleaf Daisy, 74 Sleepy Daisy, 163 Rock Sandwort, 103 Sawtooth Sunflower, 77 Slender Bristle Thistle, 31 Rocket Mustard, 141 Scarlet Clematis, 41 Slender Fleabane, 62 Rockpink, 150 Scarlet Creeper, 82 Slender Gerardia, 5 Rocky Mountain Bee Plant, 42 Scarlet Gaura, 71 Slender Goldenweed, 47, 97 Rocky Mountain Zinnia, 165 Scarlet Globe Mallow, 145 Slender Greenthread, 153 Roemer’s Acacia, 3 Scarlet Paintbrush, 32 Slender Ladies’ Tresses, 145 Roemer’s Euphorbia, 69 Scarlet Pea, 82 Slender Lespedeza, 89 Roemer’s Phlox, 118 Scarlet Penstemon, 116 Slender Milkwort, 122 Rose Bluet, 80 Scarlet Pimpernel, 11 Slender Mountain Mint, 128 Rose Mallow, 79 Scarlet Rose Mallow, 79 Slender Rosinweed, 140 Rose Palafoxia, 112 Scrambled Eggs, 46 Slender Snake Cotton, 70 Rose Prickly Poppy, 16 Scurfy Pea, 127 Slenderhead Euthamia, 69 Rose: Carolina, 132; Climbing Scythe-Fruit Arrowhead, 135 Slenderleaf Betony, 146 Prairie, 132; Leafy, 132; Sea Oxeye, 26 Slickseed Wildbean, 147 Multiflora, 132; Prairie Seaside Heliotrope, 78 Slim Milkweed, 18 Wild, 132; Rock, 114; Self-Heal, 126 Slimleaf Hymenopappus, 81 Smallflower, 132 Sensitive Pea, 37 Slimpod Milk Vetch, 20 Rouge Plant, 131 Sessileleaf Tickclover, 57 Small Palafoxia, 111 Roughleaf Dogwood, 45 Shaggy Portulaca, 125 Small Skullcap, 137 Roughstem Rosinweed, 140 Sharpwing Monkey Flower, 102 Small Soapweed, 164 Roundfruit St. John’s Wort, 82 Shooting Star, 57 Smaller Redroot, 33 Roundleaf Mallow, 98 Shore Milkweed, 18 Smallflower Rose, 132 Roundleaf Monkey Flower, Short-Ray Prairie Coneflower, Smallflower Vetch, 160 102 130 Smallfruit Agrimony, 6 Runyon’s Onion, 8 Shortstalk Chickweed, 35 Smallhead Boltonia, 26 Rush Skeletonplant, 97 Showy Evening Primrose, 108 Smooth Beardtongue, 116 Rusty Hedgehog Cactus, 60 Showy Menodora, 100 Smooth Bidens, 25 I Showy Milkweed, 18 Smooth Dock, 134 Sacred Datura, 53 Showy Partridge Pea, 37 Smooth Phacelia, 117 Safflower, 32 Showy-Wand Goldenrod, 144 Smooth Trailing Four O’Clock, 7

175 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 176

Smooth Twistflower, 147 Spurred Pea, 35 Texas Dandelion, 128 Snake Cotton, 70 Squarebud Daisy, 151 Texas Geranium, 73 Snake Herb, 58 Squarebud Day Primrose, 29 Texas Gourd, 49 Snapdragon Vine, 99 St. John’s Wort, 82 Texas Greeneyes, 24 Sneezeweed, 76 Stalked Ruellia, 134 Texas Groundsel, 138 Snout Smartweed, 124 Stemless Corkwing, 50 Texas Ironweed, 160 Snow-on-the-Mountain, Stemless Evening Primrose, Texas Lantana, 88 68–69 108 Texas Madrone, 14 Snow-on-the-Prairie, 68 Stemless Spiderwort, 155 Texas Milk Vetch, 21 Snowy Orchid, 75 Stickleaf, 101 Texas Milkweed, 19 Soapwort, 136 Sticktights, 56 Texas Mountain Laurel, 144 Soft Goldenrod, 143 Stiffstem Flax, 93 Texas Paintbrush, 32 Soft Greeneyes, 25 Stinking Pluchea, 121 Texas Rainbow Cactus, 60 Softseed Ruellia, 134 Stinkweed, 13 Texas Sabadilla, 137 Sorrel: Creeping Ladies, 110; Strawberry Cactus, 60 Texas Sage, 136 Violet Wood, 111; Sullivant Milkweed, 19 Texas Selenia, 138 Windowbox Wood, 110; Sundew, 57–58 Texas Sophora, 144 Yellow Wood, 110 Sunflower: Ashy, 77; Texas Spiderwort, 154 Sour Clover, 100 Common, 77; Maximilian, Texas Star, 84 Southern Anemone, 12 77; Plains, 77; Sawtooth, Texas Stillingia, 146 Southern Annual Saltmarsh 77; Swamp, 76–77; Texas Stonecrop, 138 Aster, 148 Willowleaf, 77 Texas Stork’s Bill, 63 Southern Bluet, 80 Swamp Lily, 47 Texas Thistle, 40 Southern Catalpa, 33 Swamp Milkweed, 17 Texas Toadflax, 92 Southern Dewberry, 133 Swamp Sunflower, 76–77 Texas Vervain, 158 Southern Iris, 84–85 Sweet Autumn Clematis, 41 Texas Virgin’s Bower, 41 Southern Jointweed, 123 Sweet Gaura, 72 Texas Yellow Star, 92 Southern Pepperweed, 88 Sweet-Breath-of-Spring, 95 Texas Yucca, 164 Southern Thorn Apple, 53 I Tharp’s Spiderwort, 155 Southwest Cosmos, 47 Tall Coneflower, 133 Thicket Knotweed, 125 Southwestern Carrot, 54 Tall Ironweed, 160 Thicket Threadvine, 51 Sow Thistle, 144 Tall Joe-Pie Weed, 66 Thicksepal Cryptantha, 48 Spanish Needles, 25 Tall Thistle, 39 Thickspike Gayfeather, 91 Spectacle Pod, 57 Tall Wine Cup, 28 Thistle: Blackland, 39–40; Spider Lily, 81 Tall-Bread Scurf Pea, 114–15 Blessed Milk, 140–41; Bull, Spiderplant, 41–42 Tansy Aster, 98 40; Common Sow, 144; Spike Phacelia, 117 Tansy Mustard, 54 Mexican, 64; Nodding, 31; Splitleaf Gilia, 73 Tenpetal Anemone, 12 Saffron, 32; Slender Bristle, Spoonflower, 42 Tenpetal Mentzelia, 100 31; Sow, 144; Tall, 39; Texas, Spotted Beebalm, 104 Texabama Croton, 47 40; Wavyleaf, 40; Yellow, 40; Spreading Chervil, 36 Texas Bluebonnet, 96 Yellow Spine, 40; Yellow Spreading Dayflower, 43 Texas Broomweed, 75 Star, 34 Spreading Dogbane, 14 Texas Bush Clover, 89 Threadleaf Mock Bishop’s Weed, Spreading Sida, 139 Texas Centaury, 34 127 Spring Beauty, 40–41 Texas Croton, 48 Threadleaf Snakeweed, 74 Spring Cress, 31 Texas Cryptantha, 49 Three-Seed Croton, 48

176 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 177

Thymeleaf Sandwort, 15 Velvetleaf, 2 Water Primrose, 95 Tickclover: Fewflower, 56; Velvety Gaura, 72 Water Smartweed, 123–24 Hoary, 55; Illinois, 56; Velvety Nerisyrenia, 105 Water Willow, 85 Largeflower, 55–56; Venus’ Looking Glass, 156 Watercress, 131–32 Littleleaf, 55; Maryland, Verbena: Amelia’s Sand, 2; Blue, Wavyleaf Gaura, 72 56; Nuttall’s, 56; Panicled, 158; Dakota, 158; Hoary, Wavyleaf Thistle, 40 56; Rigid, 56; Sessileleaf, 159; Narrowleaf, 159; Wax Goldenweed, 75 57; Tweedy’s, 57; Velvetleaf, Narrowleaf Sand, 2; Weed: Alligator, 9; Camphor, 57 Prostrate, 158 121; Clammy, 121–22, Tickseed, 45 Vervain: Fanleaf, 158; Hillside, 122; Mock Bishop’s, 128; Tiny Bluet, 80 158; Nettleleaf, 159; Texas, Prairie Bishop’s, 25; Tall Toadflax: Bastard, 42–43; 158 Joe-Pie, 66; Threadleaf Common, 92; Texas, 92 Vetch: Bentpod Milk, 20; Mock Bishop’s, 127 Tobacco Tree, 105 Canada Milk, 20; Common, Western Daisy, 22 Tocalote, 34 161; Creamy Milk, 21; Western Dwarf Dandelion, 86 Toothed Spurge, 68 Crown, 46; Deer Pea, 160; Western Fleabane, 62 Topeka Purple Coneflower, 59 Giant Milk, 20; Western Ironweed, 159–60 Torrey Yucca, 164 Lindheimer’s Milk, 20; Western Rock Jasmine, 11 Trailing Four O’Clock, 7 Lotus Milk, 21; Missouri Western Silver Aster, 150 Trailing Hedge Bindweed, 30 Milk, 21; Platte River Milk, Western Tickseed, 25 Trailing Krameria, 86 21; Slimpod Milk, 20; Western Wallflower, 65 Trailing Wildbean, 147 Smallflower, 160; Texas Western Wild Lettuce, 87 Tree Cholla, 109 Milk, 21; Winter, 161; White Barbara’s Buttons, 99 Tree Dodder, 50 Wright’s Milk, 22 White Beardtongue, 115 Trumpet Creeper, 31 Vine Four O’Clock, 3–4 White Boltonia, 26 Trumpet Evening Primrose, Violet Collinsia, 42 White Buckeye, 4 107 Violet Heliotrope, 78 White Clover, 156 Trumpet Slimpod, 11 Violet Ruellia, 134 White Dandelion, 120 Tube Penstemon, 117 Violet Wood Sorrel, 111 White Dog-Tooth Violet, 65 Tube Tongue, 141 Violet: Arrowleaf, 162–63; White Four O’Clock, 103 Tuber Dwarf Dandelion, 86 Bird’s-Foot, 162; Carolina, White Gaura, 72 Tuber False Dandelion, 128 163; Common Blue, 163; White Heath Aster, 148 Tumble Mustard, 141 Dog-Tooth, 65, 66; Lovell’s, White Honeysuckle, 95 Turk’s Cap, 98 161–62; Missouri, 162; White Indigo, 23 Turk’s Head, 70 Northern Bug, 162; Prairie, White Loco, 144 Turkey Pea, 21 162; Primroseleaf, 162; White Locoweed, 111 Turniproot Scurf Pea, 115 White Dog-Tooth, 65; White Milkwort, 122 Turnsole, 78 Wood, 162 White Panicle Aster, 149 Tweedy’s Tickclover, 57 Virginia Bugleweed, 96–97 White Prairie Aster, 148–49 Two-Color Wild Indigo, Virginia Dayflower, 43 White Prairie Clover, 51 22–23 Virginia Dwarf Dandelion, 87 White Prickly Poppy, 15 Twoleaf Senna, 139 Virginia Ground Cherry, 119 White Snakeroot, 67 I I White Stylisma, 147 Varicolor Wild Indigo, 24 Warty Caltrop, 86 White Sweet Clover, 99 Veinleaf Lantana, 88 Water Hyacinth, 61 Whitebrush, 8 Velvetleaf Tickclover, 57 Water Plantain, 7 White-Eyed Grass, 141–42

177 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 178

Whiteflower Milkweed, 19 I Whiteflower Rosinweed, 140 Yellow Cow Lily, 106 Whiteleaf Mountain Mint, Yellow Hymenopappus, 81 128 Yellow Lady’s Slipper Orchid, Whorled Milkweed, 19 51 Whorled Milkwort, 123 Yellow Meadow Beauty, 130 Whorled Silene, 140 Yellow Passion Flower, 113 Wild Azalea, 131 Yellow Prairie Flax, 93 Wild Bergamont, 104 Yellow Puff, 105 Wild Buckwheat, 63 Yellow Spine Thistle, 40 Wild Currant, 24 Yellow Star Grass, 82 Wild Four O’Clock, 103 Yellow Star Thistle, 34 Wild Honeysuckle, 72 Yellow Stonecrop, 138 Wild Hyacinth, 30 Yellow Strawberry, 58 Wild Leek, 7 Yellow Sunnybell, 137 Wild Lettuce, 87 Yellow Sweet Clover, 100 Wild Morning Glory, 83 Yellow Thistle, 40 Wild Onion, 7 Yellow Violet, 162 Wild Parsley, 94–95 Yellow Wood Sorrel, 110 Wild Petunia, 27–28 Yellowtop, 111 Wild Plum, 126 Yerba Mansa, 12 Wild Potato, 83 Yerba Raton, 22 Wild White Indigo, 23 I Willow Slimpod, 11 Zigzag Iris, 84 Willowleaf Aster, 150 Willowleaf Sunflower, 77 Windowbox Wood Sorrel, 110 Wine Cup, 28 Wingpod Portulaca, 125 Wingstem, 159 Winter Vetch, 161 Wood Betony, 114 Wood Violet, 162 Woodland Agrimony, 6 Woolly Croton, 47 Woolly False Nightshade, 38 Woolly Gaura, 72 Woolly Ironweed, 160 Woolly Locoweed, 21 Woolly Paper Flower, 127 Woolly White, 81 Woolly Yarrow, 3 Wright’s Dwarf Dandelion, 87 Wright’s Milk Vetch, 22 Wright’s Skullcap, 138 Wright’s Snakeroot, 6

178 Flower bk-text 9/2/05 04:21 PM Page 179

Notes