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Biography of Paul Berg, A: the Recombinant Dna A Biography of Paul Berg THE RECOMBINANT DNA CONTROVERSY REVISITED 8986_9789814569033_tp.indd 1 19/5/14 4:19 pm b1674 The Recombinant DNA Controversy Revisited b1674_FM This page intentionally left blank b1674_FM.indd viii 23-05-2014 12:04:10 A Biography of Paul Berg THE RECOMBINANT DNA CONTROVERSY REVISITED Errol C. Friedberg University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, USA With a Foreword by Sydney Brenner Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine, 2002 World Scientific NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI 8986_9789814569033_tp.indd 2 19/5/14 4:19 pm Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Friedberg, Errol C., author. A biography of Paul Berg : the recombinant DNA controversy revisited / Errol C Friedberg ; foreword by Sydney Brenner. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-9814569033 (hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-9814569040 (pbk. : alk. paper) I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Berg, Paul, 1926– 2. Genetics--United States--Biography. 3. DNA, Recombinant-- United States. WZ 100] QH447 572.8'6092--dc23 [B] 2013041976 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Copyright © 2014 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. Printed in Singapore b1674 The Recombinant DNA Controversy Revisited b1674_FM About the Author Errol C. Friedberg, M.D., is Emeritus Professor of Pathology at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas. He is a Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists and Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of South Africa and holds an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. He is a recipient of the Rous Whipple Award from the American Society of Investigative Pathology and the Lila Gruber Honor Award from the American Academy of Dermatology. Friedberg is the author of Cancer Answers, Correcting the Blueprint of Life: An Historical Account of the Discovery of DNA Repair Mechanisms, The Writing Life of James D. Watson, From Rags to Riches: The Phenomenal Rise of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, and Sydney Brenner: A Biography. He is also senior author of the textbook DNA Repair and Mutagenesis and has edited and annotated a series of interviews published as Sydney Brenner: My Life in Science. v bb1674_FM.indd1674_FM.indd v 223-05-20143-05-2014 112:04:102:04:10 b1674 The Recombinant DNA Controversy Revisited b1674_FM Friedberg, E. C. (1985) DNA Repair. W. H. Freeman & Co., New York. Friedberg, E. C. (1992) Cancer Answers: Encouraging Answers To 25 Questions You Were Always Afraid To Ask. W. H. Freeman & Co., New York. Friedberg, E. C., Walker. G. C. and W. Siede. (1995) DNA Repair and Mutagenesis. ASM Press, Washington, D.C. Friedberg, E. C. (1997) Correcting the Blueprint of Life: An Historical Account of the Discovery of DNA Repair Mechanisms. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY. Friedberg, E.C. (2005) The Writing Life of James D. Watson. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY. Brenner, S., Wolpert, L., Friedberg, E. C. and Lawrence, E. (2005) My Life in Science, BioMed Central. Friedberg, E. C., G. C. Walker, W. Siede, R. D. Wood, R. A. Schultz and T. Ellenberger (2006) DNA Repair and Mutagenesis (2nd edition) ASM Press, Washington, DC. Friedberg, E. C. (2007) From Rags to Riches. The Phenomenal Rise of The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Carolina Academic Pres. Raleigh Durham, NC. Friedberg, E. C. (2010) Sydney Brenner-A Biography. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY. bb1674_FM.indd1674_FM.indd vvii 223-05-20143-05-2014 112:04:102:04:10 b1674 The Recombinant DNA Controversy Revisited b1674_FM For my sons Malcolm, Andrew, Jonathan and Lawrence & my grandsons Mason, Hayden and Levi bb1674_FM.indd1674_FM.indd vviiii 223-05-20143-05-2014 112:04:102:04:10 b1674 The Recombinant DNA Controversy Revisited b1674_FM This page intentionally left blank b1674_FM.indd viii 23-05-2014 12:04:10 b1674 The Recombinant DNA Controversy Revisited b1674_FM History is that certainty produced at the point where the imperfections of memory meet the inadequacies of documentation. Julian Barnes (author) bb1674_FM.indd1674_FM.indd iixx 223-05-20143-05-2014 112:04:102:04:10 b1674 The Recombinant DNA Controversy Revisited b1674_FM This page intentionally left blank b1674_FM.indd viii 23-05-2014 12:04:10 b1674 The Recombinant DNA Controversy Revisited b1674_FM Contents About the Author v Timeline xiii Notable Honors and Awards xxi Acknowledgements xxiii Foreword xxv Preface xxvii Prologue xxxi PART I 1 Chapter 1 Growing up in Brooklyn 3 Chapter 2 The Essential Paul Berg 17 Chapter 3 College — and World War II 21 Chapter 4 Western Reserve University 33 Chapter 5 Copenhagen 55 PART II 63 Chapter 6 Washington University, St. Louis 65 Chapter 7 Discovering Transfer RNA 77 Chapter 8 Stanford University — and its Refurbished Department of Biochemistry 89 Chapter 9 Transcription and Translation: New Directions 105 xi bb1674_FM.indd1674_FM.indd xxii 223-05-20143-05-2014 112:04:102:04:10 b1674 The Recombinant DNA Controversy Revisited b1674_FM xii A Biography of Paul Berg PART III 111 Chapter 10 Making Recombinant DNA — The First Faltering Steps 113 Chapter 11 Making Recombinant DNA; A Major Breakthrough 127 Chapter 12 EcoRI Restriction Endonuclease — A Major Breakthrough 145 Chapter 13 “Coincidence is the Word We Use When We Can’t See the Levers and Pulleys” 155 Chapter 14 Yet Another Stanford Contribution 175 PART IV 187 Chapter 15 An Historic Meeting in Hawaii 189 Chapter 16 The Recombinant DNA Controversy 203 Chapter 17 A Momentous Gordon Research Conference 219 Chapter 18 Making Recombinant Molecules with Frog DNA 229 Chapter 19 The Controversy Heats Up 239 Chapter 20 Asilomar II 255 Chapter 21 The Dissenters: A Different Point of View 275 Chapter 22 The Aftermath 287 Chapter 23 Legislative and Revisionist Challenges to Recombinant DNA 295 Chapter 24 Asilomar II — Lessons Learned 307 PART V 311 Chapter 25 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 313 Chapter 26 Commercializing the Technology 323 Chapter 27 Life Goes On 331 Chapter 28 The “Retirement” Years 345 Chapter 29 Public Policy Issues — And Other Interests 357 Chapter 30 Personal Challenges 375 References 381 Index 385 bb1674_FM.indd1674_FM.indd xxiiii 223-05-20143-05-2014 112:04:102:04:10 b1674 The Recombinant DNA Controversy Revisited b1674_FM Timeline 1926 (June 30) Birth date 1940 Berg enters Abraham Lincoln High School, Brooklyn, New York 1943 (November) Berg Enlists in the US Navy 1944 Berg enters Pennsylvania State (Penn State) University 1946 Berg is discharged from the US Navy and returns to Penn State 1947 (September 13) Berg marries Mildred (Millie) Levy 1948 Berg graduates from Pennsylvania (Penn) State University 1948 Berg enters graduate school at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 1952 Berg graduates with a Ph.D. degree from Case Western Reserve University 1952–53 Postdoctoral work with Herman Kalckar at the Institute of Cytophysiology, Copenhagen, Denmark 1953 Postdoctoral work with Arthur Kornberg at Washington University, St. Louis xiii bb1674_FM.indd1674_FM.indd xxiiiiii 223-05-20143-05-2014 112:04:102:04:10 b1674 The Recombinant DNA Controversy Revisited b1674_FM xiv A Biography of Paul Berg 1955–1959 Asst. Prof./Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis 1956 Berg discovers a new enzymatic mechanism for acetate activation 1958 (September 30) John Berg born in Palo Alto, California 1957–58 Berg discovers tRNA in the bacterium E. coli 1959–60 Assoc. Prof., Dept of Biochemistry, Stanford University 1960–2000 Professor, Dept of Biochemistry, Stanford University 1969–1974 Chairman, Dept. of Biochemistry, Stanford University 1961 Berg attends International Biochemistry Congress, Moscow, USSR 1965 Berg hears a pivotal lecture in Dale Kaiser’s graduate course at Stanford 1967–68 Berg takes sabbatical leave at the Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 1968 Berg initiates experiments to generate recombinant DNA molecules 1968 (November, 26) Berg applies to the American Cancer Society (ACS )for a research grant to support this research 1969 Stanford graduate student Peter Lobban independently conceives ideas for generating recombinant DNA 1969 John Morrow joins the Berg laboratory as a graduate student 1969 (May 14) Berg receives notification of a grant award from the ACS 1969 (March) David Jackson joins the Berg laboratory as a post-doctoral fellow bb1674_FM.indd1674_FM.indd xxiviv 223-05-20143-05-2014 112:04:102:04:10 b1674 The Recombinant DNA Controversy Revisited b1674_FM Timeline xv 1969 (November 6) Peter Lobban’s 3rd examination, Dept.
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