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Aliquot Portion of Their Dues: a Survey of Unified Bar Compliance

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Aliquot Portion of Their Dues: a Survey of Unified Bar Compliance "AN ALIQUOT PORTION OF THEIR DUES: " A SURVEY OF UNIFIED BAR COMPLIANCE WITH HUDSON AND KELLER By Ralph H.Brock" I. INTRODUCTION ......................................... 24 II. THE LABOR UNION-UNIFIED BAR ANALOGY ................. 27 A. Prologue.: "only the duty to pay dues."................... 28 B. The Use of Mandatory Duesfor Politicalor Ideological A ctivities .......................................... 36 C. Chargeableand NonchargeableActivities ............... 40 1. ChargeableActivities ............................ 41 2. Nonchargeable Activities .......................... 43 D. Epilogue: The DissentingMembers' Remedies ............ 45 III. HUDSON/KELLER PROCEDURES AMONG THE UNIFIED BAR A SSOCIATIONS ......................................... 47 A. Post-KellerLitigation ............................... 48 1. The Puerto Rican Litigation ...................... 48 2. The Wisconsin Litigation ......................... 48 3. The FloridaLitigation ........................... 50 4. The New Mexico Litigation ....................... 50 B. Common Misinterpretationsof Hudson and Keller ......... 51 IV. STATE-BY-STATE SURVEY .................. ............. 53 A. The Alabama State Bar .............................. 53 B. The Alaska Bar Association ........................... 53 C. The State Bar ofArizona ............................. 55 D. The State Bar of California ........................... 56 E. The District of Columbia Bar ........................ 57 F. The FloridaBar .................................... 58 G. The State Bar of Georgia ............................. 59 H. The HawaiiState Bar Association ...................... 60 I. The Idaho State Bar ................................. 62 J The Kentucky Bar Association ......................... 63 * "To the extent State Bar funds derived from members' dues are employed ...[for] lobbying in the State Legislature, dues-paying members may, upon application, be refunded an aliquot portion of their dues in the manner prescribed by the Board of Trustees pursuant to this subsection." State Bar of Montana, BYLAWS OF THE STATE BAR OF MONTANA, art. 1,§ 4(b) (on file with Texas Tech Journalof Texas Administrative Law). ** B.A., Texas Tech University, 1971; J.D., Texas Tech University School of Law, 1975. The author is a sole practitioner and a former teaching fellow on the faculty of Texas Tech University School of Law. He gratefully acknowledges the helpful suggestions and advice of Carolyn F. Moore, Esq. and Professor Daniel H. Benson. 24 TEXAS TECH JOURNAL OF TEXASADMINISTRATIVE LAW [Vol. 1:23 K The LouisianaState Bar Association .................... 64 L. The State Bar of Michigan ............................ 64 M The Mississippi State Bar .......................... 66 N. The M issouri Bar ................................... 67 0. The State Bar of Montana ............................ 67 P. The Nebraska State Bar Association .................... 69 Q. The State Bar of Nevada ............................. 69 R. The New HampshireBar Association ................... 70 S. The State Bar of New Mexico ......................... 70 T The North CarolinaState Bar ......................... 71 U The State Bar Association of North Dakota ............... 72 V The Oklahoma Bar Association ........................ 74 W, The Oregon State Bar ............................... 74 X The Rhode Island BarAssociation ...................... 75 Y The South CarolinaBar .............................. 76 Z The State Bar of South Dakota ........................ 77 AA. The State Bar of Texas ............................... 78 BB. The Utah State Bar .................................. 79 CC. The Virginia State Bar ............................... 80 DD. The Washington State Bar Association .................. 80 EE. The West Virginia State Bar .......................... 81 FF. The State Bar of Wisconsin ........................... 83 GG. The Wyoming State Bar .............................. 84 V . CONCLUSION .......................................... 85 A. Some Comparisons .................................. 85 B. Some Suggestions ................................... 87 I. INTRODUCTION Thirty-seven United States jurisdictions (thirty-two states, four territories, and the District of Columbia) require attorneys to become members of a bar and pay bar dues as a condition of practicing law in that jurisdiction.' 1. Keller v. State Bar of California, 496 U.S. 1, 4-5 (1990). The 37 unified bars, and the authority for their unified membership, are the Alabama State Bar, ALA. CODE §§ 34-3-4, 34-3-5 (199 1) and § 40- 1249(a) (1993); the Alaska Bar Association, ALASKA STAT. §§ 08.08.010, 08.08.020 (1994); the State Bar of Arizona, ARIZ. SuP. CT. R. Rules 3 1(a)1, 31 (c)1; the State Bar of California, CAL. BUs. & PROF. CODE §§ 6001, 6002 (West 1990); the District of Columbia Bar, D.C. BAR RULES Preamble, R. 1, § 1, R. II, § 1; the Florida Bar, Petition of Fla.State Bar Ass'n, 186 So. 280 (Fla. 1938), Petition of Fla. State Bar Ass 'n, 40 So.2d 902 (Fla. 1949) and FLA. S. CT. R. REGULATING THE FLA. BAR Introduction, R. 1-3.1; the State Bar of Georgia, In re State Bar of Ga., 219 Ga. 873 (1963), quoted in Wallace v. Wallace, 166 S.E.2d 718, 722 (1979), GA. CODE ANN. § 15-19-30 (Harrison 1994) and RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR ORGANIZATION AND GOVERNMENT OF STATE BAR OF GEORGIA, tit. 9 app., 1.201 (Harrison 1989); the Bar of Guam, 7 GUAM CODE ANN. § 9102 (1993); the Hawaii State Bar Association, In re Integration of the Bar of Hawaii, 432 P.2d 887 (Haw. 1967) and HAWAII SuP. CT. R. 17(a), (c); the Idaho State Bar, IDAHO CODE § 3.405 (1990); the Kentucky Bar Association, KY. SUP. CT. R. 3.025, and 3.030(1); the Louisiana 2000] -AN ALIQUOT PORTION OF THEIR DUES" Even though these unified or integrated bars (the terms are used interchangeably) represent a majority of the United States jurisdictions, there remains a steady drumbeat of opposition dogging any requirement of compulsory bar membership.2 One of the lawyers' most frequent objections State Bar Association, LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 37:211 and CH. 4 APP., art. IV, § I (West 1988); the State Bar of Michigan, MICH. STAT. ANN. § 27A.901 (Callaghan 1986); the Mississippi Bar, MISS. CODE ANN. § 73-3-101, 73-3-103 (1995); the Missouri Bar, MO. R. ANN. 7.01 (West 1995); the State Bar of Montana, MONT. CONST. art. VII, § 2, RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR OF THE STATE OF MONTANA, § IX(3)(c) (1996); the Nebraska State Bar Association, In re Integration of the Nebraska State Bar Ass 'n, 275 N.W. 265 (Neb. 1937), and NEB. SUP. CT. RULE REQUIRING FILING OF NEBRASKA STATE BAR ASSOCIATION RULES WITH SUPREME COURT; the State Bar of Nevada, NEV. REV. STAT. §§ 7.275, 7.285 (1991) and NEV. SUP. CT. R. 76, 77; the New Hampshire Bar Association, In re Unification of the New HampshireBar, 248 A.2d 709 (N.H. 1968), In re Unified New Hampshire Bar, 285 A.2d 792 (N.H. 1972) and In re Unified New Hampshire Bar, 291 A.2d 600 (N.H. 1972); the State Bar of New Mexico, N.M. SUP. CT. R. GOVERNING THENEW MEXICO BAR 24-101; the North Carolina State Bar, N.C. GEN. STAT. §§ 84-15, 84- 16 (1995); the State Bar Association of North Dakota, N.D. CENT. CODE §§ 27-12-01, 27-12-02 (1991); the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Bar Association, 1 N. MAR. 1. CODE §§ 3601-3603 (1984); the Oklahoma Bar Association, In re Integrationof the State Bar of Oklahoma, 95 P.2d 113 (Okla. 1939); the Oregon State Bar, OR. REV. STAT. §§ 9.010,9.160 (1995); the Bar Association of Puerto Rico, P.R. LAWS ANN. tit. 4, §§ 771,774 (1994); the Rhode Island Bar Association, R.I. SUP. CT. R. art. IV. § 1; the South Carolina Bar, S.C. APP. CT. R. 410(a), (d); the State Bar of South Dakota, S.D. CODIFIED LAWS ANN. §§ 16-17-1, 16-17-4 (1995); the State Bar of Texas, TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. §§ 81.01 1(a), 81.051 (West 1988); the Utah State Bar, UTAH CODE ANN. § 78-51-1, 78-51-21 (1992); the Virgin Islands Bar Association, V.I. CODE ANN. tit. 4, §§ 441, 443 (Supp. 1994), V.I. TERR. CT. R. 305 (1994); the Virginia State Bar, VA. CODE ANN. § 54.1-3910 (1994); the Washington State Bar Association, WASH. REV. CODE ANN. §§ 2.48.010,2.48.020-2.48.021 (West 1988); the West Virginia State Bar, W. VA. CODE § 51- 1-4a(d) (1994), and W. VA. SUP. CT. CONST., BY-LAWS AND RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE W. VA. STATE BAR, arts. 1, 111; the State Bar of Wisconsin, WIS. SUP. CT. R. 10.02(1), 10.03(1); and the Wyoming State Bar, WYO.STAT. § 5-2-118(a) (1992) and WYO. SuP. CT. R. PROVIDING FOR THE ORGANIZATION AND GOVERNMENT OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION AND ATTORNEYS OF THE STATE OF WYOMING 1, 2. See also JEFFREY A. PARNESS, CITATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE UNIFIED BAR IN THE UNITED STATES 3-4 (American Judicature Society 1973). Four non-unified states, Arkansas, Indiana, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania, have established systems for supervising, registering and disciplining attorneys. See id. at 4. 2. See, e.g., DAYTON DAVID MCKEAN, THE INTEGRATED BAR (1963); Steven Camp, Arrow v. Dow: The Legacy of Lathrop--State Bars Under Attack, 8 OKLA. CITY U. L. REV. 89 (1983) (analyzing the constitutional justifications for mandatory membership and the constitutional limits to bar activities financed by mandatory dues); Arthur J. England, Jr., A Visionary Opinion, 4 NOVA L.J. 343 (1980) (deferring consideration regarding dissolution of the bar association to the Florida State Bar); Theodore J. Schneyer, The Incoherence of the Unified Bar Concept: Generalizing From the Wisconsin Case, 1983 AM. B. FOUND. RES. J. 1 (1983) (arguing that the Wisconsin State Bar is an impractical organization
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