UNIT 7 SPREADSHEETS : INTRODUCTION TO LOTUS 1-2-3
Structure 7.1 Introduction Objectives 7.2 What is a Spreadsheet 7.3 Spreadsheet in LOTUS 1-2-3 7.4 Components of Spreadsheet 7.5 Loading LOTUS 1-2-3 and Invoking Commands from Menu 7.6 Quitting LOTUS 1-2-3 7.7 Moving the Pointer to a Cell 7.8 Help Facility 7.9 Responding to Prompts 7.10 Entering Data 7.10.1 Types of Entries 7.10.2 Entering Text 7.10.3 Entering a Number 7.10.4 Entering a Formula 7.1 1 Correcting Data 7.12 Increasing or Decreasing the Column Width of a Cell 7.1 3 Saving the Worksheet 7.14 Retrieving Worksheet File . 7.1 5 Summary I ! 7.1 6 Answers to SAQs
I 7.1 INTRODUCTION As we already saw computers are used in various day-to-day activities. Such computer applications are carried out using computer specific software. Spreadsheet is one such software. It is used for doing calculations on data in the form of rows and columns. We will study more about spreadsheets in this unit.
Objectives After studying this unit. you will be able to : 1 explain a spreadsheet, explain LOTUS 1-2-3, identify a worksheet and a cell in the worksheet, I i describe control panel, I invoke various commands from the menu of the worksheet, move the pointer to a particular cell, use help facility effectively, ! enter data in the form of text, numbers and formula, enter edit mode, correct data and exit out of it, save the worksheet, and retrieve the worksheet for further processing...... ". . . . .,.,.,.,.,....:...... X. .. . A1 : :...... Spreadsheets :Introduction to LOTUS 1-23
Column Indicator Mode Indicator Highlighted Area
Row Indicator
Special Keys Error Message Indicator
14-May-96 03:15
Figure 7.2 :Worksheet
1) The top portion is the control panel. 2) The major portion occupying the screen is called the worksheet. 3) Column headings (designated as A, B, C, D, E, . . ., Z. AA, AB, . . ., AZ, BA, BB, . . ., BZ and so on up to IV) appear on the upper portion and row headings (designed from 1 through 248 for release 1A of LOTUS 1-2-3 and up to 8192 in release 2) appear on the left side. You can see that columns are denoted by alphabets and rows by letters. Each location where a vertical line from a column indicator and horizontal line from row indicator meet is called a cell. The column indicator followed by the row indicator such as Al, A2, B3, B5 is called cell address. You can see only a prtion of the total number of columns and rows at a time on the computer monitor. You can move to any portion of the worksheet by using the cursor movement keys, these are the arrow keys on the right side of the keyboard of the computer or the F5 key. As and when you move along the worksheet appropriate column and row headings always appear at the top and left. Another important component of the worksheet is the pointer. This is a highlighting rectangle also called a cursor. You can move this pointer to any cell by using pointer - movement keys on the keyboard of the computer to the cell.
7.4.1 Control Panel At the top of the worksheet is the control panel. It consists of three lines. Let us study each line. First line :First line is the cell control indicator. It shows the cell at which you are currently in. In Figure 7.2, it shows the first cell which is Al. If you have already entered any information it will appear after the cell address. At the right end of the fist line is the mode indicator. In Figure 7.2, it shows 'MENU'. We will study modes shortly.
Second line : When you press "I" on the keyboard, 1-2-3 displays a number of items such as , Worksheet, Range, Copy, Move and so on. This is called the menu. We may also call it main menu. It also displays other items when you work with the worksheet. You will study them as you go along. Third line : Third line displays summaries of items (commands) that you select on the" second line. You can move the highlight from one item to the other in the second line watching the summaries on the third line. To explain this point more clearly, suppose the highlight is on "WorksheetW,thefirst item on the second line. The third line would display ' ..,,,.
14-May-96 03:17 PM 7NUM CAPS SCROLL I Figure 7.3 :LOTUS 1-2-3 Worksheet *
You will find that there is no menu item appearing on the screen. Now press the '/' key. The menu appears (Figure 7.4). The mode indicator changes to MENU and the highlight is on "worksheet" which means that it is the item selected at this point of time.
Worksheet, Range, Copy, Move, File, Print, Graph, Data, System, Quit Global, Insert, Delete, Column, Erase, Titles, Window, Status, Page
14-May-96 03:17 PM NUM . CAPS SCROLL.
Figure 7.4 :LOTUS 1-2-3 Screen with Menu
Press the right arrow key and the highlight moves to "Range". Now the summary line changes correspondingly. The highlight can be moved to any item in the menu and the corresponding summary line appears at the third line. Move the highlight to left by pressing the left arrow key. Bring it to first item "Worksheet" and press RETURN key. Now the summary line corresponding to the "Worksheet" moves Spreadsheets :Introduction to LOTUS 1-23 Fixed Number of Decimal places (x.xx)
I Figure 7.7 :LOTUS 1-2-3Screen
Press enter and you will get a worksheet shown in Figure 7.8.
Figure 7.8': Entering Number of Deciinal Places
The message "Enter number of decimal places (0.. .15) : 2 appears. You can enter a number to specify the number of decimal places to be retained when you enter data into the cells of the worksheet. Now, you can see the mode changed to "EDIT". Press enter and you will again see the worksheet. Spreadsheets :Introduction to 76 QUITTING LOTUS 1-2-3 LOTUS 1-23 We first learnt to invoke a few commands through the menu. Now, let us quit the LOTUS 1-2-3 program. Follow the steps given below. 1) Press "/" to go to menu. Let us hereafter call this menu as "main menu". Now, you will get the menu the second line of which has commands starting from "Worksheet" which is highlighted. 2) Press the right arrow key to move the highlight to "QUIT' and press enter. or Press Q which is the first letter of "QUIT' command. LOTUS 1-2-3 now displays on the second line as QUIT the LOTUS 1-2-3 session? No/Yes The command "No" is highlighted. If you press return it is executed and the LOTUS 1-2-3 worksheet appears again. If you press Y, we exit L(.)TUS 1-2-3. Caution : Before quitting LOTUS 1-2-3 we should save the data entered in case you need it for future use. We shall study how to save data subsequently. At present we have not yet entered any thing useful and so we quit LOTUS 1-2-3 without saving the worksheet.
7.7 MOVING THE POINTER TO A CELL When you do practical LOTUS 1-2-3 work, you will very often find that you are entering a data in a cell and you have to go to some other cell to see what it contains or change its contents. You may use the left, right, up and down arrow keys to move the pointer in the desired direction, one cell at a time. Keep any key pressed and the pointer moves in the appropriate direction very fast. But if the destination cell is far away from the current cell LOTUS 1-2-3 provides an easier way and it is the GO TO key. I To move the pointer directly to a particular cell, press the F5 key. LOTUS 1-2-3 will display I "Enter address to go to" I Enter the address of the cell to go to and press return. Now, the pointer moves to the cell entered. You may then enter a value or edit the value in the particular cell. You may sometimes go to a cell which is not in the current screen. In this case 1-2-3 automatically adjusts and displays the worksheet so that the desired cell is placed at the upper left hand side of the screen when you point to that cell.
7.8 HELPFACILITY When you select a particular command in the second line, u will find that 1-2-3 displays set of commands in the third line of the control panel. You can select any one of them next. At times you may need more information about a command. 1-2-3 helps you with the HELP facility. You may invoke this facility by pressing Fl key. 1-2-3 displays information about the particular command you select at the time of pressing the F1 key. In fact you may press Fl key even when you are entering data or doing any other operation in 1-2-3. You may read the help information 1-2-3 provides you. Press Esc key to resume the operation you have been perfonning at the time of pressing the F1 key. Help screen would also provide you help to see the next help screen, if any.
7.9 RESPONDING TO PROMPTS
A prompt is a message from LOTUS 1-2-3 to tell you do something. For example, it may ask you to enter a filename, or to answer "Yes" or "No" to a question; or to enter a range and so on. If you have to enter "Yes" or "No" simply enter "Y" or "N". After responding to any other prompt press ENTER. Sometimes you may point to a cell with data, and by mistake press a key. In this case if you Spreadsheek: Introduction move the cursor to right, the data in the cell will be overwritten by the keys you pressed. LOTUS 1-23 You have to be careful and avoid such mistakes. Suppose you have entered something by mistake in a cell with data and you realised your mistake immediately. Do not press right arrow key or ENTER key. Just press ESC key. 1-2-3 does not store what you entered by L mistake but retains old data. After typing in data, if you press right arrow key "+",1-2-3 stores the data in the current cell amd places the cursor in the next cell to the right. This method is faster than pressing I "ENTER and then moving the cursor to right by pressing the right arrow key "+". A cell entIy can be 240 characters long. If you enter a text longer than the column width, I complete text will be displayed provided the cell that it overlaps is empty. You studied sufficient details to start entering data in 1-2-3. Now try to enter the data of I Figure 7.1. Before doing so let us study some label prefixes that you may use. 7.10.2 Entering Text Text can also be called label. You should prefix the label with one of the label prefixes (see Table 7.3). A label prefix is a special character to signal to 1-2-3 that you are going to enter text in the current cell. Depending upon the prefix, 1-2-3 displays text in the cell: either left aligned or right aligned, or centered. The prefix '7" repeats the character you enter after that to fill the cell. To explain this more clearly, suppose you want to fill a cell with "*"s. Point to the cell Enter "Y followed by "*". Move the cursor to the right. 1-2-3 fills the cell with '<*77 S. Table 7.3 :Label Prefixes
S1. No. Label Prefix Purpose
1) ' (apostrophe) Left aligned. The matter entered is aligned at the left end of the cell. This is default.
2) " (double quote) Right aligned. Aligned at the right end of the cell.
3) A (carat) Centered. The text is centered within the cell.
4) \ (backslash) Repeating Uie text entered. Repeated from the left end to the right end of the cell.
As you can see from the table, the default label-pefix is apostrophe. So if you want to enter text left-aligned in a cell, you need not enter apostrophe. There is a small catch in not entering the apostrophe. Suppose you want to enter a label such as 125 UX, say a part - number. Since you entered 1 first, 1-2-3 assumes you are entering a number. It accepts the two subsequent characters 2 and 5 but it beeps (an indication of error) when you key in "U because it gets confused since "U" is an alphabet. 1-2-3 places you in EDIT mode. (Watch the top right hand corner.) Now you insert the label prefix at the beginning and press ENTER. 1-2-3 stores label - prefix character as part of the cell entry. Some releases of 1-2-3 do not display it when they display the cell content. In such cases you can display the label prefix by moving the pointer to that cell or by editing the cell. You can also change the label prefix after you have entered it by Editing I You may wonder whether you have to enter the label prefix character if you want to enter the same label prefix in all cells. No yau need not. 1-2-3 provides Global - label prefix for
I this. This applies to all the labels on the entire worksheet, but not the values. The global label prefix command is : /wgl followed by 1 (for left), r (for right) or c (for centre) and press ENTER. L i In case you want to change the label prefix for a particular cell after giving the above command, enter the label prefix only for that part or cell. 1-2-3 overrides the global label prefix only for that cell. I If you want to check current label prefix enter ! Digits 0-9 Spreadsheets :Introduction to ----- + or - sign LOTUS I-*3 -' a period or $ 2) It may end with % to indicate percent. % automatically divides the preceding number by 100, e.g., 5%, 2.2%, and 99.9%. 3) A number may have at most one decimal point, e.g., 5.5. 4) Do not use commas, dollar signs or spaces when entering a number. For example, do not enter numbers as 5,500, 5 510,5$5, but as 5500,5510, 55, respectively. 1-2-3 provides certain FORMAT options (the way you can display numbers). You may display the format options with /Range Format command. /rf Release 2 provides the following formats.
Fixed Scientific Currency General , +/- Percent Date Text Hidden Reset
Let us study them one by one. 1) Fixed In this format you may enter a real number with a fixed number of decimal places. You may have upto 15 decimal places. 2) Scientific The value is displayed in exponential notation. Example : 1.OO E+01 where 1.00 is called the mantissa, and +01 is exponent. In this notation mantissa is multiplied by 10 raised to the power of exponent. Examples : 1.00 E + 01 = 10 1.00 E - 01 = 0.1 The exponent has a range - 99 to +99. 3) Currency If you set this option, 1-2-3 displays "Rs" before every value entered. It displays commas to separate thousands, and encloses negative values in parentheses. 4) General This is the default. 1-2-3 drops all zero values to the right of decimal point. 5) Comma When you enter values in this format, they appear exactly as in currency format without "Rs".
In this format, 1-2-3 displays a plus sign (+) for each integer value and a minus sign (-) for each negative integer value and a pried (.) for a zero value. To illustrate this, suppose you enter 3, three plus signs (+++) appear. Suppose you enter - 3, - - - three negative signs will appear. Suppose the column width is 4. If you enter +5,1-2-3 cannot accommodate 5 plus signs. So a row of 4 asterisks will appear across the column. 7) Percent For this format you must enter the number followed by a % sign immediately after. For example, 10%. 1-2-3 automatically multiplies the number by 100. 8) Date You use this option when you want to display date in the following formats. (D denotes date, M the month and Y the year). The Worksheet Global Format Command Spreadsheets :Introduction to LOTUS 1-23 allows you to set the format to be applied to the entire worksheet. But, if you have used the Irf (Range Format command) and formatted a range of cells, Mrgf command will not affect these cells, but it sets the format option for the remaining cells of the worksheet. But the format of text entries does not change. We can use this command when we create a worksheet where all the values are in one format. Formatting a Cell or a Range Sometimes we may wish to protect a cell or a range of cells from being reformatted by Worksheet Global Format command. We can use the /Range Format command before or after you enter the values or formulae in the range. Both Iwgf and Irf commands affect the values that we have already entered and those that are entered subsequently. Compare this with Label Prefix command which affects entries that we inake subsequently. Using the hidden format option you can hide the display of a value in a cell. Position the pointer at any cell with a value. Enter /rfh for /Range Format Hidden, then press ENTER. The value disappears from the cell display. But you can see the value at the upper left hand comer panel. Enter the original format in the cell and you can see that the value reappears. This function is useful when you wish to hide a confidential figure on a worksheet. SAQ 3 a) What is a prompt ? b) How would you know if 1-2-3 has executed the command you issued to it ? C) What are the various types of data in LOTUS 1-2-3 ? d) What is a prefix ? e) What are the label prefixes ? f) Explain a situation in which not entering a label prefix but using default label prefix would cause confusion. g) Can you make the following entries in 1-2-3 ? Give reasons for your answer. i) 5,500 iii) "5AB I ii) 5AB iv) A1 + B2 h) Match the label prefixes. Label prefix Desired text mode entry i) ' apostrophe 1) Right aligned ii) " double quote 2) Left aligned iii) A caret 3) Repeat iv) \ backslash 4) Centered within the cell i) Are the following correct numbers in 1-2-3 ? Give reasons for your answer ? i) 55,000 ii) $50 iii) 50.00 iv) 51A v) +51 vi) -51 j) i) How will 1-2-3 display 55,000 if currency format is used ? ii) How will it display this if comma format is used ? k) What rs the coinmand to set the same label prefix for all cells in an worksheet ? 1) How will 4, March, 1995 be displayed for the following formats? i) DD-MM-YY ii) DD-MM iii) MMM-YY m) Are the following correct 1-2-3 formulae? Give reasons for your answer'? i) +Al*2 ii) + A1 * 2,000 iii) - A1 + B2 iv) +B5"2 Here you are entering actual values in a cell. It is tedious. The other way is to enter in A4 s~rea~hee~:Int~uctionto the following formula. LOTUS 1-23
Note that you have to prefix "+" to the formula to alert LOTUS 1-2-3 that you are entering a formula. To enter the formula in A4, press Go To (F5) key. When 1-2- 3 prompts you to enter the cell address, enter A4. Then key in the formula and press ENTER to finish. The calculated value appears in the cell A4. In a formula, sometimes you may have to raise a quantity to a power. An example is the formula to calculate the area of a square with side "a", i.e., "a" raised to the power 2. There is no way of entering the power 2 over "a" since we have to enter the formula in a single line. LOTUS 1-2-3 provides the carat character 'LA" to indicate powers in a formula. The following formula indicates the use of this character in a formula.
Example : a A 2 means "a" raised to power 2.
Example : + B5 A 7. In this formula the contents of the cell B5 is raised to power 7. Precedence of Arithmetic Operations When a number of arithmetic operators appear in a formula, the order of carrying out the operations is determined by rules of precedence built into LOTUS 1-2-3. The arithmetic operations are performed from left to right in the following order. 1) Multiplication and division. 2) Addition and subtraction. Let us consider an example.
This example is simple. The formula subtracts the contents of the cell B2 from the contents of the cell A5.
This formula adds the product of the cell A7 and 3 to the contents of the cell Al, i.e., A7 * 3 is performed first and the product is added to the contents of the cell Al. Example : + A1 + A7 12 This formula adds half of the contents of the cell A7 to the contents of the cell Al. We can override the precedence by parenthesising expressions. Example : + (A1 + A7) / 2 In this case the expression within parenthesis is evaluated first even though the nonnal precedence stipulates that multiplication should be done first, i.e., contents of the cell A1 is added to the contents of the cell A7. The sum is divided by 2. When all kinds of arithmetic operators appear in an expression, the summary of precedence is as follows :
A exponentiation 4 - negative 3 * multiplication 2 / division 2 + addition 1 - subtraction 1 The numbers given opposite to each operation denotes its format priority. The higher the number, the higher the priority. The operations with larger priority numbers are performed first unless overridden by parentheses as we saw in the foregoing example. We learnt how to enter a formula. Let us next see how to display a formula. To display the formula we first have to format the cells containing formulae to text form. Enter / r f t (/Range Format Text) 1-2-3 prompb you to enter the range. You may highlight the range or enter the range name ,." '. 3 Spreadsheets :Introduction to Deleting Characters while in EDIT Mode LOTUS 1-23 Backspace key deletes the character preceding the cursor. DEL (delete) deletes character at cur SOT. Inserting while in EDIT Mode Just type in characters to be inserted at the cursor position. 1-2-3 inserts the typed characters. There is no facility to over type characters in EDIT mode in some releases (Release 1A and Release 2). Release 2.01 provides over typing facility in EDIT mode. Getting Out of EDIT Mode After you finish editing an entry, press ENTER key. 1-2-3 quits the edit mode and stores the corrected entry in the cell. Clearing a Worksheet. You may clear the worksheet of all entries by the /Worksheet Erase command.
1-2-3 prompts you to confirm whether or not you want to clear the worksheet. Enter "Y" for yes and 1-2-3 clears the worksheet.
7.12 INCREASING OR DECREASING THE COLUMN WIDTH OF A CELL The default column width for a cell is 9. Suppose you are entering a label (text) in a cell. (Recall that the single quote character ' is the prefix you have to put for labels.) If the text you are entering is more than 9 characters wide you may want wider cells. 1-2-3 provides the facility of adjusting the column width. There are two ways of doing this. 1) The command is (/Worksheet Column Set Width).
1-2-3 prompts you to enter the new column width. You may enter the new column width. 2) The second way of adjusting the column width is as follows : Enter the command
1-2-3 prompts you to enter the column width. Instead of entering new column width, press the right atrow key. The column width is increased by one. Press the left arrow key, column width is decreased by one. By pressing either the left arrow key or right arrow key.the required number of times, you can respectively reduce or increase the column width. Press the arrow key, to adjust the column width as desired and press ENTER. Now, the column width is stored by 1-2-3 for that particular column. The second method enables you to adjust the column width after you have entered data and you want to see how the column looks like if you change the width. You studied how to enter data, correct it, adjust the column width and a few other operations. After you enter data, you naturally would like to keep a permanent record of the data. 1-2-3 provides facility to store or save data for future retrieval and use. Let us study how to save data entered into the worksheet.
7.13 SAVING THE WORKSHEET As you just saw, 1-2-3 provides facilities to save your worksheet and all data currently displayed on the screen for future use. This data includes all entries, display formats (which you studied earlier), column widths, range names, graph and print settings (which you will study later). 1-2-3 even saves the current position of the cursor. Before studying how to save a worksheet let us study some points about file name. In MS-DOS operating system, filename consists of upto eight characters, a dot and a file extension (maximum three characters long) following the dot. iv) CTLR + -+ key 4) ~ovescursor by one character to right Spreadsheets : Introduction to LOTUS 1-2-3 v) HOME key 5) Moves character to the END of entry vi) END 6) Moves cursor to beginning of entry. f) What command saves the worksheet file ? g) What is the command to retrieve a file ?
7.15 SUMMARY In this unit you have seen that the spreadsheet is a program displaying a worksheet with vertical and horizontal arrangements. A cell is the intersection of a vertical and horizontal line. You can enter data into it. Each cell has a unique address denoting the column identification (such as A, B, . . ., IV) and row address (1,2, . . ., 8192). There are upto 256 x 8192 cells in release 2. You studied the various components of the worksheet such as control panel, command line and a line indicating the summary of commands we select in the second line. The worksheet also incorporates an error message area, special key indicator, mode indicator and so on. You also studied the directory structure in DOS. You also learnt to load LOTUS 1-2-3, invoke various commands, move the pointer to various cells using arrow keys and the GO TO (F5) key, invoke help facility (by pressing F1 key) and quit LOTUS 1-2-3 by pressing Q in the main menu. You studied the prompt from LOTUS 1-2-3 which is a message from LOTUS 1-2-3 to tell you to do something. You respond by entering a file name, by answering YES or NO and so on. You also saw how to go back to previous steps in issuing a command by pressing ESC key. When 1-2-3 executes a command given by you, it displays READY mode indicating it is ready to receive one more command from you. You studied the method of entering text, numbers and formula. You saw that you should prefix label by a single quote " ' " and formula with a plus (+) sign. You also learnt the use of double quote prefix to right align data in a cell, the carat (""") prefix to centre text, and I I the backslash 0) prefix to repeat data from left and to the right end of the cell. The label i prefix character is stored as part of the cell entry but 1- 2-3 does not display it while displaying the contents. . 1-2-3 also provides a /Global label prefix command to prefix the desired label in all cells. If you enter a label for a particular cell entry, it overrides the global label prefix only for that cell. You saw the use of /ws (/worksheet status) command to display the global settings (label prefix setting is an example), memory use and hardware setting. Next topic you studied was format. There are different formats such as fixed, scientific, general, percent, date, text, hidden and reset formats. The Iwgf (/worksheet Global Format) command allows you to apply a particular format globally and the range format command to format a range of cells. The next topic of study was entering formula. II Next you studied correcting data, the data that is already typed but not ENTERED. Backspace key erases data typed in but not entered. You can replace an entry in a cell by moving the pointer to that cell, typing new data and pressing ENTER key. You may also use /RE (/Range Erase) command to erase the data in a cell or a range of cells. You may enter EDIT mode by pressing F2 key. 1-2-3 now displays the contents of the current cell at the top left hand side. Move the cursor to the point you want to correct by using right arrow key, CTRL -+for moving 5 characters to right, "HOME key to move the cursor to the first character of the entry, "ENDkey to move the cursor to the last character of the entry and "backspace" key to delete the character preceding the cursor. To get out of Spreadsheets :Introduction to When mode indicator displays "ready", we would know that 1-2-3 has LOTUS 1-23 executed the command we entered. The various types of data in 1-2-3 are i) label (text) ii) number iii) formula A prefix is a character or symbol which we have to enter before keying in a particular type of data. Types of data Prefix Text 11 Number Any number Formula + Suppose you want to enter a data starting with a numeric but consisting of an alphabet such as 1,2,3, A, B, (Part numbers are examples). Suppose, we leave the label prefix and start with 1. 1-2-3 assumes we are entering a number and accepts 1 as well as 2 and 3. But the moment we press A, which is an alphabet 1-2-3 gets confused and indicates an error. This is an example of a situation in question. i) 5,500. 111is is a numeric entry. It should not contain a comma. ii) Starts with a number but consists of alphabets. So we cannot make such an entry. iii) Starts with double quote to denote text. It is a correct entry. iv) A1 + B2. This is a for~nula.So should start with a "+" sign. Qabel Prefix Desired Text Mode for Entry i) ' / Apostrophe Left aligned. ii) " ' Double quote Right aligned.
iii) A ' carat Centered within the cell. iv) \ : backslash Repeat. I i) ~dta correct number, because it consists of a cormm. ii) ~drectA number can start with a "$" sign. iii) 50100 has a decimal point. It is a correct number. . Not correct, Starts with a number, but consists of an alphabet A. Correct number vi) - 51. Correct negative number. i) 1-$-3 will display as Rs.50,000 ii) 1-/dl-3 will display 55,000 if comma format is used, /worksheet global label-prefix or /wgl i) 04-Mar-95 ii) 04-03 iii) Mar-95 i) Correct. ii) Not correct. Contains a comma. iii) Not correct. Starts with a - sign. iv) Correct formula. SAQ 4 a) Exponentiation Negative Multiplication Division Addition Subtraction i) Exponentiation is done first. So2+8=2+64=64.