The American Legion Magazine [Volume 83, No. 4 (October 1967)]

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Volume 83, Number 4

POSTMASTER: Send Form 3579 to P.O. Box 1954 Indianapolis, Ind. 46206

The American Legion Magazine LEGION Offices Editorial & Advertising 720 Fifth Avenue Magazine New York, New York 10019 Publisher, James F. O'Neil

Editor Robert B. Pilkin Contents for October 1967 Art Editor AI Marshall

Assistant Editor John Andreola THE CONGO—SEVEN BLOODY YEARS 8 Associate Editors BY PETER D. BOLTER Roy Miller James S. Swarlz review that assembles the chaos in the Congo into something A Assistant Art Editor like order, as a new chapter unfolds with the kidnapping Waller H. Boll and imprisonment in Algeria of onetime Production Manager Congo leader Moise Tshombe. Art Brelzfieid Copy Editor Grail S. Hanford HARPERS FERRY—WHERE JOHN BROWN RAGED 15 Circulation Manager Dean B. Nelson BY ALDEN STEVENS Indianapolis, Ind. A travel article for today's motorists about the historic West Virginia Advertising Director town, scene of abolitionist Brown's raid in 1859 and im- Kobert P. Redden portant Civil War hub. Thirty-eighth in the series Chicago Sales Office "Seeing Historic America." Raymond W. Welch, Jr. 35 East Wacker Drive Chicago, 111. 60601 312 CEntral 6-2101 IDAHO'S WORLD SCOUT JAMBOREE 16 A STAFF PHOTO REPORT CHANGE OF ADDRESS: A spread of color photos of the scene at the old WW2 Navy boot Notify Circulation Dept., P. O. Box 1954, Ind., 46206 using Post Office camp in Farragut, Idaho, when Boy Scouts from 106 Indianapolis, Form 3578. Attach old address label and nations met there in August. give ()ld and new addresses with ZIP Code number and current membership card number. Also be sure to notify your Post Adjutant. THE NATIONAL COMMANDER OF THE AMERICAN LEGION 18 The American Legion BY R. B. PITKIN Publications Commission: James E. Powers, Macon, Ga. (Chair/nan); An introduction to William E. Galbraith, of Beemer, Nebraska, who Howard E. Lob man, Moorhead, Minn. ( Vice was elected in Boston to be the 1967-68 National Chairman) ; Bob Whittemore, Watertoivn, S.D.

Commander of The American Legion. ( National Com m an der' s Representative ) ; Lang Armstrong, Spokane, U'^ash.; Cliarles E.

Boolli, Huntington, It . Va. ; Adolph F. Bremer, Winona, Minn.; John Cicero, Sivoyer- tille. Pa.; Clovis Copeland, Little Rock, Ark.; HOW WE MADE AN ARMY OUT OF NOTHING IN WW I 20 Paul B. Dagne, Downingtown, Pa. ; Raymond (A WWl 50TH ANNIVERSARY FEATURE) Fields, Guym on, Okla. ; Chris Hernandez, BY LYNWOOD MARK RHODES Savfinnah George Sumter, S.C.; , Ga.; D. Levy, There wasn't even an organized division in the U.S. Army when Dr. Charles R. Logan, Keokuk, Iowa ; Frank C. Love, Syracuse, N.Y.; Morris Meyer, Stark- Congress declared war on Imperial Germany in April ville. Miss.; J. H. Morris, Baton Rouge, La.; 1917. Here's how we scrambled to make a Robert Mitchler, Ostvego, III.; Harry H. fighting force from scratch. Schaffer, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Bradley J. Stephens, Los Altos, Calif.; Wayne L. Talbert. Delphi, Ind.; Benjamin B. Truskoski, Bristol, Conn.; Robert H. Wilder, Dadeville. Ala.; E. Meade Wilson, Mulberry, Fla.; Edward McSweeney, A REPORT FROM BOSTON, MASS 26 Neiv York, N.Y. (Consultant) Sixteen pages of text and photos of The American Legion's 49th annual National Convention in Boston, 26-31. Aug. The American Legion Magazine is published monthly at 1100 West Broadway, Louisville, Ky. 40201 by The American Legion. Copyright 1967 by The American Legion. Second-class postage paid at Louisville, Ky. Price: single Departments cents yearly subscription, $2.00. copy, 20 ; Order nonmember subscriptions from the Cir- culation Department of The American Legion, EDITOR'S CORNER ....2 DATELINE WASHINGTON 47 P.O. Box 1954, Indianapolis, Ind. 46206.

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR ....4 LEGION SHOPPER 62 Editorial and advertising offices: 720 5th Ave., New York. N.Y. 10019. Wholly owned by PERSONAL ....7 PARTING SHOTS 64 The American Legion, with National Head- quarters at Indianapolis, Ind. 46206. William E. Galbraith, National Commander.

Manuscripts, artwork, cartoons submitted for consideration will not be returned unless a self-addressed, stamped envelope is included. This magazine assumes no responsibility for unsolicited material. Advertising Sales Representatives JE Publishers Representive Co. 8380 Melrose Avenue Los Angeles, California 90069

420 Market Street San Francisco, California 91111

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 theatres of war during WW2." If you're an ex-POW craving a change of scene EDITOR'S for your 1969 vacation you have 21 months from October 1 to salt away the CORNER needed cash. Qantas Airlines has just advised us that the present round trip air fare to Brisbane from N.Y. is $1,734.70 THE BLOODY CONGO—AGAIN? (first class) or $1,246.00 (economy). Since Peter D. Bolter completed his From San Francisco the figures are article on the Congo (p. 8) further events $1,412.90 and $1,008.00, respectively.

bear out his hunch that you will find it Scheduled one-way flight to Brisbane from timely. Mr. Bolter refreshes you on the New York takes 20'/2 hours, from San Congo mess that has boiled and bubbled Francisco 14'/2 hours. We would assume and at times shocked the world in the that similar conditions prevail on other years since 1960. His hunch was that by lines flying to Australia. The climate in

the time you read it the Congo will be Brisbane verges on the sub-tropical, a bit looming large in the news again, and a like a somewhat wetter El Paso, but as

refresher will help you make some sense June is its equivalent of our December it out of what you may be reading in the can get cool then—-like in the 40's at night. papers. For further information write: Such seems to be the case as we add The Honorable Secretary of State, a final note at presstime that, in the GPO Box 1972 X, Brisbane, Queensland, eastern Congo, forces hostile to dictator Australia. Joseph Mobutu—and to his plans to kill Moise Tshombe—have entrenched them- FOR FARRAGUT "BOOTS" selves and warned that Mobutu and his Our color spread starting on page 16 government are in danger if Tshombe is of this issue gives you a peek at the harmed. Mobutu can be counted upon World Boy Scout Jamboree, held this last to resist and attack if he can. August on the site of the old WW2 Navy Mobutu, supported by American for- boot camp at Farragut, Idaho. Had we eign policy, has been successful in putting had a few more pages to spare, we'd have down opposition in the past, but has included some nostalgic photos of what's counted largely on moving his troops left of the old Navy camp today, for the through the Congo with the help of U.S. benefit of the tens of thousands of WW2 planes. vets who learned how to put the left There is little sentiment among the foot in front of the right at Farragut, way people of the United States or in Congress back when. We can report that only four to aid Mobutu in events springing from old Navy structures remain—two water his determination to put Moise Tshombe towers, the old brig, and the fence around .E 0 to death, and there have already been the property. Back in untrodden areas the 0- rumblings in Congress against providing bare foundations of old barracks remain. any such aid. They stand in tall grass, and within them Part of U.S. policy in support of Mo- evergreens up to eight feet tall are grow- butu is that he has always been firmly ing where just possibly you—dear Navy anti-Communist. Tshombe and his fol- vet—once suffered white-gloved inspec- lowers are anti-Communist even more tion of the dust under your bunk. Beauti- so. So we have the makings of another ful Lake Pend Oreille is still there, and first-class mess in the United States when nearby Bayview is a summer marina town, it comes to taking sides between two anti- flooded with boat owners from all over Communist forces in a foreign land, at the west in the summer months. Their a time when that land may again erupt docks and summer homes stand way out into terrible violence. Just to show how over the water on floating piers. The Navy complex such things are, a likelihood re- is still present on Pend Oreille, whose mains that Mobutu, for all his past anti- great depths it uses as an inland substitute Communist record, may call in the Other for the ocean in oceanographic work. Side to help put down Tshombe's friends Out in the middle of the lake it has if we don't assist him in events growing anchored a semi-permanent floating base out of his determination to kill Tshombe. for deep-water schooling and research. How would you like to be Secretary We were told, but do not know, that the of State? small sub which rescued an H-bomb from Spanish waters was checked out there. EX-POW REUNION IN AUSTRALIA Hard by Bayview the Navy still has a have no idea how We many U.S. WW2 small shore base for this work. But the veterans who were once prisoners of war great grounds of Farragut will be con- could it for a make world reunion of verted into a full-fledged Idaho State allied ex-POWs in Australia in 1969. Park now that Boy Scouts from all over Anyway, we here pass the word along that the world have met there and departed. the Queensland Ex-P.O.W. Association RBP plans a big reunion on Queensland's Gold Coast from June 4 to June 8, 1969, and invites allied WW2 POWs from all over CHANGE OF ADDRESS the world to attend if they can. Noel M. Notify Circulation Dept., P. O. Box Laugher, the State Secretary of Queens- 1954, Indianapolis, Ind. 46206, using land (the Australian state in which Bris- Post Office Form 3578. Attach old bane, MacArthur's former Australian address label and give old and new addresses with zip code and current base city, is located) has specifically asked * Local taxes and prices may vary by state, membership card number. Also be us to invite "All members of the Ameri- m. DANT OiSTIUERY CO.. IGiJISVlUt, KV. sure to notify your Post Adjutant. © can forces who were P.O.W.'s in various

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THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 3 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR^, executive Letters published do not necessarily express the policy of The American Legion. Keep letters short. Name and address must be furnished. Expressions of opinion and requests for personal services are appreciated, but they cannot be acknowledged or answered, due to lack of magazine staff for these purposes. Requests for personal services which may be legitimately asked of business The American Legion should be made to yow Post Service Officer or your state (Department) American Legion Hq. Send letters to the editor to: Letters. The American Legion Magazine, 720 5th Ave- C9S6S... nue, New York, N.Y. 10019.

THE POSTMASTER GENERAL WRITES impressively sir: Your Pro and Con article in the August issue, "Should the Post Office Be Made a Private Corporation?" pro- smooth, duced some interesting arguments on both sides of the question. Unfortunately, I think some of your readers might gain the impression that quietly this topic related in some way to the proposal I made last April, and now under study by a special Presidential commission, to provide better service by re- elegant. moving the Post Office from the Cabinet and recasting it as a corporation. My proposal clearly called for a public, government-owned corporation, responsive to national policy and the will of the people, perhaps designed along the lines of the Tennessee Valley Authority.

The postal service is, in my view, a major national resource. Mail, as a form of cheap communication, is vital to commerce; mail, as a channel of inviolate communication, is vital to the maintenance of a free society; mail, as a nation- wide network, is vital to the feeling of identity of all our people, rural and ur- ban. A private corporation, interested in maximizing private profit, might well compromise an institution that has served the American people well since the time of Benjamin Franklin. My concern is to maximize the public profit. That's why I proposed a corporation owned by all the people, not one that might ignore public need in favor of private gain. Lawrence F. O'Brien The Postmaster General Washington, D.C. Everything about the Royal Traveller Attache Case is professional. Corners are curved. Locks are hidden. The comfortable handle retracts when you're not A CONGRESSMAN REPLIES holding it. Interiors are richly textured. And there's an expandable file folder. sir: I wrote my half of your Post Office Choose Black, Olive, or Tan. The Royal Traveller Attache. It's an office away debate in August, in support of the af- from the office. Yours for an amazingly low price! firmative view, with Postmaster General O'Brien's proposal clearly in mind. In Available in 3" and 5" wide models. fact, in the third paragraph of my statement supporting the proposal, I wrote: "A government corporation, armed with a fixed formula for rate-making, could tie the rates for such as advertising mail to what it costs to deliver it." I want to thank the many Legionnaires who sent in their ballots and also supported my position to make "junk mail" pay its way. Royal Traveller Attache Congressman Ken Hechler (W.Va.) House of Representatives Look for the name of your nearest Royal Traveller dealer under Luggage In Washington, D.C. the Yellow Pages, or write Shwayder Bros., Inc., Denver, Colorado 80217. {Continued on page 6)

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THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 5 CONTINUED made a most grievous error in banning LETTERS prayer in our public schools. Hottest TO THE EDITOR I also believe that the Legion, as a body, should exert all its influence to ensure the adoption by the U.S. Senate of Senator Dirksen's Resolution 1. Isticks VIETNAM'S SORRIEST STORY The hour has come when we have to sir: That was quite an article about stand up "For God and Country." "The Sorriest Story in Vietnam" (the Tom B. WATKINS sad story of the 1954 Geneva Conference Fredonia, N.Y. in town! and its "peacekeeping teams" in South- east Asia) in the August issue. A lot of sir: Let me offer my most heartfelt the guys here have read it and it's thanks for the wonderfully inspiring brought them a little closer to "Why Chaplains' Message. Those of us (and Vietnam?"—understanding it, that is. we are usually the older generation) David Bialoglowy who rely heavily on God's assistance in Da Nang, Vietnam our daily lives, who personally know the comfort and inspiration that belief

Mr. Bialoglowy, a Marine, is the son of in a Higher Authority provides for us, Henry S. Bialoglowy, immediate past who daily see proof of this Authority Department Commander of The Amer- when we follow the rules laid down for ican Legion of Connecticut. us, understand very well what Father O'Driscoll means in his message. COMPTON MacPhERSON sir: "The Sorriest Story in Vietnam" Queens, N.Y. was one of the best news stories I have encountered in some time. This cer- TRIBUTE TO AMERICANS tainly points out the farce which is go- A SOME ing on in Vietnam. sir: I read "A 'Farewell' to Some Amer- We have a circulation of 8,900 daily. icans" in the August issue with sadness. With your permission we would like to It does not seem proper to simply write reprint the story as soon as possible. off without further regard the people William B. Hodges, News Editor for whom these bases were named. They Citizen Tribune represented a cross section of our coun- Morristown, Tenn. try's finest citizens who served their fullest measure by giving their lives. It that continuing sir: a few days before I received your seems too bad a me- August issue with its incredible story on morial could not be established. the International Control Commission, Sumner L. Thompson Portland, I read the following item in The Wall So. Maine Street Journal: "Warsaw pledged aid to Hanoi 'until complete victory' is won NEWFOUNDLANDERS IN and disclosed that Polish firearms have U.S. ARMED FORCES? already been sent to North Vietnam. A sir: Information is being urgently sought Polish delegation returned home after a by the Government of Newfoundland five-day visit to Vietnam and a stop in concerning all Newfoundlanders who Moscow for talks with Communist Party lost their lives while serving in the Chief Brezhnev. A Polish press agency Armed Forces and Auxiliary Services of FIBERGLASS quoted a delegation member as telling the United States in WWl, WW2 and the the Vietnamese, 'We are glad that Polish Korean War. It would be greatly appre- guns are bringing concrete results to you ciated if anyone knowing of any such " BILLIARD CUES in your fight.' person would send the fullest possible Lifetime straight! St. Croix How, then, can anyone expect the ICC particulars to the undersigned. fiberglass cues can't warp, to accomplish anything worthwhile as Allan M. Fraser, Chairman can't rot, can't absorb long as a Pole or any other Communist Newfoimdland Book of moisture. Color-impreg- — nated charcoalj green and —is a member? Remembrance Committee sandstone finishes can't Douglas Morin Colonial Building or rub off. Replaceable fade New York, N.Y. St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada screw-on tips. 1- piece and 2-piece models. Padded carrying case in luxury sir: "The Sorriest Story in Vietnam" is EMPIRE STATE AIR TRAGEDY for vinyl available 2-piece a shocker. I felt sick to my stomach read- models. Write for color sir: Your August Editor's Corner pro- ing it. brochure and the name of file of author Newton Fulbright noted Steiner your nearest dealer. R. F. incidentally that he was the first re- Topeka, Kan. porter on the scene when a bomber struck the Empire State Building in THE CHAPLAINS' MESSAGE March 1945. I was on a troopship in sir: Thousands of outstanding articles N.Y. Harbor when this happened on have been published in our national Juhj 28, 1945. Was the building hit in magazine over the years, but none, to March, too? my mind, had the import and signifi- Harry Duff cance of the Chaplains' statement, Yuma, Ariz. SALES "Shall God Be Evicted?" in the August March. Mr. CORPORATION issue. Without God there can be no It was July, of course, not Americanism. That is a basic Legion Duff got on board first with this cor- PARK FALLS, rection. thanks to others who fol- WISCONSIN 54552 tenet. Our I believe the U.S. Supreme Court lowed him with it.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 — - PERSONAL Get 5 FREE PRICES AND COSTS. SAMPLES BIFOCALS AND CONTACT LENSES. of these fine CHARITY FUND-RAISING TREND. House of Edgeworth Because of all the commotion in the world these days, new influences tobaccos some real, some imaginary—-are entering your personal affairs. Here is an appraisal of recent ones: • Gasoline supplies and prices: These will not be affected in the near term by Israeli-Arab hostilities. We get our oil from the western hemisphere. • Interest rates: Because of Vietnam and the huge financial requirements of business, the cost of money will continue to stay painfully high. • Imported goods: A new tariff pact is going to shave the duties on many goods from abroad by as much as 50% . Among them: autos, sporting goods, bicycles, phonographs, and certain foods and wines. But the cuts will be gradual, so don't look for any overnight bargains. • Tires: High demand plus a sharp increase in labor costs are driving prices up all along the line. • Home insurance: Arson and theft in the summer riots won't boost your insurance rates—at least not for the time being. It takes a while for such losses to get into "actuarial" calculations (furthermore, some of the damage was to uninsured property). On the other hand, home insurance rates have been on a steady upgrade for a variety of othei- reasons—which is why many insurance experts now advise you to investigate deductible-type policies. • Silver: This metal now is so scarce that the prices of anything made of it (including photographic film) are moving up. Speculators will give you $1.15 or more for a dollar bill marked "silver certificate" (instead of "Fed- eral Reserve note"). Such bills—of which several hundred million are around—are convertible into silver, worth about $1.40 on the open market. Aroma men relish, women welcome, too. People who wear bifocal glasses often feel that the dividing line in the lens gives away their age, so optical makers now are pushing "no-line" bifocals. These have no telltale divider, but 1) they cost about twice as much as ordinary bifocals, and 2) it may take some time to get used to them. Meantime the sale of contact lenses—which, of course, are practically invisible—has been increasing markedly in the past few years, mainly among younger people. But contact lenses have some tricky aspects: • Not everybody can wear them steadily (in fact, beginners often use them only four or five hours at a stretch). • They can cause irritation and even infection, so the users should be careful. • They are expensive. The most common type—to correct distant vision —is in the $150 class. Bifocal contacts, which are somewhat newer, may hit $250 or more. • They should be insured (at about $15 per year).

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THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 7 — The Congo

A review of the chaotic recent history of the African

nation that has suffered most from Soviet meddling.

in the news again with the kidnaping of Tshombe.

By PETER D. BOLTER

i SUDAN \ W - H^iii- African Republic of the THECongo (formerly Belgian Congo) was back on the front pages of our news again this summer, and some of the events and names harked back to the early 1960's. Back then, whether you could follow what was going on or not, you knew that there was a general state of chaos, bar- barity, bloodletting and international intrigue in the Congo, and that Congolese politicians with melodious names like Lumumba, Kasavubu, Gizenga and

Tshombe were in the thick of it. Their names were sung at us over radio and TV every day. You knew that the United Nations sent troops in, indeed that Swedish UN Secretary General Dag Hammerskjold Dominant Central African position of the (Hammershield) died in a Congo plane former Belgian Congo is shown on this map. More maps are shown on the next crash that was rumored to be ( 1 ) acci- two-page spread. dental, (2) not accidental. You probably knew that the loudest fuss heard abroad centered on:

(1) . The wild rantings of the first satellites at the same time that the UN Congolese Prime Minister, Patrice Lu- was trying to restore order in the Congo; mumba, who later died in mysterious cir- (5). The resurgence, in 1964, of vio- cumstances; lence and barbarism in Eastern Province

(2) . The efforts of the richest of the around Stanleyville* —incited by local. six old provinces of the Belgian Congo Red-oriented leaders after foreign Com- —Katanga—to govern itself under the munist officialdom was tossed out of the leadership of Moise Tshombe (Mo-ees country by Kasavubu, Mobutu and Shombey). He succeeded until Katanga Cyrille Adoula. was shoved back into the Republic by There were a figurative ten thousand the force of United Nations arms; other items of chaos. Even today, the ac-

(3) . The dissolution of the Congo in- counts of those who knew the situation to rape, arson, tribal warfare, mutiny, the best vary according to where they bankruptcy, unemployment, city rioting, stood or stand with respect to the larger racial violence and the struggles for controversies in the Congo mess. And powei of some 120 political parties, large what a mess. and small, within a week of receiving independence from Belgium on June 30, *We are using the old French place-names 1960; (with English translations when appropriate). On June 30, 1966. the major cities received (4) . The intrusion of planes and tech- Congolese names. The original six states have nicians in support of their favorite son been recarved several times. "Eastern Prov- Katanga native seeks to protect family ince" was "Orientale" in French—same thing. Lumumba—by the Soviet Union and its from UN troops with blowgun in 1963. Stanleyville is now Kinsangani. 8 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 PICTOIilAL PARADE

Seven Bloody Years

During Red rebellion in 1964, 10,000 Congolese were herded onto Stanleyville football field and kept under gov't guard.

What brings the Congo back into the tried Tshombe for treason, in absentia, If that happens, perhaps this brief spotHght is the still-unresolved fate (at and sentenced him to death, as he has sketch of the main pieces may give a this writing) of Moise Tshombe. This already tried and hanged some of little sense to what you read. 47-year-old Lunda tribesman, business- Tshombe's former associates, including First, a quick look at the Congo itself,

man and Methodist was the leader of the man who succeeded Tshombe as and at events before 1960, when it fell

Katanga's most popular native political Prime Minister. apart the moment it was free. party (Conakat) before the UN dispos- As these words are written, Algeria The Congo is important. It is the heart sessed him at gunpoint (though he later has neither released Tshombe nor de- of Central Africa and has a wealth of returned to become Prime Minister, for livered him to his executioners. When natural resources. It was never a politi-

a while, of the entire Congo). you read this his fate will probably have cal division until the Belgians made it The only prominent Congolese leader been decided. one out of a geographical entity. In mod-

who believed that Africans and Euro- Tshombe's arrest caused uprisings ern history it has been inhabited by seven peans could live and work together prof- against Mobutu among some of separate, neighboring Africa Bantu Ne- itably, Tshombe was in exile in Spain un- Tshombe's old supporters in the Congo's gro cultures, exclusive of what appear til June 30 of this year. Then he was in- southeast this summer, though with in- to be the "originals"—the pygmies. vited aboard a private plane on a ruse, ternational help they were put down. De- Within the areas inhabited by the seven flown to pink Algeria and tossed in the pending on what happens next, the cultures are many sub-tribes, often war- clink. There, Algerian leaders made Congo may fade from the front pages ring on each other as well as against the noises as if to deliver him to his one- again, or you may find yourself once members of the other cultures. Histori- time colleague, Joseph Mobutu, the pres- more wading through the confusing cally, the Congo has been invaded by ent U.S. and UN supported one-man terms of its jigsaw puzzle for your daily Arab slave-raiders from the east and boss of the Congo. Mobutu had already TV and newspaper fare. north. In the last century King Leopold

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 UPI

Congo (on side) laid over Mississippi The six old states of the Congo and their capitals, using tlie Belgian place names and Basin, with Leopoldville approximating English versions of French names. Whole Congo is basically the watershed of the New Orleans and Katanga coinciding Congo River, inhabited by seven main Bantu cultures. Upper Congo is sometimes with Michigan. called Luala River.

nance to rapids between it and the sea. a paternalistic welfare state, plowing

coNTiNUEoThe Congo... It is the last interior trans-shipping point back much of the wealth that it took out between the natural wealth to the east in primary education, health, food, mis- Seven Bloody Years and ocean vessels below at Matabi. One sions, social services, housing and beau- of our maps lays the Congo on its side tiful cities. II of Belgium put down the Arabs and over a map of the United States, with Most authorities are equally agreed ran his own slave empire. He carved the Leopoldville at New Orleans and Ka- that the Belgian rule sowed three seeds present Congo out of the bowl of the tanga roughly over Michigan. of the chaos since 1960: Congo River watershed. Until 1908 Leopold ran the Congo as (1) It permitted virtually no higher

The present map of the Congo is not his private preserve. He visited un- education to any of the natives except a map of the land of one people, but a speakable barbarities on the natives to (a) for the Catholic priesthood, (b) in map of the drainage area of this second- extort profitable labor from them. Ex- industrial techniques, and (c) for gov- largest of the world's rivers. In places the posure of Leopold's sins led Belgium, in ernment clerkships, post office jobs, etc. river is nine miles wide. Between Eliza- 1908, to make the Congo a national col- There was hardly a native of the Congo bethville and Stanleyville are navigable ony instead of a royal estate. All authori- trained to make a management or gov- stretches of up to 300 miles. From Stan- ties agree that Belgium made the Congo ernment decision in 1960. Because rule leyville to Leopoldville there are approxi- an ideal colony in material things. It was came from Brussels, not even the Bel- mately 1,000 unbroken miles of river run by the Belgian Parliament in Brus- gians in the Congo were sharing in gov- open to steamers. Leopoldville (now sels, and by its appointed governor in ernment beyond carrying out directives.

Kinshasa), the capital, owes its domi- Leopoldville. Belgium made the Congo In 1955, when it became apparent that

10 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • C "OBER 1967 — —a PICTORIAL PARADE the colonial age was at an end, Belgian coming to a colonial people, the Com- professor A. M. Van Bilsen estimated munists entered the picture. Object: to that it would take 30 years to raise a new keep the place in utter chaos until they generation in the Congo educated to rule could make it their own colony through themselves. Meanwhile, Belgium sought puppet rule. to isolate its "children" from knowledge The chief Red gift to the free Congo of the rest of the world and the force was Patrice Lumumba—the first Prime of outside ideas. Minister. To call Lumumba a Commu- (2) Inherent in the paternalistic rule nist would be a mistake. He understood was the father-child or master-servant no more about Marxism than he knew relationship between white and black in of how to run a country, but he was the virtually every aspect of native life. ideal puppet to follow Red advice on Though not vicious, the "white master" how to wreck a country. concept in the Congo, piled on the his- Lumumba—a hashish or marijuana toric memory of Leopold's atrocities, addict—had the talent of a Hitler, a made anti-white demagoguery the chief Stokeley Carmichael, a Rap Brown— political ammunition of Congolese poli- passionate genius for rabble-rousing for ticians striving for power after inde- destructive purposes. A former post pendence. In their ignorance of public office employee in Stanleyville who had served time for embezzling, and later a beer salesman, he got the word and the blessing of the left at a Pan-African conference in Ghana before independence. Others had formed political parties in the Congo. Joseph Kasavubu led the strongest of all—Abako—founded in 1950 in Leopoldville Province. Tshombe had his Conakat Party in Katanga. There were more than 30 others, which eventu-

ally grew to 1 20. Lumumba had no party until a short time before he went to the Ghana Conference. How he got one happened this way: Belgians treated Congo well in material paternalistic colony. Above, UN Secretary General Dag Hammerskjold, In 1958, Charles DeGauUe appeared things, ran the Delcommune dam, power source for who died in Congo plane crash, answers in Brazzaville, in the French Congo just Katanga mining. Soviet demand that he resign in 1961. across the river from Leopoldville. In the Soviets entered Congo strife on their own presence of thousands of Belgian Congo- group. They called their temporary com- while the UN was trying to police it. lese who had crossed the river he told the mittee MNC, the initials of the French affairs politicians had little else to offer. French Congolese that any French col- words for Congolese National Move- By comparison, the reverse was true in ony could choose independence any time ment. Lumumba had himself named the British and French colonies. Hatred it wanted to. (Shades of his recent visit "president" of the "temporary move- of Europeans was whipped up more to to Canada!) A fever ran through the Bel- ment," and soon declared it to be a po- achieve independence than to rage sense- gian Congo, where it had never been litical party to rival those of its other lessly and destructively after freedom dreamed that independence could be had members, with himself as permanent was achieved. The British and French for the asking. president. had believed in training local leadership At this point Belgium appointed a By the time independence came, Lu- in the years of their rule, and they stayed committee to investigate the status of its mumba had broader native support on in most places to effect an orderly Congo. A group of independent Congo- throughout the Congo than any of the transfer of government afterward. lese political leaders had arisen since rivals he had tricked into naming him Further, they set the machinery for self- WW2 to plead for a program leading to "president" of a "temporary committee." rule running years before relinquishing freedom. They formed a "movement" All the significant new parties except his all control. Here the Belgians made the a temporary committee to ask Belgium MNC spoke for various degrees of inde- worst mistake of all, for to include Congolese on the special study pendence for one or more of the seven (3) The Belgians capitulated sudden- THE KEY FIGURES IN SEVEN BLOODY YEARS OF CONGO HISTORY ly to violent agitation for freedom in the Congo. In January 1959, riots in Leo- poldville totally surprised Belgium. In

Brussels it was never thought that their well-cared-for "children" could behave so. With the example of the long French struggle in Algeria fresh in mind, Bel- gium gave the unprepared Congo its total freedom within 17 months—and the house fell in.

Seventeen months is plenty of time for mischief, but hardly enough for vir- tue. Mischief had many faces and we can only take them one at a time, though Patrice Lumumba Moise Tshombe Joseph Mobutu, Joseph Kasavubu, they were all contorted at once. when captured. says farewell. present boss. long time President. As elsewhere, seeing independence THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 H a

WIDE WORLD coNTiNUEoThe Congo... Seven Bloody Years separate cultures in the Congo. The MNC stood for a single Congo governed from Leopoldville. Kasavubu's important Abako Party wanted a separate state for the Kongo tribes along the coast and inland in Leo- poldville Province. Tshombe's people stood for a Katanga state for its Luba and Lunda peoples. They wanted no part of coastal Bakongo rule. (Bakongo means all the Kongo people.) Albert Kalondji broke off from the MNC to claim independence for southern Kasai, branding Lumumba a Com- munist puppet. As the independence movement grew, these and other separate tribal parties worked together to a degree, with the idea of forming a loose confederacy of in Leopoldville Belgian Bosch expelled from independent states along basic tribal Scene when Ambassador Van Den was the Congo in November 1960, some four months after independence was granted. lines. Many of the leaders realized the need for a long tutelage under Belgium after independence, and even their fieri- est speeches were tempered here and there by this realization. But Belgium wanted one strongly centralized nation, for it didn't see how it could help the Congo make a go of it if its resources and leadership were divided into bits. The Communists—and hence Lu- mumba—also wanted one nation, if they could rule it, for it is easier to rule one nation than six. So on this, Lumumba and Belgium were of one mind. [But when the Soviets later failed to rule they then supported their own separate rebel state.] Though much criticism has been made of Tshombe's move for a separate Ka- tanga, virtually every important Congo- lese political party except Lumumba's sought self-rule for the states before in- The UN's war in Katanga. Belgian civilian aids Elizabethville policeman, after he dependence. Their leaders gave many and the ambulance came under fire of Indian UN troops attacking post office. reasons. vastness the The of Congo— PICTORIAL PARADE land one quarter the size of the United States with a population, roughly, of New York State. Language differences.

Cultural differences. Above all, tribal differences. The late Philippa Schuyler, in her book "Who Killed the Congo?" noted ". that . . Belgians liked Congolese more than Congolese liked each other. Belgian direction was the unifying force that kept tribal warfare down. Congolese of different tribes hated each other actively and intensely. Belgians did not always respect Congolese, but they seldom hated them." [Miss Schuyler, gifted American Negro musician and reporter who died in Vietnam when her copter came under Viet Cong fire, traveled the Congo from one end to the other at the time of inde- Tribal warfare in Kasai. The Lulua, aided by Lumumba troops flown in by Soviet {Continued on page 57) planes, massacred the native Balubas. One on each side lies dead In road, here. 12 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 BRUCE ROBERTS FROM RAPHO OUILLMETTE

"John Brown's Fort," a firehouse for many years, was the scene of Brown's last stand in his 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry, W.Va. HARPERS FERRY-Where John Brown Raged

(Readers may find this series of value on Harpers Ferry National Historical Park. town was hotly contested. The town future motor trips or of interest to stu- The strategic importance of the town changed hands eight times during the dents of American history. We suggest at the confluence of the Shenandoah and Civil War. Federal troops did not gel you clip and save each as it appears.) Potomac Rivers is clearly visible. Aboli- firm possession until after the Battle of tionist Brown, in a plan to free slaves, Gettysburg. By ALDEN STEVENS picked the town because of this and also Antietam National Battlefield is about Field Director, Mobfl Travel Guide because Harpers Ferry was the site of a 12 miles north, up the Potomac. Here,

federal arsenal with guns and ammuni- 1 DURING THE Civil War, Harpers on September 7, 1 862, the bloodiest day Ferry, W. Va., was regarded by the tion that he planned to capture. in Civil War history, over 23.000 men Confederate Army as the key to Wash- During the night of October 16, 1859, were killed or wounded. ington, D.C., 55 miles southeast. But it Brown and his followers seized the ar- Shepherdstown, oldest continuously

senal then located very near the point settled town in West Virginia, is on the where the rivers join. (The spot is clear- Potomac about ten miles north. Here ly marked.) The men took refuge the James Rumsey launched his steamboat next day in the engine house when they in 1787, 20 years before Robert Fulton were attacked by local militia. The fol- and the Clermont. lowing morning they were captured by Frederick, Md., home of Barbara 90 in a bloody battle. Ten of Marines Frietchie, is about 18 miles east and Brown's men, including two of his sons, Charles Town, where John Brown was killed. were hanged, is about ten miles west. The Stonewall Jackson attacked Harpers whole area is packed with wonderful old Civil is most famous as the scene of John Ferry almost as soon as the War towns and houses and will delight lovers Brown's raid, which occurred a few years of history. earlier, in October 1859. A number of the original buildings 1967 Motel and Restaurant Info: Very ClifEside Motel and Restaurant, 2 from that period are still standing, among good— mi. southwest on U.S. 340. 32 rooms, 26 A/C, them the ruins of the Episcopal Church, pool—Restaurant serves three meals, closed Christmas— (304) 725-2066. (Other good motels used as a guardhouse and hospital at the and restaurants are in Frederick, Md., and time, and "John Brown's Fort" (an en- Martinsburg, W. Va. See Mobil Travel Gviide to the Middle Atlantic States.) gine house), scene of his last stand. The John Brown Monument, a white obelisk, Your appreciation of any historic stands at Potomac and Shenandoah Sts. place is greatly enriched if you read and marks the original site of the fort, about it first. Oswald Garrison Villard's which has been rebuilt atop the hill at "John Brown, 1800-1859" is an excellent Storer College. Many pre-Civil War began. The federal troops were forced to biography; the number of other books houses are along Shenandoah St., in vari- withdraw but set fire to the arsenal first. about Brown is enormous. Consult your ous stages of reconstruction as part of From that moment on possession of the librarian. THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 15 IDAHO'S WORLD

Scouts from ten nations hike above Lake Pend Oreille, led by Scottish bagpipers.

Taiwan.

SOMETHING like 12,000 Boy Scouts from all over the world (106 nations at least) tented out on the grounds of the old WW2 Naval Training Station at Farragut, Idaho, from August 1 to August 9. The occasion was the 12th quadren- nial World Scout Jamboree, and the first

Blond Finnish Scouts set up a special demonstration of their own to exhibit For 9 days, hourly inte>^national canoe flotillas embarked on Lake Pend Oreille. at"Skill-o-rama," a big, outdoorshow.

Nigerian Scouts prepare Nigerian feast for dinner guests in their camp. Also in this group. Scouts from United States, West Germany, Denmark, Japan, Mexico, Italy, Austria, England and France.

Scotland. England. Faroe Islands. Sierra Leone. Israel.

that was ever held in the United States. The photos here speak louder than words in transmitting the flavor of the remarkable international camaraderie at a world jamboree of youth who are joined by the common bond of Scouting. Cliche as it may sound, the most im- pressive experience of the Scouts at the Jamboree (and of the leaders, too) was the ease with which they made friends, even in instances when language barriers permitted the exchange of only a few words. Tens of thousands of visitors created a carnival atmosphere at Scout exhibits at the big outdoor "Skill-o-rama." A French expatriate Armenian Scouts donned red regalia to show their folkways.

A broad view of the "Skill-o-rama" where visitors and Scouts saw hundreds of troops show their special talents.

—

Iowa, had been an active Nebraska Legionnaire between the two world wars. He was twice Post Commander in nearby TAeNATIONAL Wisner. He switched to the Beemer Post and saw to it that son Bill joined the new Post. Through college Bill was "just a card member" and for a while later "just a social member," until his bride COMMANDER stepped in. Bill met Gwendolyn Jean Taylor, of Pawnee, Nebr., at the Uni- the versity of Nebraska where she was study- of ing music. They were married while still in school—on June 2, 1947. In 1950 Gwen became President of the Beemer American Legion Auxiliary Unit. Re- AMERICAN turning from a state Auxiliary Conven- tion she told Bill that the Legion was an important organization in Nebraska affairs, and if he'd get active he'd find

there was a lot more to it than, as he LEGION says, "just playing pinochle." He took the hint and was a Post Vice 1967-1968 Commander and state delegate in 1951. The scope of the Legion's programs excited him. In 1953, as his Post's Com- Meet Bill Galbraith, 41-year-old Nebraska stock mander, Galbraith led a program that created a local $26,000 Legion-owned medical clinic. Beemer had been without farmer and WW2 Navy radarman, who was elected a doctor for 12 years. These and other activities made him known as a quiet, but sure-footed "doer." to head the Legion at the Boston Nat'l Convention, He became President of the Cuming County school reorganization committee to plan for centralized district schools to versity of Nebraska under the WW2 GI replace the many small rural schools. By R. B. PITKIN Bill of Rights. He took a B.S. degree in He rose in the Legion, through 3rd Dis- WILLIAM Eugene (Bill) Gal- Agricultural Extension in three years, trict Commander to Department (state) BRAiTH, 41 -year-old WW2 Navy graduating in 1949. Commander in 1962. Nebraska was then Armed Guard radarman, was This much of Bill Galbraith's back- exploring ways to upgrade its public elected National Commander of The ground is unexceptional. But the portrait education and, as state Commander, American Legion for 1967-68 during of Galbraith that accompanies these Galbraith offered the then governor, the closing session of the 49th Annual words reads true. You see a calm, earn- Frank Morrison, the full cooperation of Convention at Boston, Mass., on Thurs- est, even-tempered, quick-to-think, slow- Nebraska's strong Legion organization. day, August 31, 1967, in Boston's new to-speak American of Scottish and Swed- At the same time it was working with War Memorial Auditorium in Back Bay. ish ancestry. Born on Jan. 22, 1926, he the state Education Ass'n. Governor Galbraith's home is in the farming represents the latest generation of adult Morrison later named him co-chairman town of Beemer (pop. 670) in the north- leadership in the United States and in of a three-year series of state regional east corner of Nebraska, where he is a The American Legion. The even temper conferences on education. They led to a member of Beemer Post 159, American of his life as a schoolteacher and farmer climactic statewide conference and a fi- Legion. Since the death in 1961 of his has been punctuated by non-professional nal report to the governor and the legisla- WW 1 -veteran father, Claude Galbraith, and usually unpaid public duties that he ture on what changes the people of Ne- he has owned and operated his family has assumed since his wife urged him braska wanted and would support for farm of 320 acres. There he follows the to become involved in American Legion better quality public education. principal pursuit of farmers in that area responsibilities in 1950. Thereby hangs Today, Galbraith is a director of —raising porkers and purchasing young a tale: and Nebraska's lay representative on beef cattle from the western ranges to The Beemer Legion Post was organ- MCEL Research, of Kansas City, Mo. fatten for market on home-grown corn ized expressly to take in WW2 veterans It is a four-state educational research and alfalfa. in the mid-1940's. Galbraith's father, an center (Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, During the ten previous years he was officer in WWl who met Bill's Swedish Nebraska). It also represents its states a schoolteacher in West Point, Nebr., mother (the former Edna Marie Blom- in the Compact on Education, an alli- following his graduation from the Uni- gren) while on duty at Camp Dodge in (Continued on page 48)

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 19 —

How we made an Army out of nothing in WWI

National Guard recruits turn out to learn the fighting business in New York's Central Park in 1917.

BROWN BROS. By LYNWOOD MARK RHODES

April 1917—just 50 years ago INthe United States declared war on Imperial Germany, an enemy which had the most powerful military jugger- naut then fielded by any nation. (See, "When Mr. Wilson Went to War." American Legion Magazine, April 1967.) To fight the land war. we had. in April, two principal weapons—naive enthusiasm and unbounded optimism. For soldiers, we had a precious few, for all else we had mostly nothing or worse than nothing. Yet. by the time the Western Front was quiet 19 months later and the trenches were finally plowed over and under, the American Army had increased from a measly 190,000 poorly equipped men to 3,665.000 well-supplied soldiers. Not all spit and polish, perhaps, but de- The Regular A rmy had had one field experience chasing Villa in Mexico in 1916, termined to get a job done as quickly and while the Nat' Guard stood on the border. Here Gen. Pershing crosses Rio Grande. forcefully as possible.

20 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 CULVER PICTURES A WWl 50TH ANNIVERSARY FEATURE

In April 1917, Congress declared war on Imperial

Germany. But America had nothing on hand to fight

with. Here's how we jerry-rigged what became a great

military machine.

CULVER PICTURES

The 9th Coast Artillery goes into training with new soldiers using a fallen tree as their "cannon." P.S. They learned to shoot.

guns, and 150 tottering heavy field guns. ropean war. What he was really trying The supply of machineguns. the one to say was that seldom, if ever, had a weapon that seemed to be having an in- nation embarked upon so grave a ven-

fluence on the Western Front, totaled ture so ill prepared, that the United less than 1,500 and they were of four States wasn't ready to fight a war for de- The remarkable metamorphosis of different types. The War Department had mocracy—or anything else. creating something from nothing, one been unable to decide on which one to The lack of foresight by government writer has said, was "a great joke to the adopt for general use. Worse yet, there and military authorities. Pershing didn't older, more sophisticated diplomats of was only enough ammunition for a nine- hesitate to say, was "almost inconceiva- France and England." They had been hour bombardment. ble." So inconceivable, in fact, that a through the process man)' times before. If Pershing thought the munitions man of less perseverance and determina- For America in 1917. however, bare problem "deplorable," in his words the tion might have run in the other direc- shelves were suddenly no laughing mat- plight of the fledgling Air Force (then tion. But everything about John Joseph ter. When Maj. Gen. John J. Pershing under the wing of the Signal Corps) was Pershing was "sternly and exclusively arrived in Washington on May 10th to "such that every American ought to feel military." from the way he wore his tunic head up the American Expeditionary mortified to hear it mentioned." Among to his keen searching gray eyes, intent Force, he learned just how empty the 65 officers, 35 could fly—and they proba- look and firm jaw. Unlike Eisenhower, cache was. bly hesitated to trust their luck with the his counterpart in WW2 who evoked There wasn't a full-sized Army divi- 55 planes at hand. The National Advis- popularity with a smiling image. Persh- sion in the entire country. Or for that ory Committee for Aeronautics admitted ing didn't expect popularity and rarely matter, a military base equipped to han- to Pershing that 5 1 of these planes were got it. A French commander such as dle one. What troops we did have—about obsolete and the other four obsolescent. "Papa" Joffre might pull the ears of his 92,000 Regulars plus some under- Rather than take a chance, some 180 soldiers and call them "my children," but strength National Guard divisions—were young Americans enlisted in the Lafay- not the General from Laclede. Mo. He still maintained at small posts as in the ette Escadrille and flew under French was still "as severe a disciplinarian as a days of Indian warfare. Reading down command. kindly man can be," words used by the the minus column further, there were Put bluntly, as General Peyton March 1891 student publication to describe about 285,000 Springfield rifles (the type did, "the existing American Army was Pershing when he taught military science then being used by the Army), 400 light of no practical value" for use in a Eu- at the University of Nebraska. It was

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 21 NATIONAL ARCHIVES CONTINUED How we made an Army out of nothing in WWI

obvious that his nictcname. "Black Jack." had nothing to do with the card game.

( He'd acquired the nickname while commanding Negro troops in the Philip- pines.) Instead, it represented an able, unique soldier, 57 years old, practical and unsentimental, who knew his job and did it.

It's not surprising that such a man felt "especially fortunate" at having been chosen to solve the tasks facing an unprepared nation, of building an army capable of fighting the war it wanted to fight. He agreed that the German military machine was as nearly perfect and powerful as any that had ever existed before, but a vast self-assurance also caused him to remark that "there never was, then or at any other time, any doubt There were no uniforms as the first draft units moved to the training camps. These of my ability to do the job, provided the are not recruits arriving, but organized troops in training at Camp Upton, N.Y.

NATIONAI. AKCHIVES

Left, drill at Governor's Island with wooden rifle. Above, Marines practice with wooden machine guns. government would furnish me with the tion seemed an alien and unpalatable idea flag for uttering anti-draft remarks. A men, the equipment, and the supplies." smacking of militarism, the very thing parade of 600 anti-registration men in

At it turned out, manpower was the we were fighting against. Butte, Mont., was broken up by local least formidable problem in the nation's Wilson's lofty phrasings, coupled with police who claimed that the demonstra- sack of troubles. Amid cries that "con- Secretary of War Newton D. Baker's tion was actually the work of the Irish scription is another name for slavery" shrewd, quick implementation of the act, social club, though the leader of the and the prediction that we would get "a prevented unsavory sentiments from march addressed his followers in Fin- sulky, unwilling, indifferent army," Con- really developing. Less than a month nish. gress passed a draft act on May 18th. later, when Registration Day (June 5th) Critical questioning of the draft never All males between the ages of 21 and rolled around, there were few demon- did find many open ears. Washington 30 registered. The draft shocked a lot strations and these were more humorous officials had stumbled upon a device of Americans, even while bearing the de- than serious. Straight-faced, The New which they used time and again during lightful euphemism of "selective serv- York Times reported that a number of the war years to prevent disharmony with ice." Past wars, except for a brief un- Navajo Indians planned to go on the war- their policies. Based partly on guile and happy experience during the Civil War, path to show their displeasure. In Ra- partly on patriotism, an immense, organ- had been fought by volunteers. Conscrip- cine. Wis., a man was made to kiss the ized propaganda ploy made Americans

22 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 NATIONAL ARCHIVES them, the Provost-Marshal decided, was

a national lottery. Since the largest list of names of any draft board was 10,500, that many numbered slips of paper were placed in a fishbowl, each in a black capsule, at the Senate Office Building. On the morning of July 20th, Secretary Baker reached his hand in, grasped the

lucky capsule, and handed it to a teller

to verify. It was Number 258. op In each of 4,500 draft boards across the country, the man bearing that number learned, for better or worse, that the gods had smiled on him. If the local

draft list didn't go up to 258, the number

closest to it was chosen instead. The drawing continued until after two o'clock the following morning. Within days, draftees received their white induction postcards. Then, as now, they submitted to a barrage of induction center doctors who thumped chests, scratched abdomens with wooden sticks, looked down throats. From among the Construction firms started to build the camps, but wlien tlie trainees arrived they were turned into a labor force to finish the work. This is also Upton. lines of naked men, doctors culled

NATIONAL ARCHIVES

Almost ready to go overseas, 26th Division units at Framingham, Mass., still train on wooden horses.

receptive to what the government wanted declared exempt. Local boards granted the myopia, dipsomania, barbers' itch, to do, made them move in a direction some 56,830 claims of this kind. Ob- flat feet and various other disabilities which otherwise they probably wouldn't jectors with "other conscientious scru- which the Surgeon General said made have. ples" were examined by a traveling men unfit for military service. (In the The technique, said writer Mark Sul- Board of Inquiry established by Execu- national average, 70% qualified physi- livan, included the exercise of pressure tive Order on March 20, 1918. Most of cally.) Psychiatrists gave a sanity test, by the majority to compel the minority them accepted non-combatant service, or "to amuse themselves," an inductee to conform. With the draft, this meant farm and industrial work; a few who ac- claimed. It consisted of placing a dot in "the cozening glove concealed the re- cepted neither were sentenced to ten the part of the square which was in the minder of the steel gauntlet to enforce years in prison. All told, some 3,900 men circle, but not in the triangle, or in plac- the penalty for failure to register." Those were recognized by the Army as individ- ing a dot in that part of the triangle who refused became "slackers," subject ual conscientious objectors during the which was in the square, but not in the

to the public's scorn as well as the formal war.) circle. Frequently, it was a simple ques- punishment meted out by Washington. Nearly 10 million men registered. Of tion: "How many legs has a Korean?"

(Under the Draft Act, members of re- these, the Army wanted 687,000 imme- One man replied: "I don't know, but it ligious sects which disavowed war were diately. The fairest method to choose must be four, otherwise you wouldn't be

THE AMERI CAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 23 NATIONAL ARCHIVES

*•*'*' « I Hi

"Between the barracks, corn was still growing" when the first group of the 331st Field Artillery reported for training at Camp Grant, III., on August 29, 1917. Buzz saws screeched, dust from construction blew with every wind and thousands of wooden buildings struggled toward completion, their boards cut from logs at the site.

CONTINUED How we made an Army out of nothing in WWI

such a damn fool to ask." In the long run. In early May. even before the first and 140.000 wooden doors. To say noth- most draftees came to the conclusion that number was drawn, a harassed War De- ing of 54,000 toilet bowls and 721,000

they were found to be fit and sane no partment hurriedly ordered the construc- cots. And somewhere, people were sud- matter what they said. tion of special cantonments to handle the denly making these and many other items Next came a green postcard bearing coming hordes of draftees. It was a pro- in such numbers. Carpenters laid down name, order and serial number, and a digious undertaking. A report by the Sec- enough roofing to cover the island of bland message which read, in part: retary of War stated that each canton- Manhattan and Atlantic City with one "Greetings: Having submitted your- ment—Camp Lewis in Washington State, square mile over. A standard barracks self to a local draft board composed of Camp Dodge in Kansas, Camp Devens building at Camp Travis, Tex., went up your neighbors for the purpose of deter- in Massachusetts, and 13 other tracts in an hour and a half—and looked it, so mining the place and time in which you purchased by the government mostly in draftees said later. At Camp Taylor, Ky., can best serve the United States in the the northern states—would house 40,000 barracks were built with timber that had present emergency, you are hereby no- men. roughly ten to 14 regiments. Sim- been standing in a Mississippi forest only tified that you have now been selected ple arithmetic meant 1.200 buildings to the week before.

for immediate military service. You will, a camp site of 5,000 to 1 1 ,000 acres, plus Toting up the figures, the War Depart- therefore, report to the local draft board a rifle range and drill grounds of 2,000 ment announced that each cantonment named below for military duty. From acres, lighting, sewer and water supply, cost $8 million, at a maximum profit to and after the day and hour just named, 25 miles of hard-surface roads, as well the contractor of 3%. you will be a soldier in the military serv- as a division headquarters, quartermaster National Guard units were already on ice of the United States." depot, kitchens, laundry, recreation fa- the move. With their tents, they headed Calling a half million men to the col- cilities, a PX and a base hospital with for Bowie and Logan in Texas, McClel-

ors was one thing. Providing jhem with 1 .000 beds. lan in Alabama, Sevier in South Caro-

food, clothing and shelter was something Construction began on July 6th when lina, Shelby in Mississippi, and 1 1 other quite different. There was simply no the last site had been chosen. Private southern camps where warmer weather, place for them. No barracks. No training contractors, working under contract the Army reasoned, made wooden build- areas. An infantry regiment of about from the Construction Division of the ings unnecessary. It was convoluted 3,500 men. for example, required 22 bar- Quartermaster Corps, were given two thinking, a sergeant in the 71st New racks (each 43 feet wide. 140 feet long, months to complete the job. Freight York Infantry said. The camp site at two .stories high, to accommodate 150 trains, often 12 a day with 50 cars each, Wadsworth in South Carolina consisted men), six officers' quarters for 200 offi- brought in materials—two billion eight- of an area on the side of a hill, part of cers, two storehouses, an infirmary, and penny nails; over 5,000 miles of wire; which was so steep that it was impossi- 28 lavatories with hot and cold showers. some 450,000,000 board feet of lumber ble to pitch tents. And the weather!

24 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 NATIONAL ARCHIVES

This Camp Grant scene was duplicated at the big training camps whenever it rained. The hastily stripped and graded soil turned to quagmires of mud. In the trenches of France and on the battlefields, mud proved to have been a very realistic part of training.

"Who was it that said language is given a long lost brother. When wet, which it as bad. When the Illinois National

us to conceal our thoughts?" he asked. was mostly, it was smooth, treacherous Guard, part of the 33rd Division, arrived "We had more snow, ice, sleet, rain and and deeper 'n 'ell. When very dry with on August 25th, they set up housekeep- zero temperatures than the northern win- a good breeze blowing, the Sahara could ing in a "temporary" structure with dirt ters ever gave us. The soil when moist blush with shame." floors and open sides, "exposed to every was as slippery as grease and stuck like Camp Logan near Houston was almost particle of dust produced by six weeks

BROWN BROS. of continuous drought." Roofs sagged. Heating facilities were meager. The base hospital lacked running water. Washing- ton suggested that stoves be used to heat the operating rooms. "Comment upon the danger of stoves where ether is used," the Division Adjutant valiantly pointed out as he ignored the suggestion, "is su- perfluous." Guardsmen of the 113th Field Artil- lery located Camp Sevier "by following a blueprint sketch, the men marching down a winding trail through the woods to the spot where nine long frame mess- halls stood." There was nothing else to give the appearance of a camp except for a line of latrines and bathhouses in the rear of the space reserved for the erection of tents and the laying out of the streets. "Pap" Martin, horseshoer in the Sup-

ply Company of the 1 1 3th, looked dis- gustedly at the neat horseshoe on his sleeve that marked his rank. "Seems to me," he said, "I ought to have a grubbing hoe on my arm instead of this thing." The next morning. General Gatley told them, "Your parade ground will be The impromptu army returns victorious in 1919. Here the 369th and the 15th Infantry move proudly and smartly up New York's 5th Avenue three months after war's end. there." {Continued on page 50) THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 25 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 DAVE LAWLER-BLACK STAR

American Legion's 49th Na- Boston greeted the convention with an terbalance highly publicized lawless dem- THEtional Convention met in Boston, enthusiasm seldom seen in recent years. onstrators, flag burners, etc. The parade Mass., from Aug. 26 to Aug. 31, This was especially evident at the parade was billed "in support of our troops." 1967, with a delegate strength of 2,960. on Monday, Aug. 28. The parade route Vietnam Legionnaires were present in At its business sessions in Boston's War was jammed on both sides by spectators considerable numbers, the first time they Memorial Auditorium, conducted under saw a Legion National Convention as the gavel of outgoing National Com- members. (See page 30.) mander John E. Davis (N.Dak.), it dealt There was not the slightest doubt with 572 resolutions and adopted 139. about what was uppermost in the minds (A digest of all adopted resolutions starts of the conventioneers, the principal on page 41.) Reports on the resolutions speakers, or for that matter the crowds

were presented by 1 1 special Convention in Boston that turned out to welcome the Committees (photos of chairmen on Legion and witness both its pageantry page 46) which met to screen them be- and its serious deliberations. fore the first business session on Tuesday, A speedy and successful conclusion to Aug. 29. The committee recommenda- the war in Vietnam, and an end to law- tions to the delegates were accepted with Legionnaires from New York and Georgia lessness, rioting and looting at home bue one exception. visit Boston's Old South Meeting House, were themes that recurred repeatedly in organizers At its closing session the Convention where Boston Tea Party met resolutions, reports, and major addresses. in 1773, after crowds led by Samuel elected William E. Galbraith 41 -year- Principal speakers included Secretary Adams had more than filled Faneuil Hall. old WW2 Navy vet of Beemer, Ne- of State Dean Rusk (pinch-hitting at a braska, to be National Commander for for more than a mile, thousands of whom moment's notice for Vice President Hu- 1967-68 (his biography appears on page had to move on toward the formation bert Humphrey whose brother died

18, and a separate account of the elec- area in order to see it at all. Their num- shortly before he was due to appear); tion of officers is on page 44.) bers were estimated at a quarter million. Lt. Gen. Pham-Xuan Chieu, President The American Legion Auxiliary held The parade itself lasted 8V2 hours. of the Vietnam Veterans Legion, which

its 47th National Convention in Boston The exceptional enthusiasm and huge is South Vietnam's counterpart of The concurrently, and named Mrs. Vernon turnout of the parade spectators, young American Legion; Rep. Gerald Ford H. Randall of Baltimore, Maryland, to and old, was easily translatable into a (Mich.), Minority Floor Leader of the the National Presidency of the Auxil- conscious expression of essential patriot- U.S. House of Representatives; General iary. ism and a public demonstration to coun- Wallace M. Greene, Jr., Commandant of

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 27 CONVENTION C O N T I N uedTHE LEGION'S NATIONAL

Delegates await arrival of keynote speaker Sec'y of State Dean Rusk (inset) who spelled out U.S. policy in South Vietnam. the U.S. Marine Corps; Donald M. Ken- dealing with current major world prob- • Recognition that our Vietnam effort is interest." dall, President. Pepsico, Inc., Massachu- lems. Thus, within a week of the Con- "in our vital national • conduct of our setts Governor John Volpe; U.S. Senator vention, a widely printed UPI release High praise for the John Stennis, of Mississippi: Baseball stated that the Convention had "con- troops in Vietnam. Commissioner William D. Eckert .Braulio demned Israel. with no more said on the • Concern over the prolongation of the Alonso, President of the National Edu- subject than that. war and its casualties due to limitations cation Association, and Attorney Gen- Indeed, one resolution condemned the imposed by political considerations. • that military considerations eral Ramsey Clark, appearing for his ill Israeli air attack on the U.S.S. Liberty Insistence limitations father—retired Supreme Court Justice during the brief 1967 Israeli-Arab war. take precedence over political that the war can be brought Tom Clark—to accept for his father the and asked for compensation for the dead to the end Legion's Distinguished Service Medal. and wounded, and for damages. But the to a successful conclusion. major Convention resolution on the • Support of furnishing all men and ma- The Middle East Middle East asked the U.S. to support teriel necessary to conclude successfully The content of the 139 resolutions Israel's independence, to support her the military operation in Vietnam. • solution to the problem adopted by the Convention is suggested right to free access to the Suez and the A military in Laos. Cam- by the brief digest of them on later pages, Gulf of Aqaba, to exert pressure to bring posed by enemy sanctuary table. the Demilitarized Zone. though each is far more detailed than the Arab states to the negotiating bodia and our summaries. Some of the resolutions In the event of significant rearming by • A lifting of military restrictions on in North Vietnam. have already been misrepresented by the Arab states it urged that we lift d- strategic targets of meagre and mischievously selective allu- embargo on arms for Israel. It also called The resolution noted that the need part because: (a) of sions to them in the press. for the U.S. to bear a proportionate share such steps arises in aid for Arab refugees, the need to achieve our objectives in the This is particularly true of resolutions of international and urged the U.S. to seek, jointly with shortest possible time with the least possi-

other nations, a permanent and just ble losses ( we have already been engaged settlement of the Middle East conflicts. in open warfare in Vietnam for nearly That this total action should be sum- twice as long as we were engaged in marized by UPI as "condemnation of WWl). and (b) North Vietnam has intend to Israel" is surprising. made it clear that it does "not enter into negotiations for peace until Vietnam and unless forced to do so." An omnibus resolution on Vietnam was adopted by the delegates after having Law Enforcement been worked out at a joint meeting of Numerous adopted resolutions dealt the Foreign Relations and National Se- with various aspects of the increasing curity convention committees, who heard breakdown of law and order in the numerous guest witnesses, including Sen. United States. Federal and state monies Karl Mundt (S. Dak.). Resolution 456 to improve police services and provide were called for. Lt. Gen. Pham-Xuan Chieu, head of the placed the Legion in support of the fol- training in riot control Vietnamese Veterans Legion, told con- lowing position on Vietnam: A reversal of the trend of courts to vention that peace in Vietnam was im- • Support of U.S. aims in South Viet- excuse crime for too-technical reasons, portant to all mankind and that U.S. and in some cases political reasons, was sacrifices there will not be in vain. na ni. 28 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 urged in a resolution going directly to and are given to second-guessing de- dom shows outward signs. (See "Man's the original appointment of judges. It cisions that must be made by police Conquest of Blindness," American Le- urged that more attention be paid to officers in a split-second, thus inhibiting gion Magazine, Dec. 1965). judges of "experience, qualifications and them in carrying out their duties. Further public action against dis- proven concern for the problems of law Especially condemned was the circula- tributing pornographic material to enforcement." tion of charges of "police brutality" prior youngsters was also urged, while more Americans in positions of leadership to any official hearings on such charges. school courses dealing with home life in all walks of life were called on to ex- Prompt prosecution to the full extent and family relations were endorsed. ercise their influence in behalf of law and of the law was urged for all persons bear- order. The news media were particularly ing responsibility for rioting, insurrec- Americanism called upon to exercise discretion in pub- tion, and other violence. The Convention Among the resolutions adopted under called for the full powers of all enforce- Americanism was one noting the in- ment agencies to be exerted in each such crease of acts of flag desecration, some instance, in order to protect fully the con- willful but some apparently out of ig- stitutional rights of all peaceable persons. norance of proper flag respect. The Finally, the Convention adjudged that schools at all levels were asked to tackle decisions of the Supreme Court have ob- the problem of ignorance—the allevia- structed justice and law enforcement on tion of ignorance being properly in the technical grounds, while in other areas domain of educators. The services of the

the Court has so exceeded its powers Legion were offered to any school re-

that the Constitutional balance of power questing it to assist in education in flag in the United States has been disturbed. etiquette and the meaning of the flag. In separate resolutions Congress was Stronger laws to control Communist urged (a) to evaluate the impact of subversion were called for; restoration Court decisions in encouraging crime, of restrictions on the use of the mails and (b) to consider legislation to restore for Communist propagandizing under the balance of power among the three second-class non-profit privileges was branches of the Federal government—by asked. A determination of whether Constitutional amendment if need be. Stokely Carmichael has forfeited his naturalized American citizenship, (by Marine Corps Chief Gen. Greene called Vietnam Early Blindness his appeals to anarchy in the U.S. in greater problem than "war on poverty." An important Child Welfare Resolu- cahoots with Castro), was requested of lishing and broadcasting "unfounded tion urged Posts of the Legion to con- the proper officials. Students in Ameri- charges tending to create unwarranted sult with health and medical authorities can high schools and colleges were

disrespect for . . . law enforcement." in any community lacking a pre-school warned that the "Students for a Demo- Rapid development of the National vision testing program, with the thought cratic Society" has been "taken over" Crime Information Center was urged. of seeing such programs created. Sev- by "persons advocating the overthrow Civilian review boards for police de- eral eye defects that are not detected and of our form of government." partments were discouraged, on the corrected at ages as early as three to six The Attorney General was asked to grounds that they are often inexpert, that frequently result in blindness, including investigate Americans who sailed on the they sometimes hamper law enforcement, a common one (amblyopia) which sel- vessel Phoenix with supplies to North

THE AMERI CAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 29 CONTINUED THE LEGION'S NATIONAL CONVENTION the needs of Vietnam veterans, but fast. Regarding the job-plight of many Vietnam, and to prosecute them if viola- geared themselves to increased demands, older veterans, Economic resolutions tion of any existing laws is indicated. present and projected. Indeed many noted that, in addition to ancient prej- given Other resolutions called for an in- have collateral duties to personnel udices against hiring older workers, the in normally charged with crease the scholarship awards to win- job-counseling of increasing obsolescence of old skills in ners of the Legion's Oratorical Contest; veterans. our rapidly changing technology poses commended particular officials, agen- The Committee recognized that bud- an employment threat to many older cies, and individuals and legislative com- geting and appropriations were partly to workers which existing job agencies mittees for various studies and actions, should take seriously. They also noted and dealt with particulars of subversive that legal rights to getting their old jobs No Pages Missing activities. back do not protect modern servicemen When you turn the page you'll be on page 36. But pages 31 to 34 aren't missing. Postal who enlist for a second tour of duty. regulations require Foot-Dragging? that advertising inserts be The Convention called for new law to assigned page numbers. Convention action on matters coming see that they aren't punished in their job under the Economic Committee showed rights for volunteering to extend their great concern over the employment situ- blame for these deficiencies. The tenor military service. ation of young veterans coming out of of the resolutions was to praise the service now and in the future. It noted spirit of many of these agencies but to New Pension Proposal that government agencies charged with urge them and Congress to get on the While the Convention was in session, job-services and job-counseling had not ball to make their services adequate for the President signed into law Senate Bill First Convention for Vietnam Legionnaires VETERANS OF THE Vietnam period^ nent national standing committee of nities in cooperation with other local eligible for membership only Viet-vets to help the integration of civic organizations. since last year's National Conven- new veterans into the Legion. They emphasized a need for accel- tion, attended the Convention as In conclusion, the Viet-vet group erated positive Americanism pro- Legion members for the first time. felt that the Legion's Americanism grams, and pointed out that while One group of 50 of them—known program was of utmost concern to there is much that must clearly be as the Viet-Vet Advisory Committee returning veterans. They recom- condemned on the present national —was expressly invited to attend as mended it be greatly expanded dur- scene, condemnation is hardly a bean ex-officio body, to state formally ing the present conflict to bring patri- ginning of the work that faces this their views concerning problems of otism back into the nation's commu- nation. the Vietnam era vets and to suggest methods to bring them into the Le- gion and its programs in large numbers. They each represented a Legion Department. At their own meeting, following greetings by Nat'l Cmdr Davis and an inspiring address by Past Nat'l Cmdr Donald E. Johnson (Iowa), this newest generation of Legion- naires divided into subcommittees, held buzz sessions, elected Navy veteran Frank W. Naylor, Jr., of Kansas, as Chairinan, and came up with a list of recommendations which Chmn Naylor reported to the Convention. They recommended: ( a) Creation of Post committees to call on returning vets to explain rights and benefits and invite them into the local Post; A subcommittee of Vietnam Era Advisory Committee has an informal "buzz session." Legionnaire at top left, facing camera, is Frank Naylor, Chmn of the entire Committee. (b) Special Post Activities that would appeal to Viet-vets, but without detriment to other Post members; (c) Motivating initiation cere- monies and immediate involvement and guidance for younger members in Post activities; (d) Maintenance by Posts of files OF of local young men in the armed forces and the provision of service, information and assistance to them; (e) Contact by Posts with both servicemen and their families during their tours of duty, and; Marching as a group in the Convention Parade, the young Viet-vet Legionnaires got (f) The creation of a semi-perma- a continuous wave of applause from spectators along the entire route of march. 30 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE OCTOBER 1967 Sit back and relax while Niagara Cyclo-Massage helps Melt Away Minor Aches, Pains, Everyday Tensions in Minutes by Arthur Godfrey

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THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 35 CONTINUEDTHE LEGION'S NATIONAL CONVENTION mittee, at Nat'l Hq in Indianapolis on Oct. 18-19. William F. Hauck, Director 16—a broad bill to upgrade veterans disproportionate reductions of their VA of the Legion's 'Washington Office, was benefits and give Vietnam veterans pensions. The Convention asked for named Acting Nat'l Adjutant in the in- status more on a footing with other war reduction of pension by a few dollars for terim. Nat'l Historian Harold Shindler veterans. As the exact provisions of a each $100 of other income. In the case (Ind.); Nat'l Treasurer Francis Polen law, as adopted, sometimes vary from of single veterans it urged 24 steps for (Ind.); and Nat'l Judge Advocate Bert- earlier versions, an analysis of the final single pensioned veterans, starting with ram Davis (N.Y.) were reappointed for $135 a month for eligibles with annual the ensuing year. income of $100 or less, and ending with The Homecoming Celebration for $20 a month for eligibles with income in Nat'l Commander Galbraith was planned excess of $2300, but not over $2400. for Oct. 13-14 at Lincoln, Nebr. For married veterans, 36 steps are The dates of Oct. 16-17 were confirmed proposed, ranging from $152 a month to

%3 1 for those whose income ranges from $100 a year to $3600 a year. Similar pro- posals are made for widows with and without children. If adopted by Congress no pensioned veteran or veteran's dependent could again lose more in pension than he might gain through some other benefit. In most cases pension reduction

would amount to $5 or less for each $ 1 00 gain in outside income, up to the proposed ceilings. Sen. John Stennis (left) sits with his Mississippi delegation before addressing the convention. IMMEDIATELY following the last session act will be reported in a later issue. The of the Convention the National Ex- bill did meet at least part way many ecutive Committee met on the stage of Donald M. Kendall, President of Pepsico, Rehabilitation earlier the auditorium, where it accepted the requests of Legion outlines social responsibility of industry. Conventions, but some of the stubborn resignation of National Adjutant Earnest inequities in veterans pensions were not Schmit of North Dakota. He had earlier for the annual meetings of Department included, and Congressional hearings on been appointed by Nat'l Commander Commanders & Adjutants and for Com- pensions were set for mid-September. John E. Davis for at least the balance of mission and Committee meetings in In-

The Convention adopted something Davis' year in office, to fill the post va- dianapolis. The Legion's Midwinter Con- new in Rehabilitation resolutions—a pro- cated by the death of E. A. Blackmore ference in Washington, D.C., was set for posal for a new scale of pensions for last spring. March 3-8, 1968, and the spring meeting veterans and their dependents to prevent Permanent appointment of a National of the Nat'l Executive Committee at In- Social vSecurity increases from reducing Adjutant was postponed until the fall dianapolis was confirmed for May 1-2. the total income of VA pensioners via meeting of the National Executive Com- 1968.

Rotary's great bean supper on Boston Common (story on next pages) defied widest angle camera. Bannered platform (left) is at center of 36 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE ^ OCTOBER 1967 Aftermath Corporation—the official corporate body At its pre-convention meeting in Bos- Sad not without its of the Convention passed away a week ton, the NEC adopted a proposal of the The Convention was — Convention Commission to withdraw the sad aftermath. after the opening business session. Al- Philippine Legion's tentative award of the 1968 Nat'l Con- Past Nat'l Cmdr Edward N. Scheiber- fredo C. Sese, the col- vention to Milwaukee (for lack of suffi- Alternate Nat'l Committeeman, also Sese, 65, was cient hotel accommodations) and award lapsed and died in Boston. and the Bataan death it tentatively to New Orleans. La., for a veteran of Bataan Sept. 6-12. Planned new hotel space in march. Milwaukee would not be ready in time. At The American Legion Auxiliary's Sidelights concurrent National Convention a pro- A few amendments to the Constitu- posal to increase senior members' nation of The American Legion were pro- tional dues from 65«! to $1 was defeated posed, but none was adopted. in a roll call vote. National Auxiliary National dues for the next year were dues remain at 650 for senior members, unchanged. 250 for junior members during the cur- Nat'l Cmdr Davis invited the six rent year. Governors of the New England States to Vernon In addition to naming Mrs. address his dinner to distinguished its National Presi- Randall, of Baltimore, guests. Four Governors appeared, two the Auxiliary elected five Division dent, had to ask their Lieutenant Governors Vice Presidents, a National Chaplain, to stand in for them. Those who were and a National Historian. dubious of such an after-dinner program Vice Presidents are: (Central Di- were confounded when all six stuck to Rep. Gerald R. Ford (Mich.), House vision) Mrs. Glenn Hultquist. Winfieid, Minority Leader, speaks to Legion. the agenda, consumed no more time than: Iowa: (Eastern Division) Mrs. John one main speaker, and spoke exceedingly Powel. Jr., Wilmington, Del.; (Western ling of N.Y. (1944-45) died in Albany, well. They were Gov. John A. Voipe Division) Mrs. Lewis Peck. Fallon, N.Y. on Sept. 10. He is shown at the (Mass.); Gov. John W. King (N.H.); Nev.:-(SoLrthern Division) Mrs. Maurice Convention at left in bottom right photo, Gov. Kenneth M. Curtis (Me.); Gov. Kubby, El Paso, Tex.: (Northwestern p. 39. John H. Chaffee, (R.I.): Lt. Gov. A. R. Division) Mrs. W. A. Pierce, Pompeys Richard Amberg, publisher of the St. Frassinelli (Conn.), and Lt. Gov. John Pillar. Mont. Louis Globe-Democrat, was dead in New J. Daley (Vt.). National Chaplain is Mrs. John M. York within a week of receiving the named to head various within- Flynn. New Orleans, La., and the Na- Legion's Fourth Estate Award for out- Those the-Legion organizations included: tional Historian is Mrs. Clarence F. standing journalism. Raymond Parisien, Kouns, Crescent, Mo. 50, brother of Maine's Nat'l Executive James L. Boyle, Me. (Founders Society); Dep't Mrs. Myner Freeman, of Indianapolis, Committeeman Maurice Parisien, col- Donald E. Johnson, Iowa (Past Chester, Jr., Ind., was appointed National Treasurer, lapsed during the parade and passed Cmdrs Ass'n); William D. and Miss Doris Anderson, of Austin, away in a Boston Hospital. Ernest Hen- Ky., (American Legion Press Ass'n); and Tex., was reappointed National Secretary derson, Sr.. President and General Chair- Frank C. Dacquet, Kans. (Dep't His- of the Auxiliary. man of the Boston Legion Convention torians Ass'n). (Convention News Cant.) ;

CONTINUED THE LEGION'S NATIONAL CONVENTION to number between 20,000 and 25,000. MOB SCENES The tables covered a swath about 80 yards wide and a quarter mile long. Legion Convention is scores of By comings-and-goings the Louisiana A events wrapped up in one. The Party usually manages to play host to parties, dinners and pageantry on these many more people than its ballroom two pages are among the fixtures that could hold at one time. Other affairs add to the social life and conviviality of hosted by Legion departments included the Conventions year after year. The pa- those of Puerto Rico, Massachusetts, rade-day reception hosted by Gen. Frank Mexico. Nebraska. Hawaii and others. Schwengel goes back many years when Many other organizations held annual the late Jay Hormel (Minn.) and Past meetings, receptions, parties, breakfasts, Nat'l Cmdr Hanford MacNider (Iowa) luncheons and dinners. The Ass'n of Past joined Schwengel to put on the first one. Dep't Commanders took the whole sec- Unique to the 1967 Convention was ond floor of Anthony's Pier 4 for lunch,

an incredible bean supper held on Boston at which it gave a citation to Lawrence Common by the Rotary Club on Aug. Spivak. Fodpal (overseas Legionnaiies)

30. It may well have been what it was the 20 & 4; the 8 & 40; the Legion His- claimed to be—the biggest throng ever torians, the American Legion Press served at one sitting. The photo of it on Ass'n; the Legion Chaplains and the Le- the preceding pages hardly does it jus- gion Founders (which named James L. tice. The diners—Bostonians and visiting Boyle, of Maine, president) were among Legionnaires together were estimated those — holding functions. Guests of Nat'l Cmdr's Dinner for Distinguished

At left, the pageantry of the drum and bugle

Receiving line at a reception tendered by Gen. Frank Schwengel (N.Y.).

The American Legion Auxiliary's annual States Dinner packed the ballroom of Boston's Statler Hilton to overflowing. 38 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 Guests wave napkins as their state song is played. Four Governors and two Lt. Governors of the New England States were speakers.

NEA President Braulio Alonso (rt.) competition, and at right, part of the throng at Fenway Park that saw it. chats with Joseph Gavenonis (Penna).

Mr. & Mrs. Ralph Godwin (Miss.) at a social hosted by Schenley Industries, Inc.

The Louisiana Party at the Sheraton Plaza, one of the gayest annual fixtures.

The traditional luncheon of Anavicus, composed of Canadian & U.S. vets. THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 39 Parade units swing down Boston's Tremont St., along the edge of the Common, to the applause of crowds that jammed sidewalks, CONTINUED T H E L E G 1 ON ' S N A T t O N A t C ON V E N T I O N

and urges widespread attention to its subversive SUMMARY OF dangers. 381. Urges immediate release from Nat'l Hq of Legion's position on acts of flag desecration as RESOLUTIONS they occur. 393. Urges legislation making seditious state-

BELOW IS A BRIEF digest of each resolution that was adopted at Boston. The Convention dealt with 572 profl'ered resolutions, down 137 from last year. They were all screened in special committees, and, with one exception, the THE PARADE committee recommendations were adopted by the delegates. A total of 1 39 THE Legion's National Convention resolutions were adopted; 93 were re- Parade on Monday, August 28 was jected; 62 were referred for further one of the most noteworthy in 20 years. study; 66 were "received and recorded" Boston papers estimated that at least a (applies to resolutions which are already quarter of a million onlookers watched Legion policy). The rest were consoli- it. No mere midtown spectacle, the side- dated into 42 of the resolutions that were walks were jammed to immobility for adopted. more than a mile on both sides. Dense crowds clung to fence rails inside Boston AMERICANISM Common to peer through at the proceed- 28. Calls for legislation to restore the constitutional balance of power by limiting the authority Boston's Old North Church, where ings. In the air was a spirit of patriotism. of the Supreme Court. signal lanterns were hung for Paul 42. Commends FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. spectators saluted the flags borne More 45. Permits the N. Dak. Dep't to present on Revere's ride, is site of the Legion's by passing musical units and color guards annual Jack Williams Memorial Award to win- official Convention Memorial Service. ning Legion baseball coach. Nat'l John Davis re-lit than old parade-watchers have seen in 66. Commends Senate and House committees in Commander exposing Communist conspiracy in the U.S. the lanterns and they were hung years. Vietnam Legionnaires and car- mails 89. Seeks laws to control use of the by again by James Reynolds II, a de- persons or organizations cited as subversive. loads of wounded Vietnam veterans scendent of Revere. Memorial Serv- 120. Objects to use of tax-supported facilities by moved to a continuous wave of applause. those opposing support of our Armed Forces. ice was jointly conducted by Nat'l 132. Asks for increase in scholarship awards to It was music to the ears of many of them Chaplain Father Anthony O'Driscoll, national winners of the Legion's Oratorical Con- Auxiliary Chaplain Mrs. William J. who had come home to almost no notice test. 150. Urges endeavor by education officials to Dow, and Rabbi Joseph S. Shubow. at all. In all it was a great parade, and stress appreciation and display of American flag. Boston's spectators contributed to its 151. Commends Marine Lesion Renth for pro- tecting the flag from desecration. ments while U.S. Armed Forces are engaged greatness quite as much as did the un- 180. Urges investigation of persons giving medi- in combat a Federal crime. 417. Commends the FBI. ending all day line of marchers. cal supplies to the N. Vietnamese. 279. Requires that Boys' States using the name 549. Requests Justice Dept. investigation to de- w of The American Legion or its emblems be under termine Stokely Carmichael's right to remain supervision and control of the Dep't in which a citizen. each operates. 280. Supports legislation to control the Com- CHILD WELFARE munist Party in the U.S. 465. Sponsors and supports legislation to control of route. for fences, buildings for most 281. Reiterates call prompt prosecution of distribution of pornographic literature. all violators of U.S. passport laws. 573. Urges Posts to act locally in support of pre- 284. Urges acceptance of copies of legal adop- school vision testing programs. tion papers to qualify boys in Legion baseball. 574. Urges Posts to seek local cooperation to 351. Sen. Dirksen for his efforts to Commends include family life education courses in the reinstitute prayer in schools and other public school systems. buildings. 364. Expresses gratitude to Raymond W. Gimm- ler and others who organized public support CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS of our Armed Forces. No resolutions adopted. 365. Condemns Students for Democratic Society (Resolutions continued on page 43)

LEGION YOUTH PROGRAM REPRESENTATIVES

A sense of patriotism was in the air.

FOUR Legion Americanism youth program leaders addressed the Convention on the first day. Shown above with Nat'l Cmdr Davis (left), they are Alan L. Keyes, 16, San Antonio, Tex., 1967 President of Boys' Nation and also the Legion's 1967 National High School Oratorical Champion; Dick T. Clardy, Jr., 17, Odessa, Tex., Eagle Scout, representing the 120,000 members of Legion-sponsored Scout units; William C. Parker, Jr., 19, Tuscaloosa, Ala., The American Legion Baseball Player of the Year for 1966, and John H. Ryan, 19, St. Louis, Mo., representing almost 20,000 Sons of The American Legion. THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 4X The Hurricanes of Post 16, Shelton, Conn., about to step off the line for the performance that won them the National Senior Drum &

MUSIC & MARCHING GHAMPIONS-1967

PERFORMANCES IN Boston's bandshells and parks produced these 1967 American Legion national musical and marching champions. Junior and Senior *The Cavaliers, Post 985, Chicago, retain their 1966 Nat'l Juaior Drum & Bugle crown. Drum and Bugle Corps finals in Fenway Park, Aug. 27, brought the competitions to a close. Winners with stars are re- peaters from 1966.

WINNERS OF FORD CARS The winners of the four Ford con- vertibles donated by the Legion's Sea-

gram Posts were: John J. Gordon. Brooklyn, N.Y., Post 460: Edward Kile.

South Holland, 111.. Post 788: Karl P. Conradi, Thomasville, Ga., Post 31; Ted Rietveld, Dubuque. Iowa, Post 6.

Nat'l Auxiliary President Mrs. A. J. Ryan, Sr., draws a car-winning name from drum. CONTINUED THE LEGION'S NATIONAL CONVENTION

SUMMARY OF RESOLUTIONS (cont'd) FOREIGN RELATIONS 20. Urges prohibition of further trade or assist- ECONOMIC ance to any Communist country providing aid to N. Vietnam. 59. Requests necessary funds and time to ade- 73. Reaffirms Legion faith in the Monroe Doctrine quately staff and perform veterans employment and calls on the U.S. to promote and imple- services. ment it. 101. Urges development of program to promote 296. Seeks erection of monument to Americans Veterans Preference Program in Employment. 103. Supports legislation to ensure veterans reemployment rights in Federal positions. 104. Supports training program to assist military personnel in adjustment to civilian life. 105. Commends Dept. of Labor for its program to inform employers and the public of the job qualifications of recently discharged vets. 107. Requests Dept. of Labor to publicize avail- ability of veterans for job vacancies. 134. Opposes current job recruiting practices in government that disregard veterans preference. 190. Requests appropriations to create adequate local Veteran Employment Representative positions. 243. Endorses the reemployment rights program

Legionnaires visit Old Ironsides, tied up at Boston's Charlestown Navy Yard. Sons of The American Legion members who died on Guam and cancellation of planned served as field messengers at the na- Japanese monument there. in tional competitions music & marching. 300. Calls for stern warning to N. Vietnam that they honor the Geneva Convention on Prisoners and requests the means to continue the service. of War or be held accountable. 254. Supports amendment to reemployment rights 306. Urges a study of the UN and of U.S. policies to protect servicemen, National and Re- Guard toward the UN, and requests a reexamination serves who re-enlist. of Legion position regarding it. 262. Asks intensification of aid to older and 345. Opposes U.S. aid to Communist, disabled vets by Federal and state employment any Com- munist-dominated or Communist-affiliated coun- offices. try, and seeks conditions on aid to other 292. Supports legislation to establish a National countries. Commission on Older Veterans to improve their job opportunities. 356. Reaffirms Legion support of the 1903 Panama 341. Continues Legion's support of the Committee Canal Treaty and continued U.S. sovereignty on Employment of the Handicapped. over the Canal. 371. Calls for one or more local veterans em- 379. Supports and commends Radio Free Europe. ployment representative in state employment 408. Seeks investigation of organizations and agencies. individuals that solicit funds to release alleged 580. Commends Federal and state veterans em- Communist-held U.S. prisoners of Korean V^^ar. 422. Supports strong U.S. action to defeat the international Communist conspiracy. 432. Deplores General DeGaulle's actions and attitudes and seeks means to obtain payment of debts owed the U.S. by France. 456. U.S. Government's policy in S. Vietnam (see Res. 456 under National Security). 508. Condemns Israel's attack on USS Liberty and demands compensation and a thorough investigation of the incident. 524. Urges Presidential intercession to bring about Arab-Israeli negotiations and recommends certain policies that the U.S. should follow pending such negotiations, or in the event there are none, including guarantee of Israel's independence. 526. Reaffirms opposition to Communist Cuba and calls for initiation by the U.S. of policies to eliminate the Castro government. 583. Supports the "Food for Peace Act" em- phasizing aid to assist food-short lands to pro- duce more of their own food. 584. Reaffirms Legion opposition to recognition of Red China or her admittance into the UN, including any subsequent Communist regime there. INTERNAL AFFAIRS Rlchard Amberg, publisher of the St. Louis 241. Requests commemorative postage stamp marking 100th Anniversary of Memorial Day in Globe-Democrat (center), gets Legion 1968. {Resohitions continued on page 45) journalism award. It was his last public honor, as Amberg died suddenly in New York City a few days after the Legion Convention. ployment agencies for their assistance to veterans. 581. Supports a concept of adapting buildings at colleges to the needs of wheelchair veterans. 582. Commends President Johnson for his action to provide employment assistance to Viet-era Indianapolis Police Dep't won national vets. motorcycle squad title at Convention. FINANCE Above, they warm up near start of parade route for motorcycle stunting that excited Unnumbered. Fixes Nat'l Legion dues at $2 for 1958 (same as last year). crowds all along the way. THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 43 ELECTION OF OFFICERS

AUG. 3 1 the delegates elected Nat'l ONofficers for the 1967-68 year. The new National Commander is William E. Galbraith, 41. farmer, stockman and former schoolteacher of Beemer, Nebr. Galbraith, a Navy veteran of WW2, is a Past National Vice Commander and Past Department Commander. He is prominent in lay educational circles and other civic activities in his state. (See his biography starting on page 18.) Norbert Tiemann, Governor of Ne- braska and a delegate to the convention, placed Galbraith's name in nomination.

E. Roy Stone, Jr., Nat'l Executive Committeeman from South Carolina, seconding nomination of Galbraith.

E. Roy Stone, Jr., of South Carolina, seconded the nomination as did Frank Hamilton of Indiana. On the nominating roll call only Galbraith was named and he was elected by acclamation. Named National Chaplain was the Rev. Edward P. Nolan, pastor of St. Jude's Roman Catholic Church, Mt. Top, Luzerne County, Pa. The following five National Vice Commanders were unan- imously elected: Roscoe D. Curtiss, Co- lumbia, Tenn.; Dr. Edwin L. Peterson, Logan, Utah; Louis Malo, West War- wick, R.L; Coleman Nolen, Okemah, Okla., and Marvin Roth, Janesville, Wis.

Nat'l Cmdr Galbraith (right arm up) is presented to convention by predecessor John Davis. Mrs.

THE NEW NATIONAL COMMANDER AND THE FIVE NATIONAL VICE-COMMANDERS

Outgoing Nat'l Cmdr John E. Davis gets his Past Nat'l Commander's plaque and colors from fellow North Dakotan, Past Curtiss (V.C.) Galbraith (Cmdr) Roth (V.C.) Nat'l Cmdr Lynn U. Stambaugh (right). Peterson (V.C.) Nolen (V.C.) Malo (V.C.) 44 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 CONTINUED THE LEGION'S NATIONAL CONVENTION

SUMMARY OF RESOLUTIONS (cont'd)

267. Recommends a strong counter-subversive activities section at the Legion's National Hq. 278. Seeks sponsorship by the Legion of a "Salute to Eisenhower Week" in October 1967. 480. Requests a commemorative postage stamp marking the Legion's 50th Anniversary in 1969. 481. Asks adoption of special hymn for Ameri- can Legion Ritual and Memorial Services. 503. Expresses appreciation to nat'l Legion staff

Cmdr Davis presented the Legion's Inter- national Amity Award to the Rt. Hon. Lord Carew of the British Legion. In turn, Carew pinned Davis, making him honorary member of the British Legion. James L. Boyle (Me.) and Father Edward P. Nolan (Pa.). Boyle was proved Manned Interceptor Aircraft. named President of the Society 233. Urges procurement of additional C-130E of American Legion Founders. Hercules aircraft with funds now available. Father Nolan was elected Na- 234. Opposes reduction of airlift capability of Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard tional Chaplain for 1967-1968. forces. 235. Urges that Air Reserve Forces be outfitted for helping Dep't of Pa. to organize 13 new with best modern equipment at earliest date. Posts. 236. Seeks an incentive program to attract pilots 517. Urges immediate action to lower postal for longer military service. rat'^s for packages mailed to overseas service- 263. Urges establishment of joint congressional men. watchdog committee to ensure compliance with 5bb. Asks that 1969 membership cards stress Public Law 436 (single catalog military supply Legion's 50th Anniversary. system). 567. Urges promotion of Viet-era vet activities in 335. Urges treaty with Canada making extradit- "Advance," the internal publication for Legion able U.S. draft dodgers living there. officials. 336. Seeks legislation to bar from entering this 568. Urges all Posts award gold 50-year con- country U.S. draft dodgers who forfeited citizen- secutive membership cards. ship. 569. Recommends holding a National Member- 416. riots, insurrection violence ship Workshop in 1968. Opposes and and 570. Urges special membership observance for calls for prosecution of those involved in such WWl members during 50th Anniversary year. acts. 448. Urges prosecution of all advocating sedi- LEGISLATIVE AND RULES tious or treasonable acts. 452. Supports legislation calling for pay in- 1. Supports National Legislative Bulletin and creases for military personnel. urges its widespread use by all Posts. 455. Endorses legislative action to compute re- 528. Urges House Committee action to consider tired military pay on basis of existing military Senate Standing Committee on Veterans Affairs. pay scales. 456. Reiterates Legion's support of Vietnam NATIONAL SECURITY struggle and calls for intensified action to 18. Reaffirms support of Civil Defense programs. achieve political and military objectives in that ACCLAMATION FOR GALBRAITH

Scene on Convention floor as the delegates left their seats to parade for "Bill" Galbraith after his nomination by Nebraska Gov. Norbert Tiemann.

118. Urges legislation declaring as treasonable country. (Joint resolution with Foreign Relations acts which impede U.S. war efforts. Committee.) 127. Opposes reduction of active inventory of 460. Calls for legislative authority to construct B-52 and B-58 bombers. protective Air Force aircraft shelters. 129. Expresses gratification of President John- 498. Opposes civilian police review boards and son's endorsement of the supersonic transport pledges support to law enforcement officials. program. 544. Calls for stepped up efforts by all con- 130. Reaffirms support of aerospace educational cerned to aid and support law enforcement. program. 580. Calls for a national blood donor drive dur- 131. Urges nonrestrictive provision of modern ing period of Dec. 4, 1967-Jan. 8, 1968. material and logistical support for all U.S. Armed 561. Calls for continuation of licensing, marking Forces. and stocking of public fallout shelters. 157. Supports legislation authorizing additional 562. Urges Congress to restore funds deleted leave (in certain areas) for U.S. Armed Forces. from Civil Defense budget. 158. Urges legislation making mandatory the 563. Urges Dept. of Defense to develop and production and deployment of land-based system procure higher performance fighter aircraft. of anti-ballistic missiles. 571. Questions philosophy and leadership of 181. Opposes any reduction of National Guard Nat'l Guard leaders who restrain troops on or Army Reserve units. riot duty. 182. Commends the U.S. Air Force Logistic 572. Calls for adequate funds to assure continued Command. U.S. supremacy of the high seas. 205. Petitions congressional study of recent court 575. Urges a continued program of direct action decisions involving law enforcement practices. for a strong American Merchant Marine. 227. Supports and recommends expansion of the 576. Calls for support and strengthening of NATO National Crime Information Center. to counter Soviet moves in Euro-Afro-Asia areas. 231. Urges Dept. of Defense pursuance of the Advanced Manned Strategic Aircraft program. 232. Urges sufficient funds to develop the Im- More Resolutions On Following Page THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 45 CONTINUEDTHE LEGION'S NATIONAL CONVENTION

579. Recommends adequate funds to assure Tuscaloosa, Ala., Team Wins Legion spare parts and maintenance requirements of Armed Forces lighting equipment. National Baseball World Series 665. Urges continuance of special Legion sub- The baseball team committee on Uniform Code of Military Justice sponsored by Farley and Court of Military Appeals. W. Moody Post 34 of Tuscaloosa, Ala., REHABILITATION won the 1967 American Legion Junior 39. Supports legislation to exclude from income World Series at Memphis, Tenn., Aug. for VA purposes inherited bank accounts. 31 -Sept. 5. 51. Seeks legislation to increase the period of presumptive service-connection for progressive Tuscaloosa beat George William Ben- muscular atrophy from 1 year to 7 years. 143. Seeks new scale of death and disability jamin Post 791 of Northbrook, 111., 1-0 pension benefits for WWl, 2, and Korean vets in the 15th and final of the and their widows and children. game two- 144. Seeks legislation to exclude from annual losses-and-out tourney. Northbrook had income for report VA purposes proceeds of The Convention over, the Nat'l Executive mortgage insurance equal to indebtedness pay- earlier beaten Tuscaloosa for its only loss able to insured Committee meets on the emptied stage. or his beneficiary. in series play. 146. Seeks increase in disability compensation 193. Seeks increase in widow's rate of depend- rates, and proportional awards for disabilities The other six teams in the finals and less than 100%. ency and indemnity compensation by $25 a child. 154. Seeks medical attention under the Military their order of finish: Joseph B. Stahl 256. Seeks legislation providing Medical Benefits Act for dependents of vets who for presumption of soundness in determining Memorial Post 30, Wilmington Manor, died of service-connected disabilities after dis- pensions for vets who were discharged for disability charge. within 90 Del.: Klamath Post 8, Klamath Falls, days of induction. 173. Seeks to extend presumption of service- 315. Reaffirms Legion policy that the VA remain Ore.: Grand Forks Post 6, Grand Forks, the single agency administering veterans programs. N.D.; Memphis Post 1. Memphis, Tenn.; 318. Urges reactivation of "Gifts to Hospitalized Manchester Post 79, Manchester, Veterans" Program. N.H. 376. Commends President Johnson for his efforts and Leyden-Chiles-Wickersham Post 1, to provide wartime benefits to Viet-era vets. Denver, Colo. 432. Seeks legislation to provide that date of reduction or discontinuance of pension because The American Legion Baseball Player of a dependent's death be the last day of the calendar year. of the Year is Ray L. Larsen, 18, of 434. Seeks reopening of NSLI for 1 year. Northbrook. Ray, a 5' 11", 225 lb 436. Seeks legislation to make final and con- clusive (except for fraud) extra-hazard determi- catcher with a .368 batting average has nations of Veterans Affairs Administrator on insurance unless reviewed within 2 years. a football scholarship to the University 437. Seeks legislation providing that service- of Iowa. connected disabilities be waived to meet good health requirements for certain purposes of VA The James F. Daniel, Jr., Sportsman- insurance. 438. Seeks legislation to exclude U.S. Gov't in- ship Award went to Randy Ryan, 18, surance and NSLI proceeds from Federal estate Tuscaloosa's 5' 9", 160 lb catcher. tax. 439. Seeks legislation to waive less than 100% The 1967 American Legion Batting service-connected disabilities as a consideration for reinstatement of NSLI by certain vets. Championship, symbolized by the Hil- Miss American Legion of Alabama, Kerry 440. Seeks legislation pertaining to the estab- lerich & Bradsby Louisville Slugger Tro- Bode, of Phoenix City, is presented by lishment by the Veterans Affairs Administrator of a fixed of phy, Hugh Overton, Alabama Nat'l Committee- schedule maximum premium insur- was won by Joseph Cherico, 18, of ance rates. Post man. 441. Sponsors legislation to raise per diem rates 30, Wilmington Manor, Del. The of vets in state veterans homes. 5' 7", connection for 145 lb shortstop had 19 hits in 37 psychosis to 2 years for purpose 497. Urges transfer of national cemetery juris- of service-connected claims. diction to Administrator of Veterans Affairs with at-bats out of 40 appearances at the plate 178. Seeks legislation to provide vets rated authority to operate, care for, maintain and ex- totally for disabled with out-patient care for non- pand when necessary national cemeteries. a .514 average. service-connected conditions. 533. Sponsors legislation improving dependency 191. Urges Hosted by Memphis Post 1, the series commissary and exchange privileges and indemnity compensation for dependent ior widows of vets who died of a service-con- parents. drew 22,788 paid admissions and was nected disability. 577. Opposes AMA policy which would convert 192. Supports played in cool weather. legislation to provide that death VA hospitals into community hospitals staffed of a disabled vet rated 100% service-connected with private physicians. be deemed The 1968 Junior World Series will be a service-connected death for pay- 578. Expresses thanks and recognlt'on to Robert ment of dependency and indemnity compensa- M. McCurdy for his long service to The Ameri- held in Manchester, N H. tion. can Legion as Rehabilitation Chairman.

A I l iglit are the cliairinen of the committees that screened resolutions

AMERICANISM CHILD WELFARE CONSTITUTIONAL ECONOMIC FINANCE Daniel O'Connor Morris Nooner AMENDMENTS John Flynn Churchill Williams New York Illinois Francis Giordano California Iowa New York

FOREIGN INTERNAL AFFAIRS LEGISLATION MEMBERSHIP NATIONAL REHABILITATION RELATIONS Donald Smith Clarence Horton Edward Lynch, Jr. SECURITY William Lenker Thomas Whelan Michigan Alabama Connecticut Emmett Lenihan S. Dakota N. Dakota Washington 46 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 DATELINE WASHINGTON U.S. TRADE POLICY. POLITICS BACK TO NORMAL. THE GLORY THAT WAS DE GAULLE.

The Administration is committed to supporting the in- PEOPLE AND QUOTES ternational trade agreements reached in the Kennedy lib - NOT CIVIL RIGHTS Round , which have been officially interpreted as eralizing foreign trade. But, reacting to farmers "Pillage, looting, murder and who are being hurt, the President has slapped new re- arson have nothing to do with strictions on dairy imports. civil rights." President Johnson. The President calls for increased East-West trade SHRINKAGE NEEDED

. . . but that seems dead for now as Congress seeks to "The great challenge is not stop the flow of U.S. goods and funds to the Soviet simply to make the cities more and satellites. Public pressures against favorable trade efficient and more liveable for agreements with the Communists have been heightened by more and more people, but how the continuing Vietnam war and the Arab-Israel conflict. to keep more and more people The State Department argues that industrial nations, from crowding into them." Sen. like the United States, must be more generous about im- James B. Pearson, R-Kan. countries ;. but in Con- ports from the underdeveloped NO LET UP gress, farmer and industry pressures seek restrictions "A host of events, from Viet- against Latin American meats, textiles and straw- nam to Glassboro . . . the guer- berries. illa activity in Latin America Observers predict a slow but persistent overall pro - _ and the lightning-fast rearming tectionist trade trend in the next few years. of the Arab nations testify that Politics in Washington are beginning to return to the there has been no softening of days when the Republicans and conservative Democrats the Kremlin lines." Rep. John - S. Monagan, D-Conn. successfully j oined hands against the l iberal Demo cratic maj ority. MONDAY MORNING COMMENT Earlier this year, in the wake of Republican election "We never considered at- gains in Congress, House GOP Leader Gerald R. Ford tacking Israel. We realized all

(R-Mich. ) insisted that the minority party was strong along that if we attacked Israel, enough to stand on its own feet, and would shun revival America would intervene of the conservative coalition that dominated Congres- against us." Egyptian President sional action on many major issues before the Johnsonian Nasser. cannot cancel like- sweep of 1964. But Republicans LIKE PROPAGANDA? mindedness among conservative Democrats—and between ". . . the Soviet Union has sur- them they have blocked President Johnson's bids for lib- passed the United States in re- eral legislation at least eight times this session. cent years in the absolute In the House, the 186 Republicans and 91 Democrats increment of a number of im- from the "border" or Southern states assure conservative portant products." Soviet Dep- control whenever the issue is deep enough to arouse uty Premier Nikolai Baibakov. spontaneous closing of the ranks . . . Republican leadership has demonstrated remarkable discipline, and PAY THE PRICE looks to complete control over the House if the GOP "Our national commitments can pick up an additional 31 seats in the next election. must be met in the financial area, as they are being met on In the Nation's Capital, the people at the top don't the battlefield." Treasury Sec- know whether they are glad or sad that General retary Fowler. de Gaulle ' s slip is showing . His recent public state- PRO AMERICA ments, his actions and public opinion polls in France "Americans are the best fed, suggest he is on the decline. best paid, and best educated Outwardly aloof, the grand Charles never could hide people in the world. That's the anti-Americanism simmering inside him ever since ." what's right with America. . President Roosevelt gave him a brush-off during WUlard Deason, Commissioner, World War 2. In Vietnam, the Mideast, the UN, the Interstate Commerce Comm. European Community and even in Canada, de Gaulle's anti- INDIVISIBLE American bias has tainted his policy and words . . . longer can Washington is indeed fed up with the General ' s mischief "The country no of making in international affairs . . . but wonders what afford to treat the problems will happen to p olitically-riven France when the the city and the country sep- iron-willed President goes. arately." Agric. Sec'y Freeman.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 47 THE NATIONAL COMMANDER OF THE AMERICAN LEGION—1967-1968 town farmer has attracted to himself (Continued from page 19) through his quiet judgment and per- sonableness in undertaking bigger ance among all the states for interstate "An important anniversary is a time tasks than his private liaison on problems and progress in to look at the past, present and future. affairs have demanded of him. public education. Among them I think the future is the In 1964. Governor Morrison asked most important," he says. "The Legion's His career in the Legion provides the Galbraith to serve on Nebraska's 15-man 50th Anniversary will be a tremendous same mirror. A late-comer in active Legion affairs, Centennial Celebration Commission, to event if we use it to take stock from the as his contacts grew, his army of supporters grew. the mark the 1 00th anniversary of Nebraska past and present for the future. We By time statehood this year. It wasn't a political should give all of our programs a thor- he was well known around the state. appointment. "He was a Democratic ough review and rededicate ourselves Nebraska Legionnaires were saying that governor and I'm a registered Republi- to the needs and realities of 1969, as the Galbraith was just the man to be Ne- can," Galbraith notes. He was a natural Legion founders dedicated themselves to braska's first National Commander of for the post. His work on the regional the needs and realities of the America the Legion. In the early 1960's, an in- education programs and as state Legion of 50 years ago. If we do half as well as formal coalition of state and local Commander, as well as his contacts with they did, 1969 can be as great a mile- Legion leaders were warning him that county agricultural agents, had brought stone for the Legion as 1919 was." they were going to push him for high Bill into broad contact with people in all office if he were willing. They liked him and thought he had stuff. of Nebraska's 93 counties, among whom SEPTEMBER 2 was a special day in the the They were he was universally liked and respected. Nebraska Centennial with a great willing to stake their reputations that "We set out to organize Centennial pageant scheduled in Lincoln. To show the national reaction would be the same Bill plans in every community in the state," Nebraska's respect for Bill Galbraith, once became better known in the he said, "and my job was made easier he was named honorary parade chair- other states. because most of the Legion posts in Ne- man of the event. The traditional "Na- Among the leaders of this group were as braska are centers of local affairs." The tional Commander's homecoming" in such Beemer banker Raymond Stef- fensmeier. of Bill's Nebraska Legion itself took on the re- which his home town honors each new own post; Father Paul sponsibility for special Centennial pro- Legion Commander, will be celebrated Schwaab, immediate past state Le- grams on Memorial Day, July 4 and on October 14 not only in Beemer, but gion Chaplain; past state Commander Jim Harrison, of Morrow, Nebr.; Gar- Veterans Day. "On Veterans Day, this in the capital at Lincoln too. And it will November 11." says Bill, "we'll bring be declared "Galbraith Day" in the state. nett Page, of Lexington, one of the founders state well over a thousand members of youth This at the insistence of the present of the Legion rehabilita- groups and school contest winners into governor, Norbert Tiemann, who knew tion program; Warren Baker and Ray Oltman, state adjutant assistant ad- the capital at Lincoln to give the gov- Bill in college and is himself a disabled and jutant, respectively. Virtually the ernor a special report from youth look- war veteran, with service in WW2 and whole ing to the future." Korea. Galbraith will be the second corps of older and nationally known also The experience with Nebraska's Cen- Nebraskan honored with a "day" in the Nebraska Legion leaders backed tennial should stand Galbraith in good Centennial celebration. "Johnny Carson him, though to a considerable degree they stayed in the let stead during his year at the Legion's Day" was observed in April. background to Bill's own generation push him. helm, for it is the final year of planning These honors are not great achieve- and organizing for the Legion's own ments, but rather a mirror of the respect IN 50th Anniversary in 1969. that this former schoolteacher and small THOSE neighboring midwestern states took the same liking to Gal- braith, among them Past National Com- mander Don Johnson of Iowa. The Nebraska Legionnaires made Bill their Legion National Executive Com- mitteeman in 1963, and true to the hunch of his partisans at home, he began to collect friends and supporters in his national contacts with leaders from other states on the Executive Com- mittee. He was appointed to the Legion national Child Welfare Foundation, a board to pass on Legion gifts to outside groups doing original work for the welfare of American children, and he was given a post on the Legion's national 50th Anniversary Committee. In 1965, the states in his region supported him for National Vice Com- mander of The American Legion, of whom five are elected annually on a regional basis. He was elected and served under then National Commander L. Eldon James, of Virginia, who liked "I agree I'm not paying you what you're worth, Simpson, him so immensely that he called on Bill but it's only because of the minimum wage law." to stand in for him on the maximum number of occasions that circumstances

TIIK AMKRICAN I KfilON MA(;A/.INK allowed.

48 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 It was while Galbraith was out of the state on one of these missions that James Smith—currently state Director of Vet- erans Affairs—moved at the 1966 Mid- Winter Conference of the Nebraska State Legion that Bill receive official 4 as a for endorsement candidate National ''^^T PARKING Commander. And it was done. By then mmic^^. Galbraith was so well liked in the other states that he was a shoo-in at Boston, barely a year and a half later.

GALBRAITH, at 41 , is among the youngest men to hold the Legion's top office. (Not the goungest. Erie Cocke, Jr., was 29 when elected in 1950, Donald R. Wilson was 34 when named in 195L) But Galbraith is the "latest born" thus far. He was barely old enough to get into WW2 near its end. Graduating from Beemer High School at 15 in 1942, he asked his father to sign papers to let him enter service in early 1944, when he was 17. "He refused," Bill recalls, "but he said "Herb's not taking Johnson's promotion lying down." when I was 18 if I didn't enter on my own he'd kick me out of the house." THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE Late the same year, he enlisted in the Navy, and was inducted following his chant ship converted to troop carrier. erans right after WWl, until he was in After 18th birthday January 1945. Back in Brooklyn, a serious accidental killed in an auto accident on June 9. at Lakes Naval Sta- "boot camp" Great foot injury put him in St. Albans Naval 1921 —the only National Commander tion he was sent to Point Loma, Cahf., Hospital in Queens. N.Y. (and later to die in office. Two other "pairs" of for radar training, then bounced to did him out of a football career at the National Commanders have borne the Treasure Island near San Francisco, U. of Nebraska). As a patient in St. same surname, Louis Johnson (1932-33) where they shipped him to the Armed Albans he taught typing (he became an and Donald E. Johnson (1964-65); and Guard Center at the Brooklyn, N.Y., able typist in a high school course) in Ralph T. O'Neil (1930-31) and James F. Yard. Navy the rehabilitation program there for war- O'Neil ( 1 947-48). The war in Europe was nearing its disabled Naval personnel. Released as a Bill Galbraith's mother died in Janu- end. He made one Atlantic trip to Le patient, he was transferred to duty in ary 1966. He has a brother and two Havre and back with the small Naval Florida. There, when the injury re- sisters—Gerald (Pete) Galbraith, a TV crew aboard the U.S.S. Arena, a mer- curred, he was discharged from the engineer in Kearney, Nebr.; Mrs. Harry Navy in May 1946. (Margaret) Burrish, of Aberdeen, S. Dak., and Mrs. Vincent (Frances) Kess, WHEN HE RETURNED to the family of Lincoln, Nebr. The new Commander farm he found that his father had has a son, William Deane Galbraith, already signed him up for membership and a daughter, Claudia Jean. Claudia, in the Beemer Legion Post. 19, is a sophomore at the U. of Ne- The Galbraith part of his family has braska. Son Bill, 18, is an entering been on American shores since pre- freshman this year. revolutionary days, with early roots in The Commander pronounces the first South Carolina, Pennsylvania and New syllable of "Galbraith" as in "gal" for York. The Galbraiths are related to "girl," and not "gall" to rhyme with Robert Morris, a signer of the Declara- "Paul." He is a Methodist, and a Ma- tion of Independence. Bill's great-grand- sonic past master. He is a member of father, William Galbraith, moved from Delta Upsilon fraternity, and is or has

Mt. Vernon, 111., to Beemer, then called been active in many professional, trade Rock Creek, after the Civil War. He had and civic organizations, including the served in Illinois' 48th Infantry, and is Disabled American Veterans, the Vet- buried in Beemer's old Pioneer Ceme- erans of Foreign Wars, the Beemer tery. Bill's grandfather, William Henry Chamber of Commerce, the Farmers Your gift speaks for Galbraith, was born on the family farm Union, the Farm Bureau and the Live- in the year of Nebraska statehood, stock Feeders Association. He is a past America when you feed 1867, as were Bill and his father in later years. president of the Swine Producers of the hungry people with $1 Bill is not the first Galbraith to be State of Nebraska. He has been a 4H Food Crusade packages National Commander of the Legion. leader and a Sunday School Superin- The second National Commander was tendent. He is a state director of the through CARE, New York Frederick W. Galbraith, Jr., of Ohio, Nebraska Youth Council and vice presi- 10016. who was elected in 1920. He set a tre- dent of the Lewis and Clark Boy Scout mendous pace in trying to overcome the Council of eastern Nebraska and west- inadequacy of care for wounded vet- ern Iowa. THE END

THE AMERI CAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 49 N

HOW WE MADE AN ARMY OUT OF NOTHING IN WORLD WAR I what we wanted, because we all had a lot (Continued from page 25) on our minds between homesickness and that blessed "There" proved to be the area directly a trainload of cowboys, Indians and 'needle'." They were a motley looking crew, this north of camp, every inch of which was miners finally pulled out of the local sta- new army. Draft boards had told them covered with trees, briars, thorns and tion, they had one trait in common. not to wear any unnecessary clothing to vines. "A Chatham County rabbit would "They were drunk and not just drunk, camp and, quite often, the suggestion have hesitated long before trying to make but extravagantly and supremely drunk." was followed literally. Recruits arriving his way through it," an artilleryman ex- Before the ride was over, "they chucked at Camp Travis wore "nothing than plained, "and Chatham County rabbits a porter off the train (while in motion), more a pair of heavy boots on sockless feet and are famous throughout North Carolina looted a bar, lassoed a number of citizens the all-embracing blue overalls," for their daring and intrepidity." of Trinidad, Colo., during a stop, and though the amount of baggage they brought As National Guardsmen shivered or staged a fight between a bulldog, a goat along varied from a toothbrush to a sweated, the War Department ordered and a tame wildcat which some of them steamer trunk. Since uniforms were in draftees to the new cantonments on Sep- had brought along as pets.'" short supply, they sometimes drilled two tember 1st. In every town and village in or three weeks in scanty civilian attire. America, from Tucumcari to Tampa. REALITY RETURNED just about the squad of in Seattle to Charleston, moving out day time the train reached its final stop "A made up two men uni- was pretty much the same. Horns and olive-drab uniforms stepped forward. form (part of which was Canadian), overalls, honked. Flags waved. Speeches hoars- They were at camp and the Army wait- one man in another in a blue sweater ened the air. A train drew in. Waiting on ing them in the flesh was unlike what and derby, and the rest in vari- officer the station platform were the draftees most of them had supposed. It was good ous nondescript costumes," an of wearing their civilian clothes for the last that they arrived with rousing farewells the 331st Field Artillery Regiment at time for many months; for some, the last echoing in their ears. There was precious Camp Grant wrote, "was no uncommon time forever. The emotion of the whole little else to convince them that the Army sight." scene, a reporter commented, "was the was ready to receive them—or even ex- Those lucky enough to get complete sort that is delicately balanced between pecting them. uniforms must have wondered if they smile and tear." America has often debated, but never were really so lucky after all. Taller and The local band struck up a patriotic agreed to, the drafting of labor in war- bigger than the old Regulars, the draftees '17 march, usually one left over from the time. Nevertheless, the WWl soldiers of rarely fit government issue. For Civil War. In northern cities "Marching were turned to labor as soon as they ar- Laurence Stallings. later to gain fame Through Georgia" was the favorite. In rived at the camps. Many of the unit with "What Price Glory?" it was the Iron Maiden to life—"neck-choking the South, where that would never do, it histories contain humor and irony in re- come was "The Bonnie Blue Flag" or, inevita- citing how the troops were given picks, collars that permitted no rolls of fat, bly, "Dixie." At Peru, Ind., draftees got shovels, saws, hammers and nails to finish breeches tailored for a gymnast's knees, a rousing send-off from the local post of what the contractors had started. leggings pipe-clayed and fitted to the the Grand Army of the Republic, a tot- None of the camps was finished. "The calf, blouses with patch pockets that tering handful of very old men come to high screeching note of the buzz saw would hardly accommodate a pack of give a tearful blessing to their grandsons could be heard turning out the boards for cigarettes." who were destined to substitute Belleau the last building," a rookie arriving uniform Wood for Gettysburg, St. Mihiel for at Camp Grant, 111., declared. "Between WORSE THAN the lack of Bloody Angle. the barracks corn was still growing." For was a lack of training equipment. most draftees stumbling olT the trains "The handicaps and obstacles that con- BUT SADNESS was momentary. The that September, the sight of incomplete fronted regiments in those early days train whistle blew and an engine bell camps was uninspiring, if not downright seem appalling in retrospect," an Army clanged. Draftees tossed their suitcases disheartening. historian remembered. But the draftee aboard, then clamored after them, and "All I saw were thousands of un- proved to be an imaginative man. He waved good-bye. The coaches pulled out, painted buildings and millions of fellows discovered that a grenade is thrown, not trailing bunting and huge signs scrawled in khaki, and everyone of them had a lobbed, by practicing with rocks. with "We're Off To Lick The Kaiser!" or fiendish grin on his face," one cringing Wooden guns, even boxes and boards, some other equally boastful expression. draftee stated. "Quite as docile as sheep took the place of real ones. Signal corps- "I must confess," a New Yorker re- and just as ignorant, we were marched men made flags from any material handy. drills membered how it was, "that all the good- down one camp street after another. My Artillerymen learned their gun on byes and the handshakes and the weep- friends of foreign extraction, with due pine logs mounted on old buggy wheels ing mothers and sweethearts and the pa- regard for anything that looked like a or on forks set in the ground. A company rade and the Comfort Kits that everyone uniform, saluted everyone that passed commander's Ford served for instruction handed you, and the mystery of what was until we were halted outside a big two- in motor vehicles. At Camp Lee, Va., the to come, and the scared look on every- story unpainted barracks building. drill field was completely covered with one's face, including my own, and the "Here mess kits were served to each of corn. "The farmer army," wrote a re- vacant feeling in the pit of one's stom- us, and though we did not know the cruit, "was turned loose and in twenty- ach, superinduced by sandwiches and combination that unlocked the mysteri- four hours there was no corn in sight. coffee, fudge, oranges and chocolates, ous looking things, we were glad to get The great number of rabbits that dis- with the corn, did get on my nerves. But, hang it, when them because they added so much to appeared simultaneously

it be recorded, stood as much I look back we got a great farewell at the dozen and one things we were should that." already carrying. Then, completely chance as the proverbial snowball." They felt like veterans endowed with smothering us, came two tremendous Firearms were scarce. At Camp Logan, a glory already achieved. At each stop, horse blankets and a comforter. After the only machineguns were 12 Maxim kindly ladies handed out candy and cig- the sergeant showed us where we bunked and 20 Lewis guns, but ammunition and arettes. Cheers floated through the soot- and where we could expect to find some- competent instructors were practically stained windows. And there was more. thing to eat about supper time, everyone nonexistent. One Division Adjutant

A report from Arizona had it that when left us severely alone, which was mostly (Continued on page 54)

50 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 !

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THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 53 HOW WE MADE AN ARMY OUT OF NOTHING IN WORLD WAR I -(Continued from page 50)^

passed around his own Colt automatic patience and judgment of a man." These lack of so recruits could see what a real weapon were stopgaps at best and a beats the throughout the What looked like. All this five months after officers plagued the Army we had declared war on the great Ger- war. aroma of a great man Imperial military machine. During the long and severe winter of winter the South had A regiment considered itself well- 1917, the worst continued. rifles. "About known since 1898, drilling autumn day supplied if it had 250 field pieces which the Camp twenty-five percent of all the rifles had The two boasted were dragged bayonets and about the same proportion Grant artillerymen in the woods? inside the barracks and gun drills went of our men were equipped with cartridge on the same as during the mild fall belts and bayonet scabbards," Capt. weather. Smoke bomb practice and gas Arthur W. Little recalled. "In order to drills were introduced. keep up appearances when we paraded "You have no idea what the word dis- before the public, the men upon the comfort means until you try on a gas Nothing. flanks of squads and in the front ranks mask or respirator," a soldier said, de- of leading platoons were given these belts scribing the experience. "Did you ever But a pipeful of to wear. The men on the interiors of try swallowing a hot-water bottle? Did formations, who didn't show so much, you ever clip a clothespin over your nose went without belts. In camp we had the Field & Stream and then try earnestly to thrust your head men detailed for guard wear the belts into a rubber boot?" and carry the bayonets. Trying to keep comes mighty close. an accurate record of the daily where- WINTER was unusually severe at abouts of belts and bayonets helped to THE Camp Greene, N.C. In January, the make things pleasant for company ground froze to a depth of six inches; officers." when it thawed, mud made the clay roads Grant, artillerymen of what At Camp quagmires and ambulances could not would be the 331st Field Artillery were reach the hospital a mile and a half away. build wooden horses to learn obliged to "The worst feature of the camp was the handle the horse-drawn guns of how to horse depot," the commanding officer "With this substitute," one would- WWl. reported. "Standing for days in the mud horseman remarked, "the essentials of be of this acid soil, the horses developed taught and the soldier harnessing were ulcers on the lower parts of their legs." dismounting and instructed in mounting, With the bad weather came an in- a rider." the proper seat for fluenza epidemic throughout the training camps. Mumps and measles added to the National THE Army and the misery. Woolen clothing was late in com- HAD Villa on Guard not chased Pancho ing, but heavy hob-nailed shoes were is-

Inc. Pershing in A product of Philip Morris the Mexican border under sued at some camps aad the men were had 1916, the shortage of men who had required to wear a shoe two sizes larger any practical military experience in the than normally, along with two pairs of it was. field would have been worse than socks. divisions And it was bad enough. Few Winter and spring, recruits learned two Army — ever had more than 5% Regular basics. How to salute "the captain made MARTINS FLAGS company cap- officers; less than 1 % of us understand that the fate of the nation,

1 DISPLAYS FOR tains had more than a year's service. In together with the balance of power in » ORGANIZATIONS- only TOWNS-SCHOOLS-FAIRS many outfits, officers had to act not Europe, hung on our ability to render a Prompt shipment. Ask for our as officers, but also as non-commissioned correct salute"—and how to do close- colorful WHOLESALE Catalog No. 47A or pri- officers. There were few NCO's— order drill. IOWA S0501 MARTIN'S FLAG CO.. FORT DODGE. with vates or corporals or sergeants— The army's day in 1917 began, as it even a smattering of military knowledge. has in training camps before and since, Possible Trying to keep ahead of the demand, the with getting up in the morning. About Now To Officers War Department established that, a remarkable song was written by army Shrink Hemorrhoids Training Schools, usually at old Irving Berlin, a sergeant at Camp Upton posts, where thousands of non-commis- outside Yaphank on New York's Long Itcliing, And Promptly Stop sioned officers in the Regular Army and Island. And, said Alexander Woollcott, Cases. well as gradu- one Relieve Pain In Most the National Guard—as it "could only have been written by where mili- bugler." Science has found a medication with ates of schools and colleges who knew what it was to hate a was given were turned I hate to get up in the the ability, in most cases—to relieve tary instruction — It was: "Oh! How lieutenants in 90 days, to be words symbolized better pain, itching and shrink hemorrhoids. into second morning." The "Ninety Day Wonders." anything else the one inescapable In case after case doctors proved, called than officer training, a ever-present fact of army life—that while gently relieving pain, actual re- Those chosen for and the Fort Leavenworth school the bugle blew at 5:45 in the morning. duction took place. The secret is Prep- colonel at calisthenics. For ruled, had to be successful in life. School After reveille came aration H®. It also soothes irritated and outdoorsmen were par- recruits fresh from offices and indoor further in- teachers tissues and helps prevent minutes. favored; any experience with work, it was an excruciating 20 for Preparation ticularly fection. Just ask H instructor com- horses was a definite asset. "Training "Some fat fellows," an Ointment or Suppositories. execute all horses," he pointed out, "exercises the mented, "found it difficult to

54 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 — of the movements, their grunts and pant- ings often keeping time to the commands of their leaders. With the perspiration bursting forth from their round cheeks and their flesh forming in great remon- strating rolls, the only indication they gave of ever becoming soldiers was the earnest manner in which they entered into their work." S Mess call sounded for breakfast at 6:30. In 1917, as in every war, the American soldier didn't consider army $20,000 food exactly cordon bleu fare.

But it really wasn't as bad as some Joe Miller was 48 and a elegant descriptions of it. Exaggeration traveling salesman out of life. menu at is a soldier's way of The working Camp Dix, N.J., for instance, consisted Duncan, Oklahoma, when he of boiled rice, fried bacon, fried potatoes, mailed a coupon like the one hot muffins, bread and butter, coffee or on this page. milk. "Seconds" were common and food 0 Months Soon, Joe received a fascinating, was plentiful, while the weekly food al- free from Universal Schools. The lowance per man for three meals a day book gave Joe a startling, inside look was only 39-7/ 10th cents! Ingenious book at the booming field of Accident A Year chefs frequently cut the weekday cost Investigation. to 23 cents, thus permitting an extra- didn't know the first thing good menu on Sunday with such items Joe about Accident Investigation—but he as scrambled eggs, roast beef, chocolate knew a great opportunity when he cake and rice pudding. saw one. So, he took Universal's At 7:00 came sick call, but there were famous lessons-by-mail course in his usually few fakers. Salts, it seems, was a spare time. Though he had only universal remedy for all complaints. average education, Joe completed the Often given by the half pint, "the results training easily. of such kindly attention on the part of Joe Miller made $14,768.72 his first the medical officers," one soldier has year in Accident Investigation. Since Ho written, "always resulted in great camp then, he's been averaging $20,000 activity, the men often living up to the annually, working about six months reputation of sprinters while engaged in a year. He does no selling. He's the proper execution of their pressing Started an independent Investigator- Adjuster military duties." specializing in storm damage. Joe Miller's income is unusually WERE divcrsious, of course. For THERE high and, though it is not typical, it By some, that meant the camp Y.M.C.A. shows the tremendous opportunities or the Hostess House. For most, the local right now in Accident Investigation girls. Even if they weren't as pretty as even for men with no experience and the girls back home, a southern youth only average education. miaiiing grudgingly conceded, "they are very Get the facts now. Men are urgently flirty, anyway. They never did that to needed. Do as Joe Miller and me before, so I guess it is the uniform." thousands of others have done. Mail At "Liberty Theaters," thousands of sol- the coupon below for your free book a coupon diers were entertained by Theda Bara, on the booming field of Accident In- Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford and vestigation. You have absolutely no other movie stars. But just as in a later obligation. No salesman will call on war, it sometimes seemed that the Army you. You risk nothing. Like This thrived on anything but reason. "I am on mess duty now," a soldier Send coupon or card today to lamented, "and it is sure some job to feed Universal Schools, 6801 Hillcrest, between 500 and 1000 men at one sit- Dallas, Texas 75205. Your free book ting—some job for a boiler maker." An- will be mailed immediately. other recruit, a city boy assigned to stable duty, said: "If I've got to die for my Mr. M. L. Crippen, Dept. AL-10 country, I want to die gloriously on the Universal Schools field of battle. I'd hate to have brains my 6801 Hillcrest Avenue kicked out by a mule." Further com- Dallas, Texas 75205 plaints arose from Pershing's insistence Without obligation, please send my FREE BOOK on opportunities in the growing on oversize divisions—29,000 men—in- Accident Investigation Field. I understand that no salesman will call on me. stead of 17,000 as the Allies used. Build- NAME AGE . ing these heavy divisions meant that a ADDRESS number of Guard regiments were com- CITY STATE ZIP CODE- bined and a few famous outfits lost their {Continued on page 56)

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 55 — —

HOW WE MADE AN ARMY OUT OF NOTHING IN WORLD WAR I (Continued from page 55)

identity. In the shuffle, some old com- pilots dubbed them "flaming coffins." manding officers lost their commands Mostly, we used British and French Now you may get the money you need . . . Pay As Little FAST! Borrow $100 to $1,000 with a Money- and liked it even less. planes in combat. By-Mail "Secret Loan" from Dial. Absolute As $5.00 privacy. No co-signers needed. ABSOLUTELY Complaints or not, training lasted for The full momentum of America's mo- NO MORTGAGES OF ANY KIND REQUIRED. a Month own signature. old You use your Pay up 16 weeks. If a man had never gone to bilization had only begun to itself bills and have cash left over out of every Ctth 30 Monthly show Yw Get HymtnU paycheck. (Special: Credit life insurance bed at 10 o'clock before, he was ready to by Armistice Day. By then, the army available, at nominal cost). Whatever you $104.65 $5.00 need money for . . , get it FAST . . . and in privacy by Mail from Dial. Write today. 293.02 14.00 now. His equipment might be make-be- that had been created from crowds of No Obligation. 532.26 25.00 lieve, but his aches and pains, sore feet draftees was the greatest the world had DIAL FINANCE CO., DeptK-092 Cnh 3S Monthly You 41 0_Kl lpiUlc> BIdt., Omihi, Ntbr. 68102 Got Pairnicnts and strained muscles were for real. In a ever known. Forty-two divisions were EHEl $33.00 TdIAL finance CO., D«pt. K-092 tedious process, not always one that overseas, 12 were well under way in IM'i»i-'l 40.00 410 KlliMtrick Bldt. Omaha. Nibr. 681 02 , hewed to the Manual of Arms, he took training, four were being organized. ! Please rush FREE Loan Order Blank. shape. "And the astonishing thing is," Plans in progress called for 80 divisions Pvt. Henry R. Richmond told his folks in France by July 1919, and 100 by the I Address. in Mexico, are City State ^ip Code from a camp New "we end of the year. Congress had extended I Amount you want to borrow $ mastering the school of soldiery surpris- the draft to include every male from 18 j ingly well." to 45. All told. 44% of the total male Most regiments had horses and at least population—over 24 million men—were Sure beats smoking! one 3-inch gun to a battalion by early registered. Winnowing the wheat with November. It was reported that the men, its threshing machine, the Army accepted after looking both guns and horses over 2,702,687. in reverence and awe, found themselves Americans were startled by their own far more advanced in their training than industrial capacity, even more at the way they had imagined. Indeed, the arrival they poured money freely into the war. of real guns at Camp Sevier "created Loans of $12.1 billion went to the Allies. Qpenhagen much excitement." Aged and uncertain With slogans "A Bond Slacker Is A Kai- in action, they were highly prized and ser Backer" and "Buy Over Here To "rain or shine, no regiment missed its Win Over There." one. then a second and Enjoy Copenhagen: Place a small pinch gun drill period." Veteran French and a third Liberty Loan drive went over the between cheek and gum. No chewing. British officers came over to add a touch top. Statistically, more than 18 million of reality to training procedures. Twenty- people bought more than $4 billion worth United States Tobacco Company five miles hikes that once took three days of bonds, and that included $1,500,000 25c SAMPLE ($1 Retail) now took one. Drills in dummy trenches subscribed by soldiers at Camp Dodge. Mjike up to $10 an hour in ynur spare lime jusi showing this amazin-^ little were supported by real artillery fire. Iowa. invention that threads a needle simply by pressing a bultun. Show it to women (men, tool and watch them The Army took shape, too. It was just frrab it out of your hands fen- only SI .00. No sales c\porience needed. a matter of time. Tents bearing old mark- WE DECLARED War. the world INTRODUCTORY OFFER: Rush WHEN J.-jr f<.r >.ain[>It.' or $3 for 1 , Pershing's expedition great do/., in .'l-<-.il>>c store display ings from Mexican was dubious about the ma- carton. an-i money making facts, plus other self-selling were replaced with new ones. The En- chinery we set in motion. Germany inuncyniakcrs. UNIQUE PRODUCTS, Dept. T-45710 field rifle was adopted for American use, scofi'ed. Gen. Paul von Hindenburg 216 W. Jackson Blvd.. Chicago. 111.60606 since it was already being produced for claimed it was impossible for America LEARN the British in large numbers. Only slight to build up soon enough the army it MEAT CUTTING modifications were necessary to make it would need in Europe, to make lioys into fit Eventually. 2 million Train

AGITATORS, NOTES Richard Sanger, Tiny Hearing Aid Helps Those With

. sold tin boxes to tribesmen, to be buried in the ground. When the Congo was "really free" the boxes "would be full Mild or Moderate Nerve Deafness! of gold." Sanger, a retired U.S. Foreign A few short years ago, people with nerve deafness were considered beyond help. But Service career man, has an excellent brief today, a tiny Radioear is opening up an exciting, new world of hearing for those chapter on the Congo in his current book, with mild or moderate losses. This remarkable little hearing aid, the Radioear 931, "Insurgent Era," published by Potomac weighs just a fraction of an ounce. If you have nerve deafness—whether it is mild or for if \ Books in Washington. The lights in mis- moderate— send the coupon more information. Or you _ know a friend or relative who needs hearing help, show him this sion buildings in the Congo were "really" xC"^ ad. Radioear makes a full line of quality hearing aids for all RADIOEAR®/ auto headlights, natives were told, and types of correctible hearing losses. tieaifnl Aid"' V^_^X. come independence the autos could be theirs. Innocent Bantus were "sold It's Inconspicuous on Men! Women Hide It Beautifully! Brooklyn Bridges" in the form of Bel- gian homes, Belgian autos, and even Bel- gian wives, to be collected after independence. Some who had paid $40 for a house, car or wife, innocently visited Belgian householders to inspect their new property ahead of time. Lumumba's men sold MNC political party cards as guarantees of security and privilege after independence. Thus the other parties were undermined, and the seeds were sown for planned violence and disorder after independence. Radioear Corporation ALSO AVAILABLE Department 210-A all his promises of vain things FREE OF CHARGE! When Valley Brook Road RADIOEAR" would fail, Lumumba would blame it on Canonsburg, Pa. 15317 DRAMATIC NEW BOOKLET . . . the Belgians who would have to remain Please send me more information about the "The Truth About for any orderly transfer of power. Radioear 931. Nerve Deafness" The Belgians on the scene could see Also send me the revealing "Nerve Deafness" booklet free of charge. what was coming from Lumumba's Name Answers questions often asked about preaching-for-chaos. Civil servants and nerve deafness. Reveals many impor- Address. businessmen began to flee the Congo tant facts. Check the coupon for your City _State_ _Zip_ free copy. with all their things as fast as planes

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 57 —

THE CONGO—SEVEN BLOODY YEARS (Continued from page 57)

Within a week, rape, vandalism, mur- out the Belgian technicians and advisers WORK CLOTHES! der and senseless destruction ran ram- and replace them with white Soviet rulers pant through most of the Congo and the behind Lumumba. Terrific values you've got to tee to believe I horror story shocked the world. Tribal The failure of the extravagant pre- SHIRTS rivals in Leopoldville attacked each election promises was to be blamed on 4 for $2.99 79. other, burned and sacked buildings. Eu- the Belgians. Lumumba's independence Made to tell for 2.99. Now, ropeans were assaulted throughout the day speech was a deliberate insult to Bel- 4 for the price of one I Tho used, sterilized and ready for land. Shipping and rail lines were struck. gium. Under his rule the mutiny and pil-

long, lough wear I In blue. tan or green Send need tiza, 1st and 2nd By July 4, mobs of workers in Coquilhat- lage spread, with continued appeals to co/or choice. ville, demanding that election promises ignorance, naivete and passion. Needing PANTS to match be kept, exchanged fire with troops. The a George Washington, the free Congo Soici for 3.85, now only. 99< MNC, without a franc to back it up, had got a hate-monger. Lumumba's regime Send woist measuro end . , intida leg length. * 53.75 promised that on independence day told the Congolese that when the Bel-

COVERALLS . . wear -em _ _ wages would jump from $14 to as much gians were really gone the Congolese used and save plenty I Were ^mmi-W 6.95, now as $300 a month. The Parliament voted would know it. They would become Send chest meaturemenl. 3 for $6.75 itself a raise . . . period. On July 5th, either as white or as rich as the Belgians. MONEY BACK GUARANTEE ... If not sofis- fled. Order TODAY I Send $1.00 deposit on mutiny started among the Public Force, In Luluabourg and elsewhere, lottery C.O.D. orders. Add $1.00 for postage on pre- paid orders. the national militia and police force of- tickets were sold on Belgian wives. GALCO SALES CO. Dept.310 ficered by Belgians. On the 6th, some The plan worked. By midsummer 4004 E. 71st Street • Cleveland, Ohio 44105 of the leading officers were besieged on nearly 20,000 Belgian technicians had a hill by their troops near Leopoldville. left the Congo, while hundreds of Rus- The Public Force in Stanleyville joined sians and Czechs were called in to re- in general mutiny. Finally, the armed place them. More and more Congolese mutineers of the Public Force committed began to see that they were exchang- CATALOG some of the worst public atrocities, looting one white rule for a worse one. Vio- BANQUET/ MEETING FURNITURE ing and sacking, rape and assault. Euro- lent native opposition to Lumumba • TENNIS TABLES CHAIRS! • COAT/ HAT RACKS peans trying to leave the country were showed itself, to be met with violent Lu- stopped by mutineers at airports and mumbist support. Adirondack blocked at the river crossing to French The return of Belgian troops threw 276-0 Park Ave. Sc.; N.Y.C. 10010 Brazzaville. a monkey wrench into the Sovietizing of Shipping Points — PITTSBURGH • CHICAGO the Congo. When Kasavubu and Lu- BOSTON • DALLAS • ATLANTA • LOS ANGELES BY July 10, Belgium had airlifted mumba asked that UN troops intervene, paratroops back into the Congo to it was not Lumumba's idea that they Do FALSE TEETH restore order. Tshombe welcomed them should restore order. He expected them Rock, Slide or Slip? in Katanga, where the normal life of the to kick out the Belgian emergency Many wearers of false teeth sufifer embar- local people was largely restored. But troops, then leave themselves. rassment because their plates drop, slip or the itself wobble at just the wrong time. Don't live In Kasavubu and Lumumba appealed to The UN operation was chaotic. fear of this happening to you. Just sprinkle UN to drive the Belgian "invasion" out Troops began to move in on July 14, a little PASTEETH. the alkaline powder, on your plates. PASTEETH holds false teeth firm- of the Congo, while they were jointly 1960. They came from many lands er so they feel more comfortable. Helps check jumping around the country trying to Ireland, the Arab and black "denture breath." Dentures that fit are essen- Canada, tial to health. See your dentist regularly. quiet mutineers. African countries, Scandinavia, India FREE! Por a sample write to PASTEETH at 32 Wall Street, Binghamton, New York. On July 1 1 , Tshombe declared Ka- and others, while the United States sup- tanga independent, accusing the Lu- plied the major airlift. OUTFIT STARTS YOU IN mumba government of trying to estab- BIG MONEYSHOE BUSINESS! lish a ruinous Communist state by means REGARDLESS OF its own shortcomings, Run your own profitable 'shoe store' business //on; AoAif in spare or full of a deliberate reign of terror. the basic UN policy was to replace time. We give you—fffff— com- Events of the next year defy brief de- the Belgian troops, then take a stab at plete Starting Outfit that makes you (217.00 EXTRA each month scription. All of the Congo except south- restoring order. Such a move was as for fust 2 easy orders a day. You feature 275 fast-selling dress, ern Katanga fell into chaos, and Eastern much a stumbling block to Sovietization sport, worl( shoe styles for men Province lay in anarchy. as the Belgian intervention had been. and women. Air-cushion shoes, many other special features! Sizes 4 tol6—widthsAAAAto EEEE. Draw on 300,000 The best thread to tie a brief account Lumumba railed against the UN policy pair stock. Your own shoes FREE. Discounts to your family. Prizes, bonuses—even a new car—at no cost to you. to is Tshombe's charge that the chaos of staying. He gave ultimatums to the Rush postcard for your FREE Starting Outfit today . . . Now! was deliberate from pre-independence UN to clear the Belgians out and be gone MASON SHOE, Dept. G 660, CHIPPEWA FALLS, WIS. days, with Lumumba acting as a Soviet in 72 hours. He threatened to call in the save puppet, following a Moscow plan. The Russian or the Red Chinese army, while the skin plan was nakedly obvious in the con- the Communist nations made noises as if save the sistent, crude stand of the Soviets in both in support of that. flavor the UN and in the Congo itself—-while By September, President Kasavubu Lumumba's government-controlled Con- had had enough. He cast off his figure- IIO-IISv A.C. OR D.C. go radio broadcast incitement to the head role and declared Lumumba out.

to pillage, rob, burn, steal and But he couldn't make it stick in the face ic Congolese FISH SCALER invade Belgian homes. of the Lumumba Parliament and Lu- Perfect for Fisherman - Chefs - Com- But what plan could cause a leader mumba's efforts to stir up civil war mercial users. Removes scales quickly, easily without harm to the skin. Built of a newly free nation to seek its disin- against Kasavubu. to last a lifetime. Packaged in sturdy tegration? Just one—to violate the pre- Finally. Col. Joseph Mobutu stepped screw-top tube container. «

58 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 — ! takeover, sent Lumumba and Parlia- If you want to ment packing, and enforced Kasavubu's order that the new flood of white Com- munist officialdom should leave. Lu- mumba's chief forces—along with some of the white Communist officials—re- Stop Smoking, tired to their Stanleyville stronghold. Now, with the UN on the scene, the Soviet Union brazenly sent in planes, trucks, and Russian and Czech personnel for the ousted Prime Minister. They sup- Here's ported Lumumbist civil warfare out of Eastern Province against the Kasavubu- Mobutu regime, and against the inde- How! pendence movement of the Balubas in southern Kasai, under Albert Kalondji. Intertribal warfare, with Lumumba on the side of the Luluas, had by now flooded Kasai with blood and starving by Y A. Tittle Baluba refugees. UN troops finally closed the airports to stop the unilateral Soviet airlift.

IN December 1960, Lumumba was captured in Kasai and flown to Leo- poldville to be tried for high crimes. His followers whipped up more anarchy and Kasavubu suddenly solved his own di- lemma by flying Lumumba, manacled, to Tshombe's stable government in Katanga —a most unwelcome gift. Within a few days it was announced that Lumumba had been killed by tribesmen who caught Y. A. Tittle is a former great NFL quarterback, one of the most productive him in an escape attempt. There is an- passers in the history of professional football. He Is now a successful In- other story that he was dead when his surance executive and backfield coach for the San Francisco Forty-Niners. plane arrived. Tshombe and the Belgians You need a lot of desire as well as co- were able to do so within one week with of Katanga got the blame for '"murder- operation to be a successful quarterback the help of Bantron. Even those who ing" him throughout the leftist world and in tough professional football. You really didn't stop completely cut down dras- in radical African quarters—where Lu- have to want to make good—but even tically. mumba is still worshipped as a martyred that isn't enough without plenty of help Bantron simply acts as a substitute for demigod. from your teammates. the nicotine in your system and helps curb Miss Schuyler has suggested that he There's no substitute for the same kind the desire for tobacco with a harmless, was dead on arrival, and that Kasavubu of desire if you want to stop smoking non-habit forming drug called lobeline. had more to do with it than Tshombe and I assume you have it because you're The result is that you feel no pangs of would tell. Early in 1961, Tshombe sug- reading this ad — but, luckily, there now withdrawal and no desire to smoke. gested a conference on the island of is something to help you. It's a little white Bantron is easy and pleasant to take; Madagascar (Malagasy Republic) with pill called Bantron. doesn't aff"ect your taste for food or any- Kasavubu and other leaders. pro- He After my doctor advised me to stop thing else. It really worked wonders for a a posed new Congo with weaker cen- smoking I made many starts —with no me. Even now, when I think of smoking, tral government and powerful more success. Just as I needed help on the foot- I just take Bantron instead. I recommend states. Such an agreement was reached, ball field, I found that desire, alone, Bantron to everyone who wants to stop and Tshombe included his independent wasn't enough to stop smoking. Then smoking quickly and easily. Try it.You'll Katanga within a Confederacy of Congo Bantron was recommended to me by a be amazed with the results, just as I was. states. Kasavubu, once a "separatist" for friend. Bantron did the job! I stopped It really works the Kongo people around Leopoldville, smoking completely in 5 days and I'm Bantron is so safe when taken as di- had since his after long changed mind, proud to say I haven't smoked in well rected that you can get it in the United becoming President of the whole Congo. over a year. States and Canada at all drug stores with- Miss Schuyler and others who favored It's like quarterbacking my team to a out a prescription. It has even been granted Tshombe suggested that Kasavubu championship. It was a real accomplish- a patent by the U.S. Government. agreed to the Confederacy for fear ment. Tshombe would release "the truth" about Maybe you have the desire to stop Lumumba's death. smoking but can't! If you want help in But the Madagascar conference was quitting, take Bantron. treachery, and could have been wel- I've learned that clinical evidence has comed simply as a way to get Tshombe established that Bantron is more than out of Katanga while his support there 80% effective in helping chronic chain could be undermined. Kasavubu invited smokers give up smoking completely. Ex- Smoking Deterrent Tshombe to a second conference in tensive research work at a great American Bantron' Equator Province, tossed him and his University has shown that 4 out of 5 pa- BRAND Tablets (Continued on page 60) tients who had a desire to stop smoking A CAMPANA PRODUCT

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 59 — — THE CONGO—SEVEN BLOODY YEARS NO NEED TO WEAR (Continued from page 59)

aides in jail when they arrived, and de- eral Hammerskjold from all quarters to nounced his Madagascar agreement. conquer Katanga. It became so great that A TRUSS Tshombe was imprisoned until he too he returned to New York for more in- denounced it. Returning home, he dis- structions. By a nose count in the UN

avowed the extorted disavowal and re- it was resolved that Katanga should be FOR RUPTURE asserted the full independence of Ka- conquered by UN troops and forced into That Binds, Cuts, Gouges, tanga. the Leopoldville government. Late in Slips and Does Not Hold Miss Schuyler documented unsuccess- 1961, the launched warfare If you must wear a Truss for Rupture, don't UN open miss this. A Post Card, with name and address, ful attempts to undermine Tshombe's and hand-to-hand combat in and around will get you FREE, and without obligation, the black support in Katanga while he was Elizabethville. Tshombe fled and Cyrille complete, modernized Rice Plan of Reducible Rupture Control. Now in daily use by thou- in jail, and implicated UN officials in Adoula, who had finally been named sands who say they never dreamed possible the effort. Prime Minister to replace Lumumba, ap- such secure, dependable and comfortable rupture protection. Safely blocks rupture opening, The UN will probably never be free pointed a governor from Leopoldville. prevents escape, without need for bulky, cum- of criticism for its Congo operation. It But Tshombe's supporters continued re- bersome Trusses, tormenting springs or harsh, gouging pad pressure. Regardless of how long either could not or would not adhere to sistance for more than a year. Early in ruptured, size, occupation, or trusses you have its original policy of restoring order and 1963, Tshombe tearfully succumbed to worn. TRY THIS, and send your Post Card not otherwise meddling in Congolese af- the armed force of the world and told today to W. S. Rice, Inc.. Adams, N.Y. Dept. 8M. fairs, while it ran up a bill that nearly his people to give up. He left the country bankrupted the world organization. All while Adoula's government carved Ka- but Tshombe—in the Congo and the big tanga into pieces. glass building in New York wanted the Adoula had already taken Antoine UN troops to meddle in affairs on their Gizenga—long the Congo's No. 2 Com- Secrets of Teaching side. Tshombe wanted the UN to stay munist—into his government as Deputy Yourself MUSIC out of Katanga, where order already pre- Prime Minister, as a way to wean him vailed. Lumumba, when resigned to the from running a Communist insurrection Kevealed in Your Home This Money-Saving Way UN stay, had wanted nothing but black in Eastern Province and Kivu. Both the YES! Now you can teach yourself to play Piano, Guitar, ANY instrument in your spare time— African UN troops favorable to him. Soviet Union and Gizenga himself had you've never played a note in your life! even if Throughout the Congo the UN meddled claimed that he was Lumumba's heir. Famous proven Course makes it simple as A-B-C. Pictured lessons show you how. No teacher. It's everywhere, but did less to restore order Gizenga, once in the central government, amazingly easy! Surprise your friends by playing favorite music. Write today for J'REE 36-page illus- than it might have were it not itself run simply demanded and worked for the trated book. U.S. SCHOOL OF MUSIC, Studio A4610 by divided counsel. of Lumumba's "policies" Port Washington, N. Y. 1I0S0. (Est. 1898. Approved continuation N. Y. State Educa. Dept.) Tear out as a reminder. Our own Ralph Bunche explained until Adoula was forced to eject more to a British general that the UN troops Soviet officials and kick Gizenga out, in LIFE INSURANCE were a "peacekeeping" force, not a 1962. Gizenga and Lt. Col. Christophe ISSUED BY MAIL • KEEP IT FOR LIFE "fighting" force, hence were under or- Gbenye (who had Chinese support) MAIL THISAD no obligation ders not to shoot anyone unless attacked. thereupon reestablished a Red empire in APPLICATION MAILED TO YOU When Stanleyville was in a state of an- the east and inaugurated both open and $5000 ENTRY AGES 21 to 70 • $2000 ENTRY AGES 21 to 80 archy late in 1960—in the act of forming guerrilla warfare on Adoula's govern- Whole Life Policy pays world-wide for death from any cause, its own Communist-run state—the UN ment. Adoula's army and UN forces any time, except during first policy year for either suicide or death from undisclosed pre-existing health conditions. commander there said his orders made fought a losing battle against the eastern Mail your name, address, zip code, year of birth and ad to Great Lakes Insurance Co., Elgin. III. 60120. Dept. K17M6 him powerless to act against the looting, Communists for two years, by which pillage and armed assault. But, entering time many interior cities were in Red Katanga under a promise to Tshombe hands. not to meddle in internal affairs, the UN troops ended by waging war on Katanga. AND Gbcnyc were supported ^kja^^^J^^^Get right on the target. Sensational book GIZENGA HV^VVÎfl reveals secrets of 10 world's greatest pro- Later they did attack Red military units and armed through neighboring Ûlim^l fessionai race investors. 25 yrs. actual results ^M^JmM^B included, shov\/ing 7 in 10 plays won and $130 in Stanleyville. African states, by both the Soviet and ^^^ average race day profit with $50. Genuine copyright book supplied only by publishers. Wins at all tracks, horse, Some of the assorted UN troop dele- Chinese Communists blocs—Arab, harness, dogs. Write for fascinating free brochure. HITCHINGS, BOX 5715, AL-A. CARMEL, CALIF. 93921 gations followed their own politics. European and Asian. In 1964, about Cut out and send this ad NOW for bonanza offer. Incl. Z. Code. Guinean and Ghanian troops pursued 100,000 Congolese died in warfare and BASEMENT TOILET the Red line so actively that Kasavubu civilian massacres, launched by the Red and Mobutu asked—without success leaders. When thousands of v^hite host- FLUSHES UP TO minoVERHEAD for their removal. These troops went so ages were held and many murdered in SEWERIor SEPpC TANK. far as to protect Lumumba from arrest the east, U.S. planes flew in troops who by the Kasavubu government after Lu- rescued 1,700 of them. The Soviet Union NO Di GGING UP FLOODS. Write mumba was ousted and while he was crudely branded the rescue mission McPHERSON, INC. Box15133 TAMPA, FLA. stirring up civil strife. The internal med- "aggression." dling even reached up to UN Adminis- With all control rapidly slipping DON'T QUIT SMOKING trator Dayal. who offered a gratuitous through his hands, Adoula was replaced that he couldn't recognize the all people Moise Tshombe. He before giving my pipe statement by—of — Kasavubu government with Lumumba was recalled from exile and made Prime a 30 Day Trial % out. Congolese have little love for In- Minister of the whole Congo in 1964. New principle that contradicts every dians, Dayal's role led to demonstra- This was the beginning of quiet efforts ideayou'veeverhadaboutpipesmok- 'nliCti and I guarantee it to smoke cool and ing. ^^'MSriffiHKf tions calling for his return to India. Some by Congolese leaders to reestablish a new mild hour after hour, day after day, ^KlI^^^Kfy without rest, without bite, bitterness ^ÎjoilH^ UN troops went on their own sprees of set of relations with Belgium (with or sludge. To prove it, I'll let you try pillage and barbarities against Congo- whom Tshombe was always identified) a new Carey Pipe. Send your OfX ^^Wff ^g^^ address today for m|^^^^SglKI^H name and my lese. without, they hoped, exciting radical /rrf complete trial offer. Write: ^^Bf^m^^^^ E. A. CAREY, 1920 Sunnyside Ave.. Dept.246-L, Chicago40 The heat was on UN Secretary Gen- Africa too much. 60 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 Tshombe secured strong Belgian and gone incurably Communist, while the opportunity to enjoy and use freedom U.S. aid. Using mixed white and black rest of the nation would have fallen into has been lost to at least one generation. forces, he put down the rebeUion in all more permanent chaos. And in the long 3. If Belgium had, at the start, striven of the cities during the year, though the run, surrounded by enemies, Katanga for a loose confederacy of Congo states, bush guerrilla threat continued. But his could be maintained only by constant with a stronger central government as a use of white troops set up a howl in warfare. later possibility, perhaps much but not neighboring African states. It is a crime among the free black all of the agony could have been spared. Finally, Tshombe and President Kasa- African nations to use whites as soldiers The Belgians actually invited Lumumba vubu fell out over the appointment of a against blacks. Hatred of the white Euro- into the picture from jail early in 1960, cabinet member. Kasavubu dismissed pean colonial image outranks positive to support Belgium's desire for a single Tshombe in October 1964, and named ambitions in economics, peace or stabil- strong nation. They understood his mo- Tshombe's one-time Katangan foreign ity when conflict arises. Tshombe was de- tives too late. The Congo had enough minister—Evariste Kimba—to succeed tested for his alliance with European and woes without trying overnight to force him, though Parliament didn't support African whites. If one may venture a a single native rule on tribes and cultures the change. Presidential elections were guess why Mobutu insisted on death for that hated one another. coming up, with Tshombe a candidate Tshombe, it is not so much that pro- NEWS COVERAGE of the CongO against Kasavubu. Tshombe forces are still a threat to him. THE In November, army chief Mobutu More likely, Tshombe is to be a sacrifice over the years has too largely failed stepped in again (as he had in 1960 to to black Africans in and out of the to note that all of the major Congolese remove Lumumba). He declared a mili- Congo—an offering to sate passions while parties of 1960 except the Red MNC tary takeover, cancelled the elections, Mobutu's policies are anti-Communist were tribal and sought a strong degree of ousted Kasavubu, and named himself and shaded on the Western side of neu- local rule. A large section of the world President for five years. He has been boss tralism. U.S. support of Mobutu can be press has painted local rule as a special of the Congo since then. boiled down to the expedient. He's the piece of villainy of Tshombe's. There are Tshombe supporters, some of them old only Congolese who seems to be able to those, today, who believe that in the long run the will only the Katanga soldiers, resisted Mobutu's take- run the place, and he seems to have more Congo succeed when over and were put down, and Tshombe insight into the Congo's problems as a great tribal cultures have more self-rule; that for it all went into exile in Europe. whole than anyone else. the pressure over the Re- Claiming that there was continued public of the Congo is only dormant; that new local uprisings lie ahead. The plotting among Tshombe's old sup- WHAT POINTS can a Monday morning porters (not without evidence), Mobutu quarterback make of the Congo fact that Mobutu seems to be the only run the in the eyes tried four Congressmen — including tragedy? man who can Congo foreign policymakers certainly Kimba—for treason, and had them 1. The peculiarities of the Belgian co- of U.S. supports this notion. country that hanged. Early this year he tried Tshombe lonial system doomed it to be ill fitted A can only —-be pro- in absentia and sentenced him to death, to handle independence so rapidly, even be run by one man he in the Communist or pro-Western is hardly a which is the background of the pirating best of circumstances. — country. of Tshombe into Algeria for delivery to 2. The Communist drive to set up its the end Mobutu. own puppet colonial rule, by workmg on the emotions and naivete of any people MOBUTU HAS patched things up with headed for independence, guaranteed the CHANGE OF ADDRESS Congo the worst of circumstances. The neighboring countries. They have Notify Circulation Dept., P. O. ill-educated Congolese were, thanks to stopped supporting guerrilla warfare in Box 1954, Indianapolis, Ind. the Belgian paternalistic policies, more the Congo and it is dying on the vine. 46206, using Post Office Form vulnerable than any other colonials to He has nationalized much of the Belgian 3578. Attach old address label the Soviet poison. They paid more dearly industry, but invited Belgian and other and give old and new ad- for their susceptibility than any other western corporations to come back under dresses with zip code and cur- Africans. If whites were shocked at their new agreements. By speaking strongly rent membership card nimi- for Congolese nationalism he has as- treatment, Congolese have died or ber. Also Ije sure to notify starved at one another's hands by the sumed some of Lumumba's mantle while your Post Adjutant. opposing Communism. hundreds of thousands in the tailor-made It is almost impossible to arrive at a chaos of the last seven years. Their best final judgment of affairs in the Congo. The facts themselves differ widely depending on who relates them. The UN never did and never will have a moral The Painkiller. justification for its conquest of Katanga, For hemorrhoids that hurt. nor will the United States for its support of it. Justification leans wholly on political You have probably heard of Nupercainal® expediency and on the certain fact that Suppositories and Ointment by now. Nuper- there was never a choice to do everything cainal is the most effective and longest lasting painkiller of the leading right in the Congo, but only to choose products available without prescrip- among evils. tion. It is over eight times stronger With all Belgian sympathy for than the most commonly used topical Tshombe, the Belgian Government never anesthetic preparation. Doctors have swerved from a policy that the Congo been recommending Nupercainal for must have but one government. over 33 years for hemorrhoids that hurt

The U.S. position is undoubtedly that Over 8 times more pain-killing power than if free Katanga had been supported, the most commonly used topical anesthetic. Eastern Province and Kivu would have

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 61 TiaSHOPPER

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MY COUNTRY'S BIZ, OF THEE . . . Here in this land of brains and bums, One winner sparks a glut, The innovator's groove becomes The imitators' rut.

S. ,S. BU)DI.E RED HAZE It is more practical to see life through a rose-tinted glass than to try to tint the whole world. K. ZeiNios JOIN THE CLUB I shrewdly plotted to find a sure way To go with the boys for a night of play. I took up bowling—sly bit of intrigue! "I LIKE KEEPER—HE'S A REAL HUSTLER." Now we both belong to a couples' league. B. H. Brown THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE TRAFFIC ADVICE Seen on a truck bumper stitker: "A\oid

Probate . . . Don't Try to Pass On my Right Side." MISTER, YOU BOUGHT A SAWMILL! IVERN BovEi r A man from tlic Noiili hoiigiit a sawmill from a native of Arkansas who SUSPICION was anxious to leave that part of the coinitry. After the money was paid "Can my little boy be growing up?" the new owner said: "I'd appreciate anv ad\ice yon tan give me about A small voice seems to mutter running ihis niill." When I find the Playmate Of The Month "Well," replied llie former owner as he got into his tar, "I'm afraid Festooned with peanut butter. any adviee I could gi\e you wouldn't anioiuit to much. This mill was left Lenore BrrKER to me by my grandpap, and the grove where I got the timber was my wife's, so I didn't have to invest anything at the start. My two oldest boys cut the logs for nothing, and my cousin haidcd the logs down to the mill free of tharge. Me and my youngest boy run the mill, so that didn't cost nothing. ^Vell, sir, I rim that danged mill for two years and lost nine thousand dollars. So long. Mister!" Dan Bennett

"REVELATION" ^^^^ lllllls^ "I pledge leu percent of my income," sputtered the newly immersed Baptist. "Hallelujah!!" shouted the fire and brimstone evangelist, "we've got a tither in our tank." Robert Rtsch

HOME ON THE RANGE The weary moiher of a large and hungry brood was being interviewed by a researcher for a kilthen-range company. He wanted lo know what improvements she woidd like lo see in new stoves. "I'll lell you," she replied, "I'd like one that played, say. Oh. Marie'

when I'm tooking spaghelli and •^Vhen Irish Eyes .-Vrc .Sniiiiiig' when it's slew and 'Home on liie Range' for steak." "You like musit wiien yon cook?" the researcher asked. "Remember, Frisby, I didn't get where I "No, but that would stop every kid who tramps through here from ask- am overnight— it took months to probate ing, "Hi, Mom, whal's tooking?" my father's will!" A. D. MiLLHA.M THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE

64 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 1967 Don^t be confused

Be sure. Buying a bottle of whiskey can be bewildering. Just for starters, there are literally thousands of brands to consider. Each telling you something different. The thing to remember is that

whiskey is not like other products.

It's special. Because it takes artistry

to make it, not just technical skill. The true value of good whiskey is a quicksilver thing called "quality". Measured only by judgment and taste. All you have to know is that Seagram's 7 Crown is this kind of whiskey. (How else do you get to be number one in the whole world?

And stay there for 20 years !) All you have to ask for is The Sure One. Seagram's 7 Crovv^n—The Sure One.

Seagram Distillers Co., N.Y.C, Blended Whiskey. 86 Proof. 65% Grain Neutral Spirits,