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"RAZIL!#OUNTRY0ROlLEON 3USTAINABLE%NERGY$EVELOPMENT BRAZIL: A COUNTRY PROFILE ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT BRAZIL: A COUNTRY PROFILE ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT JOINTLY SPONSORED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, COPPE—GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING (FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO), CENBIO—BRAZILIAN REFERENCE CENTRE ON BIOMASS (UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO) AND UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2006 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and will be considered on a case by case basis. Enquiries should be addressed by email to the Publishing Section, IAEA, at [email protected] or by post to: Sales and Promotion Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2006 Printed by the IAEA in Austria August 2006 STI/PUB/1247 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Brazil : a country profile on sustainable energy development / jointly sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency —[et al.]. — Vienna : The Agency, 2006. p. ; 29 cm. STI/PUB/1247 ISBN 92–0–104906–4 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Energy development — Brazil. 2. Sustainable development — Brazil. 3. Power resources — Brazil. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEAL 06–00446 FOREWORD This publication is the product of an international project led by the IAEA to develop an approach suitable for the comprehensive assessment of national energy systems within a sustainable development context. The completion of the first country profile on Brazil focusing on sustainable energy development is the result of an intensive effort conducted by Brazilian experts, primarily from the Energy Planning Programme, Graduate School of Engineering (COPPE), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); the Brazilian Reference Centre on Biomass (CENBIO) of the University of São Paulo; and the São Paulo State Environmental Secretariat, jointly with the IAEA and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). The framework, systematic approach and guidelines proposed in this study represent an attempt to move forward with the practical implementation of effective mechanisms that permit the incorporation of sustainable development concepts. The assessment is directed specifically to one of the most important sectors affecting economic and social development — energy. This initiative, officially registered as a ‘Partnership’ with the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, contributes to Agenda 21, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and the Millennium Development Goals. The study is, to a certain extent, a continuation and implementation at the national level of two worldwide undertakings: the World Energy Assessment undertaken by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), UNDESA and the World Energy Council (WEC); and the Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development (EISD) undertaken by the IAEA, the International Energy Agency (IEA), UNDESA, Eurostat and the European Environment Agency (EEA). No study of a national energy system within the context of sustainable development can be final and definitive. To be useful, the assessment process must evolve over time to fit ever-changing conditions, priorities and national sustainable energy development criteria. This publication proposes one approach for consideration and use in the assessment of energy systems by energy specialists and decision makers at the national level. This approach serves as a starting point for the development of more suitable and universally accepted methods for comprehensive sustainable energy development assessments. It is hoped that other countries will use the experience and lessons learned from this Brazilian study in the assessment of their own energy systems and in evaluating their progress towards nationally defined sustainable development goals and objectives. It is also hoped that users of this publication will contribute to refinements in the process by adding their own unique perspectives to what is presented herein. The work of devising country profiles on sustainable energy development was initiated in 2002 by the IAEA. The effort to develop the first country profile for Brazil started that same year with the creation of the joint partnership with participating Brazilian organizations, UNDESA and the IAEA. Under this partnership, an ad hoc expert committee was created to direct the study and to monitor the progress of implementation. This committee was led by two Co-Chairpersons: J. Goldemberg (São Paulo State Environmental Secretariat) and H.H. Rogner (IAEA). Other members include R. Schaeffer (Team Leader, COPPE), J.R. Moreira (Team Leader, CENBIO), K. Abdalla (Scientific Secretary, UNDESA) and I. Vera (Scientific Secretary and Project Coordinator, IAEA). The committee met on three occasions with experts from the participating Brazilian teams and from other Brazilian organizations, including Eletrobras, Petrobras, the Ministry of Mines and Energy, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission and the Brazilian National Development Bank, and also with representatives of international and regional organizations, including WEC-Brazil, the Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). The IAEA and other participating organizations would like to express their gratitude to all the experts involved in the preparation of this report. The IAEA officer responsible for this publication was I. Vera of the Department of Nuclear Energy. EDITORIAL NOTE This report does not address questions of responsibility, legal or otherwise, for acts or omissions on the part of any person. Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights. Material prepared by authors who are in contractual relation with governments is copyrighted by the IAEA, as publisher, only to the extent permitted by the appropriate national regulations. The IAEA assumes no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third party web sites referred to in this report. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1. Primer on sustainable energy development . 1 1.1.1. Sustainable development: From Stockholm to the WSSD . 1 1.1.2. Energy . 3 1.2. The ongoing debate: ‘Sustainability versus development’ or ‘development versus sustainability’ . 4 1.2.1. Conceptual foundations and political debates . 4 1.2.2. Prospects for sustainable development in the energy sector . 8 1.2.3. The state of the sustainable development debate in Brazil . 10 1.3. Motives and objectives of the study . 12 1.3.1. Background and justification . 12 1.3.2. Objectives . 13 1.4. Implementation and scope . 13 1.4.1. Conduct of the study . 13 1.4.2. Road map . 14 2. STATUS . 17 2.1. Brazil’s energy balance: Retrospective and general overview . 17 2.1.1. Total primary energy supply . 17 2.1.2. Final energy use . 20 2.1.3. Electricity generation, use and capacity . 21 2.1.4. Investments . 25 2.2. Energy system status: Economic, social and environmental dimensions . 27 2.2.1. Economic dimension . 27 2.2.2. Social dimension . 34 2.2.3. Environmental dimension . 36 2.3. Institutional dimension . 38 2.3.1. Electricity sector . 38 2.3.2. Oil and gas sector . 40 2.4. Summary of main issues . 41 3. DOMESTIC ENERGY RESOURCES . 47 3.1. Natural energy resources in Brazil . 47 3.1.1. Oil . 48 3.1.2. Natural gas . 49 3.1.3. Coal . 50 3.1.4. Hydropower . 50 3.1.5. Uranium . 52 3.2. Non-conventional energy resources . 53 3.2.1. Biomass energy in Brazil . 53 3.2.2. Fuelwood . 53 3.2.3. Charcoal . 54 3.2.4. Utilization of residues from agriculture, forestry, livestock and municipal solid waste . 55 3.3. Dedicated energy forestry/crop plantations . 57 3.4. Other renewable sources of energy . 58 3.4.1. Solar . ..
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