Appendix 1: Chronology
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Appendix 1: Chronology 1789 16–17 July 1789 The comte d’Artois departs Paris for emigration. With him go the prince de Condé, the prince de Conti, the Polignacs and others from the Versailles set. late July The Great Fear provides incentive for early emigration. 4–5 August 1789 The decrees of 10–11 August 1789 formalising the decisions taken on the night of 4–5 August increase the number of departures. 5–6 October 1789 The ‘journées d’octobre’ reinforce emigration trends. 1790 13 February Religious orders are disbanded. 12 July The Civil Constitution of the Clergy voted by the Constituent Assembly. 22 December Any émigré occupying a governmental position must return within a month or lose his salary. 1791 19 February Departure of the King’s aunts, Madames Adedaïde and Victoire to Turin. Emigration is discussed for the first time in the Assembly. 10 March Pope officially condemns the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, and diplomatic relations with the papacy cease. 15 June Émigré units are being organised under the leadership of the comte d’Artois at Coblenz. 21 June The flight to Varennes prompts the closure of the fron- tiers and signals the King’s lack of support for the Revolution. 23 June The comte de Provence emigrates. He crosses the frontier to Mons and on the 27th meets the comte d’Artois in Brussels. 9 July A triple tax is imposed on émigrés if they have not returned within a month. 27 August Declaration of Pillnitz. 25 September The death penalty is allocated for crimes involving persons taking arms against France. 30 September Constitutional Assembly declares a political amnesty. 14 October Declaration of Louis XVI calling for the return of his brothers from emigration. 20 October Brissot demands military action to disperse the émigré forces. 31 October Decree deprives the comte de Provence of his rights to regency (vetoed by the King on 11 November). 185 186 Appendix 1 9 November Law against the émigrés: death for conspirators and sequestration of their property (this is also vetoed by the King, 11 November 1791). 27 November Oath of allegiance to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy is made obligatory for all clergy. 29 November Legislative Assembly requests the King take diplomatic action to secure the disbanding of émigré military units. 1792 2 January Decree of impeachment against the comte de Provence, the comte d’Artois, the prince de Condé, Calonne and other politically prominent émigrés. 14 January Complicity with the émigrés is regarded as a crime of lèse-nation. 18 January The comte de Provence is stripped of his rights to regency. 9 February Sequestration of émigré land decreed. 25 March French government requests that the Holy Roman Emperor disperse the émigrés on his territory. 8 April Law codifying and extending existing émigré laws. 17 July Émigré land to be sold off as bien nationaux. 15 August Families of émigrés put under permanent surveillance. 26 August Clergy who have not taken an oath of allegiance to the new government are to leave France within two weeks or be deported to Guiana. 30 August Relatives of émigrés excluded from holding public office. 2–6 September September Massacres. 20 September Emigration is accepted as sufficient grounds for divorce. 23 October All émigrés banished in perpetuity. Death as outlaws if they are caught in France. 24 October Sequestration and sale of movable property of émigrés. 26 November Returned émigrés to leave Paris within 24 hours, to leave France within a week. 4 December Royalist press is outlawed. 1793 21 January Execution of Louis XVI. His brothers Provence and Artois proclaim Louis XVII who is still imprisoned in the Temple. Provence proclaims himself Regent. 3 February Britain enters the war against Revolutionary France. 14 February A reward of 100 livres is decreed for capturing an émigré. 28 March–5 April The most important codification of émigré legislation is enacted. It draws together and completes all the previous laws relating to the émigrés. Émigrés are henceforth considered to be legally dead and no longer citizens of France. 28 March The death penalty is decreed for anyone seeking to re-establish the monarchy. Appendix 1 187 17 September Law of Suspects introduced a definition of suspect which implicated all relatives of émigrés. 7 December The property of children whose parents have emigrated may be confiscated by the State. 1794 13 March Ex-nobles are forbidden from living in Paris or in frontier towns and ports. 20 April Refractory priests are legally qualified as émigrés. June 1794 The Comte de Provence establishes himself in Verona. 15 November The anti-emigration legislation is examined but retained by the Thermidorean government. 1795 11 January An amnesty is issued to all peasants and workers from Alsace who emigrated in spring–summer 1794 to avoid the Terror. 8 June Death of Louis XVII in the Temple prison. 24 June Declaration of Verona. 21 July Quiberon Bay expedition ends in victory for the Republican forces. 22 August Constitution of Year III and the Law of Two Thirds voted. Two-thirds of the new legislature had to be made up of existing deputies. 19 September Émigré laws discussed in the Assembly and retained in force. 5 October 13 Vendémiaire rising in Paris. 25 October Law of 3 Brumaire is passed by which public office is denied to émigrés and their relatives. The anticlerical legislation of 1792 and 1793 which was not being strictly applied is re-implemented. 26 October Convention dissolves itself, allowing for the new council of the Directory to be convened. A political amnesty is proclaimed but it pointedly excludes émigrés and those involved in the Vendémiaire rising. 1796 16–17 April Councils decree the death penalty for persons advocating the restoration of the monarchy. 9 March Oath of hatred to royalty imposed on all civil servants. 26 July Louis XVIII moves to Blankenburg in the estates of the Duke of Brunswick and distances himself from the royalists in France who are in a strong position but who do not want absolute monarchy. 4 December Law of 3 Brumaire is reaffirmed and former leaders of chouans and Vendéan rebels are excluded from public office. 188 Appendix 1 1797 4 May Law of 3 Brumaire is amended to allow émigrés with provisional radiation to vote in the Year V elections. 27 June The Law of 3 Brumaire is withdrawn altogether. 5 September Coup d’État of Fructidor purges the councils of royalists and the Law of 3 Brumaire is re-implemented. A short amnesty is allowed to permit returned émigrés to return to exile. 29 November Ex-nobles are regarded as foreigners and excluded from public office. 1798 13 March Louis XVIII, invited by Paul I, establishes himself at Mittau. 1799 12 July Law of Hostages confers collective responsibility on relatives of émigrés for treasonable acts committed under civil war conditions. November Law of Hostage is repealed by Napoleon as First Consul and relatives of émigrés restored to full citizenship rights. 15 December Revolution is declared at an end. 1800–02 15 July 1801 Concordat signed with Pope Pius VII allows the clergy to return to France. 25 March 1802 Peace of Amiens includes an amnesty for émigrés providing they swear allegiance to the Constitution which binds them to give up plotting to restore the monarchy. Appendix 2: Figures and Table Source: PRO T.93-28. Figure A.1 Towns listed as lay émigré centres in the British Relief Lists after the re-inscription of 1796 191 192 Source: Public Records Office T.93-29. Figure A.2 Lay émigrés receiving relief from the British government, 1794–97 Source: This diagram comes from a mixture of sources and represents all those lay émigrés whose previous address is recorded in PRO T.93. 193 Figure A.3 Place of origin given by the refugees in London 194 Source: Public Records Office T.93-8. Figure A.4 Money-flow into the voluntary relief fund in its first year Figure A.5 Date of emigration from France (Note that this does not always correspond with arrival in Britain) 195 Source: Public Records Office T. 93–57 196 Figure A.6 Émigrés in and outside London Source: Public Records Office T.93-28. 197 Figure A.7 Refugee addresses in London 198 Appendix 2 Source: Public Records Office T.93-8. Figure A.8 British subscribers to the voluntary relief fund Source: Public Records Office T.93-29. 199 Figure A.9 Servants receiving relief, 1794–97 200 Source: Public Records Office T.93-29. Figure A.10 Gender analysis of servants receiving relief after 1796 Appendix 2 201 Source: Public Records Office T.93-57. Figure A.11 Lay émigrés receiving relief in 1797 202 Appendix 2 Source: Public Records Office T.93-16. Figure A.12 Lay émigrés receiving relief in 1799 Source: Public Records Office T.93-3. 203 Figure A.13 All émigrés receiving relief in October 1801 204 Source: Public Records Office T.93-3. Figure A.14 All émigrés receiving relief in March 1802 Appendix 2 205 Table A.1 Statistical breakdown of lay émigrés receiving relief, 1794–97 Men Women Children Domestics Total Men Women 1794 Jul. 296 210 176 106 788 Aug. 278 223 160 127 788 Sep. 376 269 204 169 1018 Oct. 410 295 235 198 1138 Nov. 339 271 207 167 984 Dec. 473 366 277 275 1391 1795 Jan. 550 453 348 364 1715 Feb. 546 466 328 364 1704 Mar. 584 492 356 391 1823 Apr. 559 501 350 406 1816 May 604 541 388 451 1984 Jun. 568 564 398 468 1998 Jul.