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Refusing the Backseat: Women As Drivers of the Arab Uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt and Yemen

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Refusing the Backseat: Women As Drivers of the Arab Uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt and Yemen Refusing the Backseat: Women as Drivers of the Arab Uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt and Yemen IPOL Honors Thesis Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar Name: Aminah Kandar Date: April 16th, 2013 Advisor: Prof. Kai-Henrik Barth Class: INAF 382 Aminah Kandar Refusing the Backseat: Women as Drivers of the Arab Uprisings Table of Contents 1 - Introduction ............................................................................... P. 3 2 - Theory and Methodology …………………………….............. P. 11 3 - Tunisia: Women and the Uprisings ........................................... P. 21 4 - Egypt: Women and the Uprisings .............................................. P. 40 5 - Yemen: Women and the Uprisings ............................................ P. 64 6 - Conclusion and Theory Implications ......................................... P. 87 Bibliography .................................................................................... P. 97 2 Aminah Kandar Refusing the Backseat: Women as Drivers of the Arab Uprisings Introduction "The people want the fall of the regime" is a slogan that reverberated throughout the Arab Spring uprisings in the last two years. These interconnected protests were comprised of men, women and even children who demanded freedom, economic equality and democracy.1 This paper examines the role of women in the protests and assesses the extent to which they drove the uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt and Yemen. As seen through video footage, photos, news reports and eye witness accounts, women played a frontline role in the protests that swept across the Arab world.2 In this paper, I suggest that women were active participants in the Tunisian uprisings; whereas, in Egypt and Yemen, they were among the main drivers of the uprisings. The term driver indicates that women pushed, directed and guided the protests with vigorous determination, meaning they were key organizers and leaders 1 “The Arab Awakening: The Death of Fear,” Video, 1:00:00, from Al Jazeera English, posted February 20, 2012. http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/general/2011/04/20114483425914466.html; Michelle Penner Angrist, “Morning in Tunisia,” in The New Arab Revolt: What Happened, What It Means, and What Comes Next, ed. Gideon Rose, (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2011), 75. 2 After the Revolution, Arab Women Seek More Rights. Washington, D.C., United States: National Public Radio, 2011, ProQuest ID: 914956818; Isobel Coleman, “Women and the Arab Revolts,” Brown Journal of World Affairs 18 (2011): 228. 215, 226; Hamid Dabashi, The Arab Spring: The End of Postcolonialism (London: Zed Books, 2012). 184; Mariama Diallo, Women on Front Line of Arab Spring Protests (Lanham, United States: Federal Information & News Dispatch, Inc., March 6, 2012), ProQuest ID: 926557800; Robin Morgan, “Women of the Arab Spring,” Ms, Spring 2011, 21, ProQuest ID: 864279572; “Now is the time; Women and the Arab awakening,” The Economist, October 15, 2011, ProQuest ID: 898518373; Deniz Kandiyoti, “Disquiet and despair: the gender sub-texts of the ‘Arab spring’,” OpenDemocracy, June 26, 2012, ProQuest ID: 1032623295; Janine Di Giovanni, “New Hopes in Arab World; Popular Revolts Energized Women Across Middle East, Raising Expectations,” The International Herald Tribune, December 4, 2012, http://www.lexisnexis.com.proxy.library.georgetown.edu/hottopics/lnacademic/?; Kathryn Blaze Carlson, “Still Fighting for Their Freedom; ‘No Concrete Evidence’ That Middle Eastern Women Are Better Off Because of Arab Spring,” National Post, December 1, 2012, http://www.lexisnexis.com.proxy.library.georgetown.edu/hottopics/lnacademic/. 3 Aminah Kandar Refusing the Backseat: Women as Drivers of the Arab Uprisings from the onset of the protests and throughout.3 This paper demonstrates that, in Egypt and Yemen, women were more than simply supporters, enablers and participants, as the uprisings would have progressed and looked differently without them. For the purpose of this paper, I use the following criteria to determine if women were drivers of the uprisings: first, women initiated the initial protests of the uprisings; second, women organized and led protests throughout the uprisings; and third, women managed communications and social media campaigns throughout the uprisings. These criteria determine the extent to which women drove the uprising in each case study. This research suggests that, while women in Tunisia were active protest participants in the uprising, women in Egypt and Yemen were among the main drivers in their uprisings. Women-led initiatives in the uprisings varied and included cooking meals for protesters, nursing wounds, acting as security in the protests, managing and organizing social media campaigns, working as citizen journalists and leading large- scale demonstrations against the regime.4 Additionally, in Egypt and Yemen, the uprisings were initiated and spearheaded by women.5 A YouTube video log (vlog) of Egyptian activist Asma Mahfouz, calling Egyptians to protest, played an important role in rallying the number of protesters that participated in the January 25th, 2011 3 Dictionary.com, “Driver,” http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/drive?s=t 4 Mariama Diallo, Women on Front Line of Arab Spring Protests (Lanham, United States: Federal Information & News Dispatch, Inc., March 6, 2012), ProQuest ID: 926557800; Isobel Coleman, “Is the Arab Spring Bad for Women?” Foreign Policy, December 20, 2011. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/12/20/arab_spring_women. 5 “Meet Asmaa Mahfouz and the Vlog That Helped Spark the Revolution,” YouTube video, 4:35, posted by Iyad El-Baghdadi, February 1, 2011, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgjIgMdsEuk&feature=youtube_gdata_player; “Tawakkul Karman,” The Guardian, October 7, 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/07/tawakkul-karman-profile. 4 Aminah Kandar Refusing the Backseat: Women as Drivers of the Arab Uprisings “Day of Rage” in Cairo’s Tahrir, the first protest of such magnitude.6 Her vlog gained immediate attention and became widely known as the “vlog that sparked the revolution”.7 Tawaakul Karman, the first Arab female Nobel Peace Prize winner, was the first to take to the streets of Yemen in protest.8 As discussed in the methodology section of this paper, an in-depth comparative analysis of women activists, women-led organizations and women managed social media initiatives will determine the extent to which women drove the uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt and Yemen. The Bahraini, Libyan and Syrian uprisings will not be included in this analysis for three reasons: the intense military conflict, the block on media and the heavy internet censorship. First, all three uprisings faced a violent turn of events that, in Bahrain, led to intense military crackdown and, in Libya and Syria, spiraled into civil war, forcing women out of the frontlines and increasing the complexity of a comparative analysis, making it far beyond the scope of this paper.9 Second, most 6 Melissa Wall and Sahar El Zahed, “‘I’ll Be Waiting for You Guys’: A YouTube Call to Action in the Egyptian Revolution,” International Journal of Communication, 2011, 1334. http://ijoc.org/ojs/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1241/609 7 Ibid., 1336. 8 Samira Shackle, “The two revolutions of Yemen’s women,” New Statesman, March 26, 2012, 11, ProQuest: 962436972. 9 “MSF Calls For End to Bahrain Military Crackdown on Patients,” Doctors Without Borders, April 7, 2011. http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/press/release.cfm?id=5170; “Bahrain crackdown on protests in Manama's Pearl Square,” BBC News, March 16, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12755852; “Gulf states send forces to Bahrain following protests,” BBC News, March 14, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12729786; “Military Crackdown in Bahrain,” The New York Times, February 18. 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2011/02/18/world/middleeast/20110218Bahrain.h tml; Sima Barmania, “Undercover medicine: treating Syria’s wounded,” The Lancet 379, no. 9830 (June 26, 2012): 1936–7, 1936. http://search.proquest.com.proxy.library.georgetown.edu/pqrl/docview/1019028993/1 3B90D6513A3E251336/8?accountid=11091; “Reaching the Most Vulnerable Amid the Violence in Syria,” Targeted News Service, October 12, 2012, ProQuest ID, 1113810596; Peter Beaumont, “Syrian Regime Turns Its Wrath Against Women on the Frontline of Revolution: With so Many Men Falling Victim to a Brutal 5 Aminah Kandar Refusing the Backseat: Women as Drivers of the Arab Uprisings media were barred from entering all three countries, leading to a lack of information on the role of women in the protests and causing an imbalance in sources compared to Tunisia, Egypt and Yemen.10 Third, while internet censorship occurred in all Arab spring countries, Bahrain, Libya and Syria became known for their frequent censorship and brutality against social media activists. 11 Government, Mothers, Wives and Daughters Are Now Risking All to Protest,” The Observer, May 22, 2011, http://www.lexisnexis.com.proxy.library.georgetown.edu/lnacui2api/results/docview/ docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T16405616504&format=GNBFI&sort=BOO LEAN&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T16405616508&cisb=22_T16405616507 &treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=143296&docNo=10; Jon Lee Anderson, “The War Within: Letter From Syria,” The New Yorker, August 27, 2012, ProQuest ID: 1035592823; “Women Have Emerged as Key Players in the Arab Spring,” The Guardian, April 22, 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/22/women- arab-spring; “Libya: War and Rape?”
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