German Agricultural Experiment Stations in the Nineteenth Century Mark Russell Finlay Iowa State University

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

German Agricultural Experiment Stations in the Nineteenth Century Mark Russell Finlay Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1992 Science, practice and politics: German agricultural experiment stations in the nineteenth century Mark Russell Finlay Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the European History Commons, and the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons Recommended Citation Finlay, Mark Russell, "Science, practice and politics: German agricultural experiment stations in the nineteenth century " (1992). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 9830. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/9830 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly fi*om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be fi-om any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colorcd or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9223926 Science, practice and politics: German agricultural experiment stations in the nineteenth century Finlay, Mark Russell, Ph.D. Iowa State University, 1992 Copyright ©1992 by Finlay, Mark Russell. All rights reserved. 300N.ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Science, practice and politics: German agricultural experiment stations in the nineteenth century by Mark Russell Finlay A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department : History Major: History of Technology and Science Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Ë^rtï^ïï^or Department Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Graduate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1992 Copyright © Mark Russell Finlay, 1992. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABBREVIATIONS iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND THE GERMAN NATION, 1800-1850 13 CHAPTER TWO: FARMERS' UNIONS, RURAL STATIONS AND THE FIELD PREACHER OF THARANDT: MÔCKERN AND THE EARLY EXPERIMENT STATIONS 78 CHAPTER THREE: GOVERNMENT MINISTRIES, URBAN STATIONS, AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENTISTS: A REEVALUATION OF THE STATIONS' MISSION 126 CHAPTER FOUR: FROM CHEMISTRY TO PHYSIOLOGY: EXPERIMENT STATION RESEARCH IN THE 1850S AND 1860S 180 CHAPTER FIVE: AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS IN AN ERA OF UNIFICATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION, 1870-1888. 238 CHAPTER SIX: GERMAN EXPERIMENT STATIONS' INFLUENCE IN OTHER NATIONS 301 CONCLUSION 370 BIBLIOGRAPHY 380 iii ABBREVIATIONS AHE Deutsche ALKPS Annalen Landwirtschaft in den Konialichen Preussischen Staaten ALKESÏÏ • Annalen d&n Landwirtschaft in dan Konialichen Preussischen Staaten: wochenbiatt m Per Chemische Ackersmann naa Dictionary Scientific Biography ma Die Landwirtschaftlichen Versuchsstationen MVLFHB Mittheilunaen des Vereins fur Land- und im Herzoathume Braunschweig ma Neue Deutsche Biographie VDAC Versammlung Deutscher Agrikulturchemiker, Physiologen, und Vorstande der Versuchs-Stationen (Congress of German Agricultural Chemists, Physiologists, and Experiment Station Directors) VDLF Versammlung Deutscher Land- und Forstwirthe- (Congress of German Farmers and Foresters) VDNA Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und Artze (Congress of German Scientists and Physicians) VLVSDR Verband des landwirtschaftliche Versuch-Stationen im Deustchen Reich (Union of Agricultural Experiment Stations in the German Empire) Zeitschrift fiiz Agrargeschichte und Aararsozioioaie ZdlCVProvSachsen Zeitschrift des landwirtschaftlichen Central-Verein der Provinz Sachsen iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Countless family members, friends, colleagues, professors and others have helped this paper reach its conclusion. The Garst Fellowship, directed by Dr. Harold Lee, provided the funds that made research in Germany possible. Thanks to these monies, I was able to spend six months in the FRG and the former GDR; thanks to frugal living in dormitories and the prudent purchase of a $93.00 Audi, I was able to make good use of my time and money. I received a great deal of advice and encouragement from the momemt I arrived in Berlin. The 1988 Summer Institute for the Philosophy and History of Science, held in the former GDR, was especially significant. I learned a great deal from my colleagues there, and was well prepared for the subsequent months of archival training. I would like especially to thank Dr. William R. Woodward and others who organized and accepted me for this conference; Dr. Hamilton Cravens deserves credit for pushing me into this valuable experience. As events have turned out, my time behind the Berlin Wall also has proven to be a valuble historical lesson. I continued to receive great help in the Federal Republic. Prof. Dr. Harald Winkel and Dr. Klaus Hermann of the Universitat Hohenheim provided me with all possible facilities and comforts. I spent nearly three months in V their offices, without hearing a single complaint. Staff members at the Universitatsbibliothek Hohenheim pleasantly answered the daily requests and questions from the visiting foreigner. Others were also memorable, especially Herr Ebersbach of the Albrecht Thaer Bibliothek in Celle and Dr. Siegfried Heilenz of the Liebig Museum Giessen. I should also thank Prof. Dr. Volker Klemm of East Berlin, and Dr. Wolfgang Bohm of Gottingen for their time and expertise. Finally, I would like to thank Isabella Rohrbach, Iwo Emery, Elke Hahn, Laura Samaan-Berthold, Hamilton and Chris Cravens, Eric and Laura Elliott, and Richard Kremer for their help and hospitality, Despite my success in Germany, I did not retrieve all of the possible information. A long list of friends and colleagues have sent additional materials in the past few years, including: Dr. E. Patrick Munday, Dr. Ursula Schling- Brodersen, Dr. Maria Trumpler, Dr. Wolfgang Bohm, Dr. W. H. Brock, Dr. Hamilton Cravens, Dr. Anna Clark, Dr. Alan Rocke, and Margaret Harcourt-Williams. In nearly all cases, they supplied articles and documents, that, at least from my point of view, seemed crucial to this dissertation. In addition, loan librarians at Iowa State University and the University of North Carolina at Charlotte have cheerfully supplied scores, nay hundreds, of books and articles over the years. Leann Alexander of Iowa State, and Barbara Lisenby and vi Adrienne Cobb of UNCC deserve special thanks in this regard. I am especially indebted to Drs, Julia Kirk Blackwelder and Carole R. Haber, chairs of UNCC's history department, who have offered enough part-time employment over the years to keep this career afloat. My intellectual debts are also many. Major professor Dr. Alan I Marcus has guided and encouraged this project from the start. There is no more impressive teacher or scholar on any campus, and Iowa State is lucky to have him. The other members of my committee, including Dr. Robert E. Schofield, Dr. Andrejs Plakans, and Dr. Richard C. Kirkendall have taught me a great deal over the years, and each has added important comments to this paper as well. I might also mention inspiring teachers from the more distant past. These include C. Ellen Mease and Dr. Joseph Wall, who taught at Grinnell College during my time there, and a very remarkable history teacher, Peter Lalich of Athens High School. Finally, there's my best friend and wife, Kelly Applegate. She has stood behind me since the day we met, and it would have been impossible to finish this dissertation without her.' 1 INTRODUCTION Before the nineteenth century, notions of "science," "experiment," and "industry" were rarely found in studies of German agriculture. Instead, traditional agricultural practices and relationships dominated the German states' rural economy. As a result, most German agriculturists had very little to offer on foreign markets. The situation embarrassed domestic critics and appalled some foreign visitors, but there was little opportunity to foster change. The respected jurist Johann Jakob Moser, for instance,
Recommended publications
  • The German North Sea Ports' Absorption Into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914
    From Unification to Integration: The German North Sea Ports' absorption into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914 Henning Kuhlmann Submitted for the award of Master of Philosophy in History Cardiff University 2016 Summary This thesis concentrates on the economic integration of three principal German North Sea ports – Emden, Bremen and Hamburg – into the Bismarckian nation- state. Prior to the outbreak of the First World War, Emden, Hamburg and Bremen handled a major share of the German Empire’s total overseas trade. However, at the time of the foundation of the Kaiserreich, the cities’ roles within the Empire and the new German nation-state were not yet fully defined. Initially, Hamburg and Bremen insisted upon their traditional role as independent city-states and remained outside the Empire’s customs union. Emden, meanwhile, had welcomed outright annexation by Prussia in 1866. After centuries of economic stagnation, the city had great difficulties competing with Hamburg and Bremen and was hoping for Prussian support. This thesis examines how it was possible to integrate these port cities on an economic and on an underlying level of civic mentalities and local identities. Existing studies have often overlooked the importance that Bismarck attributed to the cultural or indeed the ideological re-alignment of Hamburg and Bremen. Therefore, this study will look at the way the people of Hamburg and Bremen traditionally defined their (liberal) identity and the way this changed during the 1870s and 1880s. It will also investigate the role of the acquisition of colonies during the process of Hamburg and Bremen’s accession. In Hamburg in particular, the agreement to join the customs union had a significant impact on the merchants’ stance on colonialism.
    [Show full text]
  • Germany (Deutschland )
    Germany (Deutschland ) Roman commander Julius Caesar referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as Germania, distinguishing it from Gaul (France). Martin Luther, seminal figure in the reformation movement of the 16th century, provided a German translation of the Bible decisive for the German language’s evolution to Modern Standard. Disparate Germanic principalities did not unite until 1871, when the King of Prussia became Kaiser (emperor) of Germany. German is the most widely spoken first language in the European Union. Germany is known for innovation, particularly in automotive, chemical and machine tooling industries, Population: 81 million (Second most-populous information technology, biotechnology, and nanotechnology. European nation) Area: Slightly smaller than Montana Capital: Berlin(3.3 million) Located in Central Europe, Germany borders the Baltic Sea and the North Sea and lies between the Netherlands and Languages: G er m an (o f f i c i al ) , Tu r k i s h Poland, south of Denmark. (spok en b y 2.4% of the population) Roman Catholic 28.9%, Protestant 27.1%, Muslim 3.7%, The responsibility for the German education unaffiliated or other 28.3%. According to a 2005 system lies primarily with the states (Länder). Eurobarometer poll, 47% of German citizens believed that “there is a Optional Kindergarten is provided for all chil- God," 25% believed that “there is some sort of spirit or life force," while another 25% did not "believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or dren between two and six years of age, after life force." which school attendance is compulsory.
    [Show full text]
  • Section II RIEHM−REAM GENEALOGY the Riehm Family in Germany Norman W. Ream, of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, After Being Elected P
    Section II RIEHM−REAM GENEALOGY The Riehm Family in Germany Norman W. Ream, of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, after being elected president of the Ream Family Association of America annually for many years, was in 1930 chosen president of this association for life. He is a descendant of Johann Eberhard Riehm, of Leimen, Germany, who emigrated to Pennsylvania about 1717, and for the past thirty-five years he has been spending much time, effort and money in collecting information about the descendants and ancestors of this emigrant. Besides finding many records of American descendants, he succeeded in locating and communicating with descendants of the Riehm family living in Leimen, Darmstadt, and Berlin, Germany and secured from them valuable information and data of the Riehm (Ream) families in Germany and especially of the Riehm family of Leimen of which Johann Eberhard Riehm was a member. Mr. Norman Ream has very generously furnished most of the history and records of the Ream families given in the following genealogy. The Ream family is related to the Stukey Family through the marriages of two children of John Stukey 2); Anna Stukey who married Sampson Ream, and Joseph Stukey who married Mary (Molly) Ream. Sampson and Mary were children of Abraham Ream "The Miller", of Fairfield County, Ohio. Noah Stukey 4) son of Joseph and Mary (Ream) Stukey married Mary-Ann Clem, daughter of Elizabeth Grove and Henry Thomas Clem, thus bringing the Clem and Grove families into this group of families. -------- and you shall know That this life's sweet breath, This very heartbeat's deepest ownership, Is only loaned, and through your blood Rolls past an heritage of ancestry Alike with far outstretching future, And that for every hair upon your head, A fight, a woe, a death was sufferedΧ Hermann Hesse Forever do they come, forever pass, They never rest in stale sterility, We see their ups and downs as through a glass, And leave their fates to God's eternity.
    [Show full text]
  • Energie-Einspar-Contracting in Ladenburg Für Gute Lösungen Lohnt Sich Das Hürdennehmen Seit 1
    Nr. 1/2007 (Dezember) Informationen Informationsdienst der Klimaschutz- und Energieberatungsagentur Heidelberg-Nachbargemeinden gGmbH Editorial Energie-Einspar-Contracting Sparen lassen? Liebe Leserinnen und Leser, 380 000 Gebäude im Rhein-Neckar Raum sind Altbauen und ließen sich energetisch sanieren. Einige private Eigentümer nut - zen bereits kommunale Förderprogram- me oder günstige Kredite um ihre Häuser zu dämmen und es werden täglich mehr. Doch dürfen die Gemeinden ihren Bürger den Klimaschutz nicht allein überlassen, schließlich sind auch viele kommunale Liegenschaften wahre Energieschleudern. Eine Möglichkeit, Schulen, Feuerwehrhäu- ser und Schwimmbäder zu Energiespa- rern umzurüsten: Contracting. Die Stadt Heidelberg macht schon seit Jahren posi- Mit Einspar-Contracting lässt sich bereits während der Vertragslaufzeiten bares Geld sparen. Der Löwenanteil tive Erfahrungen mit dem Einspar-Con- der eingesparten Kosten dient dem Contractor zur Refinanzierung seiner getätigten Investitionen. Nach Ablauf der Vertragslaufzeit senken sich die Energiekosten für den Kunden ein zweites Mal. tracting. Erfahren Sie mehr dazu auf den Abbildung: KliBA folgenden Seiten. Viele interessante Ideen In einer Zwickmühle steckt keiner gern. Leider befinden sich aber viele kommunale und Anregungen wünscht Ihnen Liegenschaften genau in einer solchen, wenn es um das Thema Energieeinsparen geht: Die oft veralteten Techniken und Bauten verbrauchen unnötig viel Energie. Gleich- zeitig ist der Haushaltsetat zu knapp, um auf- oder umzurüsten. Was nun? Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophical Transactions, »
    INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, » S e r ie s A, FOR THE YEAR 1898 (VOL. 191). A. Absorption, Change of, produced by Fluorescence (B urke), 87. Aneroid Barometers, Experiments on.—Elastic After-effect; Secular Change; Influence of Temperature (Chree), 441. B. Bolometer, Surface, Construction of (Petavel), 501. Brilliancy, Intrinsic, Law of Variation of, with Temperature (Petavel), 501. Burke (John). On the Change of Absorption produced by Fluorescence, 87. C. Chree (C.). Experiments on Aneroid Barometers at Kew Observatory, and their Discussion, 441. Correlation and Variation, Influence of Random Selection on (Pearson and Filon), 229. Crystals, Thermal Expansion Coefficients, by an Interference Method (Tutton), 313. D. Differential Equations of the Second Order, &c., Memoir on the Integration of; Characteristic Invariant of (Forsyth), 1. 526 INDEX. E. Electric Filters, Testing Efficiency of; Dielectrifying Power of (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electricity, Diffusion of, from Carbonic Acid Gas to Air; Communication of, from Electrified Steam to Air (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electrification of Air by Water Jet, Electrified Needle Points, Electrified Flame, &c., at Different Air-pressures; at Different Electrifying Potentials; Loss of Electrification (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electrolytic Cells, Construction and Calibration of (Veley and Manley), 365. Emissivity of Platinum in Air and other Gases (Petavel), 501. Equations, Laplace's and other, Some New Solutions of, in Mathematical Physics (Forsyth), 1. Evolution, Mathematical Contributions to Theory o f; Influence of Random Selection on the Differentiation of Local Races (Pearson and Filon), 229. F. Filon (L. N. G.) and Pearson (Karl). Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution.—IV. On the Probable Errors of Frequency Constants and on the Influence of Random Selection on Variation and Correlation, 229.
    [Show full text]
  • Former Political Prisoners and Exiles in the Roman Revolution of 1848
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1989 Between Two Amnesties: Former Political Prisoners and Exiles in the Roman Revolution of 1848 Leopold G. Glueckert Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Glueckert, Leopold G., "Between Two Amnesties: Former Political Prisoners and Exiles in the Roman Revolution of 1848" (1989). Dissertations. 2639. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2639 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1989 Leopold G. Glueckert BETWEEN TWO AMNESTIES: FORMER POLITICAL PRISONERS AND EXILES IN THE ROMAN REVOLUTION OF 1848 by Leopold G. Glueckert, O.Carm. A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 1989 Leopold G. Glueckert 1989 © All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As with any paper which has been under way for so long, many people have shared in this work and deserve thanks. Above all, I would like to thank my director, Dr. Anthony Cardoza, and the members of my committee, Dr. Walter Gray and Fr. Richard Costigan. Their patience and encourage­ ment have been every bit as important to me as their good advice and professionalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Chemistry Building and Or Common Biochemistry Building 2
    NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 (3-82) Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service For NPS use only National Register of Historic Places received MAY i 6 1935 Inventory—Nomination Form date entered ^ See instructions in How fo Complete National Register Forms Type all entries—complete applicable sections___________________________ __ 1. Name historic Agricultural Chemistry Building and or common Biochemistry Building 2. Location street & number 420 Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin Campus not for publication city, town Madison vicinity of state Wisconsin code 55 county Dane code 025 3. Classification Category Ownership Status Present Use district X public _ X. occupied __ agriculture museum X building(s) private unoccupied commercial park structure both work in progress X educational private residence site • Public Acquisition Accessible entertainment religious object in process yes: restricted government scientific being considered X.. yes: unrestricted industrial transportation X N/A no military other: 4. Owner of Property name University of Wisconsin Board of Regents street & number 1860 Van Rise Hall city, town Madison vicinity of state Wisconsin 5. Location of Legal Description courthouse, registry of deeds, etc. Register of Deeds. Dane county Courthouse street & number 201 Monona Avenue city, town Madison state Wisconsin 6. Representation in Existing Surveys Madison Campus Architecture, title Historical and Archaeological Survey135 this property been determined eligible? yes x no date 1978 federal
    [Show full text]
  • Guides to German Records Microfilmed at Alexandria, Va
    GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXANDRIA, VA. No. 32. Records of the Reich Leader of the SS and Chief of the German Police (Part I) The National Archives National Archives and Records Service General Services Administration Washington: 1961 This finding aid has been prepared by the National Archives as part of its program of facilitating the use of records in its custody. The microfilm described in this guide may be consulted at the National Archives, where it is identified as RG 242, Microfilm Publication T175. To order microfilm, write to the Publications Sales Branch (NEPS), National Archives and Records Service (GSA), Washington, DC 20408. Some of the papers reproduced on the microfilm referred to in this and other guides of the same series may have been of private origin. The fact of their seizure is not believed to divest their original owners of any literary property rights in them. Anyone, therefore, who publishes them in whole or in part without permission of their authors may be held liable for infringement of such literary property rights. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 58-9982 AMERICA! HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION COMMITTEE fOR THE STUDY OP WAR DOCUMENTS GUIDES TO GERMAN RECOBDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXAM)RIA, VA. No* 32» Records of the Reich Leader of the SS aad Chief of the German Police (HeiehsMhrer SS und Chef der Deutschen Polizei) 1) THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION (AHA) COMMITTEE FOR THE STUDY OF WAE DOCUMENTS GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXANDRIA, VA* This is part of a series of Guides prepared
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
    Report on the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development German Voluntary National Review to the HLPF 2021 1 German Voluntary National Review to the HLPF 2021 All states are called upon to take swifter and more ambitious action to implement the Agenda. With the update to the German Sustainable Development Strategy [adopted in March 2021], the German Government therefore aims to pick up the pace on the path to greater sustainability, both at home and in international cooperation. [...] If we are to achieve the goals of the German Sustainable Development Strategy and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, we must embark on a truly demanding transformation of key areas such as energy, the circular economy, housing, transport, food and agriculture. In Germany we plan to advance the transformation process by updating our German Sustainable Development Strategy and by harnessing education, research and innovation. (Federal Chancellor Dr. Angela Merkel in her foreword to the updated German Sustainable Development Strategy) German Voluntary National Review to the HLPF 2021 3 4 Content 1. Key messages 7 1.1 The twofold challenge: Pandemic response and the transition to sustainable development for a better and green recovery 8 1.2 Main areas of transition, unhalted by the pandemic response, within the leitmotifs of the 2030 Agenda: People, planet, prosperity, peace and partnership 9 1.3 Joint action; global responsibility; peace and security 14 2. Institutional and procedural aspects 17 3. Important changes 23 4. Pursuit
    [Show full text]
  • The Diamond of Psi Upsilon Mar 1951
    THE DIAMOND OF PSI UPSILON MARCH, 1951 VOLUME XXXVll NUMBER THREE Clayton ("Bud") Collyer, Delta Delta '31, Deacon and Emcee (See Psi U Personality of the Month) The Diamond of Psi Upsilon OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF PSI UPSILON FRATERNITY Volume XXXVll March, 1951 Number 3 AN OPEN FORUiM FOR THE FREE DISCUSSION OF FRATERNITY MATTERS IN THIS ISSUE Page Psi U Personality of the Month 70 The 118th National Convention Program 71 Highlights in the Mu's History 72 The University of Minnesota 74 The Archives 76 The Psi Upsilon Scene 77 Psi U's in the Civil War 78 Psi U Lettermen 82 Pledges and Recent Initiates 83 The Chapters Speak 88 The Executive Council and Alumni Association, Officers and Mem bers 100 Roll of Chapters and Alumni Presidents Cover III General Information Cover IV EDITOR Edward C. Peattie, Phi '06 ALUMNI EDITOR David C. Keutgen, Lambda '42 ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE DIAMOND J. J. E. Hessey, Nu '13, Chairman Herbert J. Flagg, Theta Theta '12 Walter S. Robinson, Lambda '19 A. Northey Jones, Beta Beta '17 S. Spencer Scott, Phi '14 (ex-officio) LeRoy J. Weed, Theta '01 Oliver B. Merrill, Jr., Gamma '25 (ex-officio) Publication Office, 450 Ahnaip St., Menasha, Wis. Executive and Editorial Offices Room 510, 420 Lexington Ave., New York 17, N.Y. Life Subscription, $15; By Subscription, $1.00 per year; Single Copies, 50 cents Published in November, January, March and June by the Psi Upsilon Fraternity. Entered as Second Class Matter January 8, 1936, at the Post Office at Menasha, Wisconsin, under the Act of August 24, 1912.
    [Show full text]
  • BC2 FRONT COVER REV4.Indd
    The Historical Development and Significance of the Haber Bosch Process By David E. Kissel A review of key scientific discoveries in the mid 1800s on the role of N in crop production, and the later research in the early 20th century of scientists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch that made N fertilizer production possible. Dr. Kissel draws from several sources for this historical assessment that links N supply with social change and security—especially from the book by Vaclav Smil entitled “Enriching the Earth” as well as “The Alchemy of Air” by Thomas Hager. oday we in agriculture take for granted the importance of the production and ready availability of N fertilizer. But Taround 175 years ago, a group of scientists in Europe were involved in a scientifi c debate over how important am- monium and nitrate forms of N were for the growth of plants, and whether N fertilizers were needed at all. By 1836, the French chemist Jean-Baptiste Boussingault had summarized fi eld experiments on manuring, crop rotation, and sources of N. He concluded that N was a major component of plants. An important question in 1840 was whether plants could get all of the N they needed from the soil and from the air. The great German chemist Justus von Liebig had concluded that soil and atmospheric ammonia supplied enough N for the needs of crops, but this conclusion was wrong. Scientists at the time who found the right answer to these questions were John Bennet Lawes and Joseph Henry Gilbert, who showed clearly at Rothamsted, England that addition of N fertilizers greatly nations were going to feed themselves in the coming 20th increased yields of wheat.
    [Show full text]
  • Jeder Treu Auf Seinem Posten: German Catholics
    JEDER TREU AUF SEINEM POSTEN: GERMAN CATHOLICS AND KULTURKAMPF PROTESTS by Jennifer Marie Wunn (Under the Direction of Laura Mason) ABSTRACT The Kulturkampf which erupted in the wake of Germany’s unification touched Catholics’ lives in multiple ways. Far more than just a power struggle between the Catholic Church and the new German state, the conflict became a true “struggle for culture” that reached into remote villages, affecting Catholic men, women, and children, regardless of their age, gender, or social standing, as the state arrested clerics and liberal, Protestant polemicists castigated Catholics as ignorant, anti-modern, effeminate minions of the clerical hierarchy. In response to this assault on their faith, most Catholics defended their Church and clerics; however, Catholic reactions to anti- clerical legislation were neither uniform nor clerically-controlled. Instead, Catholics’ Kulturkampf activism took many different forms, highlighting both individual Catholics’ personal agency in deciding if, when, and how to take part in the struggle as well as the diverse factors that motivated, shaped, and constrained their activism. Catholics resisted anti-clerical legislation in ways that reflected their personal lived experience; attending to the distinctions between men’s and women’s activism or those between older and younger Catholics’ participation highlights individuals’ different social and communal roles and the diverse ways in which they experienced and negotiated the dramatic transformations the new nation underwent in its first decade of existence. Investigating the patterns and distinctions in Catholics’ Kulturkampf activism illustrates how Catholics understood the Church-State conflict, making clear what various groups within the Catholic community felt was at stake in the struggle, as well as how external factors such as the hegemonic contemporary discourses surrounding gender roles, class status, age and social roles, the division of public and private, and the feminization of religion influenced their activism.
    [Show full text]