Neutron Research at the Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

Neutron research at the Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

A.V.Belushkin On behalf of the FLNP

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics

FLNP is established in 1956 soon after the foundation of JINR.

Scientific activity is focused on : - nuclear physics, - condensed matter physics - applied research. Il’ya Mikhailovich Fedor L’vovich Shapiro Frank 1915 – 1973 The IBR-2 high flux 1908 – 1990 Deputy director in 1959 pulsed reactor is the FLNP Director in 1957 – 1988. – 1973. basic facility. Nobel Prize 1958. The permanent staff is around 370 persons.

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research The world’s first pulsing reactor

Operation started 23.06.1960. At present decommissioned.

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research IBR reactor was efficiently used for solving nuclear physics problems, ca. measurements of total and differential neutron cross-sections for different isotopes, parameters of neutron resonances, energy levels of exited nuclei, etc.

 Observation and investigation of properties for the -decay of neutron resonances. Study of the (n,p), (n,) reactions at thermal and resonance energies for nuclear reaction models, nuclear astrophysics. From 1965 – up to now. Experiments at: IBR-30, IBR-2, EG-5 (JINR, Dubna), VVR-reactor (INP, Kiev), ORELA (Oak Ridge), LANSCE (Los Alamos).  Investigation of the parity violation effects in the (n,p), (n,) reactions. 1985-1995 yrs. Experiments at the VVR-M reactor (PNPI, Gatchina).  Study of the (n,p), (n,) reactions at fast neutrons. 1995 – up to now. Experiments at EG-5 (JINR, Dubna), EG-4.5 (Peking University)  Measurements of neutron cross sections. Experiments at IBR-30 (JINR, Dubna).

 Investigation of parity violation effects in neutron- nucleus interactions. Experiments at: IBR-30, IBR-2 (JINR, Dubna)

Search for negative p-wave neutron resonances in Pb. Experiment at IBR-2 (JINR, Dubna)

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Neutron Reactor IBR-2 is operating since 1984

D. Blokhintsev

Pulsed reactor with neutron flux 1016 n cm-2 s-1 N. Dollezhal and I. Frank

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research IBR-2 – fast pulsing reactor

Source: IAEA-TECDOC-1439, February 2005

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research IBR-2 – fast pulsing reactor

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research HRFD – high resolution Fourier YuMO – small angle scattering diffractometer spectrometer

REMUR – reflectometer with DN-12 – diffractometer for studies of polarized neutrons microsamples under extreme conditions

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Investigations of Nanosystems and Novel Materials by Neutron Scattering Methods

• Physics of Nanosystems Fe (3-5 нм) Сr (1-2 нм) • Structure and Dynamics of Functional Materials

• Complex Liquids and Polymers

• Molecular Biology and Pharmacology

• Structure of rocks and minerals

• Neutron Nanodiagnostics

• Engineering Diagnostics

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Main results achieved in condensed matter physics at FLNP JINR for last 7 years Microscopic origin of Experimental determination Structural physical phenomena in of universal constant of reorganization of complex oxides: interaction of random mitochondria under fluctuating surfaces osmotic pressure

Lamellar • Colossal magnetoresistance, packing • Insulator-metal transition, d • Multiferroic phenomena, • Charge and orbital ordering

Hexagonal packing

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Main results achieved in condensed matter physics at FLNP JINR for last 7 years Determination of residual stresses in the vessel of 1000 MW VVER-1000 reactor

400 1. FEM calculation: Model 1:  ,  300 y z Model 2:  y 2. Austenite phase: 200  ,  ,  x y z 3. Ferrite phase: 100  y

BIOLOGY MEDICINE FARMACOLOGY

0 Stress, MPa -100

-200 Ferrite

Austenite interphaseboundary at X=8 mm -300 Joint Institute0 10 for Nuclear20 Research30 40 50 X, mm Nanosystem GeO2-Eu2O3-Ag: Effects of clusters formation on optical properties

95GeO -5Eu O 94,9GeO -5Eu O -0,1Ag 2 2 3 2 2 3

Silver doping effect To=350 oC To=350 C

Increasing of luminescence intensity To=800 oC To=800 oC

~1000 times 0.01 0.1 0.01 0.1 -1 q,  -3 1.5x10 Т =550 0С Experimental o 1.2x10-3

methods 9.0x10-4

95GeO -5Eu O -4 2 2 3

p(r), arb.units 94,9GeO -5Eu O Crystal structure Nanostructure 6.0x10 2 2 3 -0,1Ag 3.0x10-4 Ag

X-Ray Small angle 0.0 0 50 100 150 doping diffraction neutron scattering r, Å

The breakage of clusters because of the formation of Eu-O-Ag bonds. An increase in the intensity of luminescence excitation lines 7 5 Joint Institute7 for Nuclear5 Research 3+ F0  L6 (~395 nm) and F0  H6 (~318 nm) of Eu Studies of magnetic nanostructures by polarized neutron reflectometry

c) Laterally patterned magnetic films a) Exchange coupled d) Ferromagnetic films on superlattice with anti- antiferro-magnetic ferromagnetic ordering substrates with exchange (e.g. GMR and TMR bias through common systems) interfaces

b) Dilute magnetic e) Spring magnets semi-conductors as consisting of a top soft spin-injectors in magnetic layer exchange semiconductor coupled to a magnetically heterostructures hard layer.

Huge decrease of electrical resistance under the influence of magnetic field !

A commercial IBM giant magneto resistive read head

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Magnetic off-specular reflection of polarized neutrons from multilayers Cr/Fe TU Muenchen (Germany), ILL (France), PNPI RAS (Russia), FLNP-JINR

qx q Scheme of qz k pf p ki i   experiment Fe i f f Cr

f, rad

Found magnetic structure as a function of depth. Twisted canted states in exchange- coupled multilayers are induced by a magnetic field applied. Neutron wavelength, Å Scattering pattern from sample 57 [ Fe(67Å)/Cr(9Å)]12/Al2O3, H=200 Oe

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Soft matter and biology From simplicity to complexity

Neutrons Atoms & molecules Self organization Folding & aggregation Structure Dynamics & function

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research • Producing of energy (ATP) for cellular processes. • Participating in ageing and apoptosis (programmed cell death). • Mitochondrial dysfunctions are causes of several diseases (muscular dystrophy, diabetes, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases ).

Inner mitochondrial membrane- location of energy generating system of mitochondrion

• phospholipidic bilayer • transport proteins • respiratory chain components • ATP-syntase

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Hypotonic media induces changes in mitochondrial function:

 regulates the oxidation of fatty acid and other substrates.

induces the rising of rate of the electron Normal condition Normal Isotonic transport through the respiratory chain

Formation of “dried crista” Changes in function rising of rate and efficiency of ATP sythesis

 structural changes in polyenzymatic complex of oxidative phosphorilation

 switching on the local coupling regime

imitation of hormone effect on mitochondria.

amplitude

Hypotonic Low swelling

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Extracted interference peak

Hypotonic conditions

Scheme of dried Expanded disordered cristae ordered cristae formed under No peaks hypotonic conditions

Krasinskaya I. et al. // Biokhimija 1989, V. 54: 1550-1556. Murugova T. et al. // Biophysics 2006, V.51: 882–886. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research SANS curves for rat heart mitochondria. Appearance of structural peaks as a result of order of mitochondrial inner membrane. d=220Å Measuring time by two detectors simultaneously 5-20 min. Ordered Lamellar phase with distance space 220 Å

T.N. Murugova et al. // Crystallography Reports, 2007, V.52. P. 521–524. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Formation of 3D structures inside mitochondria

Switching on the volume regulation system in mitochondria induces the following structural changes:

Rat heart mitochondria: from ordered lamellar (220 Å)– to another ordered packing (presumably hexagonal phase with spacing parameter 280 Å)

Heart mitochondria Hexagonal packing

-1 1.0 0.0276 Å

) c 0.5

0.0550 Å-1 Modification of the mitochondria Iexp - (a+aq - Iexp

-1 1 0.0 packing under osmotic pressure 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 q, Å-1

Intensity, cm Intensity, a = 250 Å

0.1 A

0.01 0.1 q, Å-1

-1 0.3 0.0266 Å

10 0.2

-1

+b) 0.0464 Å

0.1 I exp - (aq - exp I

-1 1 0.0

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

q, Å-1 Intensity, cm Intensity, 220 Å 0.1 d B

0.01 0.1 Lamellar packing q, Å-1

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Engineering diagnostics

0.28

0.25

0.2

I0n I10n1.45 0.15 I15n1.05 I20n1.3

0.1

0.05

0 0 2.15 2.155 2.16 2.165 2.17 2.15 d0 d10d, d15 Å d20 d 2.175

Neutron diffraction peak layout of The experiment shift due to residual stress

“…On basis of these results ПП80НВ.00.006 type striker made of 20X2H4A steel with surface cementation treatment was implemented in ПП80НВ perforator’s production. Application of this steel provide 2.5 times gain in mean time to failure: for 65C2BA steel mean time to failure is about 40 hours Equipment for mining industry while for 20X2H4A steel this value was increased up to 100 hours.”

Sample 1 Sample 2

The measured residual stress distribution in the sample along radial coordinate x. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research “Nuclear Physics with Neutrons: Fundamental and applied studies” Main results, achieved during Highlights past 7 years Verification of the equivalence • Experiments with Ultra-Cold Neutrons principle for the neutron (UCN) n

E  mod • Studies of nuclear fission and other neutron- induced reactions H Free fall acceleration for the neutron Is the same as for macroscopic bodies • Study of the fundamental laws and within the accuracy  2 10-3 symmetries in neutron-nucleus interactions E  mgH

• Obtaining of nuclear data for reactor construction and astrophysics, applied research

•Neutron activation analysis Setting constraint on the weak interaction Estimation of heavy metal deposition in constant different regions of Russia and other countries Measurement of the As Zaokskiy Zaokskiy Yasnogorsk Ni Yasnogorsk Aleksin Aleksin Venev Venev triton asymmetry in Tula Tula Suvorov Suvorov Relative units Novomoskovsk Novomoskovsk Schekino Schekino Uzlovaya Odoev Uzlovaya Kimovsk Odoev Kimovsk 6 3 Belev Kireevsk Belev Kireevsk Bogoroditsk Bogoroditsk the Li(n,) H reaction Plavsk Plavsk Arsen’evo Arsen’evo Volovo Teploe Volovo Teploe Chern’ Kurkino Chern’ Kurkino

Efremov with the record Efremov

Zaokskiy Zaokskiy accuracy V Yasnogorsk Zn Yasnogorsk Aleksin Aleksin Venev Venev

Tula Tula Suvorov Suvorov Novomoskovsk Novomoskovsk Schekino Schekino Odoev Uzlovaya Kimovsk Odoev Uzlovaya Kimovsk Belev Kireevsk Belev Kireevsk Bogoroditsk Bogoroditsk Plavsk Plavsk Arsen’evo Arsen’evo -8 Teploe Volovo Teploe Volovo Chern’ Kurkino Chern’ Kurkino t = -(8.1  3.9)10 Efremov Efremov

About 300 publications in referred journals during 2003 - 2009 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research New developments and applications

IREN facility

Neutron Activation Analysis;

Isotopes production;

Conceptual design, construction and modeling of the neutron and gamma detectors for spacecrafts;

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research High intensity pulsed source of resonance neutrons IREN

2008 Completion of construction of the IREN complex with non-multiplying target.

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research “Construction of the IREN Facility ” • 2003 - 2006 Dismantling of IBR-30; • 2005 decision to shorten the project; • 2006-2008 putting into operation IREN 1-st stage; • 2009 – physical startup, first experiments, 11 integral yield 10 n/s;

1000 neutron flux density Jan 23 2009 4 Ag reference sample 10 neutron flux density Mar 19 2009 neutron flux density May 21 2009

counts neutron flux density Dec 19 2009

500

/с/eV

2 102

40010 Ag Coins counts -2

20010 Neutronflux density n/cm

0 -4 10 10 100 10-3 10-1 Energy,101 eV 103 105 Energy, eV Joint Institute for Nuclear Research IREN facility: actual parameters

105 • Average energy of the Mesurements

Calculation /s/eV accelerated electrons – 30 2 103 MeV;

101

• Peak beam current at target position – 2.8 A;

-1 • Pulse width – 100 ns; 10

• Repetition rate – 50 Hz; -3

Neutronflux density at 10 m flight path n/cm 10 -3 -1 1 3 10 10 10 10 10 • Neutron yield – 7.710 n/s; Energy, eV

Neutron flux density at 10 m flight path of IREN source. Calculated (solid squares) and measured (open circles).

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT IBR-2M REACTOR

Epithermal Instrumental Cyclic neutron activation neutron activation neutron activation analysis analysis analysis INAA ENAA CNAA

Life Sciences Material Science

 Biomonitoring of atmospheric  Biotechnologies: development of new deposition of heavy metals and other pharmaceuticals and cleaning the environemnt elements (Project REGATA) from toxic elements (biosorption)  Control of quality and safety of  NAA for the technological process of synthesis foodstuffs, grown in industrially of diamonds and NB (boron nitride) contaminated areas of RF and  Analysis of archeological and museum objects South Africa (grant of SA) from Russian and other countries  Assessment of different ecosystems  NAA for decommissioning of Nuclear Power and their impact on human health Plants and utulization of industrial wastes

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Ecological Investigations at the IBR-2 Reactor

As Zaokskiy Zaokskiy Yasnogorsk Ni Yasnogorsk Aleksin Aleksin Venev Venev

Tula Tula Suvorov Suvorov Relative units Novomoskovsk Novomoskovsk Schekino Schekino Uzlovaya Odoev Uzlovaya Kimovsk Odoev Kimovsk Belev Kireevsk Belev Kireevsk Bogoroditsk Bogoroditsk Plavsk Plavsk Arsen’evo Arsen’evo Volovo Teploe Volovo Teploe Chern’ Kurkino Chern’ Kurkino

Efremov Efremov

Zaokskiy Zaokskiy V Yasnogorsk Zn Yasnogorsk Aleksin Aleksin Venev Venev

Teploe Volovo Teploe Volovo Chern’ Kurkino Chern’ Kurkino

Efremov Efremov

Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Czech, Greece, Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, Mongolia, China, Vietnam, South Korea

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research NAA for Biotechnology

Development of new Se-, I- и Cr-containing pharmaceuticals based on blue- green micro-alga Spirulina Platensis (2 patents of Russian Federation)

Cleaning of the environemnt from toxic elements (Сr, Hg, U etc.) by means of microorganisms (Spirulina Platensis, Arthrobacter oxidans etc.)

Development of methods for bacterial leaching of metals from low-grade ores and waste

A. oxydans: control А. oxidans under impact of 1000 mg/l of Cr(VI)

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Applied research: development of the neutron and gamma detectors for spacecrafts

• Cooperation with Russian Space Research Institute since 1997; • Three detectors are successfully operating at space at the moment; • Another three detectors are at different stages of development; • FLNP responsibility are: conceptual design, physical and numerical modeling, physical calibrations;

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research NEUTRON LOGGING IN SPACE: SEEKING WATER ON MARS AND OTHER PLANETS

The map of MD sensor is contributed by epithermal neutrons mainly left (top). This MD map is consistent with the map for epithermal neutrons from Neutron Spectrometer (bottom)

HEND has 4 signals of neutrons from sensors SD, MD, LD and SC/IN, and for each of them the map of orbital measu- rementsCount rateis currentlyover the Southproduced Pole. is 5-10 times lower (blue region) – doubtless water presence

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND)

A – Collimated Sensors

B – Sensors of Thermal Neutrons for Doppler Filter

C – Sensors of Thermal Neutrons

D – Sensor of Epithermal Neutrons

E – Sensor of High Energy Neutrons

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND)

dry

wet First LEND results – blue colored regions indicates high (up to 20%) concentration of the hydrogen

The map of the LEND inner sensors count rates. Difference between red and blue color – 10%

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research From orbital data – to data on the surface

300 km

1 m

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Welcome to JINR (Dubna)

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research