Theories and Mechanism of Rapid Phase Transition
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Safety Consideration on Liquid Hydrogen
Safety Considerations on Liquid Hydrogen Karl Verfondern Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft der 5/JULICH Mitglied FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................1 2. PROPERTIES OF LIQUID HYDROGEN..........................................................................................3 2.1. Physical and Chemical Characteristics..............................................................................................3 2.1.1. Physical Properties ......................................................................................................................3 2.1.2. Chemical Properties ....................................................................................................................7 2.2. Influence of Cryogenic Hydrogen on Materials..............................................................................9 2.3. Physiological Problems in Connection with Liquid Hydrogen ....................................................10 3. PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROGEN AND SLUSH HYDROGEN................................... 13 3.1. Liquid Hydrogen Production Methods ............................................................................................ 13 3.1.1. Energy Requirement .................................................................................................................. 13 3.1.2. Linde Hampson Process ............................................................................................................15 -
Materials for Liquid Propulsion Systems
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20160008869 2019-08-29T17:47:59+00:00Z CHAPTER 12 Materials for Liquid Propulsion Systems John A. Halchak Consultant, Los Angeles, California James L. Cannon NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama Corey Brown Aerojet-Rocketdyne, West Palm Beach, Florida 12.1 Introduction Earth to orbit launch vehicles are propelled by rocket engines and motors, both liquid and solid. This chapter will discuss liquid engines. The heart of a launch vehicle is its engine. The remainder of the vehicle (with the notable exceptions of the payload and guidance system) is an aero structure to support the propellant tanks which provide the fuel and oxidizer to feed the engine or engines. The basic principle behind a rocket engine is straightforward. The engine is a means to convert potential thermochemical energy of one or more propellants into exhaust jet kinetic energy. Fuel and oxidizer are burned in a combustion chamber where they create hot gases under high pressure. These hot gases are allowed to expand through a nozzle. The molecules of hot gas are first constricted by the throat of the nozzle (de-Laval nozzle) which forces them to accelerate; then as the nozzle flares outwards, they expand and further accelerate. It is the mass of the combustion gases times their velocity, reacting against the walls of the combustion chamber and nozzle, which produce thrust according to Newton’s third law: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. [1] Solid rocket motors are cheaper to manufacture and offer good values for their cost. -
Cryogenic Technology & Rocket Engines
ISSN (O): 2393-8609 International Journal of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Volume 2 – No.5, August 2015 Cryogenic Technology & Rocket Engines AKHIL GARG KARTIK JAKHU KISHAN SINGH ABHINAV B.Tech – Aerospace B.Tech – Aerospace B.Tech – Aerospace MAURYA Engg. Engg. Engg. B.Tech – Aerospace PUNJAB PUNJAB PUNJAB Engg. TECHNICAL TECHNICAL TECHNICAL PUNJAB UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY, TECHNICAL JALANDHAR JALANDHAR JALANDHAR UNIVERSITY, akhilgarg.313@g kartik.lphawk@g kishansngh1996 JALANDHAR mail.com mail.com @gmail.com abhinavguru123 @gmail.com ABSTRACT 3.2 What is Cryogenic Rocket Engine? This paper is all about the rocket engine involving the use of A cryogenic rocket engine is a rocket engine that cryogenic technology at a cryogenic temperature (123K). This uses a cryogenic fuel or oxidizer, that is, its fuel or basically uses the liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen as an oxidizer (or both) is gases liquefied and stored at oxidizer and fuel, which are very clean and non-pollutant very low temperatures. Notably, these engines were fuels compared to other hydrocarbon fuels like petrol, diesel, one of the main factors of the ultimate success in gasoline, LPG, CNG, etc., sometimes, liquid nitrogen is also reaching the Moon by the Saturn V rocket. used as an fuel. During World War II, when powerful rocket engines were first considered by the German, American and Keywords Soviet engineers independently, all discovered that Rocket engine, Cryogenic technology, Cryogenic temperature, rocket engines need high mass flow rate of both Liquid hydrogen and Oxygen. oxidizer and fuel to generate a sufficient thrust. At that time oxygen and low molecular weight 1. -
Natural Gas Liquefaction Technology for Floating Lng Facilities
NATURAL GAS LIQUEFACTION TECHNOLOGY FOR FLOATING LNG FACILITIES Dr. Justin D. Bukowski Lead Process Engineer Dr. Yu Nan Liu Technical Director, LNG Dr. Mark R. Pillarella Senior Process Manager, LNG Stephen J. Boccella Lead Mechanical Design Engineer William A Kennington LNG Major Account Manager Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. Allentown, PA, USA 18195-1501 [email protected] KEYWORDS: FLNG, refrigeration cycles, DMR, nitrogen recycle ABSTRACT Forecasts for the LNG industry indicate that a large segment of growth will occur through floating LNG (FLNG) development. FLNG facilities present special challenges over those facilities on land. Among these challenges are the response of equipment and processes to wave induced motion of the vessel, weight and space limits for the process equipment on the vessel topsides, difficulty of equipment maintenance and repair or replacement, handling of flammable component inventories, and corrosion. Meeting these challenges requires a mix of analysis, testing, and innovation. To qualify coil wound heat exchangers (CWHE) for FLNG applications, Air Products performed an extensive design verification program. The program included rigorous mechanical analysis of the exchanger, as well as experimental testing of components which were not amenable to analysis. The program also addressed the effects of motion on mixed refrigerant liquefaction process performance through an integrated analytical and experimental investigation of two-phase flow within a CWHE. The results of the mechanical and process verification programs have been applied to CWHE designs for FLNG, including the Shell Prelude FLNG and Petronas FLNG 1 projects. Several process cycles suitable for floating LNG applications are presented. Mixed Refrigerant (MR) processes combine high production and high efficiency for FLNG applications. -
Coal Liquefaction and Desulfurization
COAL LIQUEFACTION AND DESULFURIZATION J. A. GUIN, Y. A. LIU, C. W. CURTIS, A. R. TARRER AND D. C. WILLIAMS The program is presently the Auburn University largest university-based coal research Auburn, AL 36849 program in the Southeastern region, and current support is . .. about $450,000 annually. ALABAMA IS A SIGNIFICANT producer of coal in the United States, particularly in the Gulf province. There are large reserves of coal in Ala aspects of the Auburn coal liquefaction research bama; 35 billion tons lie in the northern and program. It has made available its resources and central counties, enough for hundreds of years at facilities at the 6 tons/day solvent-refined-coal our present rate of production. Lignite deposits (SRC) pilot plant located at Wilsonville, Alabama in southern Alabama counties await the technology (90 miles from Auburn) for support of the super to properly realize their value. Thus, a strong vised internship and hands-on research training of recommendation of a statewide conference on the Auburn program. The largest utility coal user "Energy and the Future of Alabama" sponsored in the Northeast, the New England Electric by Auburn University in 1972 was for "research, System, has also actively participated in the Au development and technical liaison in the areas of burn coal desulfurization research since 1978. coal production, coal processing and coal usage." Auburn University acted upon this recommenda COAL RESEARCH FACULTY AND FACILITIES tion, and with major support from the National The Auburn coal liquefaction research program Science Foundation (NSF), established the Au is presently being directed by a number of burn Coal Conversion Research Laboratory in chemical engineering faculty, including Drs. -
Liquefaction, Solidification Or Separation of Gases Or Gaseous
CPC - F25J - 2019.08 F25J LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS {OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS} MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT {OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE (cryogenic pumps F04B 37/08; gas storage vessels, gas holders F17; filing vessels with, or discharging from vessels, compressed, liquefied or solidified gases F17C; refrigeration machines, plants, or systems F25B)} Definition statement This place covers: Processes or systems for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures and for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquid mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification or partial condensation, the processes or systems use internal and/or external refrigeration to reach very low temperatures, i.e. so-called cryogenic temperatures, in general well below -50°C; Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in cryogenic separation or liquefaction plants. Relationships with other classification places If the principal aspect of the application concerns the liquefaction or solidification of a gaseous feed stream but comprises also purification aspects of the feed or product stream in general then the main group concerned is F25J 1/00. Similarly, if the principal aspect of the application concerns the separation of a feed stream but comprises also the withdrawal of a liquid or solid product stream then the main group concerned is F25J 3/00. If the application, however, concerns details both about liquefaction or solidification techniques as well -
Cryogenics Unit- I
Department of Aeronautical Engineering Sem ;VII SAEX1041- CRYOGENICS UNIT- I Cryogenics is the branch of physics that deals with the production and effects of very low temperatures. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the largest cryogenic system in the world and one of the coldest places on Earth. All of the magnets on the LHC are electromagnets – magnets in which the magnetic field is produced by the flow of electric current. The LHC's main magnets operate at a temperature of 1.9 K (-271.3°C), colder than the 2.7 K (-270.5°C) of outer space. The LHC's cryogenic system requires 40,000 leak-tight pipe seals, 40 MW of electricity – 10 times more than is needed to power a locomotive – and 120 tonnes of helium to keep the magnets at 1.9 K. Extreme cold for exceptional performances Magnets produce a magnetic field of 8.33 tesla to keep particle beams on course around the LHC's 27-kilometre ring. A current of 11,850 amps in the magnet coils is needed to reach magnetic fields of this amplitude. The use of superconducting materials – those that conduct electricity with no resistance – has proven to be the best way of avoiding overheating in the coils and of keeping them as small as possible. Superconductivity could not happen without the use of cryogenic systems. The coils' niobium-titanium (NbTi) wires must be kept at low temperatures to reach a superconducting state. The LHC's superconducting magnets are therefore maintained at 1.9 K (-271.3°C) by a closed liquid-helium circuit. -
Liquefied Natural Gas: Understanding the Basic Facts Liquefied Natural Gas: Understanding The
Liquefied Natural Gas: Understanding the Basic Facts Liquefied Natural Gas: Understanding the “I strongly support developing new LNG capacity in the United States.” —President George W. Bush Page 2 4 Growing Demand Emergence of the for Natural Gas Global LNG Market About This Report Natural gas plays a vital role in One of several proposed the U.S. energy supply and in supply options would involve This report was prepared by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) in achieving the nation’s economic increasing imports of liquefied collaboration with the National and environmental goals. natural gas (LNG) to ensure Association of Regulatory Utility that American consumers have Although natural gas production Commissioners (NARUC). DOE’s Office of adequate supplies of natural in North America is projected Fossil Energy supports technology gas in the future. research and policy options to ensure to gradually increase through clean, reliable, and affordable supplies 2025, consumption has begun Liquefaction enables natural of oil and natural gas for American to outpace available domestic gas that would otherwise be consumers, working closely with the National Energy Technology Laboratory, natural gas supply. Over time, “stranded” to reach major which is the Department’s lead center this gap will widen. markets. Developing countries for the research and development of with plentiful natural gas advanced fossil energy technologies. resources are particularly NARUC, a nonprofit organization interested in monetizing composed of governmental agencies engaged in the regulation of natural gas by exporting it as telecommunications, energy, and water LNG. Conversely, more utilities and carriers in the 50 states, the developed nations with little District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and or no domestic natural gas the Virgin Islands, serves the public rely on imports. -
Technology for Fuel Depots (Cont.) Subcooling Propellant
Cryogenic Propellant Depots Design Concepts and Risk Reduction Activities Future InIn--SpaceSpace Operations ((FISOFISO)) March 2, 2011 Christopher McLean 303303--939939--71337133 [email protected] Introduction The capability to provide on-orbit cryogenic refueling for LEO departure stages represents a paradigm shift in the architecture required to support: ─ NASA’s Exploration program ─ Deep-space robot missions ─ National security missions ─ Commercial missions Fuel depots enables large, beyond LEO missions without super heavy lift vehicles This discussion covers an evolutionary approach to flight demonstrate key technologies required for operational fuel depots: ─ Low cost Missions of Opportunity ($50M – $100M) ─ Technology Demonstration Missions (TDM’s) ($150M – $250M) ─ Flagship Technology Demos (FTD’s) ($400M - $1B) Technology developed for these cryogenic fuel depots also increases robustness and capacity of existing launch platforms ─ Technologies to reduce cryogenic propellant boil-off also enhance long-term (>24 hours) storage of cryogenic propellants ─ Increases operational flexibility Page_2 State of the Art Cryogenic Propulsion Systems Current cryogenic propulsion stages rapidly lose residual propellant once on orbit Studies for the Exploration EDS resulted in changing ConOps ─ Initial goal was launch with 90 day on-orbit dwell in LEO ─ Final goal reduced to 4 days due to boil-off rates, desire not to employ active cooling ─ 4 day LEO dwell results in significant system level constraints Cryogenic boost vehicles employ -
Thermoacoustics for Liquefaction of Natural
R LNG TECHNOLOGY By Greg Swift Thermoacoustics for Los Alamos National Laboratory and John Wollan Liquefaction of Natural Gas Praxair A prototype device for liquefying natural gas using thermoacoustics is capable of producing 500 gallons per day of LNG, consuming 35 percent of the incoming gas in the process. Larger capacities operating at higher efficiencies are on the drawing board. ne ordinarily thinks of a sound In this article, we introduce the the half-wave resonance present in the wave as consisting only of basic principles of thermoacoustics apparatus illustrated by the schematic O coupled pressure and position and describe progress toward their in (c), where the engine is at the top oscillations. In fact, temperature use for liquefaction of natural gas. and the refrigerator is at the bottom. oscillations accompany the pressure Thermoacoustic natural-gas liquefiers Heat exchangers (HX) and a regenerator oscillations and when there are spatial are surprisingly simple: They use no in the engine convert some of the heat gradients in the temperature exotic materials, require no close power (QH) from burning natural gas at oscillations, oscillating heat flow tolerances, and are little more than a hot temperature (TH) into acoustic occurs. The combination of these welded pipe and heat exchangers power (W), rejecting waste heat power oscillations produces a rich variety of filled with pressurized helium. This (Q0) to a water stream at ambient “thermoacoustic” effects. In everyday simplicity, along with the reliability temperature (T0). Acoustic power is life, the thermal effects of sound are too and low maintenance inherent in consumed by the refrigerator, which small to be easily noticed; for example, thermoacoustic technology, suggests uses it to pump heat (QC) from a the amplitude of the temperature that thermoacoustic liquefiers could liquefying natural-gas load and rejects oscillation in conversational levels of enable economic recovery of marginal waste heat (Q´0 + Q˝0) to the ambient sound is only about 0.0001°C. -
Methods and Models for the Concept Design of Liquefied Natural Gas Fuel Systems on Ships Jonas Thiaucourt
Methods and models for the concept design of liquefied natural gas fuel systems on ships Jonas Thiaucourt To cite this version: Jonas Thiaucourt. Methods and models for the concept design of liquefied natural gas fuel systems on ships. Thermics [physics.class-ph]. École centrale de Nantes, 2019. English. NNT : 2019ECDN0032. tel-02462527 HAL Id: tel-02462527 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02462527 Submitted on 31 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L'ÉCOLE CENTRALE DE NANTES COMUE UNIVERSITE BRETAGNE LOIRE ECOLE DOCTORALE N° 602 Sciences pour l'Ingénieur Spécialité : « Energétique-Thermique-Combustion » Par Jonas THIAUCOURT Méthodes et modèles pour l’étude de faisabilité des navires propulsés au gaz naturel liquéfié Thèse présentée et soutenue à Nantes, le 30 septembre 2019 Unité de recherche : UMR 6598 Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Energétique et Environnement Atmosphérique Rapporteurs avant soutenance Laura A. Pellegrini Professeure, Ecole Polytechnique de Milan Christelle Perilhon Maitre de conférences HDR, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM) Composition du Jury Président Sofiane Khelladi Professeur, Arts et Métiers ParisTech Examinateur Gordon Paker Professeur, Université Technologique du Michigan Dir. -
Direct Thermochemical Liquefaction Characteristics, Processes and Technologies
Direct Thermochemical Liquefaction Characteristics, processes and technologies IEA Bioenergy: Task 34 July 2020 Direct Thermochemical Liquefaction Characteristics, processes and technologies Axel Funke, Nicolaus Dahmen IEA Bioenergy: Task 34 July 12020 Copyright © 2020 IEA Bioenergy. All rights Reserved Cover picture by Thomas Zevaco, DOI:10.5445/IR/1000120883 Published by IEA Bioenergy The IEA Bioenergy Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) is organised under the auspices of the International Energy Agency (IEA) but is functionally and legally autonomous. Views, findings and publications of the IEA Bioenergy TCP do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or its individual member countries Index Introduction ................................................................................................ 2 Biomass Depolymerization Principles ................................................................ 3 Processes for Direct Thermochemical Liquefaction ................................................. 4 Fast Pyrolysis ............................................................................................ 5 Hydrothermal Liquefaction ............................................................................ 7 Solvolysis with organic solvents ...................................................................... 8 Product Conditioning ..................................................................................... 9 Bio-oil Applications ....................................................................................