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Coal Liquefaction and Desulfurization

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Coal Liquefaction and Desulfurization COAL LIQUEFACTION AND DESULFURIZATION J. A. GUIN, Y. A. LIU, C. W. CURTIS, A. R. TARRER AND D. C. WILLIAMS The program is presently the Auburn University largest university-based coal research Auburn, AL 36849 program in the Southeastern region, and current support is . .. about $450,000 annually. ALABAMA IS A SIGNIFICANT producer of coal in the United States, particularly in the Gulf province. There are large reserves of coal in Ala­ aspects of the Auburn coal liquefaction research bama; 35 billion tons lie in the northern and program. It has made available its resources and central counties, enough for hundreds of years at facilities at the 6 tons/day solvent-refined-coal our present rate of production. Lignite deposits (SRC) pilot plant located at Wilsonville, Alabama in southern Alabama counties await the technology (90 miles from Auburn) for support of the super­ to properly realize their value. Thus, a strong vised internship and hands-on research training of recommendation of a statewide conference on the Auburn program. The largest utility coal user "Energy and the Future of Alabama" sponsored in the Northeast, the New England Electric by Auburn University in 1972 was for "research, System, has also actively participated in the Au­ development and technical liaison in the areas of burn coal desulfurization research since 1978. coal production, coal processing and coal usage." Auburn University acted upon this recommenda­ COAL RESEARCH FACULTY AND FACILITIES tion, and with major support from the National The Auburn coal liquefaction research program Science Foundation (NSF), established the Au­ is presently being directed by a number of burn Coal Conversion Research Laboratory in chemical engineering faculty, including Drs. J. A. the Department of Chemical Engineering in 1973. Guin, A. R. Tarrer, C. W. Curtis and D. C. Subsequently, with additional support from NSF Williams. These individuals have had extensive in 1975, Auburn University established a Coal coal liquefaction research experience, particularly Preparation Research Laboratory. Since their related to the aspects of transport phenomena, initiation, the Auburn Coal Research Laboratories reaction engineering, analytical chemistry, applied have been heavily involved in the graduate train­ ing of selected M.S. and Ph.D. students in the areas TABLE 1 of coal conversion and utilization. A major thrust of the recent and ongoing research has been Recent Sponsors of the Auburn Coal Rese arch Program placed on coal liquefaction and desulfurization. Disposable catalysts for coal liquefaction: The program is presently the largest university­ Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. based coal research program in the Southeastern Corrosion by coal liquids: Catalytic, Inc. region, and current support for the program is at Catalyst deactivation in coal liquefaction: a level of about $450,000 annually. Recent and Cities Service Research and Development Two-stage coal liquefaction: Electric Power Research current sponsors of the program, summarized in Institute Table 1, have included many industrial organiza­ Visual reactor studies of coal dissolution: tions. Of particular significance is the fact that Gulf Research and Development Company the Southern Company Services, Inc., which is Magnetofluidized beds and coal desulfurization: widely recognized in the area of coal conversion New England Power Service Company Magnetic beneficiation of coal: Union Carbide Corporation technology and applications of coal-derived fuels, Graduate training in coal conversion and utilization: has continued since 1973 to actively support many U.S. Department of Education Solvent refining of coal: U.S. Department of Energy © Copyright ChE D ivision, A SEE, 1981 Dry coal desulfurization: U.S. Department of Energy 178 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING EDlJGA'nON catalysis and separation processes. Both Drs. selected recent publications and theses from the Guin and Tarrer have served as project managers Auburn coal research program is given at the end for the Fossil Energy Program of the U. S. De­ of this article. partment of Energy, providing the Auburn Labo­ Laboratories containing approximately 4000 ratories with unique and practical insights to the ft2 in the Department of Chemical Engineering ongoing coal conversion research in the country. have been equipped for coal conversion and In addition, Dr. S. C. Worley of the Department utilization studies. Complete laboratory facilities of Chemistry and Dr. B. Tatarchuk, a new chemi­ for high-pressure coal conversion, coal crushing cal engineering faculty in the Fall, 1981, are di­ and grinding, instrumental analysis, wet chemical recting fundamental research related to catalysis analysis and coal preparation research are avail­ in coal liquefaction ; and Dr. R. B. Cook of the able. Complete analytical equipment for standard Department of Geology is directing the geological analyses of coal and coal-derived products is also aspects of coal conversion processes. The Auburn available in the laboratories. In addition, coal desulfurization research program is currently specialized research equipment such as a Fourier being directed by Dr. Y. A. Liu, a chemical engi­ Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer, an X-ray neering faculty member. Fluorescence Spectrometer, a CHONS analyzer During the past few years, the Auburn coal and a superconducting high-intensity magnetic research faculty has become nationally and inter­ separator are available in the laboratories. nationally recognized for its research as well as its scholastic and professional contributions re­ COAL LIQUEFACTION RESEARCH lated to coal liquefaction and desulfurization, and Chemistry and Technology of Coal Liquefaction magnetic separation applied to coal preparation. The research results obtained in the last few years In order to better appreciate the rese~rch have been widely publicized through publication being conducted in coal liquefaction, a brief iook of three books, two patents, and over 150 articles, at coal liquefaction chemistry and technology presentations and seminars. Further, the Auburn is desirable. Coal may be viewed as a large, Laboratories have organized and chaired two organic, amorphous, polymeric-like structure international conferences on coal desulfurization consisting of condensed polynuclear aromatic and magnetic separation (B8, B9), and one systems coupled by methylene-bridge groups, or national conference on the future of coal. A list of heteroatom linkages such as ether or sulfide Y. A. Liv received his S.S. from National Taiwan University, M.S. coal liquefaction, solids/liquid separation, process dynamics and from Tufts University and Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1974. He control, and catalysis. (C) is presently an alumni associate professor of Chemical Engineering at Christine W. Curtis is a research associate in chemical engineering Auburn University. (L) at Auburn University. She received her B.S. from Mercer University and James A. Guin, is a professor of chemical engineering at Auburn M.S. and Ph.D. from Florida State University. Her research interests Uni~ersity. He received his B.S. and M.S. from the University of include coal liquefaction, catalytic upgrading and analysis of coal Alabama and Ph .D. from the University of Texas at Austin. His re• liquids. (RC) search interests include coal liquefaction, reactor design, and catalytic Dennis C. Williams is an assistant professor of chemical engineer­ upgrading of coal liquids. (LC) ing at Auburn University. He received his Ph .D. in chemical engineer­ Authur R. Tarrer is an associate professor of chemical engineering ing from Princeton University in 1980. His research interests include at Auburn University. He received his B.S. from Auburn University and process control, process synthesis, reactor modelling, phase behavior M.S. and Ph.D. from Purdue University. His research interests include effects in coal liquefaction, and numerical methods. (R) FALL 1981 179 groups. Nitrogen is also a significant heteroatom available for subsequent separation and process­ component of the coal structure. The liquefaction ing into the desired clean fuels. A commercial coal of coal is thought to begin with the thermal rup­ liquefaction plant would process about 30,000 ture of scissile linkages at temperatures around tons/ day of raw coal. The only commercial opera­ 375°C with the resulting formation of a large tion of this magnitude today is in South Africa number of free radical species. The key to the where large quantities of liquid fuels are produced liquefaction process is to "cap off" these free via coal gasification and catalytic Fischer-Tropsch radicals by hydrogen addition before they can technology (A3). The direct production of liquid recombine with large coal fragments to form a fuels from coal by solvent extraction-hydrogena­ high-molecular-weight structure. This "donor" tion avoids the gasification step and offers the po­ hydrogen usually comes primarily from a "donor" tential of a more thermally efficient process. A solvent; however, it may also arise from gas­ survey of different coal liquefaction processes phase hydrogen or hydroaromatic portions of the being developed in this country can be found in coal itself. The effective "capping" of these free the excellent surveys by Klass (A4) and Perry radicals leads to the formation of products of (A5). lower molecular weight. If the reaction conditions are severe enough, a liquid product is formed. A Current Scope and Accomplishments Coal liquefaction research at Auburn
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