1 2 / History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 presence of seasonal water courses such as the Ghaggar, the Sahibi, Dohan, Krishnawati, Sota and so on. Contrary to this, there are seasonal as well as perennial water courses in the southern half. Among the Presidential Address perennial rivers mention may be made of the Chambal and Banas. On the other hand there are a number of seasonal water courses such as Early Culture Identity Formations in Khari, Berachm Khothari, Gambiri, Luni and others. Rajasthan: Emerging Perspectives Professor Ram Chander Thakran

Respected Fellow Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen, I am grateful to the executive committee of The Rajasthan History Congress for electing me as the General President of the 30th session being organized by the colleagues at the Department of History under the auspices of Mohanlal Sukhadia University, . I am humbled by this decision of the executed committee and I hope I may be able to meet the aspirations of all the members through this presentation. The topic Early Culture Identity Formations in Rajasthan: Emerging Perspectives of this address may appear somewhat unfamiliar to the delicates because it is primarily on Early Archaeological Cultures of the state. Before coming to the main theme A Brief Survey of the natural features of Rajasthan is attempted in the following lines. The state of Rajasthan is bounded by the state of in the north by the state of Gujarat in the west, by the state of in the south and southeast and by the state of in the east. The state of Rajasthan is geographically divided into two Map – 1, After V. N. Misra broad units – the is west of the Aravallis and the is in The contrast between the two sub-regions is further attested its east. The former is partly forms part of the Haryana plains and to in the prevailing rainfall patterns. In the western sub-region the partly, especially in the western area, comprising of the Thar Desert. average rainfall is low. While the eastern sub-region receives higher Whereas the eastern sub-region is consisting of the extension of the annual precipitation. Almost seventy to eighty percent of the annual plateau mainly in its southern parts, and its northern part is an precipitation is received only during the monsoon season while rest of intermediary zone between the Thar in the west and the plains the rains are distributed over the non-monsoonal months. Light to in the east. (Map-1) moderate winter showers are integral to the precipitation pattern and The quality of ground water in the western and northern section such showers prove very useful for the growth and maturity of the is broadly brackish to saline while it is fresh in the southeastern parts. rabi crops in both the sub-zones. In the western sub-region surface water bodies are usually saline The soils of this state present an equally interesting landscape. whereas in the eastern sub-region we notice presence of fresh water In the Marwar region these are largely aeolian sandy soils, though in bodies. Besides there are water courses of varied nature, forms and the extreme northwestern parts of this region, especially along the denominations in the sub-regions. In the western sub-region we notice Ghaggar bed, there is a presence of the clayey soils. The aeolian sandy 2 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 3 4 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 soils are consisting of plain surface usually known as tals, interspersed these natural forces assume any dominant position at any stage of with stable as well as mobile sand dunes of varied denominations and human history for shaping the destiny of the people? This would be shapes. The combine of the two presents an undulating surface which one of endeavours in this presentation. is a normal feature and also very crucial to offer a range of opportunities Like the aforesaid natural features of the state of Rajasthan the to the people of this area for their sustenance contrary to what generally floral scenario is very interesting. The natural vegetation cover is broadly appears from to a layman. Likewise the clayey soils of the Ghaggar in tune with the prevailing conditions. The normal vegetation is broadly bed are usually flanked by sandy soils dotted with some sand dunes in uniform in all the sub-regions of this area. It is primarily deciduous between. These clayey soils are composed of very fine clayey silt and sparse. Vast stretches of land are devoid of any reasonable cover brought down along the river water from the areas of its origin, of plants and trees. Among the trees one normally encounters, Khejri, dispersed and deposited along its course by river water action. These Pilu, Babul, Pipal, Neem and so on. Likewise we have evidence of are considered to be the most fertile soils which offer a host of small, squat and thorny bushes without or with tiny leaves. Season- subsistence opportunities in all seasons. These, in fact, are comparable wise different grasses and other small plants are also encountered in to the other best soils of Haryana and . With the result perhaps varied frequencies. Some of these plants offer a very good green as the highest population density in the state is marked in these very well as dry fodder to the animals. Consequently, animal husbandry areas, though both the quantity and quality of ground water is not enjoy a very high position among subsistence practices until now. Its always good in and along the course of the river even in the shallow aquifers1. viability needs to be assessed in regard to the remote ancient times as well. The soils in the Mewar region are also a mix of sandy and clayey soils. However in the northern and northeastern parts of this The fauna of this area is consist of wild as well as domesticated zone we experience low frequency of sand dunes and also low animals. Among the wild animals there is a presence of nilgai, deer, percentage of sand in comparison to its western counterpart. Primarily hare, jackals, pig, woolf whereas the domesticated animals include surface undulation is also less. On an average the fertility quotient is sheep, goat, cow, buffalo, horse, donkey, camel among others. Some higher than the aeolian sandy soils of the Marwar region in the west. of these domesticated animals have been a constant source of energy Accordingly the polulation density in these areas is also relatively higher and traction power to the people. While both wild and domesticated than its western counterpart and it would be very interesting to find animals constituted fairly reliable source of food through historical out if this bears any resonances in the context of the ancient societies period. This food base was enriched by the addition of aquatic fauna. as well. It would be very interesting to investigate if these natural resources In the southern and southwestern parts of the Mewar region contributed in any measure in the culinary tastes of the people in the the soils are largely different for this being part of the Malwa plateau. Prehistoric and Protohistoric past also. It is in this backdrop desired Hence the soils predominantly form part of the black cotton soil of to trace the beginning of human life in these areas in order to make the Malwa. These are dotted with rocky formations and dissected by out the cultural antecedents of this area and also identify the problems a number of water courses, both perennial and seasonal. The landscape and issues that confronted these early settlers. is largely plain but uneven also as after regular intervals it is Beginning of Human Life: The Palaeolithic Evidence interspersed with contrasting natural formations. The black cotton In order to trace the Prehistoric cultural antecedents of soils of this region are very fertile, especially when combined with its Rajasthan archaeological activities to this affect were, especially surface water bodies, higher rains and harnessing capabilities of the undertaken by archaeologists in the early fifties of the last century2. people. In the following discussion it is intended to explore if this Since then over ninety locations have been found bearing Acheulian combine of the natural resources experienced any shift in settlement tool types of the lower Palaeolithic period produced by the Homo concentrations/population densities over the ancient past. Further, did erectus. These tool bearing locales are dispersed over the districts of 3 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 5 6 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Jhalawar3 and Jodhpur4 with one each, Bharatpur with only presence of choppers (olduwan tools) from a stratified independent two5,Jaisalmer6, Kota7 and Pali8 with three each, with five9, context. This suggests, as of now, that the people of the second stage with six10 Bhilwara11, Nagpur12 and Udaipur with seven each13 of the lower Palaeolithic did not evolve locally from the early stage of and Chittaurgarh with thirty seven14 (Map-2). Almost fifty percent of human evolution, i.e. the period of the Homo-habilis. On the contrary the known sites are produced by the Chittaurgarh district alone of the the Acheulian people seem to have arrived here from some other areas. twelve site bearing districts. More than fifty percent of the total It is, therefore, significant to identify the area they migrated from. districts are devoid of any presence of human activities during this Besides, the density of human activities was low and sparse, and was phase of human history. Further the locational analysis of these also circumscribed by a host of forces. settlements makes it amply clear that these tools are obtained only The period of the lower Palaeolithic was succeeded by the middle from the hills and their margins primarily because of the availability of Palaeolithic. About seventy locales have produced tools (points, borers, raw material for the tools and the minimum basic life sustaining essential etc) of this sub-period. These tool bearing locales are shared by the resources. Perhaps these were the only areas conducive to human districts of with only one16, Jhalawar with two17, Ajmer with presence in this early stage of human life. Further the evidence of four18, Badmer with five19, Pali with six20, Chittaurgarh21 and 22 stone tools belongs only to the second stage of the lower Palaeolithic with nine each and Jaisalmer with four23 (Map-3). These fool bearing which is indicative of the fact that human life only began in the later locales are from only eight districts in comparison to the twelve half of the lower Palaeolithic, i.e. during the phase of the Homo-erectus districts of the lower Palaeolithic phase. These locales are strictly rather than in the sub phase of the Homo-habilis. Of the five excavated restricted to the similar kind of hilly landscape despite the fact that 15 sites (Jayal, Chhajoli, Indola-Ki-Dani, Singhi Talav and 16-R , there the tools are different in their shape, size, technique and functions is no evidence of the than the previous ones. These tools also enhanced the functional capacity of the people, albeit in a limited manner, in carrying out the same hunting and gathering subsistence activities, which was but natural with the presence of Homo-sapiece (the wise or intelligent man with still higher brain capacity) yet the geographical sphere of the human activities did not experience any change. However the advancement in tools is surely indicative of the growing experience and the crannial capacity of the people, the both are signs of human evolution. Nevertheless the pace of social, biological and technological development signals a very slow and gradual process in tune with the general growth pattern during this phase. In the successive phase of the upper Palaeolithic the general pattern of development appears to be a somewhat different than what has been witnessed hitherto in the preceding phases since the number of the tool-bearing locations is only eight here in comparison to the over ninety of the lower Palaeolithic and over seventy of the middle Palaeolithic phases. It is not known whether this drastic reduction in the number of sites in this phase is the result of lack of fieldwork or otherwise. The location of the tool-bearing locations is restricted to only three districts rather than the tweleve of the lower Palaeolithic Map – 2 and the eight of the middle Palaeolithic phases. As per the settlement 4 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 7 8 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 share of the districts, the district of Nagaur contains only one site 24, odds with the help of their greater experience and improved tools in Jodhpur two25 and Ajmer five26 (Map-3). These evidences are coming order to safeguard their mere existence. Perhaps prospective researches from non-contiguous areas. Here the interesting point is the familiar may help explain the reduction in the number of their settlements geographical plane for their existence. satisfactorily. As of now the limited evidence surely points to the continued human life in the area. The Mesolithic Evidence This phase was followed by the Mesolithic period both in terms of chronological order and cultural evolutionary pattern. One hundred sixty sites have produced remains of this cultural period. The district- wise spatial distribution of these sites is as follows. The Jhalawar27 and Sirohi districts28 are with one site each, Jodhpur with two29, Dhaulpur30 and Kota with three each31, Barmer32, Jalor33, Pali34 and Tonk35 with five each, Sikar with six36, Jaisalmer with seven37, Nagaur with eight38, Ajmer with twelve39, Jaipur with fourteen40, Chittaurgarh with sixteen41, Bhilwara with nineteen42 and Udaipur with twenty six43 (Map-4).

Map – 3, After V. N. Misra Evidences of the earlier phases have been gathered from the similar hilly landscape. However the mere presence of the eight sites makes it amply clear that the region was at least not completely blank as human presence is concerned. Further the people of this phase used the blade and burin tools which are the products the improved tool-technology as it being a general phenomenon of this phase with the arrival of the Homo-sapience sapience, the most intelligent man. These tools are smaller in size, better in their look, efficacy and functions for being product of a higher expertise. This is also the stage when a new type of raw material in the form of bones has not only allowed them more flexibility in regard to the geographical mobility but also in the field of their functional range. Surprisingly the Map – 4 constriction of their settlements and the area of their activity both are In comparison to the three phases of the Palaeolithic period not not in agreement in this case with the general advancement of this only the number of tool bearing locales has gone up but also the phase. The only consolation is that these people could, withstand the geographical activity area is expanded many fold during this period. 5 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 9 10 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 These tools are not only coming from seventeen districts but from geographical regions of Marwar and Mewar. These cultural groups more and more fresh areas within the districts. Besides, these people are the early Harappan/Sothi cultural complex in the northwestern produced a new type of tools which are usually tiny in size and cannot parts, the Ganeshwar-Jodpura cultural complex in the northeastern be used independently as a tool until or unless these are fixed in either parts and Black and Red Ware Cultural Complex (hereafter BRW) in a bone or wood handle with the help of some fixing material. Thus on the southern parts of Rajasthan. These cultural groups bear their the basis of their size these are popularly known as microliths and distinct identity though they also display some cultural, spatial and composite tools for their functional nature. These tools are made of a temporal overlap. These three cultural groups deserve independent variety of stones and also of bones. With the availability of these tools analysis in the following lines. the working capacity of the people increased considerably in In the northwestern parts of Rajasthan human activities appear comparison to the people of the three phases of the preceding period. to have begun in the early third millennium B.C. with the occurrence This enhanced further the confidence of the people to harness better of seventeen early Harappan village settlements from this area. These the natural resources of the diverse locales they were placed in and settlements broadly seem to be located in the Ghaggar basin through a thereby also introduced a sense of security as well as stability in their map (Map-5) but on minute scrutiny of the location of these settlements lives which is so well reflected by the cultural deposits exposed from the emergent picture is altogether different. These settlements are the excavated sites of Bagor, Tilwaida, and Ganeshwar in Rajasthan44. located as far away as seventy kilometre from the river bed as is in This is further corroborated by the cultural deposits exposed from a the case of Dabari52 and Karanpura53 in Ganganagar/Hanumangarh number of sites in the middle Ganga plain45. In addition, the rock art district of Rajasthan and Siswal54 in Haryana. Likewise there are a from the middle Ganga plain46, Madhya Pradesh47 and Rajasthan further number of other such settlements also. supports this point. Sites like Harsona and Kali Pahari in Alwar district48, Bijak-Ke-Pahare, Bhimji-Ki-Doogri, Ganesh-Doongre49, Bhainswal50, Brahma-Kund-ki-Doongri, Budhi and Bainari Bandh51 in Jaipur district have produced Mesolithic rock-art evidence. This demonstrates that the people of this period occupied more and more prestine areas and thus human presence expanded geographically than ever before. This, however, brings us to the next chronological stage of human progression, i.e. the Neolithic period. Interestingly we do not have so far any evidence of this period from Rajasthan. This cultural vacuum is presenting an interesting problem in the evolutionary cultural process and the gap demands a fresh look by scholars. However, in the meanwhile, one observation in this context is that the Mesolithic period appears to be late in terms of time period, it continued in a staggered manner and finally before reaching to the stage of the Neolithic period it was overtaken by the Contemporary diverse cultural people from the adjoining areas. This cultural phenomenon is unfolding in different pockets during this period in Rajasthan and the emerging cultural scenario is presented below. Protohistoric Evidence: The Chalcolithic Complex Map – 5, After V. N. Misra During the post Mesolithic period three different independent Thus the locational analysis of the known sites presents a cultural zones emerged distinctly cutting across the frontiers of dispersed settlement pattern rather than a linear one55 along the river. 6 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 11 12 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 More over all the settlements are small in size and rural in character. the mature Harappan remains are succeeded by the settlements of There is no sign of urbanization. The early settlers appear to have Painted Grey Ware (hereafter PGW), albeit with a distinct cultural arrived in these areas from outside of these areas because there is no gap in a stratified form between the two. The settlements of this evidence of human presence in the preceding period to correlate it to cultural group will be discussed in its appropriate chronological order that and also trace the evolutionary stages. Therefore the people in alongwith the other settlements of this cultural period subsequently. the early Harappan levels seem to have come from the Trans-Indus In the meanwhile the Ganeshwar-Jodhpura cultural complex is areas where there is a continous sequence of human habitations from discussed. the preceding levels of the far more antiquity. Broadly the people of The settlement remains of the Ganeshwar-Jodhpura cultural this cultural group subsisted on animal husbandry, small scale group are primarily located to the east and northeast of the Harappan agricultural activities supplemented by gathering, hunting and fishing. zone. There are about ninety sites of this group which are dispersed Later in due course of time the process of development was in the areas of Jaipur and Sikar districts69. Ganeshwar and Jodhpur accelerated considerably to reach to the mature Harappan phase. In have been excavated in a limited manner. There are about a dozen 56 the process the early village settlements of Kalibanga along the left sites in Jaipur districts70 and over seventy sites in Sikar district. Its 57 bank of the seasonal Ghaggar in Rajasthan and Banawali in Haryana, main area of concentration is Sikar district and chronologically it is also on the left bank of the Ghaggar, attained an urban stage in the said to have been contemporary to the early Harappan of the mature Harappan period along with several other settlements of northwestern parts of the state71. Its further chronology has not been Rakhigarhi58, Farmana59 and Balu60 in Haryana only. There are also worked out yet clearly and therefore there is no evidence to suggest changes in the field of production (agricultural as well as non- the presence or absence of its succeeding phase comparable to the agricultural), Construction, building plan and material, trade among mature Harappan phase of the northwestern parts. There is, however, others. This has been proved through the excavations at Baroor61 and other sites belonging to this cultural group which have been formed Chak-8662 in the Ganganagar district of Rajasthan. During this phase as the Ochre Coloured Pottery (hereafter OCP) sites72. These are there is commonality in context of cultural assemblage to a great extent temporarily comparable to the late Harappan period encountered in at the rural as well as at the urban settlements. This has been Haryana at a number of sites73. The number of these sites is about one corroborated by the recent excavations at Dabari63, Karanpura64 and hundred fifty. These are spread over the districts of Swai Madhopur Binjor65 in the area (Map-5). The semblance of uniformity in cultural with one74, Jaipur with five75, Bharatpur76 and Jhunjhunu77 with seven material from the rural hinterland to the urban centers appears to be each and Sikar78 with over eighty sites (Map-5). A very heavy outcome of an intence two way interaction. There is, however, a concentration of the sites is seen in Jaipur and Sikar districts. None cultural gap in the succeeding period of late Harappa because so far of these explored late sites has been excavated so far and therefore no no settlement belonging to this phase has been either explored or identified in the excavations in these parts. Interestingly in the Cholistan evidence is retrieved from the stratified contexts. Nevertheless on the region, the southwestern part of the west Punjab of Pakistan and the basis of the surface findings these appear to be small-sized rural erstwhile Bahawalpur state, has been explored about forty Cemetery settlements with limited and simple cultural equipments. H sites by Mughal66 from here which are considered chronologically Besides, there are twenty sites with the evidence of Copper as well as culturally equivalent to the late Harappan sites67. Although Hoards. These are discovered in the districts of Ajmer79, Bharatpur80, evidence of their eastward expansion is generally absent in the form Bundi81, Chittaurgarh82, Jalore83, Pali 84, Sirohi85 and Udaipur86 with of independent settlements, yet a sprinkle of ceramic ware is noticed one site each while districts of Alwar87, Bikaner88, Nagaur89 and Tonk90 at a number of contemporary OCP sites from the areas under debate. contain two sites each. In contrast Jaipur is the only district which Further its presence is also attested as far east as Sanauli in the western has produced four sites91. The cultural and chronological association parts of the upper Ganga doab68. However in the area of discussion of the Copper Hoard sites has always been debatable since these have 7 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 13 14 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 not been discovered from stratified archaeological contexts so far. On the basis of their look, shape, size, technique, raw material and probable functions these are usually associated with a very broad time period ranging from Protohistoric period to early historical period. In this case also the lack of information about their archaeological context precludes us to make any observation. However it can safely be suggested that some of the Copper Hoard sites were contemporary to the Ganeshwar-Jodhpura cultural complex if the commonality of copper tools from here and the Copper Hoard sites is any pointer in this case. In addition some others can also be associated with the Later OCP sites. This contention is supported by the continued presence of the Copper Hoards and use of these tools during these levels as has been marked at Atranjikhera among other92 in western Uttar Pradesh among other sites and Mitathal II B93 in Bhiwani district of Haryana. This can further be corroborated by the other axuliary evidences in the form of the knowledge of copper deposits in the Aravallis of this area and the likely presence of itinerant copper artisans on the pattern of the ethnographic itinerant iron artisans operating in the areas94. While the possibility of some other Copper hoard sites being associated with the later periods is not ruled out, especially in the light of the relevance of their functional value afterwards as well. Let us now move on to the succeeding cultural period which is represented by the PGW sites that are either found superimposed on the OCP deposits or on a natural soil. But the fact remains that this cultural group succeeds the OCP in these areas as well as in the western Map – 6, After V. N. Misra Uttar Pradesh. This, however, deserves a discussion along with other sites of this group from the southern parts of the Mewar region. In It is clear from the above distribution of sites that the core area the meanwhile we need to take into account the beginning and of this culture is comprising of Chittaurgarh, Udaipur and Bhilwara districts that share the large majority of settlements whereas a sprinkle development of human life in the areas of the Mewar before emergence of sites is noticed in rest of the districts mentioned above. Thus the of the PGW settlements, which is as follows. Ahar culture is the culture of Mewar. Majority of the sites are located The third cultural zone is in the southern part of Mewar and the along small or big water courses. However still others, especially cultural complex of the zone is popularly known as Ahar after the important among them being Gilund, Balathal and Ojiyana, are located 95 type site , also known as Banas Culture after the river. Over one along local natural depressions. Furtherthese sites are also located hundred sites belonging to this culture have been discovered from near or under modern village habitations which is very significant in 96 this area . Primarily these sites are located in the Mewar region. These more ways than one. This locational analysis underlines the fact that are distributed over the districts of Dhaulpur with one97, Ajmer98 and the choice of site selection is consistent through the historical process Jaipur99 with four each, Tonk with five100, Dungarpur with six101, of cultural development. The continuity is also a reflection on the Bhilwara with twenty four102, Udaipur with twenty five103 and uniformly of natural landscape at least, if not completely, in respect to Chittaurgarh with forty one104 (Map-6). the cultural and functional planes. 8 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 15 16 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Information on the composition of the Ahar culture primarily better ground water and rain water facility, natural conditions but the comes from Ahar105 and Balathal106 in the district of Udaipur, Gilund in pace of development could not be pushed beyond a point. This points Rajsamand107 and Ojiyana108 and Lachhura109 in Bhilwara. Almost all towards the absence of optimum working capacity of people to realize these settlements are made for the first time only during the Chalcolithic the full potential of the extant natural resources. period or Ahar culture. The cultural composition is very interesting. It is very interesting to note that after the Chalcolithic period The dominant ceramic industry is popularly known as Black and Red there is absence of human habitations at the Chalcolithic settlements Ware (here after BRW). This cultural group presents three stages of in particular and in its geographical area in general. This absence of development. The earliest phase contains handmade as well as wheel human activities, it is said, continued for more than a thousand years. thrown, plain, thick and rough BRW alongwith a number of other The long span of this desertion is based on the premise that the ceramic wares as at Balathal A. this phase is placed around 3000 BC beginning of the Chalcolithic period placed in the early part of the by Shinde110. In the second phase the ceramic ware is well fired with third millennium BC. Later the Chalcolithic habitations continued in lusterous surface and white paintings. This is called the mature phase this area for more than one thousand years. And thus its termination for the alround development and is assigned a period between 2500- is suggested to have been around the middle of the second millennium 2000 BC. In the third phase paintings and the fine finish are absent BC. Around this time a general desertion of all the Chalcolithic sites is while incision forms the normal decoration pattern. This phase is suggested and these sites seem to have remained deserted until these placed between 2000-1800 BC. The principal shapes are dishes, bowls, were reoccupied only in or around the middle of the first millennium jars, vases and other pots. BC. by the people using the Northern Black Polished Ware (hence Gilund appears to be the largest site with ten hectare size among forth NBPW) and iron objects. The habitational deposits of this cultural the Chalcolithic sites followed by Balathal with six hectares. The period are found in excavations in these areas. Thus there is a period cultural deposit at Ahar is thirteen metre, eight metre at Gilund and of interregnum, as suggested, between the end of the Chalcolithic seven metre at Balathal. period and the beginning of the NBPW habitations. House building activities at these sites are moticed which are The aforesaid gap, however, is not beyond any doubt because made of stone, mud, mud bricks. Even use of kiln burnt bricks is of the following considerations. One, there is a presence of Harappan noticed at the site of Gilund alone. More over the sites of Gilund and influence on the Chalcolithic pottery. Two, Harappan seals are present Balathal experienced construction of public, private and defence in the Chalcolithic material in the Balathal – B levels among other structures. The last contains a wall which is encircling the two mounds aspects. This makes, at least, the two contemporary to each other, of Gilund. These are small high mound on the east and the low big especially during the mature levels of the two, which are placed mound on the west unlike the Harappan pattern111. This is further between C. 2500 to 2000 BC. while on the other hand a ghat-shaped significant to note that the largest Chalcolithic site is also located along bead and iron are discovered from the BRW levels at the site of Noh112 a local natural depression and not on any seasonal perennial river. in Bharatpur. Both the things are characteristics of the PGW cultural Likewise the other important site of Balathal is also located beside a assemblage and these findings make the Chalcolithic BRW and the similar water body. Further no settlement of this Chalcolithic period PGW contemporary to each other, atleast, in some measure. This is irrespective of its location either being on a river, seasonal or perennial, borne out during the excavations at Donder Khera, a BRW and PGW or along a local water body could reach to the stage of urbanization. site in Dhaulpur district where in the early layers eight, seven and six This drives home the point that access to constant abundant water from bottom upward there is an overlap between BRW and PGW113. alone was not the main driving force. The people of Chalcolithic culture Further it is still more important to note that no gap or sterile layer is were having the benefit of copper deposits in their close vicinity, discovered between the Chalcolithic of the Period-I and the iron age knowledge of copper technology and a number of copper objects deposits of Period-II at the site of Ahar in Udaipur district of including tools in combination with relatively fertile black cotton soil, Rajasthan114. More over the geographical extent of the PGW is extended 9 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 17 18 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 upto the central parts of Madhya Pradesh, which includes the areas of the total pottery is brought from other contemporary sites. A number of Mewar for being situated between the site of Noh and Madhya of other ceramic wares from here points to in this direction only. The Pradesh. This sounds both geographical as well as cultural overlap local handmade rough and simple ceramic technique was transformed between the two. In this situation the PGW automatically becomes a under the inputs from the advanced pot making technique of the valid candidate for being the logical cultural successor of the Harappans. During the Balathal – B phase the level of interaction is Chalcolithic period, atleast, in the Mewar region of Rajasthan instead further enhanced as shown by the greater presence of the mature of the NBPW of the early historical period. With the result the so- Harappan objects. Thus the developed nature of the Chalcolithic cultural called long cultural interregnum between the Chalcolithic and the early assemblage appears to be an outcome with impetus from the advanced historical period is completely elimated or reduced drastically. cultures around. This is what is emerging from the available There appears to be some problem in regard to the beginning of archaeological evidence. The absence of evidence on the evolutionary the Chalcolithic period locally, especially in the given situation of the process from Ahar-Ia strengthens this viewpoint further. available archaeological evidences. It is a fact that there are large The Beginning of Iron: The Emerging Cultural Complex numbers of Mesolithic settlements in this area and some of these All the three culture zones of the Harappan in the northwest settlements have also been excavated but there is no distinct overlap region, the Ganeshwar-Jodhpura in the north and northeastern areas between the Mesolithic and the Chalcolithic deposits. And the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic of the eastern and southern parts of Mewar are is absent completely from these areas which compounds the problem under human occupation in one form or the other during the succeeding further. Thus the gap (cultural and temporal) between the preceding period of the PGW. More than one hundred twenty settlements of this Mesolithic and the succeeding Chalcolithic widens considerably. The cultural group are reported from the three cultural regions. The diverse latter appears to be a fairly large cultural group spread over a huge cultural regions came under the influence of one cultural group for geographical expanse and also a reasonably developed village culture. the first time during this period-This type of unification is not seen The substantially thick cultural deposit, ranging in several metres, earlier, at least, in these areas. The District-wise distribution of the speaks of their stability over a considerable time period. The cultural explored settlements is as follows. objects right from the beginning of the habitation are fairly rich and The districts of Ajmer and Tonk are represented by only one advanced which is enigmatic and not in tune with the proposed scheme site each115, Alwar by two116, Jhunjhunu by four, Dhaulpur by nine, of things. The evolutionary stages or processes are not seen in the Jaipur by seventeen117, Ganganagar (jointly with Hanumangarh) by early levels of the habitations at the excavated sites. There is no twenty one118 and Bharatpur by sixty four119. Although no site is yet evidence of cultural transition from the preceding to the succeeding reported from the southern parts of Mewar region yet the geographical cultural deposits except those at Bagor which are not distinctly clear. extent of the PGW is well known from sites of Madhya Pradesh120 The kind of evolved cultural evidence witnessed is possible only in (Map-7). There is a possibility of its discovery from these areas through specific situations, especially when less developed cultures come in future explorations as well as excavations. Thus both type of soil contact with more advanced cultural groups in their vicinity. The zones (the aeolian sandy of the northeastern areas and black clayey chance or deliberate interactions between this type of contemporary soils of the southern parts of Mewar are occupied for the first time groups accelerate the pace of development, especially in context of by one cultural group, though the intensity of the settlements is greater the less developed one, to reach to the advanced stage by jumping the in the northeastern parts. Was it because of the better and relatively normal sequential growth pattern because this type of external impetus open soil types combined with rains and ground water in pockets? Or stimulates the growth in exponential manner which is contrary to the was it impacted by the higher working capacity for the application of gradual development at local level in a natural fashion. This interaction iron tool-technology that shaped the pattern of settlements? It appears is supported by the presence of the Reserved Slipped Ware in the that the last combine played an important role in this context. When Balathal – A levels it has further been pointed out that sixty one percent this format is applied to the southern parts of the Mewar to understand 10 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 19 20 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 the sparse presence of PGW settlements in these areas, it is found not offer good dry surface for both movements as well as for living that effective to increase the number of settlements here. The simple purposes. On the contrary the black clayey soils become very muddy explanation for this diverse frequency of settlements is that the use of and sticky during the monsoon season. Further these soils do not iron was limited because the technical expertise was rudimentary. absorb water as quickly as is done by the aeolian sandy soils. With the result limited and simple tools were produced. Obviously the Consequently it becomes inimical to all types of movements during limited application of the simple iron tools was put against the hard this period. More over these soils loose moisture very quickly after clayey soils of this part which did not allow the people to harness the the monsoons, experience wide cracks and become difficult to break potential of the natural resources in any appreciable manner. As a with simple tools. The semi-arid soils are, of course, very hot and result the appeal of this landscape to the people was not as lucrative hostile during the day in summer season but these cool down in the as was in the case of the other half. Therefore fewer evenings to make them pleasant at nights in the open. In contrast the situation is not conductive in case of the black clayey soils for the sun heat absorbed by these soils is not released that quickly and as a result these do not cool down that fast. Perhaps people in the past could take due cognizance of these contrasting features and accordingly seem to have responded in corresponding degrees. The choice of the selection of residential sites is an interesting part of analysis. Out of the one hundred twenty sites over thirty sites are preceded by the Chalcolithic sites of BRW. Of these thirty sites eight possess still anterior remains of the OCP. Besides four of the thirty sites do possess remains of the OCP only prior to the PGW. This shows the continuous commonality in regard to the exercise of their choice of site selection from the OCP to BRW and to PGW. This points towards consistency in the properties of the landscapes through these periods. On the contrary the capacity of the people to harness the natural resources to their advantage is constantly being transformed which is demonstrated by the increasing site frequency from one stage of development to the other. Although the change in the working capacity demands a micro study of the operative variables, yet as of now the increased number of the total settlements suggests increase in the working capacity, subsistence base and demographic levels as well. This trend appears to have been further strengthened in the succeeding levels of the early historical period where the number of Map – 7, After V. N. Misra such sites is increased many fold which is being discussed below. pockets were found convenient for making their settlements and eking The next cultural period is represented by the early historical out their subsistence. Besides, the semi-arid areas from the settlements. The number of these settlements is one hundred fifty northwestern parts to the eastern limits of the state are more convenient two and there is a possibility of its going beyond it. These sites are for terrestrial movement of men, material and animals alike during all consisting of the NBPW and the Rangmahal sites. The district wise as the months of the year, especially in the monsoon season also. Because well as geographical zone-wise distribution of the sites is very important the aeolian sandy soils of these areas absorb rain water instantly and and therefore it is as follows. 11 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 21 22 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 The share of the district of Dausa121, Dungarpur122, Jhalawar123, coins facilitated the trading activities during this period. Kota124, Nagaur125, Pali126 and Swai Madhopur127 is one each, Nagaur two128, Ajmer three129, Bundi130 Udaipur131, Tonk six132, Bhilwara seven133, Dhaulpur nine134, Sikar ten135, Jaipur twenty three136, Alwar thirty137, Jhunjhunu thirty two138, Bharatpur thirty three139 and Ganganagar/Hanumangarh seventy three140. This distribution shows that more districts (twenty) of the state came under human occupation for the first time in this period (Map-8 and 9). Two, many new sites have been made by breaking new grounds while old sites also remained inhabited from the previous to this period. Third, some districts such as Alwar, Bharatpur, Ganganagar/Hanumangarh, Jaipur, Jhunjhunu, Sikar and Dhaulpur appear to be more attractive in the light of the available data on settlements from these areas. No matter in comparison to the respective total area of the districts their settlements share is not inclined to present any intense density of population. Nevertheless this demonstrates surely a relatively very high increase in the number of settlements in comparison to the one hundred twenty sites of the preceding period. Fourth, on an average the size of the settlements is bigger than the average size of the sites of the previous Map – 8, After V. N. Misra period. These overtly points towards a substantial upward swing in the population size at the individual settlement level as well as at the The cultural assemblage during this period is very rich in regional level. Fifth, the benefit of this upward swing is largely comparison to the preceding period. The pottery (NBPW) is superfine, restricted to the northwestern and southeastern areas as was the case red ware is also found in a large number. Dishes, basins, bowls, cups, in context of the preceding PGW levels. The areas of the Mewar small pots, carinated pots, lamps etc constitute the dominant shapes. region did not perhaps appeal to the people in the same measure for Rangmahal red ware is very superior in its shapes, surface treatment making their settlements in that part despite these areas being traversed and decorations. A number of terracotta objects are gathered during by the perennial rivers, having fertile black cotton soil and fresh ground excavations as well as explorations. Terracotta drainage pipe, ring water in pockets. This skewed settlement distribution could also be wells from Balathal are significant to suggest development of drainage an outcome of less intense field survey and this picture may change and sanitary facilities. A terracotta seal with bullock cart design and with more comprehensive survey in the future. However this needs to another seal with Brahmi inscription are important specimens from be explained by situating all the operative variables in their proper the same site. A large number of iron arrow-heads, sickles, adzes and contexts and will be touched upon a little later. Sixth, in the meanwhile an iron working furnace among other objects from different sites there has been further a marked continuity stratigraphically between speak of superior technical expertise, greater frequency of iron objects 142 the habitations of the PGW and NBPW at a number of excavated and local production of these objects . Copper remained in constant settlements (Sumari in Jhunjhunu district, Bairat in Dausa district use and few objects of gold, Semi precious stone objects are also among others). Seventh, a number of settlements have also produced available. Punch-marked (Rairh, district Tonk)141 and kushana coins during field This advancement is attested to in house building activities as surveys. The introduction of coinage was, of course, a very well. The raw material for the houses is in the form of stone, especially revolutionary development as a product of growing technological for foundations, mud bricks as well as kilm burnt bricks. The houses expertise and being requirement of the growing economy. The use of are well structured and based on a plan. There are small as well as big 12 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 23 24 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 houses. All these developments speak of economic development and Authorship of Harappan Civilization it was caused by better realization of the natural resources with the There are some important arguments about the name, authors help of superior technology and intense human efforts. Once again and determinants of the Harappa civilization. It is said that majority of urban character is achieved by the people through their conscious the known settlements of this civilization are located in the areas of hard efforts. Evidence of fortification is also coming from the site of the Ghaggar/Saraswati river, that rises from the Sub- near Nagari eighteen kilometre north of Chittaurgarh in the same district143. Kalkaji in Haryana and traverses through parts of Haryana, Punjab, It is a well known fact that the first urbanization in the Indian Rajasthan (northwestern) and Cholistan region in Pakistan, and Subcontinent occurred during the Harappan civilization in the third therefore the civilization needs to be called Saraswati civilization144. millennium BC and the second urbanization was developed in the This surely sounds well and appeals to our patriotic feelings also. Gangetic plain in the second half of the first millennium BC. Likewise This, however, does not go well with the logical analysis of the available the impact of these urbanizations is seen in parts of Rajasthan also in settlement data. It is true that the majority of these settlements of the the respective time periods. There are urban centres of the first phase civilization are located in Punjab and Haryana. It is on the contrary in the northwestern parts of Marwar (Kalibanga, Baroor and Karnpura) equally true that the majority of these settlements are located away and urban centres of the second phase are witnessed in the second from the Ghaggar watercourse in upland areas where no river water phase in eastern and southeastern parts (Bairat, Nagar, Nagari, Rairh is accessible in any form whatsoever145. Ground water quality in these and Sambhar) of Mewar. In between the two urban periods a very areas is salty and saline, completely unfit for consumption and long time period of one and a half million years supported subsistence agriculture purposes. Rain water is also not available all the time based settled rural and mobile pastoral groups only. With regard to because the rains are highly erratic, unpredictable and undependable these urbanizations diverse conflicting factors are credited with for in these areas. Like the Harappan settlements modern village settlements their happening in the manner they were shaped. A synoptic view of are also present in a very high density and perhaps this was the case them is as follows. in historical period also. There is no network of rivers or streams to offer surface water to the modern residents of these villages in the upland areas. Rains and ground water are no different. There was no official arrangement of drinking water supply till yesterday in most of the villages. However irrespective of the fresh water inaccessibility there are large number of villages teeming with life. It is a fact that at least availability of potable water, if not fresh water always, is a dire necessity. The question is how did these very villagers make arrangement of potable water for their survival in these water deficient areas. Ethnographic information from these villages suggests that each and every village possesses a number of village ponds (locally known as ). These are cleared and deepened religiously during summers so that more of rain water is harvested and stored in them to serve the people in the coming months of the year. These formed the life line for the survival of the people in these areas in the recent past. In addition almost all the village wells in these areas are located on or along the banks of these ponds. These wells offer some quality of fresh water for the people. Fresh water in a limited quantity and depth depending upon the low rate of fresh water leaching from the ponds Map – 9, After V. N. misra to the soil profile. Thus the two manmade sources formed the main 13 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 25 26 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 life line for the modern villagers. A fresh survey of the Harappan sites of very high rain in its zones, it may assume very powerful proportions in the light of this ethnographic information revealed presence of a and vice-versa. It being a non-Himalayan, especially non-snow-capped number of depressions of varied denominations around the Harappan Himalayan, river it remained a seasonal river only. With the result the settlements. These depressions receive and retain rain water for several kind of river sand generated by river water through its friction with months of the year. Hence there is a strong possibility of their being the Himalayan stones is non-existent here149. In the light of this active repository of water during the civilization period which perhaps irrefutable evidence the argument of its being mighty and perennial in formed the major source of water supply. Therefore partly man made the ancient past is not valid. and party non-riverine natural sources served the people for their water As regards the question of its being called a par-excellence river requirements. It is not logical to give any undue importance to the in the Rigveda, the epithet always does not signify only its physical river/s for sustaining a large number of Harappan settlements in these strength. It, in fact, covers physical attributes as well as nourishing areas, especially in the ancient past. Rivers have not been significant value which underline its relevance in the life of the people. More for the majority of the people before the introduction of the modern over the Saraswati of the Rigveda is also being equated with the canal system146. Harakhawati of Avesta and the refence of the river in the Rigveda The other argument is that the seasonal Ghaggar River was a points to its importance for the in their life in those areas150. mighty perennial river in the ancient past, especially during the life The river here being seasonal and primarily dependent on rain water time of the civilization. This line of argument emanates from the fact assumes very dangerous proportions only in seasons/periods of that the present nature and character of the river are not good enough exceptionally high rains. This upward swing is sustained so long as to evoke a confidence for its prime role in the development as well as the intensity of rains continues. This, however, cannot normally in sustaining the civilization147. Secondly, the river has been called continue for months because the rains are not persistent for a longer par-excellence (Nadiottam) in the Rigveda. In order to assess the time period in this landscape. By all means the river upward swing is viability of these arguments a survey of the modern mighty perennial reverted in due course of time which presents a very interesting natural rivers such as the , Yamuna and Ganga was undertaken. Two scenario where vast open geographic expanses are available with signatures of these water courses have been identified – a very thick enriched soil fertility for agro-pastoral activities151.Since the river is sheet of river sand deposit and a huge ground water reserve, on the also known as the river of lakes and pools in the Rigveda, this fact of basis of presence of these signature the argument of the presence of the river is ignored consciously in this type of academic discourse, a river of this nature can easily be accepted and vice-versa. Here in these lakes retained river water during the months after monsoons to case of the Ghaggar river these signatures are completely absent all serve the requirements of men and grazing animals for almost all along its course from Kalkaji in Haryana to the Indo-Pakistan border months of the year. More over this type of seasonal rivers do not in Rajasthan, near Anupgarh, and beyond in Cholistan, Pakistan. To a preclude movement of men, material and animals across the water depth of about four hundred feet water bearing stratum as well as any course for long unlike the mighty perennial rivers. The facility of sign of river sand are totally absent. What is gathered is a fine clayey movement across the water course is enabling people to harness the silt of the origin and character of the clayey silt present in the hillocks resources and making use of the facilities on its both sides. Keeping of the Sub-Himalayas near Kalkaji in Haryana. Only this type of clayey in view the aforesaid opportunities offered by this seasonal water silt deposit is noticed in its entire bed148. Therefore the river has been course it would appeal more to the people than a precluding mighty only a seasonal river from ancient period onwards. river. Therefore, this river seems to have enjoyed a high respect The question of its might is subject to the volume of water it referred to in the Rigveda. receives. Since its origin lies in the Sub-Himalayas it is always fed by In regard to the authorship of the Harappan civilization there rain water only. The volume of water it receives strictly depends upon has always been a scope for speculation, especially in the absence of the nature of precipitation in a season in its catchment areas. In seasons written records, non-decipherment of the script of the short 14 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 27 28 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 inscriptions and when shallow emotions of nationalism overshadow well-developed rural as well as urban pattern of settlements, developed rationality. It is believed that the Aryans are the original inhabitants of agriculture and food surplus, a fairly high degree of non-agricultural this area. More so when the Ghaggar is equated with the ancient production, regional and trans-regional trade by land as well as water, Saraswati and it is traversing through these very areas. This river is use of standard weights and measures, a structured defence and perceived as the epicenter of activities of the Aryans. There is however sanitary system, tools and technological expertise, a very advanced no other evidence of Human habitations here except that of the early knowledge of constructing private and public structures, use of Harappan and mature Harappans. And these very settlements are thus standard mud brick and burnt bricks, application of interlocking system perceived and projected as those of the Aryans. Hence the Harappan and diverse mortars for making walls, use of a very rich ceramic civilization is named as the civilization152. This is the general ware across a vast geographical spectrum in upland zones, among a line of argument in favour of this view. This argument is, however, host of other features in contrast to the Aryan culture. The Aryan not free from inherent weaknesses. It is a fact that the early Harappan society on the other hand is primarily rural in nature, subsisted largely settlements are the first habitations of the area and thereby the on pastoralism, fairly mobile in the areas of the upper Indo-Gangetic occupants of these settlements were the first settlers in the light of divide. The knowledge of horse is common with them while its nominal the available archaeological evidences. Now the question is whether presence is marked in late phase of Harappa civilization154. Aryans use the residents of these settlements were the original inhabitants of these chariots with spoked wheels whereas the Harappans used bullock carts areas or they came here from some other place/s. If they are accepted fitted with solid and hubbed (centre) wheels. The spoked chariots are as the original inhabitants, then the question is where is the evidence faster than the solid wheeled bullock carts. The use of spoked wheels of their evolutionary stages from these areas? facilitates their fast movement, especially on smooth surface. The As of now there is no evidence of anterior habitations to trace use of solid wheels in bullock carts can help absorb Shocks on rugged the trajectory of human evolution at the local level. Not to talk of uneven natural tracks. The two types of wheels are products of these areas alone there is no evidence of Neolithic activities from the different technologies155. Of late it is claimed on the basis of discovery state of Rajasthan itself153. Likewise there is no evidence of any early of solid wheels with spokes decorated on them156 that the Harappan village settlements prior to the early Harappans. In this given situation knew use of the spoked wheels. The difference between a wheel with of the available evidence on the development of human history in these decorated spokes like lines and an actual spoked wheel is universally areas how the settlers of the early Harappan settlements can be taken known, the former cannot be taken as an actual spoked wheel. The as the original inhabitants of this area? They can, at best, be accepted Harappan people practiced burial in contrast to the cremation practice as the first settlers, which implies that they came here from somewhere being followed by the Aryans. More over it is very curious that the and settled in the area. If this is so, the next question is where did rich and advanced Vedic texts failed to record names, at least, of the they come from? To trace their antiquity, ancestory, movement from important urban settlements with their allied details. Hence the Aryan and orientation of the presence of antecedent settlements is to be authorship of the Harappan civilization is not based on facts and their located among the presently known preceding settlements from the rational analysis. The two are independent cultural groups separated areas around. There is only one area, as of now, where the qualifying culturally, temporally and spatially. settlement data on preceding human history is known from. This area The foregoing discussion brings out clearly some important is situated in the Trans-Indus region of Baluchistan and around. These points. Human life began sometime in the second stage of the lower have produced evidence on the history of human activities from the Palaeolithic and it continued during the middle Palaeolithic and the early Harappan rearwards to the Neolithic and beyond in antiquity. upper Palaeolithic, especially in the last phase a reversal in the number Thus the orientation of human expansion is from west to east. of sites as well as population size is very prominent. During the The cultural composition of the Harappan and the Aryans is succeeding Mesolithic period the growth in the number of sites, spatial also not similar, a well known fact. The Harappans are known for expansion and cultural assemblage is more than visible. However during 15 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 29 30 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 the succeeding Neolithic period total absence of human activities is 14. IAR, 1954-55, p. 58; 1955-56, p. 10; 1956-57, pp. 5 and 8 beyond comprehension and underlines a regressive process. It needs 15. Misra, V. N. Rajasthan: Prehistoric And Early Historic Foundations, New , to be examined if this was a local phenomenon. The succeeding period 2007, pp. 73-75 16. IAR, 1958-59, pp. 40-42, 74; 1963-64, p. 91; 1976-77, p. 46; 1979-80, p. 67 is phase of the emergence of the three regional cultures (the early 17. IAR, 1958-59, 74; 1963-64, p. 91; 1976-77, p. 46; 1977-78, p. 46 Harappan/Sothi in the northwestern parts of the state, the Ganeshwar- 18. IAR, 1958-59, p. 42 Jodhpur in the northern and northeastern parts, i.e. Mewar), which 19. IAR, 1958-59, p. 74 are known as the chalcolithic cultures. Only the first of them could 20. IAR, 1958-59, p. 42; 1960-61, p. 31 attain urban status for an interesting combine of social and natural 21. IAR, 1956-57, pp. 5-8; 1963-64, p. 29; 1982-83, p. 67 22. IAR, 1980-81, p. 59 forces. An intractable regressive trend once again was set in respect 23. IAR, 1979-80, p. 67; 1984-85, p. 73; 1989-90, p. 94 of all the three cultural groups. Trends of constriction as well as 24. IAR, 1980-81, pp. 59-61; 1981-82, pp. 56-58 spatial expansion are noticed in this period. It seems stability is reduced 25. Allchin, et al, The Prehistory and Palaeogeography of the great Indian Desert, and seasonal mobility is increased considerably. Later during the PGW 1978, pp. 181-82; 212-14 levels all the three cultural zones are embraced by this cultural group 26. Ibid. pp. 123, 130-31, 155. as a result of the introduction of iron technology, though even now 27. IAR, 1956-57, p. 69; 1958-59, p. 74; 1976-77, p. 46; 1977-78, p. 46 28. IAR, 1977-78, p. 49 balance of power favoured the northern and the northeastern parts. 29. IAR, 1958-59, p. 74; 1976-77, p. 46; 1977-78, p. 46. This trend resulted into the development of second urbanization in 30. IAR, 1991-92, p. 96. due course of time with the growing use of better iron tools. Thus the 31. IAR, 1957-58, p. 69; 1984-85, p. 152 trajectory of cultural growth presents a series of swing on either side 32. IAR, 1967-68, pp. 39-42; 1968-69, pp. 26-28; 1977-78, p. 46 depending upon turns in the working capacity of the people through 33. IAR, 1967-68, p. 68; 1977-78, p. 46 34. IAR, 1959-60, p. 40 time and space. 35. IAR, 1958-59, p. 45 Notes And References: 36. IAR, 1978-79, p. 20; 1979-80, p. 64; 1987-88, p. 101 1. A village to village Archaeo-Hydrological survey was carried by the author along 37. IAR, 1976-77, p. 45; 1979-80, p. 67; Allchin et al, op.cit. pp. 201-08 the Ghaggar in Rajasthan during 2001-05 and it was observed that potable water 38. IAR, 1964-65, p. 76; 1965-66, p. 83; 1979-80, pp. 67-68 was available only in shallow depth. 39. IAR, 1958-59, p. 45; 1965-66, pp. 82-83; 1977-78, p. 46 2. Ghosh, A. ‘The Rajputana Desert-Its Archaeological Aspects’ Bull. National 40. IAR, 1962-63, p. 70; 1978-88, p. 100; 1990-91, p. 60 Institute of Science of , No. 1, 1952, pp. 37-42; Rao, S. R. IAR, 1954-55, p. 41. IAR, 1956-67, p. 8; 1957-58, pp. 44-45; 1982-83, pp. 66-67. 58; Deshpande, M. N. IAR, 1953-54, p. 37. 42. IAR, 1957-58, pp. 44-45; 1967-68, pp. 41-42; 1970-71, p. 31; 1979-80, p. 62 3. IAR, 197071, p. 31. 43. IAR, 1956-57, pp. 6, 8; 1962-63, pp. 18-19 4. Misra, V. N. IAR, 1958-59, p. 42 44. Lukacs, J. R. et al, Bagor And Tilwara: Late Mesolithic Culture of Northwest 5. Dimri, D. N. IAR, 1985-86, p. 69 India, Deccan College, Pune, 1982; Agrawala, R. C. ‘Ganeshwar Culture - A 6. Vijay Kumar, IAR, 1983-84, p. 71 review’ Jr. of the Oriental Institute, XXXIV, 1-2, 1984, pp. 89-95 7. Misra, V. N. and M. Nagar ‘The Stone Age Sites on the River Chambal, Rajasthan’, 45. Pal, J. N. ‘Mesolithic Settlements in Ganga plain’, ME, XIX, 1-2, 1994, pp. 91- Bull. of the Deccan College Research Institute, XXII, pp. 156-69 102; Misra, B. B. ‘The Mesolithic Culture of the Belan Valley’, Misra, V. D. and 8. Misra, et al, IAR, 1958-59, p. 42; 1977-78, p. 46 J. N. Pal eds. Mesolithic India, , 2002, pp. 216-36; Misra, V. D. ‘Origin, 9. IAR, 1961-62, p. 38, 1962-63, p. 70; 1983-84, p. 71; 1978-88, p. 100 Chronology and Transformation of the Mesolithic Culture in India’, Misra, V. D. 10. IAR, 1958-59, p. 42; 1984-85, pp. 72-73 and pal, Ibid. pp. 447-64 11. Misra, V. N. IAR, 1958-59, p. 42 46. Pal, 1994 12. IAR, 1980-81, p. 59; 1981-82, pp. 58-69; 1982-83, p. 69; 1983-84, p. 72; 1984- 47. Thakran, R. C. ‘Central Mesolithic Rock Art: Engendering Subsistence Activities’, 85, pp. 73-74 paper Presented at the Joint Indo-French Seminar on Rock Art in India and 13. Sankalia, H. D. ‘Nathwara: a Palaeolithic Site in Rajputana; Jr. of the France, organized by ICHR, Bhopal, 2006 Palaeontological Society of India, No. 1, pp. 99-100; Misra, V. N. IAR, 1953-60, 48. IAR, 1990-91, p. 59 pp. 39-40; 1962-63, p. 19 49. IAR, 1962-63, p. 70 16 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 31 32 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 50. IAR, 1990-91, p. 59 79. Misra, V. N., Op.cit., 2007, p. 379 51. Ibid, p. 60 80. Ibid 52. This site was excavated by the author and Amar Singh in 2007. Early Harappan 81. Ibid and mature Harappan remains were discovered. 82. Ibid 53. This site was explored by the author in 2003 and later excavated by the V. N. 83. Ibid Prabhakar ‘Excavation of a Harappan Settlement at Karanpura, Rajasthan’, 84. Ibid Puratattva, 43, 2013, pp. 90-99 85. Ibid 54. Suraj Bhan Mitathal Excavations and Other Explorations, Kurukshetra University, 86. Ibid kurukshetra, 1975 87. Ibid 55. Thakran, R.C. ‘Protohistoric Settlement pattern in Haryana’ Shrimali K. M. ed. 88. Ibid Reason & Archaeology, , 1999, pp. 43-67. 89. Ibid 56. Lal, B. B. ‘A New Indus Valley Provincial Capital Discovered: Excavations at 90. Ibid Kalibangan in Northern Rajasthan’ Illustrated London News, March 24, 1962; 91. Ibid Idem The Saraswati Flows On: The Continuity of Indian Culture, New Delhi, 92. Gaur, R. C. Excavations at Atranjikhera, New Delhi 2001 93. Suraj Bhan, Op.cit., 1975 57. Thakran, R. C. ‘Protohistoric Settlements and Subsistence patterns in the Bhangar, 94. Such artisans move on from one place to the other by providing their services to Haryana’, PIHC, Delhi, 1991-92 the people even today. 58. Amarendra Nath and Tejas Garge ‘Site Catchement Analysis of the Harappan 95. Possehl, G. L. et al ‘The Ahar-Banas Complex and the BMAC’, ME, XXIX, 2, site of Rakhigarhi, District Hissar, Haryana’, ME, XXXIX, 1, 2014, pp. 33-45; 2004, pp. 18-29. Idem ‘Rakhigarhi: 1999-2000’, Puratattva, 31, 2000-01, pp. 43-66 96. Misra, Op.cit., 2007, p. p. 363-367 59. Shinde, V. Personal Communication with Vasant Shinde 97. IAR, 1991-92, p. 94 60. Arun Kesarwani, ‘Balu: A Fortifield rural Settlement in Haryana’, Puratattva, 31, 2000-01, pp. 140-152 98. IAR, 1984-85, p. 67; 1958-59, p. 45 61. Personal Communication with the excavators. 99. IAR, 1954-55, p. p. 14-15; 1958-59, p. 45; 1961-62, p.p. 45-50 62. Trivedi, P. K. and J. K. Patnaik ‘Tarkhanwala Dera and Chak 86 (2003-04), 100. IAR, 1958-59, p. 45 Puratattva, 34, 2003-04, pp. 30-34 101. IAR, 1979-80, p. 62; 1991-92, p. 94 63. Thakran R. C. and Amar Singh, Op.cit. 2007 102. IAR, 1957-58, p. p. 44-45; 1979-80, p. 62; 1983-84, p. 71; 1998-99, p. p. 138- 64. Prabhakaran, op.cit., 2013, pp. 90-99 141 65. Personal Communication with Syed Jamal Hasan, Director ASI, New Delhi 103. IAR, 1957-58, p. p. 44-45; 1979-80, p. 65; 66. Mughal, M. R. ‘The Geographical Extent of the Indus Civilization During the 104. IAR, 1957-58, p. p. 44-45; 1962-63, p. 18; 1979-80, p. 62 Early, Mature and Late Harappan Times’, South Asian Archaeology Studies, 105. Possehl, G. L. et al, Op.cit., 2004 New Delhi, 1992, pp. 123-140; Idem, The Early Harappan Period in The Greater 106. Misra, V. N. ‘A New Prehistoric Ceramic from Rajasthan’, East and West, 23, Indus valley and Northern Balluchistan (C. 3000-2400 B.C.) Ph.D. Thesis, 1970 324, 1973, p.p. 295-305; Idem ‘ Balathal: A Chalcolithic Settlement in Mewar, 67. Sharma, et al ‘Sanauli: A Late Harappan Burial Site in the Yamuna-Hindon Doab’ Rajasthan, India: Results of First Three Seasons Excavations’ , South Asian Puratattva, 34, 2003-04, pp. 35-44 Studies, 13, 1997, p.p. 251-273 68. Ibid 107. Das Gupta, Debasri ‘A study of Site Catchment Analysis of Gilund: a Chalcolithic 69. IAR, 1979-80, p.p. 63-65; 1978-79, p.p. 20 Settlement in the Banas Basin, Rajasthan’ ME, XXXXI, No. 2, 2006, pp. 70-74 70. IAR, 1962-63, p. 70; 1990-91, p.p. 59-60 108. Mani, B. R and Alok Tripathi ‘Further Excavations at Ojiyana’, Puratattva, 31, 71. Mughal, Op.cit., 1970 2000-01, pp. 73-78; Idem ‘Excavations at Ojiyana’ Puratattva, 30, 1999-2000, 72. IAR, 1972-73, p.p. 28-29; 1973-74, p.p. 23-29; 1979-80, p 62 pp. 67-73 73. Suraj Bhan, Op.cit., 1975 109. IAR, 1983-84, p. 71 74. Misra, V. N. 2007, p. p. 371-379 110. Shinde , V. ‘The Origin and Development of the Chalcolithic in Central India’, 75. IAR, 1973-73, pp. 28-29; 1973-74, p. 23; 1975-76, p. 77; 1979-80, p. 62 Indo-Pacific Prehistory: The Melaka Papers, 3, Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific 76. IAR, 1963-64, [[. 28-29; 1965-66, p. 38; 1966-67, pp. 30-31 Prehistory Association, 19, 2000, pp. 125-136 77. IAR, 1979-80, pp. 20, 63; 1980-81, p. 56 111. In Harappan context the high mound is located on the west and the low mound 78. IAR, 1978-79, pp. 20, 79-80; 1980-81, p. 62; 1981-82, pp. 61-62 (residential) is located on the east 17 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 33 34 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 112. IAR, 1963-64, pp. 28-29; 1964-65, pp. 34-35; 1965-66, p. 38; 1966-67, pp. 30- 145. Thakran, R. C. ‘Was the Saraswati a Mighty Perennial River? An Archaeo-geo- 31; 1970-71, pp. 31-32; 1971-72, pp. 41-42 hydrological; Social Science Probings, New Delhi, December 2009, pp. 1-18. 113. Misra, Op.cit., 2007, p. 266 146. Thakran, R. C. ‘The Myth of Saraswati Civilization-A Locational Analysis of 114. IAR, Op.cit., 1971-72, pp. 41-42 Harappan Sites;, PIHC 2003, pp. 44-64 115. IAR, 1958-59, p. 45; 1971-72, p. 41 147. Lal, Op.cit., 2001 116. IAR, 1954-55, p. 61; 1976-77, p. 79 148. Thakran, Op.cit., 2003 and 2009 117. IAR, 1964-65, p. 35; 1991-92, pp. 93-96; 1992-93, p.87; 1958-59, p. 74; 1962- 149. Ibid 63, p. 31; 1972-73, pp. 28-29; 1973-74, p. 24, 1987-88, p. 100; 1977-78, p. 47; 150. Sharma, R. S. ‘The Aryan Problem and the Horse’, Social Scientist, 1993, pp. 3- 1978-79, p. 20 16; Idem. Looking for Aryans, Madras, 1995 118. Dalal, K. F. ‘A Short History of Archaeological Explorations in and 151. Thakran, Op.cit., 2003 and 2009 Bahawalpur along the Lost Saraswati River’, Indica, 17, 1, 1980, pp. 1-40; Idem 152. Gupta, S. P. ‘River Saraswati in History, Archaeology and Geology’, Puratattva, ‘RD 89: A New Hakra Ware Site?’, ME, V, 1981, pp. 77-86; ‘Binjor 1 - A Pre- 31, 2000-01, pp. 30-38; Idem ‘Longer Chronology of the Indus-Saraswati Harappan Site on the Indo-Pak Border’, Pande, B. M. and B.D. Chattopadhyay Civilization’, Puratattva, 23, 1992-93, pp. 21-29; Lal, Op.cit., 2001 eds. Archaeology and History: Essays in Memory of Sh. A. Ghosh, 1987, pp. 75- 153. Misra, V. N., op.cit., 2007 111.; Idem Early Historical Settlements of Southern Rajasthan, Mewar with Special 154. Very limited remains of horse have been recorded only from the late Harappan Reference to Balathal: An Artefactual Approach, Ph.D. Thesis, Pune University, levels. Its figurines (clay) also come from these levels. Pune, 2001 155. Ratnagar, S. ‘Does Archaeology hold the Answers’, Bronkhorst, J. and M. M. 119. IAR, 1962-63, p. 18; 1971-72, p. 41; 1980-81, p. 55; 1984-85, p. 71 Deshpande eds. ‘Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia’, Cambridge, 1999, pp. 120. Lal, B. B. ‘Did the Painted Grey ware Continue up to Mauryan Times’, Puratattva, 207-38; Idem ‘Agro-Pastoralism and the Migrations of the Indo-Iranians’, Romila 9, 1977-78, pp. 64-80 Thapar et al eds. India: Historical Beginnings and the Concept of the Aryan, 121. Misra, Op.cit., 2007, P. 387 NBT, New Delhi, 2006, pp. 157-92; Idem. ‘The Revisionist at Work’ 122. IAR, 1956-57, p. 83 156. Rao, L. S. ‘The Harappan Spoked Wheels Rattled Down the Streets of Bhirrana, 123. IAR, 1958-59, p. 74; 1960-61, p. 66; 1972-73, pp. 28-29 District Fatehabad, Haryana’, Puratattva, 36, 2005-06, pp. 59-67 124. IAR, 1953-54, p. 38 125. IAR, 1981-82, p. 100 126. IAR, 1980-81, p. 93 127. IAR, 1971-72, p. 41 128. IAR, 1981-82, p. 100 129. IAR, 1958-59, pp. 45, 73; 1962-63, p. 19 130. IAR, 1973-74, p. 23 131. IAR, 1954-55, pp. 14-15; 1956-57, p. 8; 1993-94, pp. 93-97 132. IAR, 1971-72, p. 41; 1973-74, p. 23 133. IAR, 1958-59, p. 45; 1980-81, p. 55; 1984-85, pp. 67-68 134. IAR, 1991-92, p. 94; 1992-93, pp. 85-87 135. IAR, 1987-88, p. 101; 1988-89, p. 76 136. IAR, 1972-73, pp. 28-29; 1973-74, p. 24; 1987-88, p. 100; 1988-89, p. 76 137. IAR, 1976-77, p. 79; 1981-82, p. 55; 1984-85, p. 79 138. IAR, 1977-78, p. 47; 1978-79, p. 20; 1980-81, pp. 55-56 139. IAR, 1962-63, p. 18; 1965-66, p. 38; 1966-67, p. 68; 1970-71, p. 31; 1971-72, p. 41; 1979-80, p. 68 140. IAR, 1972-73, pp. 61-62 141. Misra, Op.cit., 2007, p.79 142. Ibid, pp. 273-275 (Pl 11.6) 143. Ibid, p. 311 144. Lal, B. B. ‘The Saraswati Flows On: The Continuity of Indian Culture, New Delhi, 2001 18 36 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 (a) to support British rule with all their forces; (b) to submit their mutual differences to their arbitration.1 Charles Metcalfe, the then Resident of Delhi, had already expressed his view that the States of Professor G.N. Sharma Memorial Lecture Rajputana should be taken under British protection and in case protection was not afforded when it was solicited, it might not be British Relations with accepted when offered.2 Subjected to pay a handsome amount of tribute under the Company and the Crown : in lieu of British protection for peace in Jaipur, it was hoped that the State would not be a liability to the Company. On 2 April 1818, a A Critical Appraisal treaty was concluded between the Company and the State amidst an Dr. Anju Suri opposition from a faction of the Thakurs seething with anti-British feelings, incapacity of the State to pay the proposed amount of tribute It is, indeed, a matter of great honour for me to deliver Professor and pressure from the Holkar, the Sindhia and Amir Khan. Gopinath Sharma Memorial Lecture as a part of 30th Session of Article 1 of the said treaty provided for perpetual friendship Rajasthan History Conference at MLS University Campus, Udaipur. between and Maharaja Jagat Singh of Jaipur, his Professor Gopinath Sharma was an eminent and erudite scholar whose heirs and successors. The friends and enemies of one party would be works on history of Rajasthan speak volumes of his acumen and ability friends and enemies of both. By Article 2, the British protection would of being a great academician. The Conference offers us all an be extended to Jaipur against its enemies. Article 3 made it obligatory opportunity and occasion to pay a befitting tribute to Professor for the ruler and successors of Jaipur to act in subordinate cooperation Sharma’s laudable contribution to the discipline of History as a with the British Company while acknowledging the latter’s supremacy. dedicated researcher and a devoted teacher. I am very grateful to the By Article 4, the Maharaja and his successors would not enter into organizers for extending me the invitation and making me a part of negotiations with any Chief without the knowledge and sanction of this academic event. The topic of my lecture is, ‘British Relations the British Government. Article 5 demanded a commitment from Jaipur with Jaipur State under the Company and the Crown : A Critical to submit disputes between Jaipur and other States to the arbitration Appraisal’. of the British Government. Article 6 provided for payment of high Situated in the north-east and east of Rajputana with an area of amount of annual tribute by the Jaipur Darbar. The tribute was to be 15,579 square miles and surrounded by States of Rajputana and Punjab, gradually enhanced and fixed at rupees eight lakhs. If the Darbar’s Jaipur was the fourth largest State of Rajputana. A number of Thakurs income exceeded forty lakhs of rupees, the Darbar would deposit 5/ or feudatory chiefs of autonomous and semi-autonomous estates such 16th of excess as an additional amount of tribute besides eight lakh as Samod, Uniara, Diggi, Shekhawati etc. around Jaipur either paid rupees in the treasury. By article 7, the Maharaja was bound to furnish regular tribute to the Maharaja of Jaipur or prepared soldiers for him troops, whenever required, to the British Government. Article 8 gave as a mark of their allegiance to him. assurance on behalf of the British that the Maharaja and his successors At the advent of Earl of Moira (later, Marquess of Hastings) in would remain absolute rulers and British civil and criminal jurisdiction 1813, the situation for East India Company was precarious on account would not be introduced into their territory. Article 9 stated that the of a great danger posed to the Company’s supremacy by the Maratha prosperity of the State would be favourably considered and attended Chiefs – the Peshwa, the Bhonsla, the Gaekwar, the Sindhia and the to, so long as the Maharaja remained faithful to the British Government.3 Holkar as well as the Pathans and the Pindaris. To secure the Similar treaties were concluded between the British Company Company’s position and assert British paramountcy on Native States and 18 other Rajputana States including Jodhpur, Udaipur, Bikaner, of India, Hastings held a strong opinion that the States might be made Kota, Bundi, with all the Articles in common except one pertaining to to perform atleast two great feudatory duties to the British authorities, the tribute to be levied on Jaipur State. The ardent desire of the British 19 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 37 38 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Resident, David Ochterlony to improve upon the state of political between him and the Regent Rani. Raper quit the city once in order to anarchy that had emerged out of conflict between the Jaipur Maharaja pressurize the Rani to submit to his decision. Captain Low, the next and the Thakur, led him to intervene in the State in violation of the Political Agent also stood in opposition to the Regent Rani and reserved treaty of 1818. In the special meeting of the Thakurs held in the the right of conducting British relations with her to himself especially presence of the Maharaja, the former were made to put their signatures in matters of ascertaining revenue collections of the State and securing on a paper laying down the fundamental rules regarding their relations the due share of the British Government. His activities, however, were with the Maharaja. restricted by Charles Metcalfe, the then Resident. Dueto the evil The British relations under the Company with Jaipur State were influence of Jhota Ram and others on the Regent Rani, the marked by perpetual British intervention which was explicitly observed administrative efficiency of Jaipur had been seriously affected. This in the matter of succession that came to the fore at the death of led Captain Low to call an assembly of the Thakurs at his residence in Maharaja Jagat Singh on 21 December 1818. Of the various claims to the presence of the minor Maharaja which decided to remove the Rani the succession, the British recognized the claim of a minor of nine from the regency.6 But Charles Metcalfe’s authoritative intervention years named, Mohan Singh which was rejected by the queens and the at this time set Captain Low’s efforts at naught. nobles and which drifted the State to a situation where a civil war The death of the young Maharaja Jai Singh III in February 1835 looked imminent. However, this was averted at the discovery of the was followed by accession of two years old, Ram Singh to the throne. news that the Bhattiani queen of Sawai Jagat Singh was pregnant. Maharaja Ram Singh’s rule extended from 1835-51. During his minority After she gave birth to a son on 25 April 1819, he was installed on Rani (Maji/Maharani) Chandrawat, his mother acted as his Regent. At gaddias a legitimate ruler with the name of Jai Singh III. His claim on British intervention, Jhota Ram was replaced by Bairisal as Mukhtiar throne was recognized at once by the British Government and the (P.M.) of Jaipur against the wishes of the Maharani. This measure 4 nobles; his mother was recognized as his Regent. “marked the beginning of the process of depriving the Regent Rani of Since there was corruption and misgovernment during the her ascendancy in the State”.7 In a sudden attack by Jaipur crowd on regency rule of the Rani from 1819-1838, a need was felt in 1821 to Major Alves (the AGG at Ajmer), Martin Blake and others, Major Alves appoint a British Political Agent at Jaipur. As such Captain J. Stewart was seriously injured and Martin Blake was got killed. The court on was appointed as the first Political Agent to stay at Jaipur, intervene in behalf of the British authorities awarded punishments on the culprits its internal administration for the purpose of guarding British interests ranging from death sentence to life imprisonment. Rawal Shiva Singh and ensuring the regular payment of the tribute. On Stewart’s succeeded his father Bairisal at his death in July 1838, as the next insistence, the Resident refused to appoint Rani’s men Jhota Ram and Minister. The new Minister was given full support and cooperation by Amar Singh to handle revenue matters. Instead, Ganesh Narain was Major Ross who became Political Agent in 1838. The authority of appointed for the assistance of Prime Minister Rawal Bairisal and Regent Maharani was undermined and in 1839 she was excluded from Captain Stewart to improve finances of the State. The agitated Rani administrative affairs. To carry the administration during the minority succeeded in getting Ganesh Narain’s appointment cancelled from the of the Maharaja, a Council of Regency of ‘Five Sirdars’ with British Governor-General. She then removed Rawal Bairisal from the office Political Agent as its President was constituted. Virtually the rule of and replaced him by Megh Singh of Diggi as Prime Minister. The Political Agent had now been established in Jaipur and the Regency British Agent, Stewart and the Resident, David Ochterlony got the Council played a second fiddle to him in all administrative matters. necessary orders from the Governor-General to reinstate Rawal The Political Agent had the right either to remove any member from Bairisal. They compelled Jhota Ram to leave Jaipur in April 1823 and the Council on the ground of his misconduct and incompetence or 5 warned him that he might be arrested if he was seen again in Jaipur. associate additional members in the Council. The period of two On 23 April 1824, Major Raper succeeded Captain Stewart as successive Political Agents, Major Thoresby (1839-44) and Captain the next Political Agent. Mutual hatred and hostility marked the relations Ludlow (1844-47) was the period of peaceful progression in the 20 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 39 40 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 administration of Jaipur. Thoresby was instrumental in his efforts to Maharaja, however, was required to conduct the State Administration get annual tribute of the State reduced from rupees eight lakhs to during his minority with the consultation and assistance of a Council rupees four lakhs. It should be keenly observed that the British of six influential nobles as well as the British Political Agent at Jaipur. Government before this time had been rigid in realizing full amount of The Maharaja continued to rule as per arrangements made by the annual tribute even at times of financial stringency of the State. In British. It is surprising to observe that the Majaraja even after attaining 1851, Maharaja Ram Singh became a major of eighteen years. The the age of twenty-one years in September 1882 and assuming full Regency Council was now abolished and the Maharaja was invested ruling powers was bound to seek the advice of the Political Agent till with full ruling powers. The dominance of Political Agents, Rickards 1886 in all important administrative matters and obtain his concurrence and Burton, however, continued unabated in the administration of the before altering decisions of the Council taken previously during his State. minority. The British Government under the Crown expressed the hope During the revolt of 1857, Maharaja Ram Singh rendered the that the Maharaja would always rely on the goodwill of the Resident most loyal and meritorious services to the British authorities which and give due weightage to his advice in future too. Doubtless to say were rewarded by the grant of the pargana, Kot Kasim to the Maharaja. that the British Agent or the Resident had been playing a dominant role Also the right of adoption was conferred upon him. After the revolt, in the affairs of the State. The Government of India generally accepted there was a marked change in the British policy in India. The the recommendations of the Resident or the Agent to the Governor- government and revenues of India were assumed by the British Crown General (AGG), Rajputana unless they were too unfair or unreasonable. under the Government of India Act, 1858. As far as British policy The tributes levied on the Princely States served as a mark of towards Princely States was concerned, the policy of annexation of recognition of British paramountcy and also formed a significant source States was abandoned once for all. It was further laid down that the of revenue to the British exchequer. The Article 6 of the treaty of existing treaties between the British and the States would be 1818 between the British and the Jaipur State had laid down that in ‘scrupulously maintained’ and the Princely Rights, Dignity and Honour lieu of British protection, the State would be exempted from tribute in would be duly respected.8 In actual practice, however, the Paramount the first year whereas in 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th year rupees two lakhs, Power, in response to its growing requirements, intervened perpetually four lakhs, five lakhs, six lakhs, seven lakhs, eight lakhs respectively in matters concerning succession, fiscal, economic matters and others would be charged. Rupees eight lakhs would continue as amount of of the States in violation of existing treaties, engagements and sanads tribute annually until the State’s revenue exceeded rupees forty lakhs and Jaipur State was no exception. in which case, the State would deposit 5/16th of the excess as the The British intervention in succession matters of Jaipur State additional amount of tribute.9 The term was quite unfair as the high continued to be a marked feature of British relations with the State amount of tribute had been fixed on the wrong estimate of the State’s under the Crown as was the case hitherto under the Company. Maharaja income and the tribute had to be raised by the State not without Ram Singh at his death on 18 September 1880 did not leave behind a difficulty. The mismanagement of the State led to its impoverishment natural or an adopted son to succeed him. Dr. Hendley, the incharge and hence the accumulation of arrears. It was impossible for the State of Eastern Rajputana State Agency, who was present at the death-bed to come out of the situation of debt. The Maharani, the Regent Rani of the Maharaja very tactfully procured the Maharaja’s statement in of minor Jai Singh III, in these circumstances proposed to seize money favour of nomination of nineteen year old, Kaim Singh as his successor from all those subjects who possessed it irrespective of the fact they in presence of notable nobles and officials. It is noteworthy to point owned the debt to the State or not. The British Political Agent, Captain out here that the British Government charged nazranaor the succession Low, however, refused to sanction her proposal. In 1828, the request fee before they recognized the succession of a Princely Chief. The from the royal Darbar of Jaipur to reduce the exorbitant amount of assumption of gaddi by Kaim Singh in name of Maharaja Madho Singh tribute from eight lakhs to four lakhs of rupees was rejected by the in September 1880 was recognized by the British Government. The Political Agent. It was Major Thoresby, the Political Agent at Jaipur 21 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 41 42 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 and the President of Council of Regency who realized “the colossal and royalty at rate of 20 percent on the price per if the financial burden under which Jaipur was groaning” and the fact that sold exceeded 8,25,000 British .11 The establishment of Sambhar the State had been deprived of a large part of annual income on account Lake Court and abolition of the Inland Customs Line for removal of of taking over of the Sambhar Lake by the British in 1835. On his impediments to internal trade followed soon. recommendations, the Government of India in 1842 reduced the amount By yet another Salt Agreement concluded on 31 January, 1879, of tribute from rupees eight lakhs to rupees four lakhs with the Maharaja of Jaipur agreed to suppress and absolutely prohibit and retrospective effect from 1 November 1840 and remitted previous prevent the manufacture of salt within any part of Jaipur State whether arrears of the tribute amounting to rupees forty-six lakhs of rupees. overtly or in form of salt petre or other saline products, except at But the obnoxious clause in Article 6 of the treaty of 1818 having Sambhar Lake and Kuchor-Rewasa Surr and destroy all other existing provision of enhancement of tribute of rupees eight lakhs, if the State salt works. th revenues exceeded forty lakh rupees, by 5/16 of excess amount, The two aforementioned salt agreements of 1869 and 1879 continued to exist until supplementary treaty was concluded between respectively were detrimental to the interest of the State. The salt the British Government and the State during the Viceroyalty of Lord business of the State was seriously affected and the process of Mayo on 31 August 1871, and the said clause was removed. Maharaja improverishment of the State set in following the objective of British Ram Singh on his behalf promised to spend a considerable sum annually monopoly of salt. To fulfil their objective, the British either successfully upon works of irrigation and improvement with a view to enhance took control of principal salt works or suppressed manufacture of prosperity of his State.10 salt. The imperial government did pay compensation to the Jaipur With an aim to equalize salt duties throughout India and acquire State but the compensation paid was too inadequate. Certainly, the monopoly of salt, the British Government under the Crown in post- salt policy of British Government had augmented its fiscal resources 1858 period considered it necessary to establish complete control over and proved detrimental to the economic interests of the Jaipur State. principal salt sources in Rajputana State, suppress manufacture of In defence of British salt policy, it may be argued that as a result of salt elsewhere for the purpose of elimination of competition, and abolish uniform salt policy, salt duty in 1882 could be equalized at rupees two transit duties on salt in Princely States. To this effect, the British per maund throughout the country and salt began to be supplied at Government signed a treaty with Jaipur Darbar on 7 August, 1869 by cheap rates to all the people. which the Darbar agreed to lease to the British Government its right To introduce uniform coinage in India in post-1858 period, the of manufacturing and selling salt within limits of territory bordering Government of Crown began negotiations with the rulers of the Native on the Sambhar Lake. The lease would continue until such time as the States for abolition of mints. Captain Eden, the Political Agent at Jaipur British Government desired to relinquish it with an advance notice of intimated to the Supreme Government that Maharaja Ram Singh (1835- two years. The British Government had the right to enter, search, 88) had expressed a desire to discontinue his current coin bearing the arrest or punish the persons acting in violation of rules and regulations name of Bahadur and issue a new currency bearing some laid down by British Government regarding manufacture, sale, removal reference to Her Majesty, the Queen. His proposal was accepted and or smuggling of salt etc. The British Government reserved the right to his ‘graceful offer’ was appreciated by the Government.12 fix the price to be offered for sale of salt . In lieu, the Jaipur A decade later in 1868, the queston of short weight counterfeit Government would receive salt for its consumption (not exceeding copper coins was reported from Khetri, a dependency of Jaipur State. 172000 maunds) at rate of 9 annas per maund. Of the stocks held It was learnt that 13 mints in Chirawa and 19 mints in Surajgarh, both jointly by Governments of Jaipur and Jodhpur, Jaipur would transfer in Khetri, were in active service where copper pice was manufactured its half share to the British Government for which British Government by Sahukars. These Sahukars had their agents at , Mathura, Ajmer, would pay to Jaipur two half-yearly instalments, an annual rent of Gwalior etc. who were involved in counterfeiting of the coins. After rupees 1,25,000 for share of Jaipur in the salt sold within its limits investigation it was found by Colonel Keatinge, the then Political Agent 22 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 43 44 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 at Jaipur, that counterfeit pice in Khetri was carried on without the Jaipur did not compete with of British India, the export of illicit knowledge of the Raja. It was pointed out that Jaipur ruler had no opium from Jaipur into British territories could be effectively checked sovereign rights in Khetri, the Raja exercising complete civil and and a considerable amount of income could be drawn by the British criminal jurisdiction within his own territory. Therepon instructions Government from revenue of opium. were sent by the Government of India to Agent to Governor-General, Goaded by the desire to have full and exclusive control over Rajputana that mints must be established and worked only at capitals the means of transport and communications throughout India, the of the rulers having right to exercise soverign power and that mints in British Government under the Crown had to come to an understanding territories of subordinate and feudatory chiefs and nobles should with the Princes of Native States for necessary arrangements for henceforth be abolished. After the said orders of the Supreme constructon of railways, roads, postal and telegraph communications. Government, the Khetri mints were closed down. The railways had a great commercial value for the British as they The Native Coinage Act IX of 1876 empowered the Governor were useful in collection and export of raw materials for British General-in-Council to declare coins of Native States of same fineness industries as well as exploring untapped markets for English and weight, a legal tender in British India13 and authorized Native States manufacturing goods. Apart from these, railways were useful in to send their metal to the Mints of Government of India for coinage. strengthening defences of the British Empire and catering to the moral The states of Alwar and Bikaner availed themselves of this opportunity and material progress of the nation.16 Since the territories of the British in 1877 and 1893 respectively. Jaipur, however, continued to have its India were interconnected with the Princely States, the cooperation ownJhar Shahi coins. Besides gold Mohurs, the Maharaja issued a of the latter was essential for successful completion of railway lines. large number of silver and copper coins. The rate of exchange between As a matter of rule, all railway projects in the Natives States were to Jaipur and British currency varied from time to time. In 1899, Jaipur be reported to the Government of India. The native Princes were rupee was worth about 12 annas of British rupee, but towards end of required to cooperate with imperial government by providing lands 1904, 102 Jhar Shahi rupees exchanged for 100 British rupees.14 free of cost in their respective States for the constructon of railway The opium policy of the British Government under the Crown lines and by ceding full jurisdiction on these lands to the Supreme aimed at preventing Native States from adopting measures which might Government. harm the interests of the Paramount Power.15 For making the opium In 1865 direct communication with North-Western Provinces arrangements with the States of Rajputana and Central India, the pass and Punjab was sought for undertaking a railway project. Since the system had been introduced since 1830. Though the cultivation of line was to pass through many Rajputana States including Jaipur, the poppy or manufacture of opium within these States was not interfered Jaipur Darbar was asked (a) to cede land measuring 200 feet in breadth with, but import of opium, into or transport through British territories for the purpose free of cost, (b) to surrender to the British Government was prohibited, except under passes granted by the British officers full jurisdiction short of sovereignty rights in such land, (c) to surrender on payment of heavy duty. right of levying all transit and other duties on goods passing through As far as opium arrangements with Jaipur are concerned, a railway land. Maharaja Ram Singh expressed some early doubts Memorandum No. 5 had been appended with the Salt Treaty of 1879 regarding the cession of rights for the proposed railway project but which in a response to an enquiry from Maharaja clearly stated that he promised to render all possible assistance as soon as the operations the import of intoxicating drugs including bhang, ganja, opium etc. were commenced in his territory.17 On 13 July, 1867, he submitted a into British India had been strictly forbidden. The Jaipur Darbar was memorandum of atleast twenty conditions to the Agent to Governor- requested to assist the British Government in prohibiting the export of General for Rajputana. While a majority of the conditions were such articles from the State by issue of notifications and by arrest concurred including final approval of the Jaipur Darbar of the line and punishment of the offenders. The objective of the opium policy fixed by survey and avoidance of private property and city of Jaipur, of the Paramount Power in Jaipur was fulfilled because opium of the condtion such as careful avoidance of religious edifices during 23 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 45 46 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 the course of construction of line was considered to be absurd by the States.”20 In justification of a uniform British railway policy, it may be Paramount Power as the line could not be diverted for one and every argued that the extension of railways intended to bring benefits to the temple that fell its way.18 subjects of both British India as well as Princely States. Also railways It goes to the credit of Maharaja Ram Singh that he was the proved useful for military defence and economic development of the only chief in the whole of Rajputana to have prepared and presented country. The assumption of full and exclusive jurisdiction of railway to the British Government, the memorandum with the sole objective land by the British Government ensured the safety and justice to the of safeguarding the interests of the State. The Supreme Government travellers. The British railway policy, however, was meant to serve on its part accepted most of his conditions and declined those which economic interests of the imperial government. The fat salaries and were found to be incompatible with general railway policy of the British the privileges of the European employees on railway put a constant Government. On 5 February, 1868, the Maharaja agreed to withdraw strain on Indian finances and contributed to India’s drain of wealth to his conditions. Thereupon, he ceded the required land free of cost Great Britain. Moreover, the instances of racial discrimination towards and defrayed all necessary compensation for loss caused to the owners native passengers travelling by trains were no less pronounced as had of land, houses etc. Further he made over full jurisdiction in the land been pointed out in Rajputana Gazette time and again.21 ceded short of soverign rights, absolutely to the British Government Apart from railways, a network of roads was laid down and surrendered all transit and other goods passing through at prevailing connecting Jaipur with other cities of the State and cities of British rates or at tarrif to be fixed later.19 India and neighbouring States. All roads had been placed under the For the constructon of proposed Rajputana State Railway in charge of Public Works Department and were maintained by the State. 1869 from Sambhar to Delhi and Agra, which essentially had to pass All roads except one from Agra to Ajmer were constructed entirely at through Jaipur, the Maharaja granted to the British Government the cost of the State. Of the important roads constructed, mention may portions of land forming Rajputana State Railway alongwith full be made of 127 miles long Agra to Ajmer road, road to Sambhar via jurisdiction on them to the British Government. In 1904, the land was Bajru, road from Agra district to Bandikui, Jaipur-Tonk road, Kurali- acquired from the Jaipur Darbar for the Rewari-Phulera Chord Railway Mandawar road etc. Also a large number of old roads were repaired. and the Darbar was asked to cede jurisdiction over the section of the In December 1882, Jaipur Darbar abolished all transit duties on feeder said railway which traversed the Jaipur State. The Form with regard roads leading to Rajputana-Malwa railway within Jaipur territory with to cession of jurisdiction short of soverign rights was also revised at the exception of duty on opium. These efforts of the Darbar paved this time. The Agreement of 1906 between Jaipur Darbar and the the way for development of trade and commerce throughout the Bombay, Baroda and Central Indian Railway Company for working of country without any hindrance. Jaipur State Railway between Sanganer and Sawai Madhopur was to For the purpose of ensuring efficient working of Imperial postal be guided by Indian Railway Act of 1890 under which all necessary system, cooperation was sought by the British Government from the appliances for working of Jaipur Railway Line were to be provided by Princes of the Native States. In July 1866, the Government of India the Darbar. Also the alterations and additions which might be required issued Resolution asserting the absolute responsibility of the States in future would be carried out at the cost of the Darbar. The Darbar for mail robberies occurring within their territories and Jaipur was no further agreed to maintain a force of police for protection of the said exception. In 1897, a circular22 was issued by Deputy Post Master line and of property in the trains and at each station thereof. General, Rajputana to all postal officials in Rajputana circles to escort The British Government under the Crown certainly had no legal the mail in territories of Rajputana States. In response to this circular, right to acquire land free of cost from any Native State and assume the Jaipur State Council made arrangements for providing adequate full police, civil and criminal jurisdiction on railway lines traversing escort to secure safe passage of parcel mails on the mail lines. Jaipur the territory of a State. As such the assumption of such jurisdiction Darbar had been cooperating with British authorities in constructing “manifestly marked an inroad on the judicial independence of Indian or giving on rent the buildings for British post and telegraph offices 24 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 47 48 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 and permitting placing of letter boxes in various towns of the State. 1932, pp. 74-77. In 1890s, with permission of Jaipur Darbar, the combined Post and 12. Govt. of India to AGG, No. 170, dated 26 Feb. 1858 cited in C.L. Tupper Telegraph Offices began to be opened in towns of Jaipur. By 1906, (Comp.), Indian Political Practice, Vol. I, Calcutta, 1895, p. 126. 13. C.L. Tupper, op.cit., para 108, pp. 128-29. there were 32 Imperial Post Offices and no less than 112 Raj or State 14. Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. XIII, Oxford, 1908, p. 395. Post Offices in Jaipur State. The Darbar after having introduced various 15. A.C. Arora, British Policy towards the Punjab States, 1858-1905, Jalandhar, reforms in its own Postal Department in 1904 thereby raising the 1982, p. 184. standard of efficiency of its postal system, made repeated requests 16. Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. III, London,1909, p. 66. for a convention between Imperial and Raj Postal Departments for 17. Political Agent, Jaipur to AGG, No. 139-71G, dated 9 Oct., 1865, Foreign 23 Department, General A, Jan. 1866, No. 30. exchange of correspondence. At last in July 1908, the Imperial 18. Kharita from AGG to the Maharaja of Jaipur, dated 11 Sept. 1867, Foreign Government accepted the principle that a postal convention might be Department, General A, Oct. 1867, No. 21 and its Encl. negotiated with the State. The significance of the postal convention 19. Foreign Department, General A, March 1868, Nos. 24-27. with Jaipur State enhances in view of the fact that such conventions 20. K.M. Panikkar, Indian States and the Government of India, London,1932, pp. had been concluded with six other States – Gwalior (1885), Patiala 75-76. (1884), Nabha (1885), Jind (1886), Faridkot (1886) and Chamba 21. The Rajputana Gazette of 1 Dec. 1895, Selections from the Vernacular (1886). Besides many telegraph offices and telephone systems were Newspapers, p. 57, and of 8 Feb. 1896, p.37. extended in Jaipur with a twin aim to promote the imperial interests 22. Circular No. 23/23, dated 1 July 1897. and serve the people. 23. Senior Member of Jaipur State Council to Resident, Jaipur, No. 99, dated 17/19 May 1906, Jaipur Agency Records, Part I, Post and Telegraph, File No. 74/1906, In fine, it may be said that British relations with Jaipur State pp. 168-69. under the Company and the Crown were marked by perpetual British intervention in the State, so that the British paramountcy could be well asserted and imperial interests could be well served. On most of the occasions the paramountcy was asserted in violation of existing treaties, engagements and sanads with Jaipur State and at the cost of sacrifice of native interests. References: 1. The Private Journal of Marquess of Hastings, Vol. I, London, 1858, pp. 54-55. 2. John William Kaye, The Life and Correspondence of Charles Lord Metcalfe, Vol. I, London, 1858, p. 320. 3. C.U. Aitchison (Comp.), A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads, Vol. III, Calcutta, 1939, pp. 66-67. 4. James Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, edited by W. Crooke, Vol. III, London 1920, Reprint Delhi, 1994, pp. 1375-78. 5. Foreign Department, Political Consultations, 21 March 1823, Nos. 32-37. 6. Foreign Department, Political Consultations, 24 Nov. 1826, No. 11. 7. Vijay Kumar Vashishtha, Rajputana Agency, 1832-1858, Jaipur, 1978, p. 154. 8. Queen’s Proclamation, A.C. Banerjee (ed.). Indian Constitutional Documents, Vol. II, Calcutta, 1961, pp. 27-28. 9. C.U. Aitchison, op.cit., Vol. III, Calcutta, 1932, p.68. 10. Kharita from Maharaja Ram Singh of Jaipur to Viceroy and Governor-General of India, dated 29 Aug. 1871, Foreign Department, Political A, Oct. 1871, No. 121. 11. See Artices 1-13 of the Treaty of 1869, C.U. Aitchison, op.cit., Vol. III, Calcutta, 25 50 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Hkkxksa esa foHkDr dj viuh ckr dks vki rd igq°pkus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA izFke Hkkx tgk° Lo- izks- vkj-ih- O;kl ds thou pfj= ,oa O;fDrRo ij dsfUnzr gS ogha f}rh; Hkkx esa muds d`frRo] bfrgkl txr dks jgs muds vonku rFkk muds 'kks/k vuqla/kku izksQslj vkj-ih- O;kl Le`fr O;k[;ku deZ ,oa ys[ku ;k=k dh 'kks/kijd ehekalk dh x;h gSA r`rh; Hkkx esa muds l`tu] muds bfrgkl ys[ku dh leh{kk rFkk muds bfrgkl n'kZu ds oSf'k"V~;ksa dh foospuk bfrgkldkj izks- vkj-ih- O;kl ,oa ,oa fo'ys"k.k djus dk ,d oLrqijd iz;kl fd;k x;k gS ftlls ;g rF; eq[kfjr mudk bfrgkl&ys[ku gksdj lkeus vkrk gS fd izks- vkj-ih- O;kl] 'kks/kijd ekSfyd lksp vkSj fopkj j[kus izks- f'ko dqekj Hkuksr okys ,d iwokZxzg eqDr xEHkhj fo'ys"kd] fu"i{k rF; xos"kd] fn'kk izorZd vkSj vizfre bfrgkldkj Fks rFkk jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr fo"k;d ys[ku esa mudk bfrgkl foHkkx] eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k fo'ofo|ky;] mn;iqj ds rRoko/kku loZFkk ekSfyd ,oa vfoLej.kh; ;ksxnku jgkA esa vk;ksT; jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxzsl ds 30osa vf/kos'ku esa ns'k Hkj ls i/kkjs bfrgkldkjksa] I 'kks/kosRrkvksa rFkk 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa_ eapklhu lEekuuh; yC/k izfr"Btu_ jktLFkku fgLV™h 12 vxLr] lu~ 1922 dks tks/kiqj uxj ds ,d lqlaLdkfjr] lEHkzkUr fdUrq dkaxzsl ds leLr vkWfQl&fc;jlZ ,oa ,DthD;wfVo ds lEekfur lnL;x.k rFkk lnu ikjEifjd iq"dj.kk czk„.k ifjokj esa Lo- vkbnkl ,oa Jherh bUnj dkSj O;kl ds esa leqifLFkr fo}ku lkfFk;ksa ,oa ftKklq lq/kh JksrkvksaA eSa] loZizFke jktLFkku fgLV™h rstLoh vkSj Louke/kU; iq= ds :i esa tUes Lo- jke izlkn th dh izkjfEHkd dkaxzsl vkWfQl fc;jlZ ,oa ,DthD;wfVo rFkk fo'ks"kr% blds rstLoh ,oa ≈tkZoku f'k{kk&nh{kk lqtkux<+] jrux<+ esa rFkk mPp f'k{kk tks/kiqj uxj esa lEiUu gqbZ FkhA lSÿsVjh izksQslj ,esfjV~l izks- ,l-ih- O;kl dks vius ‚n; ds xgu ry ls lk/kwokn tloUr dkWyst] tks/kiqj ls viuh mPp f'k{kk izkfIr dh ;k=k 'kq:vkr dj os 'kSf{kd nsuk pkgwaxk] mudk dksfV'k% vfHkuUnu djuk pkgwaxk ftUgksaus ns'k ds pksVh ds bfrgklK {ks= esa ,d ds mijkUr ,d miyfC/k;ka vftZr djrs pys x, vkSj bfrgkl fo"k; esa rFkk jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr ds izk.k iq#"k ,oa jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxzsl ds vf/kLukrd dj mUgksaus dkuwu esa ,y-,y-ch- dh mikf/k vftZr dhA v/;;u iw.kZ vxz.kh lw=/kkjksa esa ls ,d jgs Lo- izks- vkj-ih- O;kl dh Le`fr dks v{kq..k cuk, j[kus djus ds mijkUr vkius jktiwr gkbZ Ldwy] pkSikluh esa ,d f'k{kd ds :i esa vius ds fy, mudh iquhr Le`fr esa jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxzsl vf/kos'kuksa esa izks- vkj-ih- O;kl dSfj;j dh 'kq:vkr dhA rnuUrj] ,d dkWyst f'k{kd ds :i esa vkius ÿe'k% ,l- Le`fr O;k[;ku&ekyk dh 'kq:vkr dhA eSa] jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxzsl dh leLr ,e-ds- dkWyst] tks/kiqj_ jktdh; egkfo|ky; MhMokuk ,oa ljnkj'kgj esa v/;kiu ,DthD;wfVo rFkk izks- ,l-ih- O;kl dk vR;Ur vkHkkjh gw° fd vkius eq>s bl vR;Ur fd;k vkSj lu~ 1962 esa tks/kiqj esa fo'ofo|ky; dh laLFkkiuk ds lkFk gh fo'ofo|ky; izfrf"Br ,oa xfjeke; O;k[;ku&ekyk ds izFke ,oa laLFkkiu O;k[;ku ds fy, ds bfrgkl foHkkx esa ,d f'k{kd ds :i esa izfo"V gq, vkSj ogha dk;Zjr jgrs gq, vkeaf=r fd;k vkSj vki egkuqHkkoksa ls #c: gksus dk lqvolj iznku fd;kA esjk n`<+ ,lksf'k,V izksQslj ,oa foHkkxk/;{k (bfrgkl) ds :i esa 31 vxLr] lu~ 1982 dks fo'okl gS fd bl O;k[;ku&ekyk ds varxZr gksus okys fo}rkiw.kZ O;k[;kuksa ls Lo- lsokfuo`Ÿk gq,A izks- O;kl ds pfj=] O;fDrRo] d`frRo ds ewY;kadu o bfrgkl txr dks muds vius 32 o"kks± ds Lukrd ,oa LukrdksŸkj Lrj ds v/;kiu vuqHko rFkk vizfre ;ksxnku ij Vhdk&fVIi.kh ,oa ehekalk ds lekukarj jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ,oa yxHkx nks n'kd ls vf/kd le;kof/k ds 'kks/k dk;kZuqHko ls ;qDr izks- vkj-ih- O;kl laLd`fr fo"k;d 'kks/k ,oa vuqla/kku ds u;s vk;ke iz'kLr gksaxs rFkk ,sfrgkfld 'kks/k vius lexz dSfj;j ds nkSjku ,d /khj&xEHkhj rFkk ifjJeh bfrgkl f'k{kd ds txr dks ,d uohu fn'kk feysxhA pwafd vkt dk ;g O;k[;ku bl ‹k`a[kyk dk izFke lekukUrj ,d mRd`"V 'kks/kosŸkk Hkh jgsA fo'ofo|ky; ds bfrgkl foHkkx dks ,d vkSj laLFkkiu O;k[;ku gS blfy, ;g fopkj cuk fd bls Lo- izks- vkj-ih- O;kl vkSj l'kDr ,oa xfjeke; Lo:i iznku djus esa vkius vR;Ur egŸoiw.kZ rFkk ldkjkRed muds bfrgkl ys[ku ij gh dsfUnzr fd;k tk, rkfd bldh lehphurk vkSj izklafxdrk Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ vkSj yxHkx ik°p o"kksZa rd foHkkxk/;{k in ij jgrs gq, fo'ofo|ky; bl O;k[;ku&ekyk ds 'kqHkkjEHk ls LFkkfir gks lds vkSj ;g O;k[;ku bl ‹k`a[kyk ds bfrgkl foHkkx dks ;Fkksfpr ≈°pkbZ rd igq°pk;kA ns'k ds [;kruke bfrgkldkjksa ;Fkk Hkkoh O;k[;kuksa dks ,d fn'kk iznku dj ldsA vLrq] eSaus vius O;k[;ku dks rhu izks- ch-ih- lDlsuk] izks- n'kjFk 'kekZ] MkW- ds-,l- yky ds lkfUu/; esa v/;kiu vkSj 26 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 51 52 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vuqla/kku deZjr jgs izks- vkj-ih- O;kl us u dsoy muds lkFk viuh fo}rk vkSj lsehuklZ rFkk dkWU›sUl vkfn esa Hkkx ysdj ogk° vius 'kks/k&i= izLrqr dj pqds10 rFkk vdknfed mRd`"Vrk dks gh lk>k fd;k oju~ ,d l?ku vkSj fpjUru 'kks/k ;k=k ds ntZuksa lsehuklZ] laxksf"B;ksa] dkWU›sUl rFkk vdknfed dk;Zÿeksa ds vk;kstd jg pqds ekxZ ij Hkh bl dnj vxzlj gq, fd mUgksaus fQj dHkh ihNs eqM+ dj ugha ns[kkA izks- O;kl bf.M;u fgLV™h dkaxzsl_ vesfjdu fgLV™h dkaxzsl_ bf.M;u fgLVksfjdy fo'ofo|ky; esa v/;kiu ds nkSjku phQ izksDVj] Nk=la?k ijke'kZnkrk] phQ okMZu] fjdkMZ deh'ku_ lsUVj QkWj jktLFkku LVMht] jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj_ ,u-lh-lh- vkWQhlj] LiksV~lZ bapktZ tSls O;Lrrk;qDr egŸoiw.kZ nkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu egkjktk ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k] tks/kiqj_ izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj_ esgjkux<+ iw.kZ dŸkZO;fu"Brk ls djus ds lekukarj bfrgkl fo"k; ds v/;;u] v/;kiu ,oa E;wft;e ,.M V™LV tks/kiqj_ baLVhV~;wV vkWQ fgLVksfjdy LVMht] dydŸkk_ 'kks/k vuqla/kku deZ ls Hkh vki lnSo iw.kZ euks;ksx ls xEHkhjrkiwoZd tqM+s jgsA izks- O;kl] laLFkku] pkSikluh] tks/kiqj_ xtsfV;j fMikVZesaV] xouZesaV vkWQ jktLFkku] t;iqj_ tks/kiqj fo'ofo|ky; ds bfrgkl foHkkx ds izFke ih&,p-Mh- Fks vkSj mUgksaus izks- ch- jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj vkfn laLFkkvksa vkSj muds }kjk le;≤ ij ih-lDlsuk ds ekxZn'kZu esa ^jksy vkWQ uksfcfyVh bu ekjokM+ (1800&1873 ,- lek;ksftr vdknfed ,oa 'kks/k lEcU/kh dk;Zÿeksa@izdk'ku ;kstukvksa ls vusd Mh-)* fo"k; ij viuk ;g 'kks/k dk;Z lEiUu fd;k Fkk tks vius vki esa loZFkk vuwBk nkf;Roksa lfgr layXu vkSj lEcº jgsA vkSj ,d ekud 'kks/k&dk;Z FkkA lu~ 1969 bZ- esa izdkf'kr gq, bl 'kks/k&xzaFk ds bfrgkl fo"k;d vius mRd`"V vuqla/kku@'kks/k dk;ksZa rFkk ys[ku ,oa fofo/k izdk'kukFkZ fo'ofo|ky; ds }kjk izdk'ku vuqnku Hkh iznku fd;k x;k FkkA 'kks/k dk;Z vonku ds pyrs izks- vkj-ih- O;kl dks thoui;ZUr yxHkx 12 lEeku@iqjLdkj vkfn rFkk 'kks/k dk;Z ekxZn'kZu ds izfr jgs buds #>ku vkSj leiZ.k Hkko dk vuqeku ek= bl izkIr gq,11 tks buds vizfre ;ksxnku ,oa vonku ds lk{kkr izek.k FksA lsokfuo`fr ds rF; ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd buds ekxZn'kZu esa yxHkx vk/kk ntZu mRd`"V mijkUr Hkh izks- O;kl dh lrr~ lfÿ;rk esa dksbZ deh ugha vkbZ rFkk mUgksaus vkbZ-lh- ih&,p-Mh- 'kks/k dk;Z lEiUu gq, FksA1 ,sfrgkfld 'kks/k ,oa vuqla/kku deZ ds ^VkWpZ ,p-vkj-] ubZ fnYyh rFkk ;w-th-lh- ds egŸoiw.kZ fjlpZ izkstsDV~l ij dk;Z fd;k] fc;jj* jgs izks- O;kl tgk° lu~ 1967 esa laLFkkfir jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxzsl ds laLFkkid dfri; 'kks/kiw.kZ d`fr;ksa dk iz.k;u fd;k vkSj ys[ku o 'kks/k dk;Z ds vykok lnL; jgs ogha ckfydk f'k{kk ,oa lkekftd ljksdkj ds l'kDr iSjksdkj ds :i esa lkekftd ljksdkj ds dk;ksZa esa Hkh viuk Hkjiwj ;ksxnku nsrs jgs rFkk foÿe fo'ofo|ky;] vki Jh t;ukjk;.k O;kl f'k{k.k laLFkku] tks/kiqj rFkk efgyk ih-th- egkfo|ky;] mTtSu esa QSyks izksQslj ds :i esa tqM+s jgsA fo'ks"kr% jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr tks/kiqj ds laLFkkid lnL; jgs rFkk bu Hkwfedkvksa dk fuoZgu djrs gq, o"kksZa iwoZ ij dsfUnzr mudh ;g 'kks/k deZ ,oa bfrgkl ys[ku ;k=k fcuk Fkds fujUrj vkSj vkius tks ikS/k yxkbZ Fkh vkSj mUgsa fujUrj lhapk Fkk] vkt os oVo`{k dk :i /kkj.k dj fpjUru rc rd pyrh jgh tc rd fd vius thou ds 91 clUr ns[kus ds mijkUr pqds gSaA 25 tqykbZ] 2013 dks bl egku bfrgkldkj dh vkRek ije rŸo esa foyhu ugha gks yxHkx nl 'kks/kiw.kZ d`fr;ksa@xzaFkksa ds iz.k;udrkZ2_ pkj ikB~;iqLrdksa ds ys[kd3_ xbZ vkSj dky ds xky ij vius vfoLej.kh; ;ksxnku dh ,d vfeV Nki NksM+ xbZA i=&if=dkvksa o tuZYl vkfn esa izdkf'kr 'krkf/kd 'kks/k&i=ksa@'kks/k& ys[kksa ds 'kks/ II kdrkZ&ys[kd4_ jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxzsl dh N% izkslhfMaXl ,oa dfri; vU; izkslhfMaXl jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr fo"k;d muds ekSfyd 'kks/k ,oa vuqla/kku ds lEiknudrkZ_ xtsfV;lZ] fMD'kujh vkWQ us'kuy ck;ksxzkQh fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku deZ] bfrgkl ys[ku ds {ks= esa muds d`frRo] ;ksxnku rFkk vonku dh leh{kk] drkZ5_ vusd iqLrdksa ds fjO;wt ys[kd rFkk leh{kd6_ izkDdFku ys[kd_ pSIVlZ foospuk ,oa fo'ys"k.k vius vki esa ,d lexz rFkk lkaxksikax fo"k; gS tks vius vki jkbVj7_ vusd v/;{kh;@cht Hkk"k.k@foLrkj O;k[;kunkrk8 jg pqds izks- vkj-ih- esa ftruk fo'kn~ o o`gr gS mruk gh xgu rFkk xos"k.kk iz/kku ,oa 'kks/kijd HkhA bl O;kl us bf.M;u dkSafly vkWQ fgLVksfjdy fjlpZ] ubZ fnYyh rFkk fo'ofo|ky; n`f"V ls foospuk dh fn'kk esa vxzlj gksrs gh gesa muds izFke vkSj loZFkk fojy ,oa vuqnku vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyh }kjk vf/kLohd`r dfri; izfrf"Br fjlpZ izkstsDV~l ij Hkh ekSfyd 'kks/k dk;Z ^jksy vkWQ uksfcfyVh bu ekjokM+ (1800&1873 bZ-)*12 dks dk;Z fd;k FkkA9 jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxzsl (chdkusj lS'ku] lu~ 1984) rFkk mlds mº`r djuk gksxkA bl 'kks/k dk;Z dh leh{kk ,oa foospuk ge blh O;k[;ku ds r`rh; 25osa flYoj tqcyh ls'ku (tks/kiqj ls'ku] lu~ 2009) ds v/;{kh; mn~cks/ku ns pqds Hkkx esa djsaxs fdUrq ;gk° ij ;g mYys[k lehphu gksxk fd 1969 bZ- esa izdkf'kr ;g izks- O;kl us ntZu Hkj izfrf"Br O;k[;ku ekykvksa ds varxZr ns'kHkj esa LFkku&LFkku ij 'kks/k&xzaFk laLFkkRed v/;;u dh n`f"V ls jktLFkku ds bfrgkl fo"k;d vuqla/kku ds vius fo}rkiw.kZ Hkk"k.k fn,A ipkl ls vf/kd jk"V™™h; ,oa varjkZ"V™h; laxksf"B;ksa] {ks= esa ,d uokpkj Fkk] ftldk 'kks/k txr esa loZ= tksjnkj Lokxr fd;k x;k vkSj 27 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 53 54 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 'kh?kz gh esgjkux<+ E;wft;e V™LV] egkjktk ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k 'kks/k dsUnz] tks/kiqj fla?koh14] jktLFkku ds yksd uk;d t;ukjk;.k O;kl15] egkjk.kk izrki16] dks bls iqueqZfnzr djuk iM+k FkkA mYys[kuh; gS fd bl d`fr ds izdk'ku ds mijkUr gh eFkqjknkl ekFkqj] }kjdknkl iqjksfgr17 vkfnA ;g dguk u rks dksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr vxys o"kZ lu~ 1970 esa izks- O;kl dk p;u tks/kiqj fo'ofo|ky; esa jhMj ds in ij gksxh vkSj u gh vfrjatuk fd bu bfrgkl iq#"kksa ds O;fDrRo] pfj= rFkk d`frRo dk gqvk FkkA izks- O;kl }kjk iz.khr nwljs ekSfyd 'kks/k xzaFk ds :i esa ^egkjk.kk jktflag ewY;kadu rFkk fo'ys"k.k djrs le; izks- O;kl us ,d fu"i{k] iwokZxzg jfgr lkis{k vkWQ esokM+* dks mº`r fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks lu~ 1984 esa izdkf'kr gksdj 'kks/k bfrgkldkj dh Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu fd;kA mUgksaus vius f'k"; ekaxhyky e;ad dk txr ds le{k vk;kA jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj }kjk vius LukrdksŸkj flyscl vlkef;d fu/ku gks tkus ij muds }kjk iz.khr fdUrq v/kwjs jg x;s xzaFk ^fgLV™h vkWQ esa vuq'kaflr fd, x, bl xzaFk dk jhfizaV miyC/k gS vkSj bls vius fo"k; dk ,d tSlyesj* ds rhu v/;k; fy[k dj ml d`fr dks ftl :i esa iw.kZrk iznku dh og izkekf.kd xzaFk ekuk tkrk gSA miyC/k ewy iqjkys[kh; lzksr&lkexzh vk/kkfjr 'kks/k dk;Z mls bfrgkl ys[ku dh dlkSVh ij [kjk izekf.kr dj ikbZA18 jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxzsl gksus ds dkj.k ;g d`fr viuk ,d fof'k"V egŸo j[krh gSA esokM+ ds izkjfEHkd dh N% izkslhfMaXl dk ftl ifjJe vkSj bfrgkl&cks/k;qDr n`f"V ls mUgksaus lEiknu bfrgkl ds izkekf.kd v/;;u rFkk jktflag&vkSjaxtsc lEcU/kksa ds xgu v/;;u dh fd;k og mudh mRd`"V lEikndh; {kerk dk vglkl djkrk ,d Toyar mnkgj.k n`f"V ls bl d`fr dh egŸkk vius vki esa vlekukarj gSA bl d`fr esa egkjk.kk&eqxy FkkA mUgksaus] ^fczfV'k ikWfylh VwoM~lZ fizalyh LVsV~l vkWQ bf.M;k* 'kh"kZd ls ,d lEcU/kksa dh leh{kk ftruh xgurk ls dh xbZ gS mruh gh xEHkhjrk ls egkjk.kk vkSj vU; iqLrd dk Hkh lEiknu fd;k FkkA19 ;g ,d lsehukj izkslhfMax Fkh ftldh muds mejko oxZ ds ikjLifjd lEcU/kksa dks Hkh foosfpr ,oa fo'ysf"kr fd;k x;k gSA lEikndh; mRd`"Vrk ,oa xq.koŸkk blds mº`r fd, tkus ;ksX; oSf'k"V~; gSaA vk/kqfud mUgksaus bl d`fr esa esokM+ dh dyk] laLd`fr rFkk iz'kklfud O;oLFkk ij tks dqN jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ds fofo/k i{kksa ij mUgksauss vusd 'kks/k i= fy[ks tks ;=&r= fy[kk gS og cgqr gh izkekf.kd ,oa mi;ksxh cu iM+k gSA izdkf'kr gq, vkSj bfrgkl txr esa O;kid ppkZ ds dsUnz fcUnq cusA mUgksaus xtsfV;j jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj ds }kjk izdkf'kr ,oa izks- vkj-ih- O;kl vkWQ bf.M;k&tks/kiqj fMfLV™DV esa vius rF;ijd ,oa xos"k.kkiz/kku v/;k; ys[ku_ iz.khr ^vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk o`gr~ bfrgkl (1707 ls 1950 bZ-)* nks [k.Mksa esa] fMD'kujh vkWQ us'kuy ckW;xzkQh dks rS;kj djus esa vius ys[kdh; ;kssxnku_ fofo/k izks- O;kl }kjk jktLFkku bfrgkl ys[ku dks ,d ,slk vonku gS] ftlus mUgsa bl {ks= iqLrdksa ds fjO;w ys[ku_ vusd d`fr;ksa ds izkDdFku ys[ku_ jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxzsl ds esa ys[ku dk ,d vrqyuh; eqdke iznku fd;kA bldk izFke [k.M] ^vk/kqfud v/;{kh; mn~cks/ku ys[ku rFkk bfrgkl iznhi] Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd o lkaLd`frd jktLFkku dk o`gr~ bfrgkl (1707&1818 ,-Mh-)* 'kh"kZd ls lu~ 1986 esa izdkf'kr bfrgkl] fo'o dk bfrgkl rFkk Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh :ijs[kk 'kh"kZdksa ls fy[kh gqvkA bldk f}rh; [k.M] ^vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk o`gr bfrgkl (1818&1950 ,- ikB~;iqLrdksa ds ek/;e ls u dsoy izknsf'kd oju~ jk"V™™h; bfrgkl txr dks ckjEckj Mh-)* lu~ 1995 bZ- esa izdkf'kr gqvkA jktLFkku ds vk/kqfud dky ds bfrgkl ij xkSjokfUor gksus ds volj iznku fd, FksA ;|fi dkQh 'kks/k&dk;Z gq, fdUrq mudk Qyd bruk fo'kn~ Fkk vkSj os bruk lu~ 1967 esa laLFkkfir jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxzsl ds laLFkkid lnL;_ baLVhV~;wV fc[kjko fy, gq, Fkh fd bl dky ds ,d ,sls xqaFks gq, izkekf.kd bfrgkl ys[ku dh vkWQ fgLVksfjdy LVMht] dydRrk ds tks/kiqj esa lu~ 1970 esa lEiUu vkBosa egrh vko';drk cM+h f'kÌr ls eglwl dh tkrh jgh Fkh ftlesa bu leLr 'kks/k vf/kos'ku ds vk;kstu lfpo_ lu~ 1967 ls 1970 rd jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxzsl ds dk;ksZa dk lekos'k izkIr ewy lzksr&lkexzh ds vk/kkj ij ;Fkksfpr leh{kk ,oa fo'ys"k.k lg lfpo ,oa rnuUrj lu~ 1970 ls 1976 rd lfpo_ lu~ 1969 ls 1980 rd ds lkFk djrs gq, mls oLrqijd ,oa lexz rk FkkA ;|fi] ekjokM+ ij eqxy vkf/kiR; dk;e gksus ls ifjn`'; esa HkyhHkkafr izekf.kr djrs gq, bl n`f"V ls Hkh viuh ,d igpku dk;e dhA cnyko vk;k rFkk 'kkld&mejko oxZ ds ikjLifjd lEcU/k] Lokeh&lsod laca/kksa esa III rCnhy gksrs gq, fn[kkbZ fn,A ;|fi] eqxy loksZPp lŸkk ds iru ls bl mejko oxZ bfrgkldkj Lo- izks- vkj-ih- O;kl ds ,sfrgkfld 'kks/k deZ rFkk dk gkSlyk fQj ls c<+rk gqvk n`f"Vxr gqvk vkSj blus iqu% viuk flj mBkuk 'kq: dj bfrgkl&ys[ku dk Qyd fuf'prr% dkQh fo'kn~ vkSj cgqvk;keh jgk ijUrq mUgksaus fn;k vkSj vius gh 'kkld ds fo#º 'k=qrkiw.kZ #[k n'kkZuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA mudh bls eq[;r% jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr ij gh dsfUnzr j[kkA bl Qyd ij egŸokdka{kk,a c<+h vkSj dHkh&dHkh rks os vfu;af=r gksrs gq, n`f"Vxr gq,A izks- O;kl dk;Z djrs le; mUgksaus dbZ izcU/k fy[ks] 'kks/kiw.kZ d`fr;ksa dk iz.k;u fd;k ,oa ppkZ us vius bl izcU/k esa ekjokM+ jkT; esa ?kfVr gks jgs bl uohu fodkl ÿe dks iksdju dk fo"k; cus muds vusd 'kks/k&i= izdkf'kr gq,A vius bl l`tu esa mUgksaus ,d Bkdqj lokbZ flag o dfri; vU; mejkotuksa ds mnkgj.k nsrs gq, cgqr gh vPNs k;k x;kA izks- vkfFkZd n`f"V ls foiUu rFkk ekufld :i ls vLrO;Lr bu mejkoksa us ;k rks vius O;kl us viuh bl d`fr esa vehjksa ds lkFk gqbZ yM+kb;ksa] mUgsa iznŸk lqfo/kkvksa ,oa vki dks cgq/kk viuh tkxhjksa rd gh lhfer dj fy;k ;k fuokZlu thou thrs gq, fo'ks"kkf/kdkjksa] eku&lEeku vkfn ds lkFk gh lkFk muds fofo/k nkf;Roksa ,oa dŸkZO;ksa ;nk&dnk iksfyVhdy ,tsUV dks vius 'kkld ds fo#º f'kdk;rsa djus vkSj ogk° ls ds fo"k; esa Hkh foLrkj ls fy[kk gSA mUgksaus mejkoksa dh fofo/k Jsf.k;ksa dk mYys[k dksbZ visf{kr ;k vuqdwy izfrfÿ;k ugha feyus ij LoPNUn yqVsjksa] MdSrksa dk thou fd;k gS tSls&jktoh] oa'kkuqxr mejko vkSj eqRlÌh ;k vf/kdkjh oxZA jktfo;ksa dks thrs gq, vius gh jkT; dks rckg djus ds ekxZ ij pyus dh jkg idM+ yhA yEcs mUgksaus fQj ls fljk;rksa] fxuk;rksa esa foHkDr fd;k gSA mUgksaus mejkoksa dk ojh;rk ÿe le; rd pys Vdjko ds bl fodkl ÿe dh lEiqf"V egkjktk ekuflag rFkk muds ;k vxzrk&ÿe crkus ds lkFk gh lkFk njckj esa la/kkfjr ;k vuqikfyr dh tkus okyh mejkoksa ds e/; pys yEcs la?k"kZ ls gksrh gSA egkjktk ekuflag ds le; esa ukFkksa us dfri; jhfr;ksa&ijEijkvksa vkfn dh Hkh foospuk dh gSA izks- O;kl us ekjokM+ ds leL;k dks vkSj vf/kd tfVy cuk fn;kA ukFkksa ds e/; py jgh vkarfjd izfrLiºkZ mejkoksa dh viuh Lo;a dh tkxhjksa esa jgh iz'kklfud] lSU; vkSj dk;Zdkjh fLFkfr_ us leL;k dks vkSj xgu dj fn;k ftlus varrksxRok fczfV'k xouZesaV dks ekjokM+ dh muds }kjk ogk° ij iz;qDr fd, tkus okys rRlEcU/kh vf/kdkj] 'kfDr;ka ,oa jktuhfr esa n[ky djus dk ekSdk iznku dj fn;kA blh ÿe esa izks- O;kl us ekjokM+ fo'ks"kkf/kdkj rFkk viuh jS;r ls olwyh tkus okyh ykx&ckxksa dk [kqyklk fp=.k Hkh ds iz'kklu] fof/k ,oa O;oLFkk dh fLFkfr ij iM+s fczfV'k e;kZfnr o ldkjkRed viuh bl d`fr esa fd;k gSA ,slk djrs le; mUgksaus ekjokM+ ds mejkoksa ds ;ksxnku ij izHkko dks Hkh HkyhHkkafr foosfpr fd;k gSA Hkh fy[kk gS vkSj mlds izfr mis{kk dk #[k dnkfi ugha n'kkZ;k gSA d`fr ds var esa fn, izks- O;kl us vius bl izcU/k esa egkjktk ekuflag ds mijkUr ekjokM+ ds x, pkj ifjf'k"V ,oa muesa lekfgr C;kSjk Hkh cgqr gh mi;ksxh tkudkjh iznku djrk 'kkld cus egkjktk r[kr flag ds ;qx dks Hkh bl ifjizs{; esa foosfpr vkSj fo'ysf"kr gSA fd;k gSA izks- O;kl us fy[kk gS fd egkjktk r[kr flag us ekjokM+ ds mejkoksa dh ;gk° ;g rF; fo'ks"kr% mº`r fd, tkus ;ksX; gS fd ekjokM+ ds iwoZorhZ tkxhjksa ds xk°oksa dks tCr fd;k_ mu ij js[k] gqDeukek] U;kSrk vkfn ykxksa dk cks> c<+k bfrgkl ys[kdksa ;Fkk oh-,u- jsm] ts-lh-xsgyksr] th-,p- vks>k rFkk vkj-ds- vklksik fn;k rFkk mUgsa jkT; 'kklu&izcU/k esa misf{kr j[kk ,oa jkT; ds egŸoiw.kZ inksa ij vkfn21 us ekjokM+ ds bfrgkl dks tgk° ek= 'kkld dh n`f"V ls gh fy[kus dk iz;kl xqtjkfr;ksa dh fu;qfDr;ka dhA blls ekjokM+ ds mejkoksa esa vlarks"k ,oa fo{kksHk iSnk fd;k rFkk mejko oxZ tSls egŸoiw.kZ oxZ ds izfr mis{kk dk Hkko n'kkZ;k ogha izks- O;kl gqvkA blls iwoZ dh fczfV'k gqdwer ogk° dqN gLr{ksi djrh ogk° ij lu~ 1857 ds us viuh bl d`fr esa iw.kZr% fu"i{k jgrs gq, 'kkld] 'kkflr vkSj e/;LFk rhuksa gh fonzksg dh fpuxkjh lqyx mBhA vkmok] vklksi] xwyj] vkyfu;kokl vkfn fBdkuksa oxksZa dks vius bfrgkl ys[ku ds dsUnz esa j[krs gq, lE;d vkSj lexz n`f"V ls rF;ksa ij ds mejko vaxzstksa ds leFkZu esa [kM+s njckj V™qIl dk fojks/k djus ds fy, vaxzstksa ds vk/kkfjr ekjokM+ ds mejko oxZ ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa ekjokM+ dk ,d oLrqijd ,oa fo#º mB [kM+s gq,A os tks/kiqj&yhft;u ls fey x, tks fczfV'k lŸkk ds f[kykQ ;FkkFkZ bfrgkl fy[kus dk ljkguh; dk;Z fd;kA muds bl dk;Z ls jktLFkku ds yM+ jgh FkhA egkjktk us fonzksg dks nckus ds fy, vaxzstksa dh cM+h gh bZekunkjh ls fofo/k jkts&jtokM+ksa ds mejko&oxZ lEcU/kh 'kks/kijd v/;;uksa dk ekxZ iz'kLr gqvk] enn dhA blh dh vkM+ esa egkjktk us fLFkfr dk ykHk mBkrs gq, dfri; vlarq"V ftls muds ,d vU; ;ksxnku ds :i esa mº`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA ewy ,oa izkFkfed ljnkjksa ls vius cnys Hkh ys fy,A rnuUrj] dqN le; rd 'kkafr vo'; cuh jgh lzksr&lkexzh vk/kkfjr le`º lanHkksZa ls ;qDr izks- O;kl dh ;g d`fr u dsoy ekjokM+ ijUrq] nksuksa i{kksa ds e/; ikjLifjd dM+okgV vfo'okl vkSj lansg cus jgsA vius bl oju~ lewps jktLFkku esa mejko&oxZ dks ,d laLFkk ds :i esa le>us vkSj fu"d"kksZa rd izcU/k esa izks- O;kl us 1857 ds fonzksg ds mijkUr ds ekjokM+&;qx dks Hkh bl ifjizs{; igq°p ikus esa lgk;rk djus okyh ,d ekxZ iz'kLrd 'kks/k&d`fr izekf.kr gqbZ gSA ;g esa foosfpr ,oa fo'ysf"kr fd;k gS tcfd ekjokM+ dh iz'kklfud t:jrksa vkSj dguk fuf'prr% lansg ls ijs gksxk fd rF;ksa] lwpukvksa vkSj tkudkfj;ksa ds taxy esa ls mejkoksa ls tqM+h leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, fczfV'k gLr{ksi t:jh lk gks x;k FkkA lgh rF;ksa dk pquko dj] muds eaFku] Vhdk&fVIi.kh vkSj ehekalk mijkUr l`ftr egkjktk r[kr flag dh e`R;q ds mijkar egkjktk tloUr flag&II ekjokM+ ds 'kkld mudh ;g d`fr vius fo"k; esa ,d ^ehy dk iRFkj* lkfcr gqbZA mudh bl 'kks/k cusA ;g og nkSj Fkk tcfd egkjktk rFkk mejkoksa ds e/; yfEcr pys vk jgs dbZ d`fr dk ,d oSf'k"V~; ;g Hkh gS fd mUgksaus vius bl d`fr iz.k;u esa us'kuy 30 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 59 60 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vkdkZbZOt] ubZ fnYyh_ jktLFkku LVsV vkdkZbZOt] chdkusj rFkk vU;= miyC/k O;kid gS vkSj bl vof/k ds jktLFkku ij fy[kus okys bfrgkldkj ds fy, jktLFkku lelkef;d cfg;ksa] i=kofy;ksa] i=ksa] nLrkostksa ,oa ik.Mqfyfi;ksa vkfn ewy iqjkys[kh; ds dbZ jkT;ksa rFkk muls tqM+s cgqvk;keh fo"k;ksa dks vius ys[ku esa lekfgr djuk ,d lzksrksa dks gh eq[;r% vk/kkj lzksr&lkexzh ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k gSA mUgksaus ;FkklEHko izkFkfed vfuok;Zrk gS vr% rRlEcU/kh bfrgkl ys[ku dk dk;Z ,d tcnZLr pqukSrh fdlh Hkh f}rh;d lzksr dks izkFkfed ;k lelkef;d lzksr dh rqyuk esa vf/kd ls de ugha FkkA ijUrq izks- O;kl us u dsoy bl pqukSrh dks Lohdkj gh fd;k oju~ bu egŸo ugha fn;kA mUgksaus [;krksa rFkk ,sfrgkfld lkfgR; dk iz;ksx djrs le; Hkh nks oksY;wEl ds ek/;e ls okLrfod vFkksZa esa vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk ,d o`gŸk] lexz csgn lrdZrk vkSj lko/kkuh cjrh gSA muds }kjk mejkoksa rFkk fBdkuksa vkfn ls rFkk 'kks/kijd bfrgkl fy[k dj Lo;a dks bl dlkSVh ij [kjk mrjk izekf.kr Hkh lEcfU/kr ewy i=ksa rFkk [kkl&#Ddksa vkfn dks ryk'k dj mUgsa vius bl 'kks/k& d`fr fd;kA ;g og le;kof/k Fkh ftl nkSjku jktLFkku dks dbZ egŸoiw.kZ lksikuksa ls gksdj ds iz.k;u dk;Z esa iz;qDr djus ls bl dk;Z dh egŸkk vkSj vf/kd c<+ xbZ gS rFkk buls xqtjuk iM+k FkkA bl nkSjku jktLFkku dks eqxyksa] ejgBksa ,oa fi.Mkfj;ksa vkSj vUrr% mejko oxZ dh dfri; ,slh xfrfof/k;ksa dks izdk'k esa ykus esa lgk;rk feyh gS tks fczfV'klZ ds lEidZ esa vkuk iM+k FkkA izks- O;kl us bl nkSj dk izkekf.kd bfrgkl cgqr vU;Fkk Kkr ugha gksrh gSaA izks- O;kl dh bl d`fr ds voyksdu ,oa v/;;u ls duZy gh rF;kRed] 'kks/kijd] jkspd ,oa iBuh; 'kSyh esa izLrqr fd;k gSA blds vfrfjDr VkWM dh ^,uYl* esa fy[kh ekjokM+ fo"k;d dbZ ckrsa iz'ufpg~u ds ?ksjs esa vk tkrh gSa mUgksaus lelkef;d jktLFkku vkSj mldh iwoZorhZ fj;klrksa esa gq, d`"kd vkanksyuksa] ;k xyr lkfcr gks tkrh gSa tks fd Lo;a ,d ledkyhu ys[kd Fkk vkSj tks O;fDr'k% vkfnoklh vkanksyuksa vkSj iztke.My vkanksyuksa ij Hkh [kwc foLrkj ls fy[kk gS rFkk ekuflag ds le; esa ekjokM+ vk;k FkkA mUgksaus tks dqN fy[kk mldk vk/kkj ,dkaxh dfri; uohu rF;ksa dks mn~?kkfVr fd;k gSA bl ;qx ds bfrgkl ys[ku dh lcls cM+h lzksr ugha gSaA mUgksaus viuh gj ckr dks vU; lzksrksa esa izkIr C;kSjs ;k tkudkjh ls lEiq"V pqukSrh ;g jgh gS fd bl le; dh lzksr&lkexzh izpqjrk esa leqiyC/k gS rFkk bl fd;k gS ftlls muds dFku dh izkekf.kdrk c<+h gSA ewy lzksr&lkexzh ds ladyu ds le; ds bfrgkl iz.k;u ÿe esa fofo/k vk;keksa ij i`FkDd&i`FkDd dbZ 'kks/kiw.kZ dk;Z fy, mUgksaus ekjokM+ ds fofo/k fBdkuksa tSls [kstM+yk] iksdj.k] Hkknzkt.k] uhekt] Hkh gq,] ftuesa ls dbZ okLrfod vFkksZa esa izdk'k esa Hkh ugha vk ik, FksA ,sls 'kks/k dk;ksZa ekykuh vkfn dh fut ;k=k,° dh vkSj cM+s gh ifjJe vkSj iz;RuiwoZd ogk° ls dks ;Fkksfpr leh{kk mijkUr vius ys[ku esa lekfgr djuk_ rF;ksa] tkudkfj;ksa ls ;qDr ewY;oku lzksr&lkexzh ,df=r dj mls vius xzaFk iz.k;u esa eqDr gLr ls iz;ksx foiqy lzksr&lkexzh ds taxy esa ls vf/kd mi;qDr] lgh o izkekf.kd lanHkksZa dk p;u fd;kA ekjokM+ ds mejko oxZ ij fy[krs le; izks- O;kl us viuh mDr d`fr esa tgk° djuk ,oa mUgsa viuh fu"i{k bfrgkldkj n`f"V ls foosfpr vkSj fo'ysf"kr djuk rFkk cs'kqekj loZFkk uwru rF;] lwpuk,a vkSj tkudkfj;ka lekfgr dh gSa ogha iwoZ ys[kdksa ds mls ,d xqFks gq, Lo:i esa izLrqr djuk dksbZ lkekU; dk;Z ugha Fkk fdUrq] izks- O;kl }kjk fy[kh xbZ ,rn~fo"k;d dbZ ckrksa] vo/kkj.kkvksa vkSj fu"d"kksZa dh iqufoZospuk bl dlkSVh ij Hkh [kjs mrjsA mUgksaus cM+s gh ifjJe iwoZd bl lkexzh dk eaFku vkSj djrs gq, mUgsa loZFkk u, vFkksZa esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;kA fo'ys"k.k dj mls bl {ks= esa gq, uohu 'kks/k dk;ksZa dh foospuk rFkk iqufoZospuk ls lu~ 1984 bZ- esa izdkf'kr gksdj lkeus vkbZ izks- vkj-ih- O;kl d`r ^egkjk.kk tksM+rs gq, cgqr gh lVhd yd gesa mudh fd, tkus esa ladksp ugha djus okys izks- O;kl ds ys[ku dk ,d oSf'k"V~; ;g jgk fd mu d`fr;ksa esa Li"Vr% ns[kus dks feyrh gS] ftudh ppkZ ge iwoZ esa dj pqds gSaA mUgksaus dHkh Hkh iwoZorhZ bfrgklKksa dh fy[kh ckrksa ij vka[k ewan dj fo'okl ugha tgk° rd izksQslj O;kl dh bfrgkl n`f"V ,oa muds bfrgkl&n'kZu dk iz'u gS fd;k oju~ mUgsa rF;ksa dh dlkSVh ij dl dj vkSj ml dlkSVh ij iw.kZr% [kjk mrjus mUgksaus vius bfrgkl ys[ku esa lnSo rF;ksa ds fu:i.k vkSj rVLFk jgrs gq, muds ij gh Lohdkj fd;kA tgk° dgha mUgsa iwoZorhZ ys[kdksa dh ckrsa Hkzkafriw.kZ ;k xyr yxha fu"i{k foospu vkSj fo'ys"k.k ij cy fn;kA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd rF;ksa vkSj bfrgkl ogha mUgksaus cs[kkSQ gksdj mudk [k.Mu fd;k] Hkzkafr;ksa dk fujkdj.k fd;k vkSj vius lzksrksa dks [kkstuk] mUgsa izdk'k esa ykuk rFkk mUgsa muds LokHkkfod vFkksZa esa cqyokuk gh er ds leFkZu esa rdZ Hkh izLrqr fd,A pkgs VkWM dk ,uYl esa of.kZr ekjokM+ fo"k;d okLrfod bfrgkl iz.k;u gSA bl :i esa mUgksaus iz[;kr bfrgkldkj bZ-,p- dkj dh o`rkUr gks ;k vU; bfrgkldkjksa }kjk of.kZr brj ckrsa] izks- O;kl dh ys[kuh us ,slh bl ckr dk iqjtksj leFkZu djrs gq, mls vkSj vkxs c<+kus dk dk;Z fd;k fd] fdlh Hkh =qfV] fod`fr ;k folaxfr ds fy, mUgsa {kek ugha fd;k rFkk mudk ifj"dkj ^^bfrgkl rF;ksa ls curk gS vkSj rF; xwaxs gksrs gSa] ftUgsa cqyokus dk dke ,d fd;k tkuk vfuok;Z ekukA tc bfrgkl txr esa bfrgkl ys[ku ds u, vk;ke rFkk bfrgkldkj djrk gSAfi mUgksaus rF;ksa ds p;u dks cgqr gh egŸoiw.kZ vkSj fu.kkZ;d ,rn~fo"k;d u;s n`f"Vdks.k eq[kfjr gksdj lkeus vkus yxs rks izks- O;kl us ckdk;nk ?kVd ekuk pwafd lgh bfrgkl dk fuekZ.k rHkh lEHko gS tcfd rF;ksa] tkudkfj;ksa muls viuk lkeatL; cuk;k vkSj muls izHkkfor gq, fcuk ugha jgsA bfrgkl ys[ku vkSj lwpukvksa ds taxy esa ls izkekf.kd] lgh vkSj mi;qDr rF;ksa dk p;u dj mUgsa fo"k;d uohu #>kuksa ds lanHkZ esa fVIi.kh djrs gq, izks- O;kl us lu~ 1984 esa bfrgkl l`tu ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k tk,A mUgkasus bfrgkl&ys[ku esa ewy lzksr&lkexzh jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxzsl ds chdkusj esa lEiUu gq, pkSngosa vf/kos'ku ds vius ds :i esa lelkef;d lzksrksa dks lokZf/kd egŸo iznku fd;k vkSj mudh fo'oluh;rk v/;{kh; Hkk"k.k esa tks dqN dgk mlls gesa mudh bfrgkl n`f"V dh ,d >yd ns[kus dks lokZf/kd izkekf.kd ekukA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd fdlh izkFkfed ;k lelkef;d dks feyrh gSA bl mn~cks/ku esa mUgksaus jktLFkku ds lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd bfrgkl ds 32 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 63 64 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 v/;;u dh vko';drk dh tksjnkj odkyr dh FkhA mUgksaus bfrgkl dh rqyuk lR; Hkh vius ys[ku dk fo"k; cuk;kA izks- O;kl us O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; ds fodkl dh dh [kkst ls dhA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd bfrgkl ,d ,slk vuq'kklu gS] ftls dHkh iw.kZ egŸkk dks Hkh js[kkafdr fd;kA mUgksaus bl {ks= esa egŸoiw.kZ ys[ku ;ksxnku djus ds ugha dgk tk ldrk pwafd u;s lk{;ksa ds izdk'k esa vkus dk flyflyk ges'kk pyrk fy, izks- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] th-Mh- 'kekZ] ,p-lh- fVDdhoky] ch-,y-Hkknk.kh rFkk jgrk gS vkSj vkus okyh ihf<+;ka vius le; ds iz'uksa ds tokc bfrgkl esa

References: Zardozi, a Persian embroidery is made up with two terms 'Zar' 1. Dinker, Dr. Ramdhari Singh, 1956, Sanskriti ke Char Adhyay, Lokbharti meaning gold 'dozi' meaning embroidery. This Vintage metal Publication, Allahabad, Preface, pg xi embroidery uses pure gold silver threads. Pure gold was beaten into 2. Ranjan, M.P., and Aditi Ranjan, “Crafts of India –Handicrafts in India”, fine metal taar (thread) that was used to embroider motifs on silk, COHANDS, 2007, pg118. satin and velvet. This would be further enhanced with the addition of 3. “Rajasthan Sujas”, pg 923. precious gems such as diamonds, emeralds, and pearls, which would 4. Bhalla, Dr. L.R., “Samayik Rajasthan”, pg.453 5. Ibid, pg 453 be sewn into the fabric as part of the embroidery. The most prevalent 6. Bhanawat,Dr. Mahendra Singh, “Sanskriti ke Rang”, Bharatiya Lok Kala Mandal, zardozi elements segments of dabkaa, a tightly wound spiral metal, Udaipur,1979, pg 28. Kora, a heavier and darkar dabkaa a square sided dabkaa that is wiry 7. Bhati, Ram Singh, Research work—Unpublished, “Rajasthan Lok Parampara and erratic in appearance, sitaaras, round sequins, glass and plastic Mein Kawad Chitran Ka Kalatmak Evam Takniki Adhyayan”, pg 65 beads and kasab, silver or gold-plated silver thread. Zardozi which id 8. Ranjan, M.P., and Aditi Ranjan, “Crafts of India –Handicrafts in India”, commonly known as salme sitare ka kam. Agra, Jaipur, Lucknow, COHANDS, 2007, pg118. 9. Mathesan, S.A. and Roloff Beny, “Rajasthan—Land of Kings”, Frederick Muller Delhi, Benares and Bareilly are the hubs for original handmade zardozi. Limited, London,1984, pg59. When asked which places he considers, are the best, Mohammad 10. Ibid , pg 59 says "They are all good! I would say each place has its own style and Also visited the following areas for detailed information – use of techniques. In Bareilly the work is clean and basic, in Delhi and a. Lok Kala Mandal Museum, Udaipur Jaipur the zardozi work tends to be more grand and heavy. Agra mein b. Prachya Vidya Pratishthan, Jodhpur and Udaipur alag se technique istamaal karte hain (In Agra different techniques are c. Bagore ki Haveli Museum, Udaipur used)."1 Gold has been used in fabric decortion in a variety of ways; painting the fabric with gold and silver pigment, decorating the fabric with embroidery and applique, weaving variegated patterns luxurious with gold or silver given in so on. The oldest documentery evidence of this art might have been found in Vedic age. Rig Veda mentioned some words atka, drapi, pesas indicating sewn gaements. The term atka means a garment embroideres with gold thread.2 In Mahabharat the king of Kamboja presented Yudhishtara with many kinds of animal skins and woolen blankets embroidered with thread of gold.3 In Valmiki's Ramayana there are many evidence of gold thread work. The Epic speaks about Maharajatvasas4 the clothes embroidered with gold and silver tread. These references indicate beyond doubt that gold silver thread work on costumes were part of opulent tradition 138 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 275 276 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 during epic period. There are some more evidences given in other painting, and Ajmer painting, Kota Painting, Jaipur painting styles. texts like Jatakas, Jain literatures, Ajanta and Ellora paintings also. In Marwar painting in Jodhpur style late 16th century painting Many references have been found in travelers' accounts describing (depiction of dress) were influenced by Mughal culture.7 Zardozi was the existence of the gold embroidery tradition from 4th century B.C. used in mughal attires as main art form. In 'Bhagwat' written in 1610 onwards. Megeasthenes and Strabo writes, "contrary to their simplcity Arjun and Krishna's dresses were depicted in Mughal attires.8 Due to in general they like to adorn themselves with apparels embroidered Mughal influence zardozi work was used in those dresses. Same as in with gold".5 The full fledged form of zardozi was introduced to India Ajmer painting male were illustrated in mughalai Jama with zardozi by Turkish in Sultanate period. During the regin of Mohammed Bin work.9 In Bundi painting zardozi representation in female's dress (sone Tughlaq, zardozi became popular dress of the court and courtly nobles.6 ki buti) is depicted.10 In Kishangarh painting female dresses 'choli' and Ibnbatuta and Amir Khusaro also give some description in their writings. ' Lehnga' were ornamented with 'Belbute' of zari and gota.11 there are It flourished in India during the 17th century under the patronage of some references in Dungarpur fresco painting royal and elite males Mughal emperor Akbar. Typical taste of groups of partronds brought and femeles were well dressed up. Their costumes were decorated variation in forms and style. The royalty and nobility were richly with chikankari, zardozi and their footwear are made in makhmal fabric represented attired in gold and jewels as well horses, elephants, and with ari-tari (Zardozi) works.12 Another reference is given in Kota camels were depicted with richly embroidered saddles. Under the rule fresco painting at Bada Mahal, Kota. There is a lady wearing lehnga of Aurangzed, the royal patronage stopped and this led to the decline decorated with zardozi wrok in 'buti design.13 Photo given in 'Splendour of the art. During the 18th and 19th century, the art suffered. The local of painting' by Jaysingh Niraj, two ladies sitting in Bikaner style painting artisans who were learings skills in the factory known as "Tiraj and a dashara darbar Jodhpur style painting, cushion (Masnad) carpet despensed to Punjab and Rajasthan due to rise of Industrialisation. are embellished with this vintage art.14 Some example are also seen in With this migration new centers are developed in various cities like Dhundhar fresco painting where male figures wearing turban with Jaipur, Jodhpur, Lucknow, Banaras, Agra. Since Rajasthan has rich zari wrok are adorned.15In miniature painting of Udaipur City elephant cultural herihage most of which are reflected in costume and and horses caparisons and canopies are adorned with this traditional. embroideries of various region of the State. Metal embroidery is very Some of really good pictures are given in 'Marwar painting-A History popular in different way in Rajasthan, found its partron in royalty. of the Jodhpur Style' where we can see the work of Zari in male and They preferred gorgeous graments embroidererd in gold and silver female attire, 'masnad' Horse saddle, tent, footwears.16 Milo Cleveland because the embroidery is auspicious and very expansive. It also beach also demonstrated some figures in which this art is used, in his represents wealth, power and importance. The royalty was so patron book 'Rajput painting at Bundi & Kota.17 Not only in painting or of this style of ornementation that they often employed it on a wide costumes but in handicrafts, there are seveal evidences of this vintage renge of article other than apparel like footwear, belts, caps, cushion art also found. In Udaipur City place museum there is a hand made and even elephant caparisons and canopies. fan (Pankha) embroidered with zardozi.18 In Rajasthani Sambhari shoes Since we all know that Rajasthani painting is a style of Indian which is very popular are made with zardozi embroidery or Salma 19 painting also known as Rajput painting. Rajput Painting depicts a Sitare ka Kam. number of themes, events of epics, beautiful landscapes and humans. Through this article my main motive is to fetch attention towrads Many paniting are depicted on the walls of Havelis, palaces and Forts, this traditional art form. It is part of our culture heritage and need other place. Zardozi is very expensive art that way it was more popular considatation. A art which floiurished in medieval period and patronized in royal families and elite classes of Rajasthan. I am giving a brief vy royal families in Rajasthan with Mughal impact. All the above note on depiction of zardozi works mainly in male and female attires references indicates that this craft gained attention in royal as well as and in other articles like cushion, tent, pillow, hand bages, etc in in elite class in Rajasthan. At present time Jaipur, Ajmer, Tonk, and Dungarpur painting, Dhundhar painting, Bundi painting Kishangarh Jodhpur are important centres for this art. Jaipur has remained a center 139 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 277 of historical prominence for Zardozi (Aari tari) work. Presently Ghat gate, Ramganj Market, Cher Darwaja, Brahmpuri, Ramgarh More and BasBadan Pure. With the time many variations are reflected in this art. In can be classified with these-Saccha kam-with Real gold wire, Women as Portrayed in the Folk Songs Jodhpur Kam-with copper Plated wire and Nakli kam-with plastice ( Manoharpur town of Jaipur District) wire. I went for a field visit in Jaipur. I asked shopkeepers 'ki yahan Dr. Shobha Singh zardozi ka kam kahan hota hai?. He replied "Medam zardozi ka kam to ab koi nahi karta.Bas char darwaja me hota hai." A art form which is Folk songs are the oldest songs of any community. They reflect depicted in our painting, royal dress and handicraft, is not valued people’s life, traditions and customs and are characterized by the enough today because lack attention and importance. spontaneity that springs from the emotions of common people arising References out of natural surrounding. India has a tremendous variety of folk 1. Rashmi R.D. interview Mohammad Bilal, Zardozi Embroidery, The Hindu, songs which are linked to ceremonies and activities of various regions. Chennai Edition, October 10,2012 Folk songs mirror the position of woman an integral part of the society. 2. Patniv puruhutim varadhaihya ushasankta purudha vidane starinatkan vyutum vashana suryasya griya suddas,1, hiranyai, Rig Veda, I,1, 22, 2, 2, Max Muller, Through the study of folk songs the deeper layers of personality Vol.I,1890,P1108; Griffith, 1973,p.83. can also be revealed, enabling glimpses of underlying seeds, motives, 3. Roy,P.C.,The Mahabharat of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyas, Voll II, Oriental attitudes and values of individuals. All the circumstances and situations Publishing co.,p.114-115 of women’s life are portrayed in the folk songs. As Coomaraswamy 4. Valmiki Ramayana, Mukhopadhyaya, B.S.,5/10/7,1983,p.1761. 5. Majumdar, R.C., Geography of Strabo, Vol.I,54,1981,p.281. has said,” for our purposes even more significant than religious and 6. Gupta, Churu Smita, Zardozi: Glittering Gold Embroiadery, Delhi: Abhinav knightly culture, the product of less quickly changing conditions and Publication,1996,p38. impressive too in its naiveté, is the picture of the women of the people 7. Niraj, Jassingh, Rajasthani Chitrakala, Jaipur: Rajasthan Hindi Grasnth Akadami, which we can gather from folksong and lyric.”1 1994,p38. 8. Ibid These songs are very near to their heart and they are singing 9. Goswami, Premchandra, Bhartiya Chirakala ka Itihas, Jaipur: Panchasheel them since their childhood. If we analyse the folk songs we find that Prakashan,1999.p72. traditionally the girl child was always discriminated right from birth. 10. Kumawat, Hemlata, Bundi Sthapatya evem Chitrakala, Jaipur: Raj. Jalwa ceremony is performed after the birth of a male child not for Prakashan,2011,p121. female child. Various songs were sung to celebrate the birth of a male 11. Goyal, Abhilasha, Kishangarh Chitrakal,p85. child. The following lines from a song depict feeling of a family after 12. Vohra,Mallica, Dungarpur Rajya ki Bhitti Chitrankan Parampara-samaj evem Sanskrit, Delhu: Prakashan,2010.p188. birth of a boy. 13. Niraj, Jassingh, Rajasthani Chitrakala, Jaipur: Rajasthan Hidi Granth Akadami, A grandson is born to some, 1994.(Figure). Lord Krishna is born to some, 14. Niraj,Jay singh, Spendour of Rajathani painting, Delhi: Abhinav Publication,1991 (Figure). Our hearts are delighted, 15. Dhadhich, Ashutosh, Dhundhar ki bhutti Chitrakala ka Itihas, Jaipur: Nirala Lord Dashratha has grandson, Prakashan,1994,74. 16. Grill, Rosemary, Marwar painting-A History of the Jodhpur style, Mumbai: Our Lord Rama has a son, India Book House (Figure no.37,78). Our hearts are delighted 17. Beach, Milo Cleveland, Rajput painting at Bundi & Kota, Ascona (Switzerland): Artibus Assiae Publication. Few people sang songs on the birth of a daughter. A daughter 18. I visited City palace Museum, Udaipur in 9 February 2013. was considered to be handicap rather than a help as from the day she was born, her parents started collecting dowry for her. In some songs 140 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 279 280 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 we find that when a woman asks her husband to get her an ornament, is expected to keep up the prestige of both houses. The songs revealed he replies that he would have done it if she made him father of a son. the various familiar interactions between a women and her mother in When a son is born,” a woman says like this, ”My husband worships law, sister in law, brother in law etc. They also show interesting me like Shiva of Kasi and I get a shawl to cover myself, and a shawl dimensions of relationship in these songs: to spread and dainty fruit to eat.” And when a daughter is born, ”My Beloved of my parents I never woke up before sunshine, husband trembles like a lotus left in a pond and I get Kush to cover, And now my mother in law woke me up at midnight, Kush to spread, and wild fruit to eat.” If the girl is born after first To grind the whole day pregnancy than their morale became down. All of the family members tensions increases with the growing age of their daughter.2 To throw the garbage In another song a woman who has given birth to a pretty son is To work in fields asked by her father in law for what penances has she got a reward. Another song She replies: O daughter in law you became young still then there is no water I did not disobey the mother in law. in pots, I did not speak disrespectfully to sister in law, O mother in law Krishna is in my lap so don’t force me for grinding, O father in law I never indulged in back biting, O! daughter in law you are not only mother in this world, I know no other reason Other women are not barren In medieval period marriages were expensive on account of dowry and neg system and were burden on the parents.3 During In Shringara Manjari of Bhojdev it is mentioned that the sole 4 marriage in Bhat ceremony the lady is too much worried about the purpose of marriage is to gain wealth, fame and progeny. In her things which her brother will take and whether they satisfy their in husbands’ family she is expected to perform numerous household chores which are never ending. Every action of the daughter-in-law laws, is clear from following lines: was looked at, and critically evaluated by her mother in law. The I am watching from terrace, husband was not expected to interfere in his mothers’ treatment to his Grandfather brings bhat, wife. There is no one to whom young bride could appeal against her Uncle brings bhat, stresses and strains. Folk songs provided an emotional outlet for the suppressed feelings of the women. Grandfather which things you bring, Mother-in-law has full control over daughter in laws even in Mother-in-law gives me the royal houses. They can meet with their husbands on fix time. Sister don’t worry I have brought all the things Queens used to follow salutation to their mother in laws.5 During During panigrahan sanskar women sing following song: mutual letter writing they address them with great respect.6 In one of O daughter first phera is of your grandfather, the songs, the wife tries to control and dominate her husband. She tells her mother in law,” when my husband was a baby who drank O daughter second phera is of your uncles, milk and played with balls, he was yours. Now he ties a turban on his O daughter third phera is of your maternal uncles, head and races horses. Now he is mine.” O loving in the fourth phera you became alien The folk songs of women discussed above gives the impression This shows that daughter became alien for parents after her that in patriarchal family she does not enjoy equal status. These songs marriage. A girl begins to belong to another house after her marriage, tell us about her longings and wishes, her frustrations, and the but her attachment with her parents’ home does not cease to exit. She predicaments that accompany different facets of her life. In these 141 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 281 songs we see that a daughter is so dearly loved and her going away can be heart ending but at the same time once she get married she cannot visit her parents without a proper invitation. References: Jat Community Identity and Issues of 1. Anand K. Coomaraswamy,”Status of Indian Women”,The Dance of Shiva, Asia publishing house, Bombay, 1948, pp.132-33 Gender in Western Rajaputana 2. Kagdon ki bahi, Bikaner rampuriya records, v.s. 1815 Dr. Etee Bahadur 3. Sharma G.N., Social Life in Medieval Rajasthan(1500-1800 A.D.), Laxmi Narayan Agarwal, Agra, 1968, p.115 The history of women involves looking at existing records with 4. Bhatia Pratipal, The Paramaras, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1970, a fresh insight on gender. Besides,traditional sources also, are to be p.287 5. Yadav Santosh, Unnisvi aur bisvi shatabdi main striyon ki sthiti, Printwell looked at from a new angle.Greater use is to be made of records publishers, Jaipur, 1987, p.7 dealing with common place events and private life which tended to be 6. Kota record, Jnani Tahir, Serial no. 1888, 1882, 114 neglected because of their ‘insignificance’.Literary sources frequently discounted by traditional social history as being too disjointed and unreliable are also very rich in material. Oral records - things seen from the angle of the participants as they are experienced - are extremely important for women, whose lives are lived in a private sphere ignored by the written word. With the sources available to me, I choose to present the theme of regulation of female sexuality and analysis of marriage family and sex scandals. What appears is that understanding gender relations is closely linked to the history of scandals through scandals individual involved in it become the site of the various contending discourse on morality, about appropriate, way of satisfying desire, about the role of family elders in it and about the control of property. This will not be a linear chronological reading of the past. Unlike ‘political’ narrative history, this will deal with the specific theme and examine its working in relation to caste structures, state, and the durbar’s attitude, as well as the subjective experiences and responses of women within these contexts. The question remains as to why the theme of sexuality is at all necessary in a discussion on historical change. The methods and conceptions developed by social historians have helped, to conceptualize family relationships and sexuality as historical phenomena, providing for the valuation of such experience. In studying gender relations historically, there is the need to problematize the issue of sexuality. What is thought to be the nature of female sexuality? What qualifies as sexual deviance? How is gender expressed through bodies and how does this get transcribed into social structures and 142 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 283 284 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 social relations between the sexes? How did controls operate.In placing economic interaction, provided rulers of commensal relations and ritual the relations between the sexes at the centre of historical research the observances. In looking at the female sexuality in this society in which intention is to encourage a possible view of history as a whole and to cultural norms are biased in favour of men it becomes essential to attain a better and balanced understanding. examine the implication of caste for women. Caste imparts a special Jat community and issues of gender character to the control exercised over female sexuality and constraints women in specific ways. As marriage provides the structural link up The biological division of human into male and female has been between kinship and caste a closer surveillance is accorded to the used in history by all societies to organize social institutions. In every marital alliances. Kinship linkages provided by marriage, give a caste society the division of roles between the sexes has led women to rear group its strength, recognition and leverage in wider society. Any children. Men have used that fact to keep them tied to domesticity for breach in these caste linkages brings down the status of not only the much of their lives. Men have claimed that they have a separate role immediate family but also the clan and family the entire caste group. because of extra physical strength and agility, which naturally takes This factor was the most potent consideration behind the enforcement them away from domestic chores. The task of government was also of strict caste and sexual codes. At the centre of these codes stands appropriated by men. Men exercise authority over the household - the female, control of whose sexuality and bestowal of this sexuality that is, authority in matters concerned with rights and obligations. in marriage, is crucial to patriarchal forces and their concern with This kind of popular ideology based on biological differences has been caste purity, caste status power and hierarchy. used historically by men to organize unequal gender relations, and Western Rajasthan is no exception to it. Households, homesteads, kin Rules of caste endogamy and clan exogamy came handy in, not groups, political communities normally have male heads and a woman only to restrict the choice of mate selection but also to ensure is usually expected to have a male guardian, a kinsmen if she is not reproductive purity. Jats of Western Rajasthan strictly practiced caste married, a husband if she is married, who is supposed to protect her endogamy and clan exogamy. For purposes of marriage certain interests and is considered to be responsible for any offence that she prohibited degrees of kinship have to be avoided. A person is not may commit. permitted to marry into his or her caste Got, nor with the mother’s, nor with the father’s mother, nor usually with the mother’s mother. The poor soil quality, the aridity and harsh environment with The Got rules in effect prohibit marriage with first cousins of either high winds made the outdoor work of agriculture exacting in parts of parallel or cross variety. Wesren Raputana.1 The nature of agricultural operations compelled the Jat men and women to share the burden of hard work. Women did Village Exogamy among the Jats contribute their labour during the Rabi harvest. Even while at home Culturally, therefore, incest as a category of sexual and marital every spare moment of the Jat woman was used for productive restrictions is used as a wider social category to embrace not only purpose. This included embroidery work (kasida), dyeing using lal real sister but also classificatory sistersboth within and outside the and kaisulacolour. The Jat woman of village Ladni, GorayaDugoliand caste, i.e. those belonging to the village. This kind of classificatory the villages of Nagaur were known for Kasida work. The women of intra-village kinship relation could be noticed in the state order which Lukarwere known for their sarees, made from block palai.2 These expressly prohibited visits of daughters and sisters, to houses of productive skills were such that they could be pursued within the Mahajans and Brahmans without any valid reasons.3 The use of kin confines of home. To some extent this demarcation created by terms like ‘ daughter ’and ‘ sister’ in the state document not only Rajasthan, social institution of ‘home’ and ‘outside’ activities, made reveals the status of women within the village but also shows the how women a minor and men important in the peasant community of Jats. the village women were to be treated by the men folk of the village. This kind of sexual division of labour led to the creation of a system This also explains the presence of village exogamy, among the Jats. of social relations dominated by males. The norms of such a biased The tabooed relationship is those of kin position, of kin grouping, and cultural life were more or less based on caste system, as it regulated in some of the villages of Western Rajasthan, the presence of such 143 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 285 286 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 fictional ties of kinship lead to the establishment of an individual bond murder, the eloping couple was perceived to have committed the crime with another man as brother or with a woman as sister. of adultery and of breaking the classificatory kin relation bond. The Concept of Honour among the Jats lack of response from the woman’s in-law and the man’s family could be due to the dishonour, brought to them by elopement and what they Intra-village marriage was never considered as it meant an considered adultery. In cases of elopement of the Panchayat of village approval of incest and therefore resisted, but this did not prevent Dohmanidecided that the eloping couple should be penalized and clandestine sexual relations not infrequently occurring between punished after capture.8 Elopements were violently condemned because classificatory or village brothers and sisters. A case involving an these were generally village affairs and transgressed the rules of village unmarried girl and her illicit relationship with four “classificatory” exogamy. If a Jat boy and a Jat girl of same village were caught brothers came up before the Durbar for hearing. In this document, eloping they were severely reprimanded.9 Elopements were condemned we come across a case of illicit intra-village affair. This girl, the ‘ as they violated the incest taboos. Larger number of cases of accused,’ was married within the caste to a boy from a different elopement staged by the young for their sexual fulfilment contradicts village.4 After marriage when the girl reached husband’s house, it was the idealized norms of behaviour set. discovered that the girl was pregnant. On enquiries, it was found that the girl was having sexual relations with four boys of her village before Elements of Patriachy marriage. The girl’s father was called before the panch to give an Jats most of the time when they are not required to be on work explanation.5 The Durbar condemned the relationship and punished outside confined their women to home, without any property rights the culprits along with the family. The greatest danger to the ideology and completely under the guardianship can be noticed in a petition, of ‘ honour’ comes from the female. According to elders of the where the Jat requests the panchayat to provide for his daughter, a Rajasthan villages a female dishonours her family/clan/caste and house and the Panchayat provided not only a home but also a Jat community by her conduct. This concept of honour and honourable guardianship. This document is a petition by Sanchor Jat for getting conduct is considered to be a commonly shared ideology, which guides the custody of his daughter from another Jat. Since Sanchor Jat was the social behaviour of people in the whole of Western Rajasthan. unable to feed and provide for his daughter, the girl sought home and Jats attached a lot of importance to ‘honour’ as can be seen in refuge with another Jat. After a gap of some years, the Sanchor Jat the case of Duvaldarof Rajgarh, who petitioned the Durbar to find a appealed to the durbar to get his daughter back. The durbar decided home for his daughter or to suggest as to what should be done to her. to imprison the Sanchor Jat for neglecting his paternal duties and The Jat was in a dilemma because his daughter had eloped with a Jat allowed the girl to stay with whom so ever she liked as long as that and unfortunately, the boy died and she had to return to her father. person could feed and provide her. Sometimes, the durbar intervened The girl, it was said, by eloping, had brought dishonour to the family positively as far as gender relations were concerned as was in the directly, and to the clan indirectly, hence the father was unwilling to case mentioned above.10 The ideology of female guardianship was keep her anymore.6 This petition clearly underlines the supremacy of essentially an ideology of control. It was closely tied up with the ‘honour’ over the natural bonds of love and kinship. question of control of female sexuality among the Jats of Western Apart from the above instance, there are numerous instances Rajasthan. Consequently,miscegenation (mixing of castes) as well as of elopement. In the SanadParwanaBahi, of V.S.1829, we come hypogamy(union between women of a higher caste and men of lower across an interesting case of elopement and adultery. A married woman caste) was severely condemned.11 Caste endogamy marriages were along with her paramour murdered her husband and eloped. While sought to affirm and maintain caste status. Consequently, even though eloping they took along the boy who had seen them eloping. the rules of caste purity were breached by men from agriculturist Surprisingly, it was the boy’s father who petitioned the Durbar for castes (mostly in their secondary association),12 women were never locating his absconding son. None of the woman’s in-laws or the allowed to break the caste rules. A tacit acceptance of Hypergamous paramour’s family came forward to petition.7 Besides committing union (where the man is of higher caste than the woman) was noticed 144 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 287 288 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 among Jats, while hypogamous unions were strictly prohibited. The Kacheri Merta, R.AsojSud 7, Sanivar, RS.A-B.O. Also see SanadParwanaBahi, persisting low female ratio to male has greatly contributed towards Jodhpur, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1829, Bahi No. 12, p. 71,R.S.A.B.O. keeping the pressure on women to maintain caste endogamy. 10. SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1900, Bahi No. 106, p. 321, MitiAsadSud 6, R.S.A.B.O. Patrilineal descent, made Patrilocal residence the rule among 11. SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1898, Bahi No. 102, p. Jats. To illustrate the above rule of residence the petition mentioned in 347, Asad Sud 12, Somwar, R.S.A.B.O. SanadParwanaBahi. V.S.1850 could be used. Jat Jindiya, son of Pema 12. For secondary association of Jat men, see, SanadParwanaBahi, of village Khichala, had married the daughter of sewa of village Silwana. Jodhpur, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1829, No.12, p. 71, Asoj, Sud 4, Budhwar, R.S.A.B.O. Problem arose, when Jindiyabecome severely indisposed and sent for Also see, SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record Jodhpur, VS. 1892, his wife to attend to her nursing obligations. She never responded to No. 101, p. 49, MitiAsoj Bud 3, R.S.A.B.O. his pleas despite repeated summons, and continued to reside at her Also see, SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1898, No. 102, maternal home, ‘Pihar’. The matter came for hearing at Kacheri and p. 106, MitiChaitSud 5, R.S.A.B.O. it penalized the father of the daughter for his negligence of duty, with Also see, Kagada Raj Bahi, Bikaner, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1881, No. 50, p. 17, a fine of Rupiya fifty one.13 The Durbar fined the girl’s father, because R.S.A.B.O. Also see, Pitniya Re Khalsa Re Bahi Mahindra, V.S. 1835, R.S.A.B.O he failed to respect the rights of Jat Jindiya over his wife. 13. SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record V.S. 1850, No. 55, p. 19, In a patriarchal society, having patrilineal descent and Patrilocal KacheriNagaur, Miti Posh Bud 8, Somvar, R.S.A.B.O. Also see, residence, Jat Sewa was bound to send her back to her house, failing SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record V.S. 1897, p. 49, Bahi, No. 101, which he was punished. One noticeable aspect of the decision given MitiAsoj Bud 3, R.S.A.B.O. by Kacheri was that it punished the father instead of the girl or the wife of Jindiya. This was so because in a patriarchal set up, it was the male who was made responsible for the activities of female. A simple issue of negligence of duty on the part of wife, came to kacheri, because, Jindiya felt aggrieved as his rights over his wife was challenged by his wife’s father. The decision in favour of Jindiya also bears out the point that wife came under the guardianship of her husband after marriage and the father was not to be display any sort of overt, control over the daughter. References 1. Fagon, PJ. Settlement Report of the Khalsa Village of the Bikaner State, R.S.A.B.O. 1893. 2. Report MardumShumhari Raj Marwar, p. 60, op. cit. 1891. 3. SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1898, Bahi No. 102, p. 347, Miti AsadSud 12, Somvar, R.S.A.B.O 4. Suva Bahi, TahsilBhadra, No. 25, V.S. 1930, p. 3, R.S.A.B.O. 5. Ibid. 6. BahiKagadaRi, Bikaner, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1878, Bahi No. p. 148, Kati Bud 6, R.S.A.B.O 7. SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record V.S. 1829, No. 12, Bahi 71, AsojSud 4, Budhwar, R.S.A.B.O. 8. SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1829, Bahi No. 12, p. 71, R.S.A.B.O. 9. SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1829, Bahi No. 12, p. 83, 145 290 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Later on, it was given to Maharao Bhim Singh I of Kota state by Farrukshiyar in recongnition of his help and support.6 Peshwa Baiji Rao attacked on Kota. Maharao Durjan Sal came here and took shelter in this strong fort.7 Gagraun had been a mint place during the period Gagraun - A Juncture of Bhakti - Sufi of Jhala Zalim Singh.8 After the independence, it bacame an integral credence in medival Malwa part of the Jhalawar district of Rajasthan. Dr. Yaqub Ali Khan I Saint Peepaji – Saint Peepa belonged to the ruling family of The Gagraun fort and village is considered one of the most Gagraun, the Kheechi Chauhan. His father Krodh Singh (Kadwa Rao) ancient forts and among the places of strategic importance in was the king of Gagraun. His mother’s name was Ganga Bai.9 There Rajasthan. It is situated on a minor part of the Aravali hills and on the are different opinions about the birth of Peepaji. After a careful study confluence of the sacred rivers - Kali Sindh and Ahoo. It is not only a of Gagraun Vanshawali, Cunningham came to the conclusion that Peepa place of historical importance but at the same time it remained a ruled over Gagraun between 1360 to 1385 A.D.10 Parshuram Chaturvedi common center (confluence) of the two great cultures - Hindu and had had calculated the birth of Peepa between 1408-1414.11 According the Muslim. The spiritual aspects of the both the two great religions to Macauliffe12 and Furchuerr13 Peepa was born in 1425 AD. Nabhaji flourished at this juncture or confluence of rivers. Bhaktivad and has given the birth period of Peepa in his Bhaktmal between the second Sufistic traditions of both the religions flourished here under saint half of the fifteenth century and first half of the sixteenth century.14 Peepa, the able spiritual successor Hamiduddin Gagrauni alias Mithe According to Nabhaji saint Peepa was a disciple of Ramanand and a shah alias Sarkar - i- Malwa of the Chishtiya order, earlier founded in contemporary of Kabir. But all the followers of Peepa after examining India by Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti. It was a coincidence that both all the evidences came to a conclusion that saint Peepa was born in saints founded and propagated their ideas in the same period fourteenth 1323 AD as Cunningham has mentioned in his records.15 It is said that century. Due to the efforts of these great saint, Gagraun is considered he came to the throne on 1360 AD and ruled for many years. His reign one ot the sacred places, a confluence of the bhakti and sufi traditions was known for peace and prosperity. In spite of all achievements, in medieval Malwa. wealth and power, he was not at peace. He was not pleased with this It is considered to be a place of archaeological and historical position as he was keen to attain spiritual aggrandizement and to cultivate importance.1 Nainsi has given a vivid description of its greatness and the mystic habits of rendering service to the people at large as serve antiquity.2 In the Imperial Gazetteer of India there is reference about to God. A higher calling prompted him to abduct the throne and became its antiquity supporting the Puranic traditions. “The village Gagraun is a recluse. He abdicated the throne in favour of his nephew, Kalyan believed to be very ancient and it is said to have been called ‘gagashter’ Rao and became a monk. From a king he simply became Peepanand, after ‘gargachari’ the purhoit of Lord Krishna who was living there a disciple of contemporary and most celebrated saint, Ramananda.16 while another scholars says that it was named after the Hindu Being a young man of spiritual disposition with leaning towards astronomer Garg or Gargratpur.3 Persian historians as Muhammad the sublime teachings of bhaktas and sadhus who has started contacting Bihamid Khani, Nizamuddin Ahmad and Badauni named it as Kakroon Peepaji, as Ramanandi traditions (parmpara) would have believe, there in their respective annals. Sultans of Delhi as well Sultans of Malwa is no reason to disbelieve that Peepa who was an ardent believer of and Gujarat tried to capture it time to time.4 Few of them failed while Shakti got the earliest impression of the bhakti cult from Shaiksh few of them succeeded in their mission. During the reign of Akbar Hamiduddin Mithe Shah, Sardar-i-Malwa, sitting at a stone’s throw Gagraun was an important administrative centre, holding the position distance from his residence.17 of Sarkar under the Suba of Malwa, comprising of eleven Parganas or Those days Varanasi was hub of spiritual India and any Yugh Mahals.5 Upto the death of Aurangzeb, it remained under the Mughals. purush like ramanand would have his name and fame spread to the 146 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 291 292 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 length and breadth of this vast land through the yatris in the course of Peepa’s teachings. Peepa taught nirgunwad, opposed sagunwad and few weeks of fortnights only. So when the first bhakta mandali came emphasized implicit obedience to the master. While speaking of the to Gagraun as recorded by Nabhaji in his Bhaktmal, they must have necessity to lead a good moral life, he condemned sexual immorality, already heard the spiritual leaning of the king of Gagraun (Rao Peepa) a life given to wine and woman and love of gold to which his caste which brought them all the way to an out of the way place like his men were so addicted in those times as has said.21 capital fort. And when they came, they found him not only hospitable, Peepa’s teachings on the great principles of Ahimsa is of great which is the attitudes of all the Indians towards saints-Jains, Muslims, significance in the history of the Chauhans in general and the Rajasthani Buddhists and Hindus-but attentive to their spiritual principles and Bhakti movement in particular. Peepa was not only a saint or a bhakt, practices. His mind was already made up towards Vaishnava Bhakti like his counterparts, Kabir, Raidas and Sen but he was like Dhanna marg as opposed to Gyana or Karma marg, when the Devi gave him Jat, a Rajput Kshatriya and a thinker who not only fought against the signs in a dream. A visit to Varanasi followed and shiksha-diksha took evils of hinsa, untouchability and karma-kand but would like in Rajput place there. Peepaji in due course of time developed Vairagya (aversion brotherhood to have a little less of fighting activities. Peepa was not a to worldly life of king).18 radical like Kabir, he tried to follow the middle path like the great Living at Gagraun he developed a very high stage of devotion Kshatriya Gautam Buddha.22 He suggest a fifth Varna for his case men and established a Vaishnava bhakti center where he urged his spiritual for those who would not prefer to adopt the military career. He called master, Ramanandji to have a visit to Gagraun. Ramanand came to it is sharmik varna in between Vaishya and the Shudra Varnas after Gagraun with his forty followers going to Dwarika and gave sanyas- which there was to be no caste, all high and low born were the worthy diksha to Peepa along with his devoted wife Sita Solanki who remained sons of Rama (Brahma) in the entire worls.23 All classes, irrespective the life-long companion in Peepa’s life of self abnegation and wandering of their castle and creed, flocked to his math (monastery). All the in a state of Brahmcharya. Passing a month there, Ramanand desired seven castes worked under a common roof and common guru or to move towards Dwarika, at the same time Peepa also requested to preceptor for the common welfare of society. These were revolutionary join him along with his wife. He was permitted and made the darshan teachings, indeed Peepa Kheechi was instrumental in spreading the of Lord Krishna and Dwarika. Ramanand with his followers came principles of brotherhood and humanism in western India.24 back of Kashi while Peepa and his wife stayed there. Living there Jani-Sufi influence of his times in general and the inspiration someone told them that the real Dwarika is under the sea, they dipped that he may have taken from the Kheechiwara Sufi in particular, made into the deep sea and when they came back, they have with them him such an ardent supporter of mercy to the dumb animals under the chhap and chhalla. From that day started, it is said, the practice of additional influence of Ramanandi Vaishanava Bhakti that he would branding the fourfold accessories of the chhap, viz., shankh, chakra, like the Lion, the king of the forest, than whom there could be no gada padam on the bhuja (arm above the elbow) of the pilgrims in the greater carnivorous animals, to give up his bloody diet and take to be Peepa math built in the memory of this Rajput Kheechi saint of vegetarianism. The incident had a significant value for the vegetarians Gagraun.19 Kheechi saint, Peepa by organized efforts short of founding of his age. So Nabhadas has taken special care to record it as late as a panth of his own brought Rajasthan and Western India on the Bhakti the 16th century when Vaishnav bhakti had taken deep roots in India.25 map of India which is future remained the religion of all lovers of According to Peepavanshi Rajput Darzi traditions, Peepa had a fancy humanity. The vaccum caused by Brahmanism was filled by the lower for labour through needle and thread which he himself practiced.26 classes on one hand and by members of ruling class like Peepa who This reminds us the anecdote that somebody presented to Baba Farid, was caring for birth right of a Rajput set the supreme example of self a pair of scissors which he declined to accept for, said the Shakih, abnegation and steeping down in favour of his heir-presumptive, joined give me a needle and piece of thread, I have came to join, not to cut. the rank and file of his former royts. As Raidas has sung.20 Knife is an instrument for cutting and needle for sewing together.27 Truth, non-violence, love and labour are the four principles of Besides his the Rajputs, there are a number of non-Rajput Peepa 147 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 293 294 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 panthis or Peepavanshis as they call themselves, spread throughout during the regin of Khalji Sultans.34 He was a native of Kannauj. His the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent. It is gratifying to read their pamphlets father’s name was Syed Azizuddin. From the childhood he was very that they abstain from the following evils: of liquor, meat, gambling, much keen to attain spiritual aggrandizement and to cultivate the mystic stealing, prostitution, adultery and hunting as the seven commandments habits of rendering service to the people at large as service of God. of Peepa. Peepa did not establish a gaddi, the Peepa brotherhood are He made extensive journeys in search of a spiritual master and lastly comparatively free from aberrations noticeable among certain panths became the disciple of Syed Alauddin.35 He came to Ajmer and rendered governed by a mahant. The Peepavanshi intermarry themselves, they services to the shrine of Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti for twenty years cremate their dead on the pyre.28 There is no place for idol worship in and performed the duties of sweeping and watering to the dargah of the Nirgunwad of Ramanand and Peepa Vaishnava bhakti, but as time the great saint. It is said that in a dream to Shaikh, Khwaja appeared passed, succeeding generations, away more and more from the period and said that I am happy from yours services and asked him to leave of Peepa, have erected many Peepa temples with images of Peepa for Gagraun, the land of Kheechi rulers, to propagate the Sufism in places therein. It is said that Peepa died in Chaitra Shukla Pratipada, Malwa and settled there.36 He came to Gagraun near about in 1323 or Samvat 1441 (1384 AD).29 The main temple of Peepa is situated at 1326 AD. Gagraun located at the juncture of two rivers-Kali Sindh and Ahoo. Shaikh Hamiduddin Mithe Shah encamped at a gate of outer There are so many manuscripts giving information about the saint wall of the fort Gagraun. Shaikh’s miracles have been recorded in a Peepa.30 It is a matter of fact that some poems have been included in modern report. He arrived at a time when the Kheechis just had bloody the holy Guru Grath Sahib.31 encounters with the Khalji forces in Bilasgarh, Ramgarh-Railawan and II Gagraun and interceded on behalf of some victim of Kheechi himsa, a Shaikh Hamiduddin Mithe Shah – Gagraun was not only a center Turk or a pro-Turk which to be basis of the local traditions preserved of the Vaishnavi Bhakti traditions but at the same time Sufi traditions in a one sided and distorted vision. This is the second instance and were also prevailing there. The sufi traditions were founded there by perhaps the last in which a sufi saint used the two fold weapon of 37 Shaikh Hamiduddin Mithe Mahabali Alias Sarkar-i-Malwa. It is a matter truth and ahimsa. In Gagraun there was a community of Bholanath of fact that it was simply a co-incident that bhakti cult and sufi and Kanphata Jogis who disputed with Shaikh Hamiduddin to prove traditions were founded in Gagraun in the same century, i-e 14th century the superiority of their faith but through his spiritual powers, he brought AD. The land of Gagraun and its surrounding areas proved too much them to his side and the cause of Sufism was considerable promoted 38 fertile for the development of the both cults. During the period of even in this isolated pocket of the Jogis. There are so many miracles Shaikh Nizamudding Aulia, the Chishti order was spread in Gujarat, associated with the Pir of Kheechiwara. Among them-to made alive to Malwa, Rajputana and Central parts of India sub-continent which were a dead dog of Jogis, to made alive to a trader, to give blessings for a the sphere of work of Peepa.32 Before the birth of saint Peepa, Shaikh birth of a male issue to the ruler of Toda Rai Singh-are the same 39 Hamiduddin Mithe Shah came toe Gagraun33 and settled there important miracles. The sufistic traditions set by Shaikh Hamiduddin permanently. Kheechi Chauhan of Gagraun who had their roots in Mithe Shah symoblised the highest ideals of spiritual elevation, of Nagaur (Jayal-Bhadnana) and may be supposed to have been in contact philanthropy and human fraternization, of love and tender care to the with Ajmer too specially in the period of Tughlaq Sultans, were no affiliated and indigent of realization of the material and moral needs of strangers to the saints of the sufi sampradaya so as to lodge Pir Mithe the devotees, the visitors and the common men and his Khanqah became at their very door. a rallying center for persons drawn from all quarters of life, castes, creeds, classes and communities. His Khanqah was the central point Shaikh Hamidduing Mithe Mahabali is regarded as one of the from which consummate spiritual teachers sailed forth to preach the most popular sufi saint in the Hadauti and Malwa region. He was gospel of trugh, love and kindness, human brotherhood and service destined to carry on the mission of his spiritual master and he attained to mankind.40 much popularity in this region. It is said that the saint came to Gagraun 148 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 295 296 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 About the tomb in which Shaikh Hamid lies buried, the –day, 176, 177, 216, A Comprehensive History of India, Vol. 5, P. 928-929, contemporary accounts relate that it was designed and built by the Tabqat-i-Akbari-Nizamuddin Ahmad, Vol. III, P 617. Shaikh himself. He had asked to his Hindu disciple, Chand Mahtar to 4. Medieval Malva, P 332. Sher Shah and his times-Qanungo, P. 5. Ain-i-Akbari-Abul Fazl, Vol II, P. 120 design the planning of the tomb after the model of the shrines of 6. Kota Rajya Ka Itihas – M.L. Sharma, Vol. I, P. 277 Mecca and Madina. The expenditure on the construction of the tomb 7. Malwa in Transition – Raghubir Singh, P. 263 was borne out by another Hindu disciple of the sheikh, Modi by 8. Rajputana-ka-Itihas-J.S. Gehlot, Vol. II, P. 30 sirname.41 Shaikh Hamiduddin died in 753 AH (1353AD) and was buried 9. Saint Peepaji – Narendra Chaunan, P. 7-9 in that mazar which was built in his life time.42 He was a zealous 10. Archaeological Survey of India. Vol. 2. P. 301 11. Utter Bharat Ki Saint Parmpara-Parshuram Chaturvedi, P. 324. preacher of humanity and brotherhood. A large number of people were 12. The Sikh Religion-Meacauliffe, Vol. 6, P. 111 attracted and inspired by the spiritual powers and divinely endeared 13. An Outline of religious literature in India-Furucherr, P. 230. popularity enjoyed by the Shaikh. He was visited by innumerable persons 14. Bhaktmal-Nabhadas, P. 508. related to commerce and administrative matters and those in pursuit 15. Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. 2. P. 302 of spiritual solace and both Hindu and Muslim paid their homage to 16. Influence of Islam of Idnian Culture-Tara Chand, P. 144 17. Survey of Kheechi Chauhan History – AH. Nizami, P 99 him. His name is justly credited with having done remarkable work to 18. Ibid, P. 99-100. boost the moral values and traditions and to regenerate the spiritual 19. Peepa Vani-Sanklan Tatha sampadan, PL. Sahgal, 210 life of the people, promote the cause of Sufism in a wide region 20. Peepa Vani, P. 237 surrounding his Khanqah and the shrine that enkindled a strong fire of 21. Ibid, P. 240 love in the hearts of the devotees. The great saint was the Pir of 22. Survey of Kheechi Chauhan History P. 101 Kheechiwara par excellence for we find his takiyas (resting places) 23. Peepa Vani, P 213. 24. Survey of Kheechi Chauhan History, P. 105 and places of austerities (Samadhi) throughout the radius of fifty miles 25. Peepa Vani, P. 225 44 all round Gagraun. 26. Survey of Kheechi Chauhan History, P. 107 III 27. Fawaid-ul-Fuad-Mir Khurd. P. 226 28. Survey of Kheechi Chauhan History, P. 107 It is a matter of fact that both the saint ere contemporary and 29. Peepa Bhakti Prakash, P. 190 there may be some possibility that both had seen to each other. Peepa’s 30. Madhyakalin Rajasthan Main Dharmik Andolan-Pema Ram, P. 80 Samadhi, faces the north, the directions of Peepa’s fort mansion and 31. Sant Kavya, P.R. Chaturvedi P. 116 the village where Pir Mithe Shah lies buried as if to have the two great 32. Survey of Kheechi Chauhan History, P. 98 spiritual protectors of Gagraun in eternal communication with each 33. List of Objects of antiquarian interest in Malwa, A.S.I., 1903, P. 20 34. Tazkirah Syed Hamiduddin, P. 8 other. The meeting ground of the twin Sufi Bhakri reformers of the 35. Iqtibas-ul-Auliya-Mohd. Husaain, P. 6 th 14 century raised the banner of Qaumi Ekta. Mithe Shah and Peepa 36. Khazinat-ul-Auliya, Vol. I. P. 446 are giving the message of peaceful living and humanism (Payam-i- 37. Survey of Kheechi Chauhan History, P. 103 Insaniat). The period of these saints was a glorious epoch not only in 38. List of Objects of antiquarian interest in Malwa, A.S.I., 1903, P 20 the cultural history of Rajasthan but also Hindustan, for never before 39. Iqtibas-ul-Auliya-Mohd. Hussain, P. 15 : Tazkirah Syed Hamiduddin, P. 19 had there been such a spontaneous and fruitful upheaval of religious 40. Sufi movement in Rajasthan in Rajasthan during the medieval period-Y.A. Khan, 45 P 201 life. 41. Tazkirah Syed Hamiduddin, P. 33 References 42. Published Muslim Inscriptions of Rajasthan-Z.A. Desai, P 1. Rajputana-Ka-Itihas-J.S. Geholt, Vol. II, Page 29 43. Sufi movement in Rajasthan in Rajasthan during the medieval period-Y.A. Khan, 2. Mutha Nainsi-Ri-Khyat-Nainsi, Vol. I, P. 102-103 P. 201 3. The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 12, P. 122, Taikh Raj Kota – Munshi Mool 44. Survey of Kheechi Chauhan History, P. 99 Chand (Urdu) PartI, P. 144 Maathir-i-Mahamudshahi, 134-139, Medieval Malwa 45. Social Life in medieval in Rajasthan-G.N. Sharma, P 240 149 298 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 the description of the upheaval of 1857 as the First National War of Independence is inaccurate because the idea that India is a nation did not exist in 1857. The idea that India is a nation emerged in the late Reflections on the Upheaval of 1857 nineteenth century and flowered only in the early years of the twentieth in Rajasthan century. Yes, the idea of the fundamental cultural unity of India (Bharata bhumi )7 has been a part of our mental make up since ancient times,8 and Professor Shankar Goyal our ancestors had always been great patriots, but the concept of nationalism as different from patriotism became popular with the Was the Upheaval of 1857 a Mutiny or the First National War of emergence of nation states in Europe in the twelfth century and the belief Independence ? in the concept of national self-determination{that is, the ideal that it is The upheavel of 1857 is one of the major events of not only the the right of those who regard themselves a nation to determine their own history of Rajasthan but also of the history of India.1 From the very political future{is only as old as the French Revolution of 1789, before beginning historians, belonging to the school of colonialists and which the right of a ruler to determine the political future of his kingdom nationalists both, tried to understand its causes. The colonialists from was generally conceded. The popularity of the ideal of national self- Col. G.B. Malleson to Sir John William Kaye explained it as a popular determination in Europe in the nineteenth century led, on the one hand, mutiny initiated by the frustrated Indian sepoys,2 while nationalist to the dismemberment of the multinational Austrian and Ottomon empires historians such as V.D. Savarkar, S.N. Sen, Tarachand and many others and, on the other, to the unification of Italian and German nations which have mutatis mutandis opined that it was a war fought for the independence were till then divided into various states many of which were part of the of India.3 According to R.C. Majumdar, however, the movement of 1857- Austrian empire. They were also scattered among various other 58 comprised several distinct elements such as a mutiny of sepoys, nationalities as well. When the British imposed their hegemony in India sporadic outbursts of civil commotion, organised outbreaks by predatory they unconsciously brought with them many modern political ideals such tribes, and popular revolts, in some cases partaking the character of as democracy, equality, rule of law and the concept of national self- legitimate warfare.4 ""But as there was no coherence among them, each determination. But it took a pretty long time for the ideal of national self- being limited in extent and objectives, and as there was no definite plan, determination to find its roots in this country, for when the very concept of method or organisation, it can not be regarded as a national rising, far Indian nationhood (as distinct from "India' as a cultural unit) did not exist in this country how there could exist the concept of national self- less a war of independence, which it never professed to be.''5 determination ? As is well-known, it was mainly who The 150th year of this event was celebrated quite recently in 2007 made our countrymen conscious of our nationhood and also raised the throughout the country under the patronage of the Government of India demand of national self-determination for the Indians. That is why we which believes that it was the First National War of Independence. It has call him the Father of our Nation. That is also the reason why before the also caused many scholars to raise their eyebrows, specially in south latter half of the nineteenth century the British are found fighting in India India, for they rightly ask why no such celebration was thought of for the against the Sikhs, Rajputs, Marathas, etc., or against the regional bicentenary of the Vellore Mutiny in 2006 or for the bicentenary of the kingdoms or tribes, and not against the Indian nation. Therefore, I feel South Indian Rebellion of 1800-1801which is also regarded by some as that the outbreaks against the British authority, which occurred from the the First War of Independence.6 Leaving aside the question of regional late eighteenth and to the middle of the nineteenth centuries, were mostly bias which some of our friends in the northern part of the country may local, at best regional. The upheavel of 1857 was certainly comparatively raise while examining this issue, I feel that on purely academic grounds more widespread but it was also not national in character. If we keep in 150 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 299 300 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 mind the vast dimensions of the Indian sub-continent vis-a-vis the administrative nomenclature for a great territorial circle which included comparatively limited area of the influence of the upheaval of 1857 and eighteen native states (Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Bikaner, Alwar, Jaipur, the motives of its leaders which were mostly personal or dynastic, it can Bharatpur, Dholpur, Karauli, Bundi, Kota, Jhalawar, Pratapgarh, hardly be described as a war for Indian independence. Banswara, Dungarpur, Udaipur, Sirohi, Kishangarh and Tonk), two Here, it may be recalled that the only ideal which was the common chiefships (of Shahpura and Lawa) and the British district of Ajmer- motive force among the sepoys (but only among the sepoys) who Merwara. participated in the upheaval of 1857 was in a way religious. As is well- Roughly speaking, in shape, Rajasthan is an irregular rhombus known, both Hindu and Muslim sepoys were motivated by the threat to with its salient angles of the north, west, south and east especially joined their respective religions posed by the cartridges which they thought by the extreme outer boundary lines of the districts of Bikaner, Jaisalmer, were smeared with the fat of cows or pigs. Whether their belief was right Banswara and Dholpur. Further, it is bound on the west by Sind, and on or wrong is immaterial; what is material is that it provided them a motive, the north-west, north and north-east by the Punjab. On its eastern frontier religious in nature, for their cause. As regards the leaders of the there lie Uttar Pradesh and Gwalior while its southern boundary touches upheavel{royal personages, jagirdars, etc., {they certainly had nothing the limits of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. This whole area with minor to do with the cartridges; their anger against the British was a consequence modifications became after 1947 the present-day state of Rajasthan of of the various felt wrongs done to them. As regards the common people, the Union of India. their grievances were of miscellaneous nature. It will be too much to assume that their anger against the British was caused by the enslavement Rajputana States under the British Paramountcy of their country by the White people, except in a general way. Thus, The rulers of the various states of Rajasthan, in utter confusion neither the sepoys and masses and nor the rulers and jagirdars were and helplessness caused by incessant Maratha incursions and inspired by any high ideal{certainly not by the ideal of national self- depredations, accepted the protective umbrella of the East India Company 12 determination even if they regarded themselves a nation, which they in the first quarter of the nineteenth century. By the beginning of the obviously did not. The spirit to defend their religion which initially kindled nineteenth century, the East India Company was sufficiently well the fire was also soon extinguished. It is against this scenario that the entrenched in India. During the governor-generalship of Lord Wellesley events connected with the upheaval 1857 in Rajasthan may be studied, the guiding principles of the British paramountcy were further elucidated 13 for the nature of the upheaval of 1857 in Rajasthan was not very different through the policy of "Subsidiary Alliances'. It was clearly understood from other parts of the country. by the Company that Britian was to be recognized as the "paramount power' by the "native princes' (that is, the Indian rulers). In the case of Political Geography of Rajasthan Rajasthan, individual treaties were entered into between the states and Before we discuss the outbreak of the upheaval of 1857 and its the British East India Company between 1803 and 1923. In 1803 treaties spread in the princely states of Rajasthan, let us make a brief survey of were signed with Bharatpur and Alwar followed by Dholpur in 1806. the political geography of the region at that time. The term "Rajasthan', Lord Hastings, who became the Governor-General of India in 1813, the abode of the princes, it a Sanskritized form of the dingal word brought Wellesley's "Subsidiary System' into ample play, and the bulk of Rayathana.9 In the pre-British days it neither formed a single political the treaties with the states of Rajputana were concluded during Hasting's unit nor was known by any single common name. The first mention of governor-generalship. Kishangarh, Karauli and Kota (it was then spelt Rajasthan as a compact land of the princes occurs in an inscription of V.S. as Kotah) signed treaties of "Subsidiary Alliance' in 1817. Mewar and 1765 (1708 A.D.).10 In the familiar dialect it is also termed Rajwada, Marwar signed them in January 1818, Bundi in February 1818, Bikaner the country of the Rajas.11 In the British days Rajputana was an in March, and Jaipur in April 1818. Thereafter, treaties with Banswara, 151 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 301 302 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Pratapgarh and Dungarpur were finalized towards the end of 1818. Thus, In 1832 a durbar was held at Ajmer (of which the British had by the end of 1818 practically all the states situated in the present-day gained possession from the Marathas in 1818) for the various rulers of Rajasthan region (with the exception of Sirohi, which signed the treaty in the Rajputana area (which Jodhpur's Maharaja Man Singh did not attend). 1823) were in treaty relationship with the British. These treaties broadly The Rajputana princes reiterated their reliance on the friendship of the (with some minor differences) bound the ruler of each signatory state to East India Company for the maintenance of law and order in their acknowledge the British supremacy or "paramountcy', leave their respective states. At this durbar, following consultations with the rulers external relations as well as disputes to be settled by the British, and not of the region, the then Governor-General of India, Lord William Bentinck, indulge in aggressive acts against other states.14 Thus, they were made an announcement. He declared that all the states of Rajputana had expressly forbidden from indulging in the inter-state rivalries of the region. been placed under the charge of a single political authority, to be known In return, the British were committed to protect each signatory state as the "Agent to the Governor-General for the states of Rajputana and against external attacks and internal revolts by "recalcitrant' nobles and Commissioner for Ajmer'. (The term was soon abbreviated to "AGG'). royal relatives, as had become common in the immediately preceding He was headquartered at Ajmer, which was also the administrative centre period. The British were also committed towards potecting the interests of the British administered territory or "province' of Ajmer-Merwara. of the rulers and their heirs and successors, and to non-interference in the Under him were the various Residents and Political Agents who were internal affairs of the signatory states. By these treaties each contracting accredited to diverse states, or groups of states. In April 1856 the princely state was also mutatis mutandis committed to providing troops headquarters of the AGG was changed from Ajmer to Mt. Abu, a new to the British according to its means and abilities, whenever these were hill-station town. so requisitioned. Further, the states of Jaipur, Mewar, Marwar, Kota, Gradually but steadily in Rajasthan the British Political Agencies Bundi, Dungarpur, Banswara and Pratapgarh were each required to pay became a powerful and effective media in controlling the affairs of the tribute in varying amounts to the British. states through constant interference and espionage.15 Such political The years that followed the establishment of Pax Britannica interference was closely interwoven with the economic problems faced encouraged a process of transformation of the traditional administrative, by the various states.16 One of the most important provisions of the treaties legel, revenue-related structures and machinery within the different of 1817-18, which had financial implications of perpetual nature, was states. Along with this, occurred the "modernization' and "Westernization' the amount of tribute payable to the British Government. After a lapse of of certain socio-economic practices, education, medical and health care, time the states started feeling its burden as it became beyond their capacity communication networks, and the personal lives of the elite of Rajputana to pay. This invited the British interference in the internal affairs so much in the different states. Other changes included the coming of railways, so that securities in the form of territories were insisted upon in lieu of the postal facilities, etc., and the establishment of judicial and other tribute. Another problem was the payment for the legions maintained by institutions patterned on "Western' and British India models. the British for the protection of the native states. The states, time and In the majority of these states, British-inspired policies came to again, protested against such expensive establishments and expressed bear their influence on matters concerning tariffs, fiscal policies, forests, their inability to pay for them. These financial burdens resulting in the irrigation, health care, social reforms, etc. The practice of sati, , heavy borrowings by the states caused greater indebtedness and reduced infanticide, etc., were among the "customs' that came to be stopped during their capacity to pay off these debts which again invited the British the course of the nineteenth century. The stoppage of some of these intervention, for in some cases, the loans were advanced on the guarantee practices created dissatisfaction among the masses eventually helping of the British. Another problem was the question of transit and custom in the outbreak of the upheavel of 1857. duties levied by the states which the British Government wanted first to 152 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 303 304 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 diminish and later to abolish altogether to promote British trade interest, Lakshmidan and others composed their songs on the exploits of these thus knocking at the very source of income of most of the states. bandits.24 Maharaja Ratan Singh of Bikaner was praised by the bards of Rajasthan as he did not hand over Jawahar Singh to the British while People Resentment Expressed in Popular Literature Maharaja Takhat Singh of Jodhpur was condemned because he As is generally believed, most of the rulers of Rajasthan states surrendered Dungji to the British. So bitter was the criticism of Takhat were of the view that their rights and privileges will be best protected Singh that he had to take back Dungji from the British and keep him in his under the British. Therefore, their treaties with the British concluded in personal custody.25 1818 or thereabouts were generally considered a boon directly for them The anti-British trend in the bardic literature reached its height and also for the people. But very soon this myth exploded and the during the upheaval of 1857 in Rajasthan. Bishan Singh of Gular and discontent against the East India Company became widespread at least Kushal Singh of Auwa, who took active part in the upheaval, captured the among the people due to various reasons like the abolition of sati system, poetic fancy of the bards who tried to immortalize them for their heroic the prohibition of infanticide, the reforms introduced in marriage customs, resistance put up against the British troops.26 The songs composed on economic exploitation and unemployment. Thakur Kushal Singh's fight against the British contingent are sung even The anti-British feelings of the people found expression in the today during the Holi festival in Marwar.27 poems of various writers during that period.17 For example, Kaviraj Thakur Kesari Singh of Salumbar, Thakur Jodh Singh of Kotharia Bankidas, the court-poet of Maharaja Man Singh of Jodhpur, condemned and the Thakur of Amet, all belonging to Mewar, helped the mutineers the slavish mentality of contemporary princes and exhorted the people in and gave shelter to the heroes of the upheavel like Thakur Kushal Singh general to take up arms against their alien masters.18 He spoke very of Auwa, Nana Sahib, his guru Khakhpuri and his followers and thus they highly of the Jat Raja Ranjeet Singh of Bharatpur who gave stubborn fight became objects of poets' imagination and much literature flowed in their to the British. He expressed his shock at the cowardice of the ruling praise.28 princes of Jodhpur, Jaipur and Udaipur. The resentment against the British A careful scanning of the bardic literature, which is full of eulogies was so great that the poets paid high tribute to such persons who disliked for all such persons who actively participated in the upheavel of 1857 or the surrender of the Rajput princes. The poet named Raghodas praised helped the mutineers directly or indirectly, reveals that whatever might the indomitable courage of Rawat Kesari Singh of Salumbar who refused have been the attitude of the ruling princes towards the British, the masses to agree with the Maharana of Udaipur when the latter allowed the British had sympathy for the anti-British elements. The dissatisfaction against to have complete control over the Mewar administration.19 Another poet the British was rampant. named Dulji condemned the jagirdar of Dungarpur who made a common 20 The poems of the period, no doubt, contain an exaggerated account cause with the British on the deposition of Maharawal Jaswant Singh. of the exploits of the anti-British warriors, yet the truth remains that they People's resentment was also expressed in popular songs sung by represent the feelings, sentiments and views which the people of that age the women-folk in the state of Jaipur.21 The songs reveal the resentment had for the British rule and their reaction to the policy of the Company over the occupation of Sambhar by the British in 1835 on the plea that towards the princely states of Rajasthan. As the mirror of the society, they were maintaining the Shekhawati Brigade with a view to establishing literature helps us to understand the society, in which it is produced. The law and order in the Shekhawati region.22 In the first half of the nineteenth poems composed during the first half of the nineteenth century reveal century the contemporary poets composed songs in praise of even bandits, that the surrender of the princes of Rajasthan to the East India Company anti-social elements like Dungji, Jawaharji and Chimanji because their was by and large not approved by the people nor were they enamoured activities were mainly against the British.23 Girvardan Ujjwal, by the British influence in the region. The people resented the economic 153 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 305 306 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 exploitation29 and unemployment brought about by the British rule in its Lawrence, who kept his headquarter at Ajmer, shifted the European wake. families from Nasirabad to Ajmer. Due to his precautionary steps Ajmer continued to remain the focal point for guarding the interests of the British Events Connected with the Uprising of 1857 in Rajasthan in Rajasthan. As here we are concerned with the events of the upheaval of 1857 The Maharana of Mewar on hearing the uprising at various parts in Rajasthan,30 it is not necessary for us to describe in detail the anger of the country wrote letters to his chiefs, rulers and the adjoining chiefs of caused among the sepoys by the rumours, true or false, connected with Malwa, who had earlier been under Mewar state to render their maximum the story of greased cartridges and the events connected with the outbreak help to the British administration. At that time Capt. Showers was the of the mutiny at Meerut and Delhi. In brief, the uprising was to start on Political Agent in Mewar. By a proclamation he assured the refractory 31st May, 1857. But it became difficult for a group soldiers of the Meerut chiefs that their grievances would be fully exam ined after the end of the Cantonment to swallow the taunts of some ladies for their maltreatment mutiny, and that they should not disturb peace. The succession cases of by the firingi military officers as punishment for their refusal to use the Amet, Bijolia and others were kept pending. Chundawat Kesari Singh of greased cartridges. In anger the mutineous sepoys started the mutiny Salumbar, who was not on good terms with the Maharana, assured him prematurely. They marched in hundreds from Meerut to Delhi, took in that he was not against the Maharana in such a grave crisis. their custody the city of Delhi, and declared , the At Neemuch,32 Col. Abbot finding disaffection rife, administered Emperor of India. an oath to the sepoys, making them swear by the holy Quran (regarded as At the time of the outbreak of the mutiny there were six sacred by the Muslims) and Gangajala, that is water of the , contonments of the Company forces in Rajasthan{Nasirabad, Kota regarded as sacred by the Hindus, to remain loyal. He himself swore by Contingent at Deolee, Neemuch, Jodhpur Legion at Erinpura, Bhil Corps the Bible expressing his implicit trust in them (June 2, 1857). Even then at Kherwara and Mer Regiment of Beawar. The total number of the the mutiny broke out at Neemuch on June 3, 1857. Capt. Mac Donald's sepoys at all these places taken together was not more than five thousand. efforts to safeguard the treasury failed and the mutineers plundered it They were all Indians; but for a few officers there were no Europeans and took away Rs. 1,77,000. All the Europeans residing there were soldiers at all in the whole of Rajasthan. This point is significant, for it frightened and ran away. Their movable assets were carried away by the proves that the Indian sepoys were suppressed by the British mostly with mutineers. On receiving this news, on the advice of Capt. Showers, the the help of the Indians themselves. Also, there was as yet no railway line Maharana sent Mewar troops to Neemuch. They rescued the European connecting this region with Calcutta, Bombay or Delhi; the railway line fugitives, who were taken to Udaipur and lodged in Jag Mandir Palace. from Calcutta came upto Kanpur only. Capt. Showers himself proceeded to Neemuch. After arranging safety On receiving the information of outbreak of mutiny at Delhi and there he left for Deolee, leaving a part of the army under Arjun Singh. Meerut the public excitement increased in Rajasthan. G.S.P. Lawrence, The mutineers of Neemuch reached Deolee, ransacked the cantonment the AGG, who was then at his summer retreat in Abu, issued an appeal to and captured its guns and ordnance. all the ruling princes of Rajasthan on May 23, 1857 to extend their A detachment of the Jodhpur Legion, which was headquartered at fullest cooperation to the British Government, preserve peace within Erinpura Cantonment, was sent to Mount Abu where it revolted. Other their own borders and not give any sort of help to rebels. He also took Erinpura-based troops also marched against Abu but were unable to take necessary steps to protect the British province of Ajmer. However, in it, and all of them were driven back with the support given to the British Nasirabad31 the situation worsened as the Bengal infantry posted there by the Sirohi ruler and his state forces. The remaining soldiers of the revolted and killed several European officers on May 28. George Jodhpur Legion at Erinpura also rose up in arms, and joining with soldiers 154 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 307 308 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 from Deesa and the troops of various jagirdars of Mewar and Marwar, the Europeans to Sirohi. Maharaja Takhat Singh of Jodhpur also sent moved towards Narnaul, en route for Delhi. But they were also beaten Anar Singh to help him. back near Narnaul by the British troops led by Col. Gerard. In the state of Marwar,34 the Thakur of Auwa, Rao Raja Kushal Soldiers of Kota based at Neemuch willingly followed the lead of Singh, became by accident a rallying point for numerous opponents of the a Risaladar of the Kota state troops, Pathan Mehrab Khan of Karauli, and British.35 Auwa is a small town near Marwar Junction. On September 9, of Lala Jai Dayal, who was in the service of the Kota state. They killed 1857 Anar Singh, the Commander of the Marwar state troops, was slain the British Political Agent Major C.E. Burton, and took over the capital along with his retinue. George Lawrence invaded Auwa to extirpate the city of their state. For a while the ruler, Maharao Ram Singh, was forced rebels from the area. On September 18 in a sharp engagement Monck to keep to his palace because his pro-British sympathies. But by the end Mason, the Political Agent of Jodhpur, was killed. George Lawrence was of March 1858 the British forces finally suppressed the Kota uprising. In defeated and had to retreat to Nasirabad. Kushal Singh sent his trusted Dholpur also ruler's authority was set aside between October and agents to Delhi on October. 10, with several soldiers and other thakurs. December 1857, after some 4,000 to 5,000 anti-British troops from But these were defeated near Narnaul. The thakurs and other notable Gwalior and Indore took control, forcing him to agree to their demands. leaders ran away from there and went to the hilly areas of the Mewar. His authority could be reasserted only in December 1857 with the help On the arrival of the Bombay troops, George Lawrence again of military assistance from the ruler of Patiala. invaded Auwa which captured the same with little difficulty on January Meanwhile, troops serving under the Nawab of Tonk33 marched 24, 1858. Thakur Kushal Singh was tried by a Commission. He was to Delhi to join hands with the forces of Emperor Bahadur Shah II. In the pardoned by Lord Canning. Later, in 1868, his son Devi Singh got the Bharatpur and Dholpur areas too there was action against the British. jagir back. Firoz Shah, the leader of rebels, rose to power in Malwa and a Besides Kushal Singh of Auwa, several other jagirdars and nobles reward of Rs. 10,000 was proclaimed for his arrest. He beheaded Capt. came out against their state's ruler for following pro-British and pro- Tukar and hanged his head on the gate of Mandsaur. Capt. Read was also modernization policies. Among them were included the thakurs of Asop, slain. The chief of Begun extended necessary help to the European Gular, Alneawas, Lambiya, Bata, Bhivaliya, Radawas, Bajawas, fugitives of Mandsaur. Khejarla, Roopnagar, Lasani and Asind. There were others also. For The reports were received that the Muslim officers of Nimbahera instance, upon learning of the anti-Company uprising, Rawal Shiv Singh were in sympathy with Firoz Shah. The place was, therefore, captured by of Samod (in Jaipur state) offered nazar (that is, token of allegiance and Capt. Showers (September 20, 1857) forcing Firoz Shah to retreat. One homage) to the Emperor, Bahadur Shah II. of his officers, Kasim Khan Bilayati, moved against Pratapgarh. The Another jagirdar of the Jaipur state Rao Raja Fateh Singh of Maharawal killed him with 80 other persons, cut off the head of Kasim Uniara, in the beginning refused to provide the British forces pursuing Khan and sent it to Neemuch. Tantia Tope's soldiers, supplies and permission to enter the town of A similar disturbance took place at Erinpura. Capt. Hill, the Uniara in January 1859. But later on under duress from the British, he Commanding Officer, was then at Abu. Capt. Black, the Second in agreed to their main demands. However, even then he refused to Command, was at Nasirabad and only Lieutenant Connolly, the Adjutant, surrender the local men who had fired upon Lieutenant M. Burd and and some Sergeants with their families were at Erinpura. Thus, at that Lieutenant Anderson. In other areas also some jagirdars provided time, sufficient forces were not available at Abu. But Capt. Hill and other supplies and shelter to rebellious Company soldiers and to Tantia Tope. officers succeeded in compelling the mutineers to retreat. Maharao of In the Kota state popular resentment was more intense.36 In June Sirohi sent Niamat Ali Khan to for their assistance. He brought back all 1857 Major C.E. Burton, the Harauti Political Agent, was on duty at 155 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 309 310 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Neemuch. The Maharao informed him to remain there for some time in defiance of state orders, told his subordinates to supply provisions the more and return only when he had regained the confidence of his troops. self-willed troops of Tonk state marching to join the Mughal emperor at On October 12, Burton came to Kota city with Nand Kisore, the Kota Delhi. Ordinary villagers of parts of Jaipur state offered provisions and Agency Vakil. He urged that the Poorbia and Muslim troops be disbanded cattle to soldiers who came from Nasirabad Cantonment. Many of the as these men were responsible for uprising in Neemuch. On October 15, Poorbia and Muslim troops, particularly those serving in the state forces 1857 some soldiers from Narayan and Bhawani regiments invaded the of Tonk, Kota, Jaipur and Jhalawar, actively helped the rebels and Tantia Kota Residency and killed Burton and his two sons along with some Tope's troops. others. The Maharao could not prevent the mutineers as there were only The Banswara town was captured by the mutineers on December a few Rajput soldiers and jagirdars available in Kota at that time. It 11, 1857. The Maharawal had to take shelter in the hilly areas. However, made the rebels very powerful in the area. By January, 1858 they occupied soon after the forces from Neemuch, Ratlam and other areas came forcing the Kota city and the Maharao was detained as a prisoner in his own the mutineers to escape. palace. The Maharawal of Dungarpur,37 for whom the Bhil populace had George Lawrence immediately contacted Bundi and Jhalawar much respect, visited the Kherwara Cantonment and remained encamped states to send their troops, but they expressed their inability probably for four months there. This helped in keeping the Bhil populace under because they had deep rooted animosity with the Kota family. Therefore, control. the necessary military help was sought from Maharaja Madan Singh of Tantia Tope visited Jaipur, Banswara, Tonk and Mewar states. Karauli. It achieved success in taking possession of Kota city and managed Among the jagirdars of Rajasthan who helped Tantia Tope were included to hold it till the British troops under the command of Major General H.G. Rawat Kesri Singh of Salumbar and the Rao of Kotharia (both from the Roberts attacked Kota in March, 1858. Roberts succeeded in establishing Mewar state). Tantia Tope and his troops were provided free provisions peace in the area. at Salumbar on December 14, 1858. Similarly, the Bhil jagirdars Onkar A Commission was constituted to inquire into the charges of the Rawat of Mowri Khera and Dalla Rawat of Sadulpur (in Banswara) had murder of Burton. Lord H.G. Roberts was its Chairman while Lt. Col. previously supplied Tantia Tope with food, etc. in March, 1858 during Holmes, Capt. R. Morrison, Capt. W.F. Eden and Capt. (later Lt. Col.) the course of Tantia Tope's march through Banswara's territory. They E.C. Impey were its members. The Commission came to the conclusion later joined Tantia Tope, along with 4,000 Bhils, when he took the field that the Maharao had no part in the murder of Burton. However, the against British forces near Pratapgarh on December 24, 1858. The British British Government held the Maharao guilty of negligence in his duties eventually forced Tantia Tope out of Rajputana in January 1859.38 in saving the life of Burton and others, and as a mark of displeasure the In the "Mewar Hill Tracts' area, local Bhils united under the Bhil salute of the Maharao was reduced from 15 to 11 guns. chief of Pahara in an attempt to destroy the Kherwara Cantonment In Jaipur, Maharaja Ram Singh actively assisted the British (headquarters of the Mewar Bhil Corps), which was used by the British to Government during the mutiny. He sent 5,000 troops under the command keep the Bhils in check. Taking advantage of the situation, the Meenas of of Faiz Mohammad which remained posted at Mathura and Gurgaon. He Kherar looted the British troops and stores. also gave asylum to the family of Capt. Eden and other European officers. The Bikaner state also sent its forces at Hansi, Sirsa and other towns. Observations on the Attitude of the Rulers, Nobility and Common The Maharaja himself went in person to Bhadara. People of Rajasthan to the Mutiny In Sirohi, the Thakur of Rohwa revolted against the ruler. In Jaipur The willingness with which the Indian rulers helped the British state the local administrator or amil (also ziledar) of Hindaun, Isur Das, during the mutiny throws welcome light on the psychology of the Indian 156 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 311 312 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 princes. On May 23, 1857 the AGG called upon the rulers of Rajasthan conditioned by their attitude to the ruler of the state concerned. The to intercept rebel fugitives and collect their own troops on the borders of rebellious thakurs at Jodhpur, it was argued, had been annoyed with their states so as to be available, in case of need, for help to the British. Takhat Singh; the British action in destroying the fortifications of Auwa, The rulers were quite willing to help, their willingness increasing in Gular and Alneawas thakurs was in retaliation for the defeat of Lawrence proportion to their hope of gaining some advantage. The rulers of Marwar, and for having supported the Jodhpur Legion. The thakurs would not Mewar and Bikaner needed the British patronage in a greater degree have been restored to their jagirs if they had been found guilty of rebelling than others. Takhat Singh of Jodhpur had offered help on May 21, even against the British. Salumbar, Bhinder, Amet and Para thakurs sat on the before the AGG had asked for it on May 23. He was, as he himself put it, fence. Rawal Shiv Singh remained confined to Samod while the thakurs "heart and soul ready to give' assistance since he was facing serious of Kishangarh and Roopnagar gave help to the family of the Auwa Thakur opposition of his nobility. He was entrusted with the duty of keeping the but they did not come out openly against the British. communications open between Beawar and Pali. By June 1857, the troops Here, a more detailed reference to the conduct of Kushal Singh, of Alwar, Bharatpur, Jaipur and Jodhpur were cooperating with the British. the Thakur of Auwa, may be made, for some historians such as N.R. The ruler of Bikaner took the field personally on the side of the British, Khadgawat have described the rebellion of the Auwa Thakur as an the rulers of Karauli and Jaipur came next in showing their support to the outcome of his general dissatisfaction against the British.39 Khadgawat British. Ram Singh of Jaipur provided protection to Major Eden's family has argued that Kushal Singh's dissatisfaction was not so much against and other Europeans by housing them in the palace. He kept open the the Maharaja of Jodhpur as it was against the British. But in Marwar, the road between Agra and Ajmer and placed his forces, around 6,000, at thakurs of Gular, Alneawas, Asop and Auwa had disputes with Maharaja the disposal of Major Eden. The ruler of Karauli provided troops for the Takhat Singh for many years. In a message the Thakur had sought the relief of Kota ruler and for the safety of the Delhi Cantonment. Maharana intervention of the Political Agent in his dispute with the Jodhpur ruler. Swarup Singh of Udaipur ordered his chiefs and officers to help the British Prichard, who was at Jodhpur at that time, also says that Auwa's quarrel army, rescued about 40 Englishmen, women and children from the was with his own sovereign and not with the British Government.40 In the clutches of rebels and kept them in the Jag Mandir Palace. He asked the account sent in 1858, the AGG considered the Thakur as "having rebelled Girassia chief to protect the British post at Kherwara. against the Maharaja'. Even in July 1858, the combination of the chiefs In his report on 1857 in Rajasthan, the AGG took a liberal view of against the Maharaja was continuing which shows that they were basically the helplessness of such rulers as could not render effective help to the anti-Maharaja and not anti-British. paramount power. The inability of the Bharatpur ruler in rendering much Later also, the Auwa Thakur appealed frequently to the AGG for help was explained away by its geographical contiguity to Agra-Mathura the restoration of his jagir, unlawfully confiscated by Maharaja Takhat region. Though the bulk of Dholpur army and some chief officers joined Singh. After exchange of letters with the British, Kushal Singh surrendered the rebels, the AGG argued that if the ruler had the power, he would had unconditionally to them at Neemuch on August 8, 1868. He pleaded not come forward "as the other Rajput princes had done'. The major portion guilty of the murder of Capt. Mason. A court of enquiry was instituted at of Tonk army went over to Delhi to fight as jehadees, yet the British Neemuch which held that the available evidence did not prove the Auwa found nothing objectionable in the attitude of the Nawab and praised him Thakur guilty either of giving asylum to the murderers of Capt. Mason or for his loyalty. The ruler of Jodhpur was considered totally unable to help of acting as a leader of the rebels against the British Government. It the British. The Sirohi ruler, in whose territory the Jodhpur Legion had recommended his unconditional acquittal which was accordingly granted rebelled, was praised for not showing any sympathy with the rebels. on November 16, 1860. Thus, it seems that the rebellion of the Auwa As regards the jagirdars, the British felt that their conduct was Thakur was neither a part of the outbreak of 1857 nor was it motivated 157 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 313 314 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 by the anti-British feelings. Commission which was appointed under Roberts for fixing the It was only in Kota that a revolt bordering on popular rebellion responsibility for the murder of Major Burton held the Maharao not guilty took place. The Kota Contingent had been ordered to march to Agra on of the murder of Burton but he was held responsible for it. He was, May 19, 1857. It was employed in Mathura district where it rebelled on therefore, punished by reducing his salute from 15 to 11 guns. July 4, 1857 and marched to Delhi with Neemuch rebel soldiers. Maj. Conclusion Burton, the Political Agent at Kota, had left for Neemuch with some Thus, to me it seems that the movement of 1857 was not a war troops after the rebellion of the local army on June 3. Burton decided to fought for the independence of India because : go back to Kota but his return was delayed by the Kota ruler who was not sure about the internal situation. He reached Kota on October 12, 1857. (1) Till the middle of the nineteenth century the concept of India as a nation and also the ideal of national self-determination had In his meeting wih the ruler on October 14, he advised the latter to give not emerged in this country. punishment to the local leaders{Jai Dayal and Mehrab Khan{who had been spreading rebellious ideas. But the next morning the army rebelled (2) As regards the situation in Rajasthan, it is obvious that the and killed Burton along with his sons. The Maharao did not or could not rulers of its princely states remained wholly loyal to the British. come to the help of Burton. Some suspected him of collusion with the (3) As regards the jagirdars, they saw the mutiny mostly, if not in rebels while others felt that he was helplessly confined in his own palace. every case, from the angle of ruler-feudal relationship and For the next five months, Kota, including the fort and the royal palace, utilized the opportunity provided by it to revive the feudal power remained under the control of the rebels. against the authority of the rulers. They were only rarely inspired by larger patriotic sentiments. The official historian of Kota, M. L. Sharma, writing at the instance of the durbar, chose to misrepresent the character of the outbreak at Kota (4) So far as the common man is concerned, he was more directly and gave it a communal colour. Sharma41 has repeatedly argued that the concerned with the oppressive behaviour of the jagirdars and Rajputs had remained loyal and it was the Muslims, predominant in the the ruler of the state in which he lived. The policies of the British Kota army, who had rebelled. According to M.S. Jain,42 this postulation affected him but only indirectly and through the state ruler and is not correct for we find that as many as 4 regiments of infantry, 500 jagirdars. For him all these three { the British, state ruler and cavalry troops, 300 artillery men and 5,000 police personnel had local jagirdars { were oppressors but he usually had a soft corner for the state ruler and local jagirdars because of the tribal rebelled. If most Rajput chieftains and troops were loyal to the Maharao, and caste affiliations; in the case of the British he did not have the latter should not have been reduced to utter helplessness for about this bond of affinity. Be that as it may, in view of the facts five months. The appeals of the Maharao to the Karauli chief and to the delineated above, I believe that the mutiny of 1857 can not be British, and his signing an agreement wih the rebels in which he accepted regarded as a national movement in the context of Rajasthan full responsibility for events (in which he had no hand) would be also. meaningless if the support of his Rajput soldiers were available to him. Actually, the rebels could force the Maharao to sign the agreement, Jain References rightly argues,43 because the people of Kota were with the rebels against 1. There is a vast literature on the subject, both published and unpublished, and the British. According to the AGG, the town was abandoned to plunder by numerous official records, mostly in the National Archives of India and the Commonwealth Relations Office (formerly ) Library, London. our that is, (Company's) troops for 5 days. It shows that in the British 2. Among significant works on the mutiny of 1857 in India from the point of perception the whole population of Kota had participated in the revolt view of the colonialist historians are included: Sir John William Kaye, A and hence had to be given exemplary punishment. The Inquiry History of the Sepoy War in India, Vol. I, 9th edn., London, 1880 and Vols. II 158 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 315 316 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 and III, 4th edn., London, 1878; Col. G.B. Mallesson, History of the Indian Study of Jaipur (1818-1835)', PRHC, Jaipur Session (1968), Jaipur, 1969, Mutiny, Three Vols., Vols. I and II, 2nd edn., London, 1878 and Vol. III, pp. 129-34; idem, "British Diplomacy in Mewar (1818-1828)', PRHC, London, 1880; idem, Indian Mutiny of 1857 (With Portraits and Plans), 3rd Udaipur Session (1969), Jaipur 1970, p. 150; K.N. Pannikar, "Charles edn., London, 1906. Metcalfe and the Policy of Non-Interference of Rajputana', Journal of the 3. Among more important works on 1857 from the nationalist point of view Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research (hereafter referred to as JRIHR ), include: V.D. Savarkar, The Indian War of Independence, 1857, London, Jaipur, Vol. 2, No. 1, March 1976, pp. 13 ff. 1909, and 10th edn., New Delhi, 1986; S.N. Sen, Eighteen Fifty-Seven, 16. Vide P. R. Shah, "The Other Side of the British Influence on Marwar (A Case New Delhi, 1957; Tarachand, History of Freedom Movement in India, 4 Study in Territorial and Economic Losses)', PRHC, Ajmer Session (1972), Vols., New Delhi, 1961-1976. Also see K. K. Datta, Reflections on the Jodhpur, 1973, pp. 109-16. " Mutiny ', Calcutta, 1967 and Shireen Moosvi (ed.), Facets of the Great 17. For details cf. R.P. Vyas, "Anti-British Feelings Amongst the People of Revolt 1857, New Delhi, 2008. Rajasthan (1818-1857) : An Appraisal of Contemporary Bardic Literature', 4. R.C. Majumdar (ed.), British Paramountcy and Indian Renaissance, Part I, PRHC, Pali Session (1974), Jodhpur,1975, pp. 115-21; idem, Adhunika Bombay, 1963, p. 638. Also see his The Sepoy Mutiny and the Revolt of Rajasthan ka Brihat Itihasa, Vol. 2, op. cit., pp. 58-78; Zahoor Khan Mehar 1857, Calcutta, 1957. and S.S. Gahlot, Rajasthan : Svatantrata Andolana ka Itihasa, Jodhpur, 1992, 5. Ibid. pp. 38-43. 6. Cf. Gopalakrishnan (ed.), The South Indian Rebellions (Before and After 18. In Gora Hatja, ed. N.S. Bhati, Jodhpur, 1956, p. 54; Shankar Goyal, Khyats 1800), Chennai, 2007 and more particularly the following articles published and Allied Works of Historical Genre, New Delhi, 2017, p. 21. therein : S. Muthiah, "The Khan Sahib's Rebellion', pp. 9-21; K. Rajayyan, 19. Quoted by R.P. Vyas, in PRHC, Pali Session (1974), p. 117. "The South Indian Rebellion 1800-1801: The First War of Independence in 20. In Gora Hatja, pp. 92-93. India', pp.22-32; idem, "The Vellore Mutiny, 1806', pp. 33-41. 21. Vyas, op. cit. 7. Vide R. K. Mookerji, The Fundamental Unity of India, Bombay, 1954. The 22. Ibid. book was first published in London as far back as 1914. In it Mookerji has not 23. In Gora Hatja, p. 100. dwelt upon the important evidence of the fundamental unity of India furnished 24. Vyas, op. cit., p. 118. by the social and religious institutions of the country, but has confined his 25. N. R. Khadgawat, Rajasthan's Role in the Struggle of 1857, Jaipur, 1957, attention mainly to its geographical basis. pp. 102-03. Cf. also Zabar Singh, "The Trial of Doong Singh and the British 8. See V. S. Agrawala, Bharata ki Maulika Ekata, Allahabad, 1954. Attitude Towards It', in PRHC, Pali Session (1974), Jodhpur, 1975, pp. 122- 9. Abhayavilasa, f. 4a. 29; Prakash Vyas, "Rajasthani Kranti se Purva British Satta ke Prati Jana- 10. The Sardar Museum, MS, Jodhpur. See the relevant lines. Akrosha', in Rajasthan ka Svatantrata Samgrama (Dr. R.P. Vyas Felicitation 11. James Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan or, The Central and Western Volume), ed. Zahoor Khan Mehar et al, Jodhpur, 1998, pp. 12-13; H. S. Rajput States of India, Vol. I, edn. Douglas Sladen, London, 1960, p. 1. The Bhati, "Svatantrata Senani Dungi-Jawaharji Sambandhi Navina Tathya', in two volumes of this work were first appeared from Great Britain in 1829 and Svatantrata Samgrama men Rajasthan ka Yogadana, ed. R.P. Vyas, Jodhpur, 1832 respectively. 2004, pp. 24-28. 12. For details cf. also M.S. Jain, "A New Look at the Establishment of British 26. Vyas, in PRHC, Pali Session (1974), p. 118. Suzerainty in Rajputana', in the Proceedings of the Rajasthan History Congress 27. In Gora Hatja, p. 64. (hereafter referred to as PRHC ), Jaipur Session, 1968, Jaipur, 1969, pp. 28. In Khadgawat, op. cit., p. 123. Also see V. K. Vashishtha, "British Policy 125-29; R. P. Vyas, Adhunika Rajasthan ka Brihat Itihasa, Vol. 2, Jaipur, Towards the Proscribed Thakurs of Rajputana During the Hegemony of East 1995,pp. 1-57; F.K. Kapil, Rajputana States (1817-1950), Jodhpur, 1999, India Company', in PRHC, Jaipur Session (1968), Jaipur, 1969, pp. 135-44. pp. 11-36. 29. In Gora Hatja, p. 125. 13. Vide A.C. Banerjee, "The Subsidiary System in Rajputana', Indian Historical 30. For a detailed study of the events connected with the uprising of 1857 in Quarterly, Calcutta, March 1947, pp. 85ff. Rajasthan vide I. T. Prichard, The Mutinies in Rajpootana, London, 1860, 14. Also see Kalu Ram Sharma, "Political Influence of British Paramountcy in and Ajmer, 1976; N. R. Khadgawat, op. cit.; K. S. Saxena, The Political Rajasthan', PRHC, Jodhpur Session (1967), Jaipur, 1968, pp. 191-94. Movements and Awakenings in Rajasthan (1857-1947), New Delhi, 1971; 15. Vide U. C. Chaturvedi, "Nature of British Influence in Rajputana : A Case M. S. Jain, Concise History of Modern Rajasthan, New Delhi, 1993; idem, 159 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 317 Rajasthan Through the Ages, Vol. III, Bikaner, 1997; R.P. Vyas, Adhunika Rajasthan ka Brihat Itihasa, op. cit.; Prakash Vyas, Rajasthan ka Svadhinata Samgrama, 2nd revised edn., Jaipur, 1997 and Ram Pande (ed.), Rajasthan men 1857: Eka Jana Andolana, Jaipur, 2008. 31. Also cf. Hari Shankar Bhargava, "Uprising at Nasirabad Cantonment in 1857', jktLFkku esa iqjkrŸo in PRHC, Ajmer Session (1975), Jodhpur, 1976, pp.87-90; Vinita Parihar, vkflQ gqlSu ,oa vkQrkc gqlSu "The Mutiny at Nasirabad', in Ram Pande (ed.), op.cit., pp. 193-97. 32. Vide Hari Shankar Sharma, "Neemuch Documents and the Upheaval of 1857', in PRHC, Ajmer Session (1972), Jodhpur, 1973, pp. 99-102. iqjkrŸo ekuo vrhr ds mu i{kksa dks mtkxj djus dk ,d l'k‰ ek/;e gS 33. Cf. also P. R. Shah, "Tonk and the Struggle of 1857', in JRIHR, Jaipur, Vol. 3, ftuds laca/k esa fyf[kr lk{;ksa ls dksbZ tkudkjh izkIr ugha gksrh gSA fgUnh Hkk"kk esa No. 2, June 1966, pp. 47 ff. 34. See Nirmala M. Upadhyaya, "Mutiny and Marwar', in JRIHR, Jaipur, Vol. 8, iqjkrŸo 'kCn vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds vkfdZ;kWykWth (Archaeology) 'kCn ds i;kZ;okph No. 3, September 1971, pp. 1 ff. ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vkfdZ;kWykWth 'kCn ;wukuh Hkk"kk ds ^vkfdZ;ksl* 35. For a detailed analysis on the fight of Auwa also cf. M.R.D. Mehta, "An (Archaios) rFkk ^yksxksl* (Logos) 'kCnksa ls feydj cuk gS] ftldk 'kkfCnd Unpublished Account of the Uprising of 1857', in PRHC, Jodhpur Session vFkZ gksrk gS & ^iqjkru Kku* (ik.Ms;] 1992)A izkjaHk esa iqjkrŸo ds vUrxZr mUgha (1967), Jaipur, 1968, pp. 137-38; Zabar Singh, "Observations on the Fighting of Auwa', in PRHC, Jaipur Session (1968), Jaipur, 1969, pp. 144-50; R.P. vo'ks"kksa vFkok oLrqvksa dks fy;k tkrk Fkk] tks iqjkrkfŸod mR[kuu (Excavation) Vyas, Role of Nobility in Marwar, New Delhi, 1969, pp. 114-69; V.K. esa izkIr gksrh FkhaA fdarq dkykarj esa iqjkrŸo ds vUrxZr mu lHkh oLrqvksa dks lfEefyr Vashishta, Rajputana Agency, Jaipur, 1978, pp. 270 ff.; K.L. Rajpurohit, fd;k tkrk gS] ftuls ekuo ds lkaLd`frd vkpj.k dk v/;;u fd;k tk ldsA blds Svadhinata Samgrama men Rajasthan ki Ahutiyan (1805-1947), Jodhpur, 1993, pp. 43-67; B. K. Sharma, "Analysis of Causes of the Revolt of Ahuwa vUrxZr vfHkys[k (f'kykys[k] LraHk ys[k] rkezi= ys[k] xqgk ys[k] ewfrZ ys[k)] Thakur in 1857', in Ram Pande (ed.), op.cit., pp. 198-203. flDds] eqgjsa] ewfrZ;k°] 'kSyfp=] fp=dyk (izkxSfrgkfld fp=] rkez ik"kkf.kd fp=] 36. Rajpurohit, op. cit., pp. 71-77. ,sfrgkfld fp=)] fofHkUu Lekjd (Hkou] eafnj] Lrwi] LraHk] pSR;] fogkj vkfn) 37. According to some, Dungarpur was the first state in Rajasthan which rose in ,oa mR[kuu esa izkIr fofHkUu iqjko'ks"k tSls e`n~Hkk.M] midj.k] vkHkw"k.k] f[kykSus armed revolt against the British as early as 1825 and 1844 (Mahesh Purohit, "Rajasthan men Svatantrata Samgrama ki Pahli Chingari Dungarpur se', in vkfn vkrs gSaA iqjkrŸo dks i;ZVu ls vyx ugha j[kk tk ldrk gS D;ksafd bfrgkl ,oa Some Aspects of Rajasthan History and Culture, ed. Pema Ram, Banasthali, iqjkrŸo ,d&nwljs ds ijLij iwjd gSa vkSj Ik;ZVd eq[;r% ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa ij Hkze.k 2002, pp. 30-40). dks tkrk gSA og ,sfrgkfld oLrqvksa ,oa Lekjdksa ds ek/;e ls vrhr ls ,d 38. For the role of Tantia Tope in the struggle of 1857 in Rajasthan see Prakash jksekapdkjh laca/k tksM+rk gSA Hkkjr esa vkus okys fons'kh Ik;ZVdksa esa izR;sd rhu esa ls Vyas, "Rajasthan men 1857 ki Kranti men Tantia Tope ki Bhumika' , in Svatantrata Samgrama men Rajasthan ka Yogadana, ed. R.P. Vyas, op. cit., ,d Ik;ZVd jktLFkku dsoy blh dkj.k ls vkrk gS fd ;gk° ij Hkjiqj ,sfrgkfld pp. 29-36. lEink gSA Ik;ZVu ij 'kks/k dk;Z dj jgs fofHkUu ys[kdksa us ,sfrgkfld bekjrksa dks 39. Khadgawat, op.cit., pp. 35-38. eksU;wes.Vy gsfjVst (Monumental Heritage) dgdj pkj Jsf.k;ksa&ckSº Lekjd] 40. I.T. Prichard, op. cit., pp. 231-32. Cf. also S.K. Purohit, "1857 ke Viplava men Auwa Thakur Kushal Singh ki Bhumika', in Svatantrata Samgrama men fgUnw Lekjd] Hkkjrh;&bLykfed Lekjd ,oa os Lekjd tks ;wjksfi;u ,oa fczfV'k Rajasthan ka Yogadana, ed. R.P. Vyas, op.cit., pp. 15-23; S. S. Bais, "1857 laLFkkvksa ls tqMs+ gq, gSa] esa ck°Vk gSA bfrgkldkj bUgsa izkphu Hkkjr] e/;dkyhu ,oa ka Svatantrata Samgrama aura Marwari Samanta', in Ram Pande (ed.), vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds Lekjd dgrs gSa (O;kl] 2008)A vr% Ik;ZVu ds {ks= esa iqjkrŸo op.cit., pp. 164-71. dk dkQh egŸo gSA orZeku esa xzkeh.k ,oa {ks=h; Ik;ZVu dks cgqr egŸo fn;k tkrk 41. M. L. Sharma, Kota Rajya ka Itihasa, Vol. II, Kota, 1939, pp. 604-05. 42. M. S. Jain, Concise History of Modern Rajasthan, New Delhi, 1993, p. 57. gSA blds vUrxZr izeq[k uxjksa ,oa ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa ds vykok fdlh Hkh {ks= ds 43. Ibid., pp. 57-58. vkarfjd Hkkxksa ds bfrgkl o LkaLd`fr dk ifjp; izkIr djus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gSA ;fn ge iqjkrŸo dks bl fo"k; ls tksMs+ rks fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fd;s x;s iqjkrkfŸod losZ{k.kksa (Archaeological Survey) ,oa mR[kuuksa (Excavations) dks blesa 160 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 319 320 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 j[kk tk ldrk gSA jktLFkku esa vkus okyk Ik;ZVd ;gk° dh iqjkrkfŸod] ,sfrgkfld] jktLFkku esa bl dky dk lw=ikr gksrk gSA uo ik"kk.k dky ds midj.kksa dk vkdkj /kkfeZd] lkaLd`frd /kjksgj dks ns[kdj vfHkHkwr gks tkrk gSA jktLFkku izkxSfrgkfld NksVk vkSj dkS'ky ;q‰ gks x;k FkkA jktLFkku esa ;s midj.k mn;iqj ds ckxksj rFkk n`f"V ls le`º gSA ;gk° izkphu lH;rkvksa ds vo'ks"k dbZ LFkkuksa ij ik;s x, gSaA ekjokM+ ds fryokM+k uked LFkkuksa ds mR[kuuksa ls izkIr gq, gSa (uhjt t;flag] iqjkrŸo ds egŸo dks jktLFkku ds Ik;ZVu ds lanHkZ esa fofHkUu dky ds iqjkLFkyksa ds 1989)A vk/kkj ij ns[kk tk ldrk gS& (2) fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk (1) izkxSfrgkfld dky (Pre-History) fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk fo'o dh mUur lH;rkvksa esa ls ,d FkhA Hkkjrh; iqjkrŸo fofHkUu v/;;uksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd nf{k.kh&iwohZ jktLFkku esa izkfruwru dky losZ{k.k us 1920 o 1934 ds chp eksgutksnM+ks ,oa gM+Iik esa mR[kuu dj fla/kq ?kkVh esa ekuo fuokl djrk FkkA ywuh] cukl] pEcy vkSj mldh lgk;d ufn;ksa ds lH;rk dks [kkst fudkyk FkkA ;g lH;rk Hkkjrh; egk}hi esa bZ- iw- 2300 ls 1500 rVorhZ {ks=ksa esa ik"kk.k ;qxhu midj.kksa dh izkfIr bls izekf.kr djrh gS (lDlsuk] ds chp Qyh QwyhA bls ^gM+Iik laLd`fr* dgk tkrk gSA lu~ 1947 esa Hkkjr 1991)A e#LFkyh; {ks=ksa esa Hkh ik"kk.k ;qxhu dqN vo'ks"k fey tkrs gSaA izkxSfrgkfld foHkktu ds QyLo:Ik fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ds nksuksa dsUnz ikfdLrku esa pys x,A vr% dky dks rhu izeq[k Hkkxksa esa ck°Vk tk ldrk gS& vc iqjkrŸofonksa us Hkkjr esa bl lH;rk ds LFky [kkstus dk iz;kl fd;kA 1960 ds iqjkik"k.k dky (Paleolithic of Early Stone age)%& n'kd esa Hkkjrh; iqjkrŸo losZ{k.k dh vksj ls c`toklh yky ,oa ckyd`".k Fkkij us jkTkLFkku esa bl ;qx ds midj.kksa dks loZizFke Hkkjr ljdkj ds Hkw&xHkZ foHkkx guqekux<+ ftys esa ?kX?kj (izkphu ljLorh) unh ds ck;sa fdukjs ij fLFkr dkyhcaxk ds lh- ,- gSDdV us t;iqj ,oa bUnzx<+ ds vklikl ls [kkst fudkys Fks] ;g gLr uked iqjkLFky dk mR[kuu djk;kA ;gk° ij mR[kuu esa tqrs gq, [ksr ds izek.k feys dqBkj (Handaxe) Fks] tks vc Hkkjrh; laxzgky; dydŸkk esa miyC/k gSaA dqN gSaA fo'o Hkj esa gq, mR[kuuksa eas izkIr [ksrksa esa ;g izFke gS (ikuxfM;k] 1996)A le; ds ckn lsVudkj dks >kykokM+ ftys esa iqjkik"k.k dky ds midj.k feys FksA iqjkrŸofonksa ds vFkd iz;klksa ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa Lora=rk ckn ls orZeku rd fla/kq fiNys nks n'kdksa ls Hkkjrh; iqjkrŸo losZ{k.k] nDdu dkWyst iwuk] jktLFkku jkT; ?kkVh lH;rk ds 1500 iqjkLFky [kksts tk pqds gSaA ;s iqjkLFky eq[;r% xqtjkr] iqjkrŸo ,oa laxzgky; foHkkx vkfn laLFkkvksa us bl laLd`fr dks ;kstukcº rjhds ls jktLFkku] mŸkj izns'k] d'ehj esa gSaA bu iqjkLFkyksa ds QSyko dk {ks=Qy 15 yk[k mn~?kkfVr djus esa egŸoiw.kZ ;ksx fn;k gSA jkTkLFkku esa izeq[k ufn;ksa ,oa mudh oxZ fd-eh- gSA jktLFkku esa xaxkuxj] guqekux<+ ftyksa esa bl lH;rk ds iqjkLFky lgk;d ufn;ksa es fdukjs tSls vtesj] HkhyokM+k] fpŸkkSM+x<+] t;iqj] Hkjriqj] >kykokM+] feyrs gSa (vxzoky] 2007)A tkykSj] ikyh] Vksad vkfn ftyksa esa bl laLd`fr ds izek.k izkIr gq, gSa (feJk] (3) vkgkM+ ;k cukl laLd`fr vFkok rkez&ik"kkf.kd laLd`fr 2007)A csM+p vkSj mldh lgk;d ufn;ksa dh miR;dk ls fuEu iqjkik"kk.k dky ds ftl le; iatkc] fla/k] xqtjkr rFkk mŸkjh jktLFkku esa fla/kq lH;rkiw.kZ :Ik vkStkj feys gSaA bl {ks= esa uxjh rFkk fpŸkkSM+x<+ ls fuEu iqjkik"kk.k dky ds midj.k ls O;kIr Fkh ml le; nf{k.kh&iwohZ jktLFkku esa ftl LkaLd`fr dk mn; gqvk og feys gSaA vkgkM+ ;k cukl vFkok rkez rkez&ik"kkf.kd laLd`fr ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA bl e/; ik"kk.k dky (Mesolithic or Late Stone age) lH;rk dk irk lcls igys mn;iqj esa fLFkr vkgkM+ vFkok vk?kkViqj uked LFky ls fiNys 15 o"kksZa ls jktLFkku Hkw izns'k ij e/;ik"kk.k ;qxhu LFky dkQh la[;k pyrk gS (lDlsuk] 1991)A bls rkez&ik"kkf.kd laLd`fr blfy, dgrs gSa] D;ksafd esa miyC/k gq, gSa ;gk° ij e/;ik"kk.k ;qxhu iqjkLFky t;iqj] mn;iqj] HkhyokM+k] blesa ik"kk.k midj.kksa ds lkFk&lkFk rkez midj.k Hkh feyrs gSa rFkk blds izeq[k vtesj] Vksad] dksVk] >kykokM+ vkfn gSaA bl ;qx dk lcls le`º LFky ckxksj gSA iqjkLFky cukl ,oa mldh lgk;d ufn;ksa ds vklikl fodflr gq, FksA vkgkM+ dsoy blh iqjkLFky dk {kSfrt mR[kuu fd;k x;k gS (lDlsuk] 1991)A (240 40* mŸkjh v{kka'k ,oa 730 50* iwohZ ns'kkUrj) uked Vhys dk mR[kuu nDdu uo ik"kk.k ;qx (Neolithic age) dkWyst&iwuk] esyckWuZ fo'ofo|ky;&vkWLV™sfy;k rFkk iqjkrŸo ,oa laxzgky; foHkkx uo ik"kk.k dky gh og le; Fkk] tc ekuo us LFkk;h jguk] d`f"k djuk] jktLFkku }kjk MkW- ,p-Mh- lkadfy;k ds usr`Ro esa gqvk FkkA ;|fi blls iwoZ 1952&54 Ik'kqikyu ,oa e`n~Hkk.M cukuk lh[k fy;k FkkA vkt ls yxHkx nl gtkj o"kZ iwoZ ds chp jRupUnz vxzoky us ;gk° mR[kuu djk;k FkkA blds vykok rkez&ik"kkf.kd 161 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 321 322 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 laLd`fr esa izeq[k :Ik ls dk;Fkk laLd`fr] ekyok laLd`fr] tksoZs laLd`fr eq[; gSaA fofHkUu iqjkLFkyksa ls feys gSaA ;s ik= vtesj] Hkjriqj] /kkSyiqj] HkhyokM+k] t;iqj] dk;Fkk laLd`fr ds izeq[k iqjkLFky f=iqjh (ftyk tcyiqj)] ,j.k (ftyk lkxj)] >qU>qUk°] Vksad] mn;iqj vkfn ftyksa ds iqjkLFkyksa ls feys gSaA bl ik= ijEijk dks ekS;Z mTtSu ,oa dk;Fkk (ftyk mTtSu) izeq[k gSaA vkgkM+ laLd`fr esa vkgkM+] ckykFky] dky ls tksM+k tkrk gSA bl ik= ijEijk ds dkyÿe dks 500 bZ- iw- ls 100 bZ- iw- ds ckxkSj] fxyw.n vkfn iqjkLFky eq[; gSaA orZeku esa vkgkM+ laLd`fr ds jktLFkku esa e/; j[k ldrs gSaA vtesj] HkhyokM+k] fpŸkkSM+x<+] /kkSyiqj] Mqaxjiqj] t;iqj] Vksad] mn;iqj vkfn ftyksa esa (7) 'kqax&dq"kk.k dkyhu iqjkLFky 100 ls vf/kd iqjkLFky [kksts tk pqds gSa (feJk] 2007)A 'kqax oa'k dh LFkkiuk 185&84 bZ- iw- esa iq";fe= 'kqax us vafre ekS;Z lezkV (4) xs:;s jax ds e`n~ik=ksa okyh laLd`fr (OCP) c`gnzFk dh gR;k djds dh FkhA dq"kk.k oa'k dk izFke lezkV dqtqy dnfQll (15 ;g laLd`fr lOkZizFke gfLrukiqj ds fUkEure Lrj ls izkIr gqbZ FkhA jktLFkku esa bZ- ls 65 bZ-) Fkk (Fkkij] 1988)A jkTkLFkku esa 'kqax&dq"kk.k dkyhu iqjkLFky HkhyokM+k] xs:;s jax ds e`n~ik= jktLFkku ljdkj ds iqjkrŸo ,oa laxzgky; foHkkx ds funs'kd t;iqj] lhdj] vtesj] vyoj] Hkjriqj] Vksad vkfn ftyksa esa feys gSaA Jh jRu pUnz vxzoky ds funsZ'ku esa uksg (Hkjriqj) ds mR[kuu ls izkIr gq, tks bl ik= mi;qZ‰ izdkj ls jkTkLFkku esa Ik;ZVu ds LFkyksa esa fofHkUu iqjkrkfŸod iqjkLFkyksa ijEijk dh nf{k.k&if'peh lhek dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA bl ik= ijEijk dh frfFk dks j[k ldrs gSaA bu iqjkrkfŸod LFkyksa dks xzkeh.k Ik;ZVu ls fo'ks"k :Ik ls tksM+ 1300 bZ- iw- vk°dh xbZ gS (lDlsuk]1991)A bl ik= ijEijk ds izeq[k iqjkLFky ldrs gSa D;ksafd vf/kdka'k iqjkLFky xk°oksa ds djhc gh gksrs gSaA ;|fi dqN iqjkLFky Hkjriqj] t;iqj] >qU>qUkw°] lhdj vkfn ftyksa esa fLFkr gSaA bl laLd`fr ds jktLFkku esa lajf{kr LFkyksa ds :Ik esa ?kksf"kr fd;s tk pqds gSa] tSls dkyhcaxk vkfnA vc rd yxHkx 130 iqjkLFky [kksts tk pqds gSaA fofHkUu iqjkLFkyksa ds vykok jktLFkku ds fofHkUu ftyksa ;Fkk mn;iqj] chdkusj] (5) fpf=r /kwlj e`n~Hkk.M laLd`fr (PGW) t;iqj] Hkjriqj] Mhx] cw°nh] fpŸkkSM+x<+] dqaHkyx<+] e.Mksj] vkesj] tkykSj] ds nqxZ ,oa fla/kq lH;rk ds var o ,sfrgkfld dky ds vkjaHk rd dk le; iqjkrŸofonksa jktegy izflº gSa] ekm.V vkcw dk nsyokM+k tSu eafnj] j.kdiqj dk tSu eafnj] dh n`f"V esa va/kdkj ;qx (Dark age) dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd bl dky ds e/; dksbZ ckyksrjk ds fudV ukdksM+k eafnj] vtesj esa [oktk eqbuqÌhu fp'rh dh njxkg] Bksl lk{; izkIr ugha gks lds FksA fdarq iqjkfonksa dks izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa ds [ktqjkgks 'kSyh ds esuky o jkex<+ Hk.M nsojk o vV: ds eafnj vkfn izflº Ik;ZVu mR[kuu ls /kwlj fpf=r e`nHkk.M (PGW) izkIr gq, gSaA loZizFke ch-ch- yky dks LFky gSa (ukVk.kh]1999)A gfLrukiqj ds mR[kuu ls ;s ik= feys FksA gfLrukiqj esa fpf=r /kwlj ik= ijEijk dh lanHkZ frfFk 1100 bZ- iw- ls 800 bZ- iw- ds e/; fu/kkZfjr dh xbZA yky us bl ik= ijEijk Agrawal, D.P. 2007, The Indus civilization: An Interdisciplinary Prespective, New dks egkHkkjr dky ls tksM+k gSA buds vykok jktLFkku esa /kwlj fpf=r e`n~Hkk.M Delhi, Aryan Books International. Kenoyer, J.M. 1998. Ancient cities of Indus valley civilization. Karachi, O.U.P. vtesj] Hkjriqj] vyoj] /kkSyiqj] t;iqj] >qU>quw°] Vksad] guqekux<+ vkfn ftyksa esa Misra, V.N. 2007, Rajasthan: Prehistoric and Early Historic foundation, New Delhi, fLFkr iqjkLFkyksa ls feys gSaA bl laLd`fr ds vc rd yxHkx 120 iqjkLFky [kksts tk Aryan Books International. pqds gSa (Misra, 2007)A Misra, V.N. 2006, A Gazetteer of Archaeological sites in Rajasthan (from Paleolithic to Early Historical), Man and Environment xxxl (1), 48-96. (6) mŸkjh dkyh pedhyh e`n~Hkk.M ijEijk (NBPW) ukVk.kh] izdk'k ukjk;.k] 1999] jktLFkku fuekZ.k ds ipkl o"kZ] Hkkx&2] t;iqj] iksbUVj ifCy'klZ ;g ik= [k.M loZizFke r{kf'kyk es mR[kuu ls lu~ 1934 esa izdk'k esa vk, uhjt] t;flag vkfn] 1989] jktLFkku dh lkaLd`frd ijEijk] t;iqj] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh FksA bu ik=ksa ij ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh ped gS rFkk ;s ik= [k.M izkjaHk esa mŸkjh Hkkjr ikuxfM;k] ch-,y-] 1996] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] t;iqj] us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkml ik.Ms;] t;ukjk;.k] 1992] iqjkrŸo foe'kZ] bykgkckn ds gh iqjkLFkyksa ls feys FksA Qyr% ekWVhZej Oghyj ,oa d`".knso us bldk uke dkyh lDlsuk] vk'kqrks"k] 1991] jktLFkku dk ,sfrgkfld iqjkrŸo] t;iqj] lkfgR;kxkj pedhyh e`n~Hkk.M ijEijk (Norhen Black Polished Ware) fd;k FkkA fdarq Fkkij] jksfeyk] 1988] Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] ubZ fnYyh] jktdey izdk'ku izk-fy- ckn esa ;s e`n~Hkk.M lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa o ikfdLrku esa feys gSa vkSj buds jax Hkh O;kl] jkds'k dqekj] 2008] Ik;ZVu mn~Hko ,oa fodkl] t;iqj] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh vyx&vyx izdkj dk gaS (ik.Ms;] 1992)A bl ik= ijEijk ds ik= jkTkLFkku esa Hkh 162 324 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ,f'k;k ls Hkh feys gSA dkyhcaxk iqjkLFky dks 3000 bZlk iwoZ ekuk tkrk gSA bl csyukdkj ij rhu vkd`fr;k° fo|eku gSaA ck;ha vksj ls izFke vkd`fr ds flj ij nks dkyhcaxk ls izkIr VsjkdksVk ij Jh jke ,oa nsoh lhrk pksfV;k° c°/kh gSaA f}rh; vkd`fr ds flj ij ckyksa dk ,d tqM+k c°/kk gqvk gSA r`rh; vkd`fr ds ≈?oZ Hkkx esa ekuokd`fr ds flj ij ckyksa dk ,d tqM+k c°/kk gqvk gS rFkk dk iqjkrkfŸod lk{; ,oa fofo/k rkez dyk v/kksHkkx 'ksj dh i'kq vkd`fr esa n'kkZ;k gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd izFke nks vkd`fr;ksa iqjklkexzh ds lkFk fpf r (vkgr) eqnzk,° ds j{kkFkZ rhljh vkd`fr dk v/kksHkkx cy'kkyh 'ksj dh vkd`fr esa crk;k x;k gSA t+Qj mYykg [kk° mDr e`.k izfrek ,oa fpf r (vkgr) eqnzkvksa ij vafdr ekuo&vkd`fr ds gkFk o v°xqfy;ksa dh cukoV] iq#"k vkd`fr ds flj ij c°/kk twM+k ,oa efgyk vkd`fr ds flj ij c°/kh nksuksa pksfV;ksa esa ,d:irk ,oa lekurk gSA ;g ,d 'kks/k ijd rF; gSA fpf r (vkgr) eqnzkvksa dk izpyu dky 600&200 bZloha iwoZ ekuk tkrk gSA

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ck;ha vksj ls nsoh lhrk ,oa Jh jke dk dkyhcaxk ls feys VsjkdksVk ij 5000 o"kZ izkphu iqjkrkfod lk{; ck;ha vksj ls nsoh lhrk Jh jke ,oa Jh y{e.k dk izkphu fpf r (vkgr) eqnzkvksa ij 2600 o"kZ izkphu iqjkrkfRod lk{; mDr e`.k izfrekvksa (VsjkdksVk) esa ,d iq#"k ,oa ,d efgyk dk vadu gSA efgyk vkd`fr dks iq#"k ds ck;ha vksj (okekax) [kM+h eqnzk esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl mDr eqnzk,° J.N.S.I. LXII-III 2000-01 ds i`"B la[;k 24 ls 28] rFkk izdkj e`.k izfrek esa nsoh lhrk dks Jh jke ds ck°;h rjQ [kM+s gq, crk;k x;k gSA nsoh tQj mYykg [kka dh iqLrd ^,sfrgkfld eqnzk,°* laLdj.k o"kZ 2005 flDdk ÿekad lhrk ds flj ij ckyksa dh nks pksfV;k° c°/kh gqbZ gSa] ckyksa dh pksfV;k° dks lqUnj :i ls la[;k (6 o 7) esa izdkf'kr gSaA x°wFkdj ck°/k j[kk gSA nsoh lhrk us vius nksuksa gkFkksa dks lh/kh eqnzk esa uhps dj j[kk gSA jktLFkku esa jS<] uxj (Vksad)_ fojkVuxj (cSjkB)] bLekbyiqj] lkaHkj] tlUniqjk Jh jke ds flj ij ,d tqM+k c°/kk gqvk gSA Jh jke us viuk nk;k° gkFk ≈ij dj j[kk (t;iqj)_ uxjh (fpŸkkSM+)_ egok nso th (cw°nh)_ vkgkM+ (mn;iqj)_ uksg (Hkjriqj)_ gS rFkk ck;k° gkFk uhps dh vksj gSA Jh jke dk eq[ke.My Hkh ck;ha vksj nsoh lhrk dh xqjkjk (lhdj) vkfn fofHkUu LFkkukssa ij iqjkrkfRod mR[kuu ;k la;ksxo'k ?kjksa] [ksrksa rjQ ns[krs gq, n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd nksuksa ck;k° vksj ns[k jgs gSaA esa [kqnkbZ djrs le; Hkkjrh; eqnzk bfrgkl ds izkphure fpf r (vkgr) yxHkx esjk ;g er gS fd izFke iq#"k vkd`fr ds flj ij dsoy ,d twM+k c°/kk gSA ;s 7180 flDds feys gSaaA fgUnw /kkfeZd ekU;rk ds vuqlkj ijEijkxr :i ls ,oa izkphu Jh jke gSaA okaekx efgyk vkd`fr ds flj ij nks pksfV;k° c°/kh gqbZ gSaA ;s nsoh lhrk gSaA dky ls nks iq#"kksa ds lkFk ck;sa (okekax) gkFk dh rjQ [kM+h efgyk ds vadu dks fgUnw /kkfeZd ekU;rk ds vuqlkj ijEijkxr :i ls ,oa izkphu dky ls ,d iq#"k nsoh lhrk] Jh jke ,oa Jh y{e.k ds :i esa ns[kk o igpkuk tkrk jgk gSA bu fofHkUu vkd`fr ds lkFk ck;sa gkFk (okekax) dh rjQ [kM+h efgyk ds vadu dks nsoh lhrk nQhuksa esa bl izdkj dh 135 eqnzk feyh gSA Hkkjr ds vU; {ks=ksa ds nfQ+uksa ls Hkh bl 2 ds :i esa ns[kk o igpkuk tkrk jgk gSA ;s e`.k izfrek dkyhcaxk ls feyh gSA bldk izdkj dh eqnzk,° izkIr gqbZ gSaA vkdkj yxHkx 8 X 6 lsUVh ehVj gS ,oa mDr csyu ds vkdkj ds ;U= ij e`.k vkgr flDdksa ij tkWu ,yu us bUgsa ^Fkzh eSu*3 ,oa MkW- ijes'ojh yky xqIr us izfrekvksa dk dkyhcaxk laxzgky; dh iqjkiaftdk esa bUnzkt+ la[;k 9734 ij ntZ gSA bUgsa ^rhu ekuokd`fr;ka*4 fy[kk gSA esjk ;g er gS fd ;g ^Fkzh eSu* ughaa gaS] cfYd nks bldk vkdkj yEckbZ esa 20 feyhehVj ,oa xksykbZ 12 feyhehVj ds yxHkx gSA1 bl iq#"k ,oa ,d efgyk vkd`fr gSA bl izdkj bu flDdksa ij ^Fkzzh eSu* esa chp dh izdkj fly~bu~fM™dy~ (orZqykdkj@csyu ds vkdkj dk) eksgu&tksnM+ks ,oa osLV vkd`fr Jh jke dh gS] buds ck;sa gkFk dh rjQ nks pksfV;ksa vFkok rhu twM+kssa okyh 163 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 325 326 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vkd`fr nsoh lhrk dh gS] tks izR;sd flDds ij Jh jke ds okekax ij gh n'kkZ;h x;h feyrk gSA bl izdkj dh lw;Z ds vadu okyh 300 ls vf/kd fpf r (vkgr) eqnzkvksa gSA nf{k.kh Hkkjrh; {ks= ds vejkorh gkWMZ esa Hkh bl izdkj dh eqnzk,° izkIr gqbZ gSaA dh igpku gks pqdh gSA yxHkx 300 ls vf/kd vyx&vyx izdkj ds fpf r (vkgr) flDdksa dh Jh guqqeku~ th dks Hkxoku~~~~~ Jh jke ds lEeq[k ueu eqnzk esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA igpku gks pqdh gSA bu lHkh izdkj ds flDdksa ij lw;Z ds fp dk vadu feyrk gS] blds vfrfjDr flDds ij ioZr ds nks fVyksa ds chp esa tM+h&cwVh dk vadu gSA ysfdu Jh jke (rhu ekuo vkd`fr;ksa) ds vadu okys 9 izdkj ds fpf r (vkgr) ^^nf{k.ks y{e.kks ;L; okes p tudkRetk A iqjrks ek#fr;ZL; ra oUns flDdksa ij lw;Z dk vadu ughaa gSA bu flDdksa ij lw;Z ds LFkku ij Jh jke dk vadu j?kquUnue**AA31AA7 gSA D;ksafd Hkxoku~ Jh jke Lo;a lw;Zoa'kh FksA blfy;s Jh jke ds vadu okyh vFkZ %& ftudh nk;ha vksj y{e.k th] ck;aha vksj tkudh th (lhrkth)] eqnzkvksa ij lw;Z dk vadu 9 izdkj ds fuEukafdr fpf r (vkgr) flDdksa ij ughaa vkSj lkeus guqeku~ th fojkteku gaS] mu j?kqukFk th (Jh jke) dh eSa oUnuk djrk gw°A8 fd;k x;k gSaA Jh jke ds vadu okyh eqnzkvksa ij lw;Z dk vadu fuEukafdr rkfydk eqnzkvksa ij nsoh&nsorkvksa dk vadu fo'o Lrj ij vfr izkphudky ls gh ns[kk tk esa 9 izdkj ds fpf r (vkgr) eqnzkvksa ij ughaa fd;k x;k gSa%& (Qyd&1 o 2)5 ldrk gSA izkphudky ds xzhd eqnzkvksa ij viksyks] T;wl] ,aFksuk vkfn nsoh&nsorkvksa dk vadu dj /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr dh x;h gSA9 dq"kk.kdkyhu eqnzkvksa ij gsfyvkWl] ehjks] ekvks] ,Fk'kks] ukuk10 vkfn nsoh&nsorkvksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa xqIrdky dks eqnzk bfrgkl dk Lo.kZ ;qx dgk tkrk gSA leqnzxqIr ds n.M/kj izdkj dh eqnzkvksa ds vxzHkkx ij jktk dks vfXuosfndk11 esa vkgqfr nsrs gq, n'kkZ;k x;k gSA xqIrdky dh eqnzkvksa ds i`"BHkkx ij nsoh12 (y{eh)] dkfrZds;13 nsork vkfn dk vadu feyrk gSA b.Mks&llSfu;u eqnzkvksa ds i`"BHkkx ij vfXuosfndk14 dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA izfrgkj 'kkldksa us vkfn&ojkg ds eqnzkvksa dk izpyu djk;kA xkaxs;no izdkj ds eqnzkvksa ij prZqHkqth i˘klu y{eh dk vadu fd;k x;kA v'okjksgh ,oa o`"kHk izdkj ds eqnzkvksa ij uUnh dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA blh izdkj eqfLyedky ds eqnzkvksa ij dyek ,oa [kyhQkvksa ds uke fy[kokdj /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dks vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gS] vr% Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds izkphure fpf r (vkgr) eqnzkvksa ij nsoh lhrk] Hkxoku~ Jh jke ,oa Jh y{e.k ds lkFk Jh mDr rkfydk la[;k&izFke esa ÿekad la[;k (1) (2) (3) ij 'kM~jpÿ] lw;Z] guqeku th dk vadu ik;k tkuk fgUnww /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr ekuk tk ,oa rhu igkfM+;ksa ij vºZ pUnzek dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA 'ks"k nks fp ÿekad la[;k ldrk gSA bl fo"k; ij ^iqjklEink* o"kZ 2010&11 iqjkrŸo ,oa laxzgky; foHkkx] (4) o (5) izR;sd ukS izdkj ds flDdksa ij vyx&vyx vafdr gSaA rkfydk la[;k&f}rh; t;iqj esa 'kks/k i= izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA esa izFke rhu fp ÿekad la[;k (1) (2) (3) Jh y{e.k] Jh jke ,oa nsoh lhrk ds dkyhcaxk {ks= ls MkW- ,y- ih- VSlhVksjh }kjk lu~ 1916&17 bZ- esaa [kksts x;s gSaA bl izdkj nksuksa rkfydkvksa esa bu ukS izdkj dh eqnzkvksa ij (1) (2) (3) 'kM~jpdz] rFkk laxzgky; esa iznf'kZr izkxSfrgkfld rkez midj.kksa dk fooj.k dqy 18 ftuesa rhj lw;Z] ,oa rhu igkfM+;ksa ij vºZ pUnzek ds LFkku ij Jh y{e.k] Jh jke ,oa nsoh Qyd&2] eNyh idM+us dk dk°Vk&2] eudk&1] v°xwBh (NYyk)&3] NSuh@cs/kuh@ lhrk dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA nksuksa rkfydkvksa esa ÿekad la[;k (4) o (5) ds fp 6 dhy&5] ,oa eqnzk,°&5 iqjkiaftdk esa ÿekad la[;k 2237 ij ntZ gSaA buesa ÿekad ,d lkeku j[ks x;s gSaA la[;k 14 ls 18 fpf r (vkgr) eqnzk,° gSaA foHkkxh; ^dq"kk.kdkyhu flDdksa dh mDr nksuksa rkfydkvksa ls ;g Li"V gS fd Jh jke ds vadu okyh mDr ukS izn'kZuh* o"kZ 2015 ds czks'kj esa i`"B la[;k 8&9 ij bu izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA15 ;g izdkj dh eqnzkvksa ij lw;Z dk vadu ugha fd;k x;k gSA mDr ukS izdkj dh eqnzkvksa dks fpf r (vkgr) eqnzk,° laxzgky; dh MkW- ,y- ih- VslhVksjh mR[kUu nh?kkZ ds Vsfcy NksM+dj 'ks"k vU; lHkh izdkj dh fpf r eqnzkvksa ij lw;Z dk fp vko';d :i ls 'kksdsl esa iznf'kZr gSaA bl izdkj dh eqnzkvksa ij vafdr fp ksa dks Mk- ijes'ojh yky 164 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 327 328 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 xqIr us ^Hkkjr ds iwoZdkfyd flDds* iqLrd esa i`"B la-&31 o 32 ij nf{k.k iapky ladsfrd fyfi ds :Ik esa fd;k tkrk FkkA ikjEifjd Hkkjrh; lkaLd`frd ekU;rk dh (tkaxy) izns'k ls izkIr gksuk izdkf'kr dj j[kk gSaA n`f"V ls bu fp ksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkuk vR;Ur 'kks/k dk fo"k; gSA mi;qZDr fo'ys"k.kksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq,] blh vk/kkj ij bu eqnzkvksa ds izpyu dky dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkuk mfpr jgsxkA esjk ;g fouze er gS fd buesa ls igyk fp jkT; dk] nwljk fp jktk dk] rhljk fp {ks= dk] pkSFkk fp ea=h rFkk ik°pok° fp Vdlky ,oa /kkfeZd vfHkO;fDr dk |ksrd gSA ;g er lgh izrhr gksrk gSA eqnzkvksa ij vafdr ik°pksa fp ksa ds lewg vyx&vyx gksrs gSaA fofHkUu fo}kuksa }kjk bu lkadsfrd fp ksa ds lewgksa dh vyx&vyx igpkuk] O;k[;k vkSj fo'ys"k.k fd;k gSA mi;qZDr iqjkrkfRod lk{; ,o miyC/k rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij izkphu Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr ds xkSjo'kkyh oSHko ,oa ijEijkvksa dks fo'oLrj ij izdk'k esa ykus ds fy;s mi;ZqDr flDdksa ,oa VsjkdksVk ds vk/kkj ij le; fu/kkZj.k djuk ,d 'kks/kijd fo"k; gSA mijksDr lk{; ,oa rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij fpf r (vkgr) eqnzkvksa dk izpyu dky 2000&1000 bZloh iwoZ fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA mi;qZDr iqjkrkfRod lk{; ,o miyC/k rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij Jhjke dk ;g vfr lUnHkZ izkphu iqjkrkfRod lk{; gks x;k gSA dkyhcaxk iqjkLFky dk dky 3000&2000 bZlk 1. Shri B.B. Lal- Excavations at Kalibangan The Harappans (1960-1969) Part-I, iwoZ fu/kkZfjr gSA bl dky esa fyfi dk fodkl ugha gqvk FkkA dsoy fp ksa ds vk/kkj Published by The director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, ij lezkV] {ks=h;rk] Vdlky ,oa /kkfeZd vfHkO;fDr vkfn dh tkudkjh vketu dks New Delhi— Photo Page - Fig. 9.51 a-j. 2- Hkkjrh; eqnzk ifj"kn~ ds vad la[;k&LXII-III 2000-01 esa i`-&24 ls 28 (PLs. VII-VIII) nh tkrh jgh gksxhA blfy, dkyhcaxk dh e`.k izfrek (VsjkdksVk) dk dky 3- tkWu ,yu , dsVykWx vkWQ fn bf.M;u dkWbUl bu nh fczfV'k E;wft;e] i`- Ix 3000&2000 bZlk iwoZ ,oa fpf r (vkgr) eqnzkvksa dk dky 600&200 bZlk iwoZ 4- MkW- ijes'ojh yky xqIr ^Hkkjr ds iwoZdkfyd flDds* esa i`-&67- fu/kkZfjr gSA bu ekuo vkd`fr;ksa dh lekurk ds vk/kkj ij Jhjke dk ;g vfr izkphu 5- bfrgkl ,oa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr v/;;u dsUnz] jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj ds 15 osa iqjkrkfRod lk{; miyC/k gks x;k gSA jk"V™h; lsehukj fnukad 23&24] tuojh] 2015 ds lkjka'k foojkf.kdk esa izdkf'krA dkyhcaxk (guqekux<+) ls MkW- ,y- ih- VSlhVksjh }kjk izkphu fpf r (vkgr) 6- Rajasthan History Congress Proceeding Volume- XXIX ds i`- 197&205 ij izdkf'krA eqnzkvksa dh izkfIr egŸoiw.kZ gSA bl rF; ,oa lk{; ls Li"V gS fd ;gk° feys vo'ks"kksa 7- jkej{kkLrkss=e~ xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqjA 8- jktLFkku ds izkphu flDds laLdj.k o"kZ 2005 esa vfUre i`"B ij ifjf'k"V ^v* rFkk ds vk/kkj ij dkyhcaxk lH;rk dks iwoZ gM+Iik&dky (izh&gM+Iik) 2400&2250 bZ- ,sfrgkfld eqnzk,° laLdj.k o"kZ 2013 esa flDdk ÿe la[;k&9] i`"B la[;k&106&107 iw- rFkk gM+Iik dky (vyhZ&gM+Iik) 2200&1700 bZ- iw- nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k ns[ksaA x;k gSA rkez lkexzh ds lkFk ^izkphu fpf r (vkgr) eqnzkvkas* dk feyuk vkgr 9- MkW- ijes'ojh yky xqIr Hkkjr ds iwoZdkfyd flDds esa i`"B la[;k&100 eqnzkvksa dh iqu% frfFk fu/kkZj.k esa lg;ksxh flº jgsxkA mDr dykiqjklkexzh ls 3000 10- ogh] i`"B la[;k&211 bZloh iwoZ fodflr Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA blds 11- ogh] i`"B la[;k&258 v/;;u ls bfrgkl ys[ku esa egŸoiw.kZ lg;ksx feysxkA 12- ogh] i`"B la[;k&266&69 lalkj esa lcls izkphu eqnzk,° fp ksa okyh eqnzk,° dgha tk ldrh gSaA ;s eqnzk,° 13- ogh] i`"B la[;k&270 14- ogh] i`"B la[;k&304 fyfi ds fodkl ls iwoZ dh gSaA izkphu dky esa /kjrh ij euq"; ds nSfud thou ls 15- foHkkxh; dq"kk.kdkyhu flDdksa dh izn'kZuh o"kZ 2015 ds czks'kj esa i`"B la[;k 8&9 ij bu tqM+h lHkh egRoiw.kZ pht+sa fpf r (vkgr) eqnzkvksa ij Vafdr gSaA bl vk/kkj ij esjk izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA ;g fouez fuosnu gS fd eqnzkvksa ij fyfi ds fodkl ls iwoZ bu fp ksa dk Vad.k 165 330 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 tgk°xhj ds 'kklu dky eas esokM+ eas fuokl djus okys >kyk gjnkl us 'kkgh tukuk[kkuk dh dqN efgykvkas dks Hkhykas ls cpk;k FkkA ftlls izlUu gksdj tgk°xhj us gjnkl >kyk dks jko dh mikf/k ls lEekfur djrs gq, mUgas pkSegyk dk ijxuk >kykokM+ ftyk dk izkphu dLck xax/kkj iznku fd;kA gjnkl >kyk us xax/kkj dks viuh jkt/kkuh cuk;kA lu~ 1629 bZ- eas MkW- iz.ko nso >kyk gjnkl ds iq= jktk ujgjnkl >kyk }kjk unh ds fdukjs fufeZr nqxZ eas yEcs le; rd rglhy dk;kZy; pyrk jgkA8 bl nqxZ ds nks }kj Fks ftleas HkSjksiksy n'kZuh; jgk >kykokM+ ftyk eq[;ky; ls nf{k.k&if'pe fn'kk esa yxHkx 125 fdyksehVj gSA bl }kj ds ikl gh tSu efUnj eas izfrf"Br ewfrZ;ksa ij fo-la- 1330] 1352] 1524] nwj ekyok dh lhek ls feyk izkphu dLck xax/kkj fLFkr gS] tks orZeku esa iz'kklfud 1572 ds y?kq ys[k gSA ftlds vkxs c<+us ij lu~ 1251 bZ- ds jko dYg.k dk n`f"V ls rglhy eq[;ky; gSA pkSegyk jsyos LVs'ku ls 5 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij f'kykys[k gS] ftlls dLcs dh le`fº dk vkHkkl feyrk gSA nqxZ ds vUnj ujgjnkl pEcy dh lgk;d unh NksVh dkyhfla/k ds fdukjs 23056* mŸkjh va{kk'k vkSj us >kykvkas dh dqynsoh fo'oUr ekrk ds efUnj dk Hkh fuekZ.k djok;kA buds jkT; 75041* iwohZ ns'kkUrj ds chp leqnz ry ls 1498 QhV dh ≈°pkbZ ij fLFkr1 ;g ds vUrxZr lkr ijxus xax/kkj ds jkT; eas vkrs FksA ftuls dqy okf"kZd vk; dLck egkdkO; dky ls vius bfrgkl dks lehd`r djrk gSA bl dLcs dh LFkkiuk 400000@& FkhA ujgjnkl }kjk fufeZr ;g nqxZ xax/kkj uxj ds ≈°ps iBkjh {ks= ij cuk ds fo"k; esa dqN fdaonfUr;k izflº gSA izFke fdaonUrh ds vuqlkj bls xaxkiq= Hkh"e gSA tgk° ls pkjksa dh vksj pkSdlh dh tk ldsA nqxZ dh nhokjsa rFkk cqtsZ vkt Hkh lqn`<+ xkaxs; us clk;k vkSj blh vk/kkj ij bldk uke xax/kkj dgyk;kA2 nwljh fdaonUrh ds gSA mUgksaus blds vUnj fo'oUr ekrk ds efUnj ds vfrfjDr jkt ifjokj ds fuokl gsrq vuqlkj dSjo uked jktiwrkas us bl xax/kkj dks vius xq: xaxkZpk;Z dks tkxhj esa fn;k HkO; egykas dk fuekZ.k Hkh djok;kA jktegy vkt Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ujgjnkl FkkA3 ,sfrgkfld izek.kksa ds vk/kkj ij bl dLcs dk uke xaxZjkV Lohdkj fd;k tk ds mŸkjkf/kdkjh Jh n;kynkl >kyk us vius NksVs Hkzkrk jk?konso ds lkFk mTtSu ds ldrk gS4 D;kasfd blds lehi cgus okyh unh dk uke xxZjk feyrk gSA bldk fudV /keZr eas gq, izflº ;qº esa 'kkgh lsuk dh vksj ls Hkkx fy;k FkkA ftldk usr`Ro mYys[k eUnlkSj ds vkSfydj oa'kh; jktk fo'ooEeZu ls lEcfU/kr foÿe laor~ 480 tks/kiqj ujs'k egkjktk tloUrflag us fd;k FkkA rRi'pkr~ vkSjaxtsc ds ledkyhu (lu~ 423&24 bZ-) ds ;gk° ls izkIr f'kykys[k esa feyrk gSA5 blesa ukjeu ds ea=h jkor izrkiflag >kyk ;gk° ds 'kkld gq,A lu~ 1670 bZ- muds LoxZokl ds ckn muds e;wjk{k us ;gk° ,d efUnj cuok;k FkkA blh vfHkys[k esa xax/kkj dk uke xxzkZV~ crk;k iq= jkor ekynso us 'kklu fd;kA ;g nksuksa 'kkld /keZijk;.k] nkuo`fŸk ls vksrizksr jgs x;k gSA ;g bl dLcs ls izkIr blds bfrgkl dk izkphu vfHkys[kh; lk{; gSA gaSA ekynso us lu~ 1702 bZ- esa txUukFkiqjh dh rhFkZ ;k=k Hkh dh] rFkkfi lu~ 1695 eUnlkSj dk ;g jktk xqIr lezkV dqekj xqIr ds ledkyhu FkkA xax/kkj ls izkIr ,d bZ- ds muds rhu rkezi=kas ls vkl&ikl ds czk„.kkas dks Hkwfe nku djus ds mYys[k vU; f'kykys[k ds vuqlkj ;g uxj fo- laor~ 1308 (lu~ 1251 bZ-) esa jko dsYgu feyrs gSA blds vfrfjDr bu 'kkldksa us xax/kkj jkT; esa vusd ckofM+;ksa] rkykckas ds vf/kdkj esa FkkA ;g jko dsYgu dkSu Fkk] blds fo"k; esa dqN Kkr ugha gks ldk ,oa dq°vksa dk fuekZ.k djok;kA dkykUrj esa xax/kkj ds vf/kdka'k {ks= ij /kkj ds gSA ml le; Hkh bl uxj dk uke ^xxZjkV* gh FkkA6 xax/kkj dh izkphurk dk vuqeku ijekj ;k iaokj jktkvkas dk vkf/kiR; LFkkfir gks x;k] vkSj xax/kkj jkT; esa dqy 10 vkt Hkh blds iqjko'ks"kkas ls lgt feyrk gSA dLcs ds iwohZ fdukjs ij nkSyrflag xk°o gh cpsA ckn esa ;g ;'koUr jko gksYdj ds vf/kdkj eas pyk x;kA ftldh vksj >kyk }kjk fufeZr nylkxj rkykc ds ikl 17oha 'krkCnh ds lrh pcwrjs gSaA bUgha eas ls lu~ 1801 bZ- rd >kyk eks[keflag vkSj mlds iwoZtksa us 'kklu fd;kA blds ckn ,d Lekjd pcwrjk >kyk n;kynkl dk gSA ftUgksaus vius NksVs HkkbZ jk?konkl ds lkFk gksYdjkas dks okf"kZd f[kjkt nsus ls euk djus ds dkj.k eks[keflag ls xax/kkj jkT; Nhu yxHkx 100 ls vf/kd dh lsuk lfgr lu~ 1658 bZ- ds /keZr;qº esa ohjxfr ikbZ FkhA dj dksVk jkT; dks lu~ 1807 bZ- esa bZtkjs (Bsds) ij ns fn;k x;kA dksVk ds eqlkfgc vcqy Qty ds vuqlkj lezkV vdcj ds 'kklu dky eas ;g dLCkk ekyok lwcs ds >kyk tkfyeflag us ;gk° ds iz'kklu gsrq vius fiz; lsukuk;d esgjkc [kk° dks fu;qDr dksVM+h fiM+kok ljdkj ds vUrxZr ,d egy ;k ijxuk FkkA ml le; bldk uke fd;kA vaxszstkas us tc gksYdj dks ijkLr fd;k rc xax/kkj izns'k fczfV'k ljdkj ds xaxjkj FkkA eqxy 'kklu dh vksj ls bl {ks= ds 'kklu gsrq bl dLcs eas 700 iSny ,oa vUrxZr vk x;kA ftls lu~ 1817 bZ- esa >kyk tkfyeflag dks fi.Mkjh mUewyu esa 200 ?kqM+lokj lSfud jgrs Fks] rFkkfi bldh okf"kZd vk; 10]66]683 nke FkhA7 mYys[kuh; lsok gsrq eUnlkSj esa gqbZ lfU/k ds vuqlkj ns fn;k x;kA lu~ 1819 bZ- ls 166 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 331 332 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ;g dksVk jkT; dk vfHkUu vax cu x;kA9 lu~ 1827 bZ- esa dksVk jkT; dh vksj ls ekyok dh dkyh feV~Vh dh xq.koŸkk vkSj l?ku o`{kkas ds dkj.k xax/kkj dk izkœfrd lwjtey gkM+k xax/kkj nqxZ ds fdysnkj FksA ftUgkasus nqxZ ds vUnj Jh tkudh oYyHk okrkoj.k blds fodkl eas lcy lgk;d jgk gksA vkt Hkh ;g {ks= vQhe ds efUnj dk fuekZ.k djk;kA 1838 bZ- esa >kykokM+ jkT; ds fuekZ.k ds le; ;g {ks= mRiknu ls lEiUurk dks izkIr gSA izkphu dky esa bl dLcs esa tgk° ,d vksj tSu] >kykokM+ jkT; ds vUrxZr vk x;kA10 leklr% ;qx;qxhu xax/kkj dk bfrgkl eas oS".ko] 'kkDr lEiznk; dk izHkwr izHkko jgk gSA ogha e/;dky eas oS".ko ,oa 'kSo HkfDr le;≤ ij cgqfo/k :i ls mYys[k feyrk jgk gSA lu~ 1820 bZ- ds ,d mYys[k ds lkFk&lkFk lwQh lUrkas dh ok.kh Hkh eq[kfjr gqbZ gSA uD'kcUnh flyflys ds lwQh ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd ;gk° dh le`fº f'k[kj ij Fkh] rFkkfi dLcs esa dqN tkSgfj;ksa dh lUr ckck QtyqÌhu dh xqQk 'kjhQ xax/kkj ds nf{k.k eas NksVh dkyhfla/k unh ds Lo.kkZHkw"k.kkas dh izflº nqdkusa Fkh] vkSj dLcs dh dqy tula[;k dk vuqeku 1500 fdukjs l?ku o`{kksa ds e/; fLFkr gSA ftl ij fo'kky njxkg cuh gqbZ gSA ;|fi bu edkuksa ds gkssus ls yxk;k tk ldrk gSA11 lwQh lUr dk uk rks ;gk° tUe gqvk vkSj uk e`R;qA fdUrq mUgksaus xax/kkj dh /kjrh ij iqjkrRo'kkfL=;ksa ds fy, Hkh xax/kkj dLck vkd"kZ.k dk dsUnz jgk gSA duZy 37 o"kZ dBksj bZ'ojh; lk/kuk esa O;rhr fd;sA ckck QtyqÌhu lu~ 1886 bZ- esa xax/ VkWM] tkWu esYdkWe] MkW- oh-,l- okd.kdj] MkW- ';ke lqUnj fuxe] MkW- ts-,u- kkj igq°psA ;g njxkg pkSegyk jsyos LVs'ku ls dqy 4 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij gSA lDlsuk tSls izkP;fo|kfon~ ;gk° dk losZ{k.k dj pqds gaSA12 ekyok ds vU; iqjkrkfRod njxkg ds eq[; }kj dk cqyUn njoktk o mldh ≈°ph&≈°ph ehukjas lUr dh LFkykas dh Hkk°fr xax/kkj Hkh rkeze;qxhu cLrh ds :i esa igpkuk tk ldrk gSA foÿe cqyfUn;ksa dks crk jgh gSA njxkg ds vUnj dh vksj ,d bcknrxkg cuh gqbZ gSA fo'ofo|ky;] mTtSu ds iwoZ mikpk;Z MkW- ';ke lqUnj fuxe us viuh losZ{k.k ftlds lkeus rhu eaftyh bZekjr gSA tgk° ≈ij ds [kqyh efLtn dks vdcjh efLtn fjiksVZ13 esa ;g lEHkkouk O;Dr dh gS fd xax/kkj dk laca/k dk;Fkk mR[kuu ls izkIr dgk tkrk gSA vdcjh efLtn ds uhps 'kkg QtyqÌhu vgen jgvySg dh ,d vksj iqjko'ks"kksa ds leku gks ldrk gSA ftldh izkphurk bZ- iwoZ 2000 rd fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ NksVh efLtn cuh gqbZ gSA ftlds ikl vkSjrksa ds izkFkZuk djus ds fy, ,d dejk cuk gSA14 Vhys ds izFke fuEu Lrj ij mUgas ;gk° dkys vkSj yky e`nHkk.M izkIr gksus yxrs gqvk gSA bl dejs ds uhps ,d xqQk cuh gqbZ gS] ftlesa efgykvksa dk vUnj tkuk euk gSA mudh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj ;g ik= ftudk le; bZ-iw- 1800&2000 rd ekuk x;k gSA bldks xqQk 'kjhQ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd ckck ds 24 ?k.Vs gS] ewyr% cukldkBk] vkojk] eukSVh] uoknkVksyh vkSj ukxnk vkfn ls izkIr e`.kik=kas ;kns bykgh eas gh fudy tkrs FksA njxkg ds vUnj ,d cqtZ cuk gqvk gS] tgk° vkids ls lkE; j[krs gSA xax/kkj mR[kuu ds izFke Lrj ls gh ekyok ds yksdfiz; dkys eqjhn fe;k uoha [kM+s gksdj ?k.Vksa bcknr djrs FksA vkt Hkh ml cqtZ eas ,d tkuekt fpf=r yky ik= izkIr gksus yxrs gSA ;s ik= Hkh vU; iqjkLFkykas ls izkIr ik=kas dh Hkk°fr (uekt i<+rs le; fcNkus okyk diM+k) j[kk gqvk gSA bl cqtZ ds vUnj dbZ yksx vyaœr gSA mR[kuu ds f}rh; Lrj ij ,u-ch-ih-MCY;w- izkIr gksrs gSaA bl Lrj ls vkt Hkh [kM+s gksdj izkFkZUkk djrs gSA cqtZ ds ckgj ,d cM+k lk gky o jlksbZ ?kj cuk FkksM+k ≈ij ekyok] tksjos izdkj ds e`nHkk.M izkIr gksrs gSA lhekUr mŸkjh ekyok esa gqvk gS tks tkbjhuksa ds Bgjus dk LFkku gSA jlksbZ?kj ds ikl ls ≈ij tkus dh lhf<+;k° budh izkfIr mYys[kuh; ,oa >kykokM+ ftyk ds fy, xoZ dh ckr gSA r`rh; Lrj ij cuh gqbZ gS] tgk° ls cgqr lqUnj n`'; fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSA dkyhfla/k unh dh cgkoV LysVh ,oa yky crZu izkIr gksrs gSA bu crZuksa dk le; MkW- dSyk'k pUn tSu us NBh vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds ,l 'kCn dh rjg fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA ;gk° ls fn[kus okyh unh dh 'krkCnh iwoZ bZlk iwoZ dk ekuk gSA MkW- fuxe dks bl Lrj ij vU; Hkn~ns eksVs Hkwjs jax xgjkbZ dkQh gSA dgrs gS NIifu;k ds vdky ds le; Hkh unh esa bl txg ikuh Hkjk ds pÿkdkj vUudwikas ds /oalko'ks"k izkIr gq, Fks tks ledkyhu vU; iqjkcfLr;kas dh jgk FkkA njxkg ds vUnj gh [kkudkg cuh gqbZ gS] tgk° njxkg desVh dh vksj ls Hkk°fr gSA bl Lrj ds Bhd ≈ij ,d dxkj ij cMs+ vkdkj okyh ekS;Z;qxhu bZaVsa fn[kkbZ xjhcksa ;kf=;ksa ,oa tkbZjhuksa ds Bgjus o [kku&iku dk izcU/k fd;k tkrk gSA15 iM+rh gSA ftudk vkdkj 16**x10**x3** rFkk 16**x9**x3**gSA xxZjk unh us ck<+ fj;klr dkyhu y{ehukjk;.k efUnj ;gk° ds fuokfl;ksa dh vkLFkk dk dsUnz ds rst cgko }kjk xax/kkj ds ftu Vhyksa dks dkVk gS mudk lw{e voyksdu djus ij jgk gSA jkekuqt lEiznk; ls laca/k j[kus okys bl efUnj ds iV~Vs ;gk° ds ewy fuoklh rkezk'e;qxhu laLœfr ds iqjko'ks"k MkW- fuxe dks feys FksA vLrq mUgkasus muds uhps Hkh xkSM+ ifjokj ds ikl >kykokM+ esa lqjf{kr j[ks gaSA16 xax/kkj dLcs vkSj vkl&ikl ds Vhyksa ds vUrjky esa iqjko'ks"k gksus dh lEHkkouk viuh fjiksVZ esa O;Dr dh gSA xax/kkj {ks= ds lkekftd thou eas ;gk° pS= ,oa 'kjn dh iwf.kZekvksa ij yxus okys esys dk dh bZaVksa ls ,d nhokj ds n'kZu gksrs gaS] ftlds ≈ij 'kqaxdkyhu Lrj izkIr gksrk gSA fo'ks"k egRo jgk gSA uojkf= esa HkfDrHkko ls iw.kZ jkeyhyk ,oa jko.k o/k dk vk;kstu ftlesa idkbZ xbZ feV~Vh ls ,d ekuo flj izkIr gqvk FkkA dksbZ vk'p;Z ugha gS fd ;gk° ds yxHkx 10000 fuokfl;kas ds vkd"kZ.k dk dsUnz jgrk gSA leklr% xax/kkj 167 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 333 dLck gkM+kSrh ,oa ekyok ds laf/k LFky ij vofLFkr ,d vufr[;kr i;ZVu dsUnz gSA tgk° dh /kkfeZd] izkœfrd] lkekftd fo'ks"krk,as mYys[kuh; gSA ;gk° dk nylkxj17] jktegy] tSu efUnj] y{ehukjk;.k efUnj] njxkg] xqQk 'kjhQ vkfn i;ZVdksa ds vkd"kZ.k ds dsUnz gks ldrs gSaA vfHkys[kksa ds vk/kkj ij iwoZ&e/;dky esa jktLFkku lUnHkZ dk jktuhfrd] lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd thou 1- tkWu ekyde] , esek;j vkWQ lsUV™y bf.M;k] Hkkx&2] la- 3] i`- 402 eqds'k dqekj 'kekZ 2- ,l-vkj- [kku] >kykokM+ jkT; dk bfrgkl] dksVk o"kZ 2010 i`- 28 3- fn jktiwrkuk xtsfV;j Hkkx&2] i`- 216 iwoZ e/;dkyhu jktuhfrd fLFkfr&iwoZ e/; dky esa jktra= dk fodsUnzhdj.k 4- ';kenkl&ohj fouksn] f}rh; Hkkx] f}rh; [k.M] i`- 1466 gks x;k FkkA dsUnz esa izR;sd foHkkx fo|eku Fkk ftldk ea=h mldh ns[k&js[k djrk 5- iz.ko nso] ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkaLd`frd ys[k] t;iqj 2011] f}rh; la- i`- 57 FkkA lkjs jkT;ksa dks izkUrksa esa ck°V fn;k x;k Fkk ftlds izcU/k ds fy, izkarifr jktk dh 6- ch-,u- kykokM+] 1964 bZ-] i`- 286 7- vcqy Qty] (vuq- ,p-,l- tkjsV)] vkbZus vdcjh] Hkkx&2] i`- 220 vksj ls fu;qDr fd;k tkrk FkkA g"kZ] xqtZj izfrgkj rFkk iky jkT; HkqfDr esa caVs FksA izkUr 8- ,uqvy fjiksVZ vkWu fn ofdZax vkWQ jktiwrkuk E;wft;e vtesj] i`-&2 esa lq'kklu esa turk esa jktfu"Bk cuh jgrh vkSj dsUnzh; 'kklu lqn`<+ jgrk FkkA Hkwfe 9- , DysD'ku vkWQ V™hVht] ,UxstesaV~l ,.M lun~l] Hkkx&3] i`-&333 dj rFkk vU; VSDl izkUrh; jkt/kkuh esa olwy djus ds ckn 'kklu O;; dkV dj 'ks"k 10-- , DysD'ku vkWQ V™hVht] ,UxstesaV~l ,.M lun~l] Hkkx&3] i`-263&64 dsUnzh; ljdkj dks Hkst fn;k tkrk FkkA xgM+oky ys[kksa esa egŸkj 'kCn xk°o ds eqf[k;k 11- tkWu ekyde] , esek;j vkWQ lsUV™y bf.M;k] Hkkx&2] la- 3] i`- 402 ds fy, iz;qDr feyrk gSA1 12- Dyjo 1996&97 (LoxZt;Urh fo'ks"kkad) okf"kZd if=dk] jktdh; LukdksŸkj egkfo|ky;] vfHkys[kksa ls gesa jktuSfrd thou ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu lwpuk,a miyC/k gksrh >kykokM+] i`- 26] 27 ij gjh'k Jaxh dk ys[kA gS tks jktuSfrd bfrgkl ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA vfHkys[kksa ls gesa fofHkUu 13- ';ke lqUnj fuxe] xax/kkj dh izkphurk (mR[kuu fjiksVZ)] foÿe fo'ofo|ky;] mTtSu] i`- 1&5 jktoa'kksa dh mRifŸk] oa'k o`{k] jktkvksa }kjk dh xbZ fot;sa] iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dh 14- bf.M;u vkfdZ;ksykWth] , fjO;w 1955] i`- 11&14 O;oLFkk vkfn lwpuk,° miyC/k gksrh gSA jktLFkku esa miyC/k gksus okys ys[ksa esa ;s lHkh 15- iz.ko nso funsZf'kr ,oa csuthj [kkue fyf[kr ,e-fQy- vizdkf'kr y?kq 'kks/k izcU/k >kykokM+ izdkj dh jktuSfrd lwpuk,° gesa miyC/k gksrh gSaA jktoa'kksa dh mRifŸk fo"k;d jkT; esa lwQhokn] dksVk fo'ofo|ky;] dksVk i`- 86&94 vfHkys[kksa ds mnkgj.k ds :i esa dDdqd dk ?kfV;kyk ys[k fy;k tk ldrk gSA2 bl 16- yfyr 'kekZ] >kykokM+ bfrgkl laLœfr vkSj i;ZVu] mTtSu] o"kZ 2010] i`- 39 vfHkys[k esa izfrgkj oa'k dh mRifŸk ds fo"k; esa dgk x;k gS fd j?kqoa'kh jke dk 17- pUnzef.kflag (la-)] izksVsDVsM eksuwesUV~l vkWQ jktLFkku] t;iqj 2002] i`- 55 izfrgkj (}kjiky) mldk HkkbZ y{e.k FkkA vr% y{e.k ds oa'kt izfrgkj dgyk,A bl izdkj izfrgkj oa'k dk lEcU/k lw;Zoa'kh y{e.k ds lkFk tksM+us ds vfrfjDr ;g Hkh dgk gS fd izfrgkj jktiwr oa'k dk ewy iq#"k gfj'kpUnz czk„.k FkkA bl czk„.k dh czk„.k iRuh ls mRiUu lUrku izfrgkj czk„.k gqbZ rFkk {kf=; iRuh Hknzk ls mRiUu lUrku izfrgkj jktiwr gqbZA blh izdkj pkSgku jktoa'k ds fo"k; esa lsokM+h ls miyC/ k egkjk.kk jRuiky ds rkezi=3 esa dgk x;k gS fd bUnz dh vk°[k ls ,d iq#"k fudyk ftlls pkgeku (pkSgku) oa'k pykA bl izdkj pkSgkuksa dh mRifŸk fo"k;d vfXudq.M dFkk ls fHkUu rF; ;g vfHkys[k izLrqr djrk gSA blh izdkj ekjokM+ ds jkBkSM+ksa dk lEcU/k Hkh vfHkys[kksa }kjk dUukSt ls LFkkfir gksrk gS rFkk bUgsa lw;Zoa'kh Hkh crk;k x;k gSA bl lEcU/k esa jkoy txeky dk uxj vfHkys[k n`"VO; gSA bl vfHkys[k esa dgk x;k gS fd lw;Zoa'kh dUukSft;k jkBkSM+ lhgk o lksux us viuh ryokj dh 'kfDr ls 168 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 335 336 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 [ksM+ ij vf/kdkj fd;kA blh izdkj chdkusj ds nqxZ dh izrhyh ij miyC/k egkjk.kk dh ukFk iz'kfLr] ,dfyaxth10 fpŸkkSM+ dk pkyqD; dqekjiky dk vfHkys[k (lu~ jk;flag dkyhu ys[k4 Hkh bu jkBkSM+ksa dks lw;Zoa'kh Bgjkrk gSA bl izdkj jktLFkku ls 1150 bZ-) esa foLrkjiwoZd lEcfU/kr uxjksa dk o.kZu miyC/k gksrk gS blls ;qx fo'ks"k miyC/k vfHkys[kksa ls fofHkUu jktoa'kksa dh mn~Hko fo"k;d tkudkjh izkIr dh tk dh uxj fuekZ.k ;kstuk ,oa uxjksa ds oSHko dks le>k tk ldrk gS pkSjos xzke (mn;iqj ldrh gSA ftyk) esa miyC/k laor~ 1330 ds vfHkys[k11 ls gesa phjok xzke dh fLFkfr rFkk clh iwoZe/;dkyhu lkekftd fLFkfr&jktuSfrd thou ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd gqbZ n'kk fo"k;d lwpuk,a feyrh gSA ml le; ioZrh; {ks=ksa esa xzke fdl izdkj clrs thou ls lEcfU/kr egŸoiw.kZ lwpuk,a Hkh gesa vfHkys[kksa ls izkIr gksrh gSA5 izR;sd o.kZ Fks rFkk os fdu izdkj ?kkfV;ksa rFkk o`{kksa ls f?kjs jgrs Fks] muesa rkykcksa o [ksrksa dh D;k ds vUrxZr fofHkUu tkfr;ksa dk mYys[k gesa vfHkys[kksa esa izkIr gksrk gSA jktiwrksa dh fLFkfr jgrh Fkh vkSj muesa efUnj fdl izdkj xkao ds thou ds vax gksrs Fks vkfn dbZ ,slh tkfr;ksa dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk gS tks orZeku esa fn[kkbZ ugha nsrhA ;k rks os fo"k;ksa dk bl vfHkys[k }kjk vPNk cks/k gksrk gSA jfl;k dk N=h dk vfHkys[k ls tkfr;ka yqIr gks pqdh gSa ;k mudk :i vR;f/kd cny x;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s iky nsyokM+k ,oa ukxnk uxjksa dk foLr`r fooj.k izkIr gksrk gSA ds lrh Lekjd vfHkys[kksa esa bl izdkj dh tkfr;ksa feyrh gSA vfHkys[kksa esa lekt fgUnw o.kZ O;oLFkk esa dk;LFk dk uke izkphu le; esa ugha feyrk] tks bl ;qx dh 'kkfUr ,oa lqj{kk dh O;oLFkk ds fo"k; esa Hkh vR;Ur euksjatd rF; feyrs gSaA esa fof'k"V tkfr ds :i esa fo|eku FksA dk.ks ds erkuqlkj] NBh lnh ls iwoZ /keZ'kkL=ksa ukMksy ls izkIr lu~ 1141 bZ- ds ,d vfHkys[k6 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd /kkyksi xzke dks esa dk;LFk dk uke ugha vkrk] ijUrq fiNyh Le`fr;ksa esa budk uke feyrk gSA12 izkphu vkB okMks± esa ckaVk x;k Fkk izR;sd okMZ esa nks&nks czk„.kksa dk pquk fd;k x;kA bu o.kZO;oLFkk esa 'kwnz pkSFkh tkfr ekuh tkrh jgh] ftudk lsok djuk gh eq[; dk;Z FkkA izfrfuf/k;ksa ds e.My dk e/;d ihiyokM+k ls fuokZfpr nsokbp dks cuk;k x;kA fiNyh Le`fr;ksa ds dkj.k irk pyrk gS fd fookg ds dkj.k rFkk dekZuqlkj lekt esa bUgksaus fu'p; fd;k fd xzke ds iap pksjh dk irk yxkus esa lg;ksx nsaxsA bl fu.kZ; 'kwnzksa dh dbZ mitkfr;ka gks x;h FkhaA iwoZe/;dky esa vusd mitkfr;ksa ds dkj.k ij xzkeokfl;ksa dh lk{kh Hkh nh x;h gS rFkk vfHkys[k esa ;g Hkh dgk gS fd ;g ys[k lekt esa Hkh fHkUurk vkus yxh FkhA bl ;qx ds nkui=ksa esa laLdkjksa ds uke ;FkkLFkku dk;LFk Bkdqj isFkM us xzkeokfl;ksa dh bPNk ls fy[kk gSA bl izdkj lekt ds yksxksa vk tkrs gSaA iz'kfLr;ksa esa tkrdeZ] ukedj.k] miu;u] fookg rFkk Jkº ds uke vkrs esa viuh O;oLFkk ds fo"k; esa tks tkx`fr Fkh] mldk lgh fp= gesa fey tkrk gSA dqN gSaA ukedj.k rFkk Jkº ds le; Hkwfenku esa nh tkrh FkhaA fir`i{k ds vekoL;k dks vfHkys[kksa esa jhfr&fjoktksa dk Hkh mYys[k feyrk gSA dgha&dgha izlaxo'k vkHkw"k.kksa nku nsus dk vusd LFkkuksa ij o.kZu vkrk gSA ys[kksa esa budk o.kZu ioZ.k Jkº feyrk dk Hkh mYys[k fey tkrk gSA vfHkys[kksa esa lrh&izFkk fo"k;d lkexzh i;kZIr ek=k esa gSA vr,o tUe ls e`R;qa i;ZUr eq[; laLdkjksa dk o.kZu ys[kksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA leLr feyrh gSA gesa ;g Hkh Kkr gksrk gS fd lrh&izFkk ek= {kf=;ksa esa gh ugha oju~ czk„.kksa laLdkjksa esa fookg iz/kku ekuk x;k gSA Le`fr xzaFkksa esa bl fo"k; ij vR;f/kd fopkj o oS';ksa esa Hkh izpfyr FkhA lrh izFkk ds fo"k; esa ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd lrh fd;k x;k gSA iwoZe/; esa lxks= rFkk lizoj esa Hkh fookg vekU; gks x;k] tks vkt Hkh dsoy ifr dh e`R;q ij gh ugha oju~ iq= dh e`R;q ij eka lrh gks tkrh FkhA bl izdkj lekt esa izpfyr gSA czk„.k vU; o.kZ dh dU;k ls vuqyke fookg djrk jgkA ,d ,d lrh Lekjd vfHkys[k fla?kksfM+;ksa dh ckjh] tks/kiqj esa miyC/k gSA7 lrh Lekjd iz'kfLr esa o.kZu vkrk gS fd czk„.k gfj'kpUnz us czk„.k dU;k ds vfrfjDr {kf=; vfHkys[k fookg dh flFkfr ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyrs gSaA lfr;ksa dh la[;k ls cgq iRuh dU;k ls Hkh fookg fd;k FkkA13 iky rFkk lsu ys[kksa esa ,sls mYys[k feyrs gSaA 'kwnz fookg dh izFkk dk Kku gksrk gSA lkFk gh miifRu;ksa (iklokuksa) ds vfLrRo dh izFkk dU;k ls vuqykse fookg dfy oT;Z ekuk x;k gSA14 dk Hkh Kku gksrk gSA iwoZe/; dkyhu f'k{kk dh fLFkfr&Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds bfrgkl esa iwoZ e/; vfHkys[kksa esa gesa xzkeksa ,oa uxjksa dk Hkh o.kZu izkIr gksrk gS ftlls xzkeksa ds dky dk ;qx ,d fo'ks"k LFkku j[krk gSA 'kkldksa rFkk rRdkyhu fo}kuksa dk /;ku clus dh ;kstuk ,oa uxj ;kstuk o uxjksa ds oSHko dk Kku gks tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ lkfgR; dh o`fº dh vksj yxk FkkA ;|fi ,dN= jkT; dh dYiuk QyhHkwr u gks ukMksy ls izkIr laor~ 1198 fo- ds vfHkys[k8 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd /kkyksi uked xzke ik;h rFkkfi vius NksVh lhek esa gh jktk dfo;ksa] ys[kdksa dks vkJ; nsdj lkfgR;&l`tu vyx vyx okMksa (okMks±) esa foHkkftr FkkA bu okMks± ds esjhokM+k] MhikokM+k] esa lgk;rk igq°pkrs jgsA dqN 'kkldksa us Lo;a ys[kuh mBkdj lkfgR; dh vfHko`fº dh ihiyokM+k vkfn uke Hkh fn;s x;s gSa uxjksa dk foLr`r fooj.k Hkh vfHkys[kksa esa rFkk f'k{kk ds izlkj esa ru] eu vkSj /ku yxk;k FkkA ;g ,slk ;qx Fkk tc Hkkjr D;k] miyC/k gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, vksfl;ka ds laor~ 1013 ds vfHkys[k9] laor~ 1028 mlls ckgj Hkh lkfgR; dk izlkj fd;k x;k vkSj vusd xzaFk vuwfnr fd, x,A 169 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 337 338 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Hkkjrh; iafMrksa us usiky] frCcr] e/; ,f'k;k rFkk phu esa lkfgR; dks izlkfjr fd;kA vFkok tSu /keZ ls lEcfU/kr gks ldrk gSA16 jktLFkku esa ckSº /keZ ds vfLrRo dh mlh dk Qy gS fd Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds dqN vewY; jRu mu ns'kksa esa feyrs gSa ftudks lwpuk vU; lk/kuksa ls vo'; izkIr gksrh gS] ysfdu vfHkys[kh; lk{; rks bl fo"k; esa eqlyekuksa us Hkkjr esa u"V dj fn;k FkkA iw.kZr% ekSu gSA vfHkys[kksa ls tSu /keZ ds foLrkj ,oa mUufr ds lEcU/k esa i;kZIr iwoZe/; dkyhu ukjh dh fLFkfr & ukjh lekt dh vk/kkjf'kyk gSA lkaLd`frd lwpuk,° feyrh gSA jktLFkku esa vR;f/kd ek=k esa tSu eafnj izkIr gq, gSa rFkk vf/kdka'k okrkoj.k] ikfjokfjd lajpuk vkfn ds QyLo:i le;≤ ij ukjh dh fLFkfr esa efUnj vfHkys[k ;qDr gSA blls Li"V gS fd jktLFkku esa tSu /keZ dks i;kZIr yksdfiz;rk fof'k"V mrkj&p<+ko gksrs jgs gSaA ^^;= uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs] jeUrs r= nsork** dgdj izkIr gqbZ rFkk LFkkuh; 'kkldksa dh Hkh bl /keZ ds izfr ln~Hkkouk jgh FkhA jktLFkku esa izkphu dky esa ukfj;ksa dh iwtk dh xbZA mls vR;Ur izfrf"Br o lEekutud LFkku fgUnw /keZ vR;f/kd izcy jgk gSA LFkkuh; vfHkys[kksa esa vkjEHk ls gh fgUnw /keZ ds izkIr FkkA og osn ea=ksa dh l`"Vk Fkh rks mifu"kn~ ds rRoKku dh Kkrk ,oa 'kkL=kFkZ vfLrRo dk mYys[k feyus yxrk gSA ?kkslq.Mh f'kykys[k esa] tks jktLFkku esa izkIr djrh fonq"kh Hkh ekuh xbZA ijUrq /khjs&/khjs mldh xfjek dh mTToy T;ksfr /kwfey izkphure vfHkys[kksa esa ls ,d gS] fgUnw /keZ dk mYys[k gSA bl vfHkys[k esa v‹oes?k gksus yxhA iwoZ e/;dky esa cgqiRuhozr ds vusd mnkgj.k feyrs gSaaA nks dU;kvksa ls ;K o oklqnso (Hkxoku fo".kq) rFkk ukjk;.k okVd ds fuekZ.k dk mYys[k gqvk gSA17 fookg dh ckr lk/kkj.k ekywe iM+rh gS] ftldk o.kZu ys[kksa ls Hkjk iM+k gSA buds mijkUr izR;sd ;qx esa 'kSo ,oa oS".ko nksuksa erksa ds vfHkys[k izpqj ek=k esa xkgM+oky jktk xksfoUnpUnz dh pkj ifRu;ka Fkh rFkk xksxknso psfn dh lkS fL=;k° FkhaA miyC/k gksrs gSaA ml lEcU/k esa mYys[k feyrk gS fd jktk lHkh dks ysdj iz;kx x;k rFkk ogk° mlds cqpdyk (tks/kiqj) f'ko rFkk fo".kq ds eafnj vfHkys[k ds vuqlkj lu~ 815 ejus ij fL=;k° lrh gks x;haA vUrZtkrh; fookg ds lkFk Hkkstu dk Hkh iz'u mBk;k tk esa ukxHkÍ f}rh; ds Lofo"k; esa fufeZr gq,A os vis{kkd`r cgqr lh/ks lkns Hkou gSA ldrk gSA czk„.k vU; tkfr;ksa dk Hkkstu ;k ty ugha xzg.k djrs FksA tks yksx f=jFk xHkZx`g ds ≈ij NksVs yfru f'k[kj cus gSaA f'ko eafnj ds lkeus dsoy eq[k pk.Mky dk ikuh ihrs Fks muds fy, izk;f'pr dk fo/kku Le`fr xzaFkksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA prq"dh gS] ij fo".kq eafnj eas jaxeaMi Hkh gSA f'ko eafnj ds Hknzksa esa x.ks'k gfjgj vkSj iwoZe/;dky esa /kkfeZd thou & iwoZe/;dky esa fofHkUu /kkfeZd erksa ds ikoZrh dh ewfrZ;k° fo|eku gSA eq.Mkuk (tks/kiqj) f'ko eafnj (825 bZ-) dk xHkZx`g dkj.k bB;ksx vkSj ra=&ea= dk [kwc izpkj gks x;k FkkA 'kkDrer ds dkj.k rkaf=d f=jFk gS] ftlds Hknzksa ij x.ks'k rFkk vU; nsoh nsorkvksa dh ewfrZ;k° vafdr gSA eafnj dk;Z c<+ x;s FksA ea= ds lgkjs lQyrk dh vk'kk dh tkrh FkhA ys[kksa esa rks ;gk° rd ds vax gS iapjFk] xHkZx`g rFkk eq[kprq"dhA Hknzksa ij x.ks'k rFkk dkfrZds; dh ewfrZ;k° o.kZu feyrk gS fd jktnjckj esa Qfyr T;ksfr"k dh x.kuk ds fy, ,d fo}ku fu;qDr vafdr gSA vksfl;ka ,oa vkHkkusjh ls Hkh x.ks'k dh izfrek,° feyh gSA ihiyk ekrk fd;k tkrk FkkA ml le; vf/kd dk;Z ea= ds lgkjs fd, tkrs FksA rkcht iguuk] vksfl;ka esa x.ks'k vkSj dqcsj ds lkFk egf"kZ efnZuh dh ewfrZ gSA18 [kaMsys uked LFkku b"Bflfº ds fy, cfynku] Hkwr] Mkfduh ij fo'okl] fnDikyksa dh iwtk fofHkUu :i ij bZ- 807 dk ,d f'kykys[k feyk gS tks bl LFkku ij fLFkr vºZukjh'oj ds eafnj ls gksus yxh FkhA tgk° rd lekt esa pfj= dh ckr gS Hkkjrokfl;ksa dk pfj= lnk ls esa yxk gqvk FkkA ;g eafnj vkt ugha jgk gSa ij f'kykys[k dh f'kyk vc Hkh lqjf{kr gh mTToy rFkk iz'kaluh; jgk gSA fonsf'k;ksa us Hkh mldh iz'kalk gh dh gSA iwoZe/ gSA bl ys[k esa dqy 11 iaf‰;ka gSA bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k /kwlj tkfr ds vkfnR; ukx ;dky esa eqlyeku ;kf=;ksa us Hkkjrh; bZekunkjh rFkk U;k; dk o.kZu fd;k gS vkSj uked egktu us djok;k FkkA [kaMsy ds ikl /khjoj uked izkphu xkao gSA mlls lR; Hkk"k.k dh fo'ks"krk crykbZ gSaA fudys gq, egktuksa dk oa'k /kwlj uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA blh {ks= dk ldjk; dk vfHkys[kksa ls /kkfeZd thou ls lEcfU/kr lwpuk,a i;kZIr ek=k esa izkIr gksrh 'kadjk ekrk dk f'kykys[k cM+k izkphu gSA bls eafnj ds eaMi fuekZ.k ds le; 'kadjk gSA yksxksa dh /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dh i;kZIr vfHkO;fDr vfHkys[kksa esa gqbZ gSA vfHkys[kksa ds eafnj esa yxk;k x;k FkkA ;g fookfnr f'kykys[k gS ftldh frfFk ij fo}kuksa esa esa gesa fofHkUu /kek±s dh fLFkfr] /kkfeZd fÿ;kvksa] /keZ LFkkuksa fuekZ.k] /kkfeZd nku dk;Z xgjk erHksn gSA vks>k ds vuqlkj ;g fo- 749 dk] HkaMkjdj ds vuqlkj fo- 879 dk vkfn fo"k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr lwpuk,° i;kZIr ek=k esa miyC/k gksrh gSaA LFkkuh; vfHkys[kksa gS vkSj ,fixzkfQ;k bafMdk esa bls laikfnr djus okys MkW- NkcM+k ds vuqlkj ;g fo- ls jktLFkku esa ftu /keks± ds vfLrRo dk gesa cks/k gskrk gS] muesa ckSº /keZ dk uke ugha 699 dk gSA eafnj bl frfFk ds iwoZ cuk gksxkA eafnj esa nsoh 'kadjk dh fut eafnj esa gSA ;|fi uxjh vfHkys[k esa vk;s gq, 'kCnksa ^^l (osZ) Hkwrkuka n;kFksZ** vkSj rk ewfrZ izfrf"Br Fkh vkSj mlds ik'oZ esa nksuksa vksj x.ks'k vkSj dqcsj dh ewfrZ;k° FkhaA bl (dkfjrk) ds vk/kkj ij ;g vuqeku vo'; yxk;k tkrk gS fd ;g ys[k ckSº /keZ ls f'kykys[k esa loZizFke x.ks'k dh Lrqfr dh x;h gSA jktLFkku esa vusd tSu eafnj gSa tks 170 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 339 340 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vius mRd`"V LFkkiR; vkSj lqUnj ewfrZ dyk ds dkj.k cM+s fo[;kr jgs gSaA vusd tSu Lrqfr izkIr gksrh gSA dbZ ys[kksa esa vusd nsorkvksa dk mYys[k ,d lkFk Hkh feyrk gSA f'kykys[kksa us jktLFkku ds bfrgkl dh k dk fopkj Fkk fd bl vfHkys[k esa egkohj laor~ 84 vfHkys[kksa ,oa tSu dhfrZ LrEHk ds vfHkys[kksa ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd mu 'kkldksa us (ikapoh 'krh bZ- iwoZ) frfFk vafdr gSA21 MkW- jktcyh ik.Ms; us Hkh bl ekU;rk dk oS".ko ,oa tSu /keks± dks Hkh laj{k.k iznku fd;k FkkA xksM+okM+ ds pkSgku vfHkys[kksa ls leFkZu fd;k gSA22 MkW- fnus'kpUnz ljdkj cMyh ik"kk.k ys[k dks bruk izkphu ugha Hkh bl rF; dh iqf"V gks tkrh gSA bu 'kkldksa us tSu /keZ dks laj{k.k iznku fd;k FkkA ekurs gSaA23 vkjafHkd vfHkys[kksa esa ewy :i ls nl ls ckjgoha 'krkCnh ds ys[k vkrs gSa vksfl;ka ,oa ?kfV;kyk ds vfHkys[kksa ls Li"V gS fd izfrgkj 'kkldksa us Hkh tSu /keZ dks tks jktLFkku ds nf{k.k&if'pe Hkkx ls vf/kd izkIr gq, gSa] vkSj ewy:i ls O;f‰xr laj{k.k iznku fd;k FkkA ;g lfg".kqrk dh Hkkouk 'kkldksa rd gh lhfer ugha Fkh oju~ gSaA ijorhZ dky ds f'kykys[k pÍkuksa] LrEHkksa] ewfrZ;ksa (/kkrq ,oa iRFkj) ij mRdh.k turk esa Hkh O;kIr FkhA gSA os laLd`r izkd`r ,oa jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa fyf[kr gSA dHkh&dHkh fefJr Hkk"kk dk lanHkZ Hkh buesa iz;ksx ns[kk tkrk gSA24 njk (dksVk) ls izkIr vfHkys[k esa of.kZr ^flfils.k 1- ,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk] Hkkx&11] vkfdZ;ksykWftdy losZ vkWQ bf.M;k] 1983] i`- 49 le.kh* dks fo}ku tSu Je.k fHk{kq ls tksM+rs gSaA25 blds vfrfjDr jktLFkku esa tSu 2- tuZy vkWQ n jk;y ,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh 1895] i`- 516 ys[kksa dh izkfIr dk le; 10oha 'krh bZ- gS] tcfd ;g ekU;rk LFkkfir gS fd 10oha 3- ,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk] [k.M 11] i`- 38 'krkCnh ls iwoZ gh jktLFkku esa tSu /keZ dk izHkko lqizfrf"Br gks pqdk FkkA bl izdkj 4- tujy vkWQ n ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh vkWQ caxky (U;w lhjht)] [k.M 16] i`- 279 ds LFky] tks 10oha 'krkCnh ls iwoZ tSu /keZ ls lEcº Fks] mudh foLrkj ls lwph dbZ 5- ukgj] tSu ys[k laxzg] Hkkx 1] i`- 192 xzaFkksa esa izkIr gksrh gSA26 6- ,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk] [k.M 9] i`- 159] [k.M 11] i`- 39 7- e;ad] tks/kiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 219 27 oS".ko vfHkys[kksa esa oklqnso] dSVHkfjiq ] eqjkfj] vkfnojkg] ojkg vkfn uke 8- ,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk] [k.M 9] vkfdZ;ksykWftdy losZ vkWQ bf.M;k] 1983] i`- 39 izkIr gksrs gSaA bUgha ukeksa ls vfHkys[kksa ds vkjEHk esa vfHkoknu fd;k x;k gSA blh 9- iw.kZpUnz ukgj] tSu ys[k laxzg] Hkkx 1] i`- 788 izdkj 'kSo vfHkys[kksa esa Hkxoku f'ko dks vfHkoknu fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ laor~ 10- Hkkouxj bfLÿI'ku Hkkx 2] i`- 69&72] ukxjh izpkfj.kk if=dk Hkkx 1] i`- 256&59 742 fo- ds e.Mksj esa vfHkys[k dk vkjEHk ^^¨ ue% f'kok;** ls fd;k x;k gSA28 11- ,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk] [k.M 27] i`- 285&92] fotUuk vksfj;sUVy tuZy] [k.M 11] i`- blh izdkj 'kadj ?kÍk vfHkys[k ds vkjEHk esa Hkh f'ko dh oUnuk dh x;h gSA 155&62 dY;k.kiqj ys[k esa ^^¨ LofLr iz.kE; 'kadj dj pj.k eu% f'kjksfHk%** 'kCnksa ls f'ko 12- dk.ks] ih-oh-] /keZ'kkL= dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&2] i`- 75 dh Lrqfr dh xbZ gSA29 13- ,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk] Hkkx&18] vkfdZ;ksykWftdy losZ vkWQ bf.M;k] 1983] i`- 95 14- dk.ks] ih-oh-] iwoksZDr] i`- 451 f'ko ds lkFk 'kfDr dh mikluk Hkh ;gk° gksrh jgh gSA bl fo"k; esa vfHkys[kh; 15- mik/;k;] oklqnso] iwoZ&e/;dkyhu Hkkjr (7oha lnh ls 12oha lnh rd) mŸkjHkkjr dk lk{; i;kZIr ek=k esa miyC/k gSA laor~ 646 bZ- (laor~ 703 fo-) ds lkeksyh lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] Hkkjrh&HkaMkj] iz;kx] laor~ 2009] i`- 172&314 vfHkys[k30 esa vj.;okfluh nsoh ds eafnj ds fuekZ.k dk mYys[k gSA laor~ 1056 ds 16- 'kekZ] MkW- xksihukFk] jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ds lzksr] jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj] i`- fd.klwfj;k vfHkys[k esa dY;k;uh] dkyh] Hkxorh vkfn nsoh Lo:iksa dh Lrqfr dh 43 x;h gSA blh izdkj txr esa fLFkr nsoh ds eafnj ds vfHkys[kksa esa Hkh nsoh dh Lrqfr 17- ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.Mdk [k.M 14] vkfdZ;ksykWftdy losZ vkWQ bf.M;k] 1983] i`- 25 dh x;h gSA31 vksfl;ka ds lfp;k; ekrk ds eafnj esa miyC/k vfHkys[kksa esa nsoh dh 18- lqtl lap; esa d`".k nso dk ys[k] i`- 1013 171 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 341

19- ,fixzkfQ;k bafMdk] Hkkx&XXXIV] i`- 159&163 20- vks>k] Hkkjrh; fyfi ekyk] i`- 2&3 21- tSu] dSyk'k] tSfuTe bu jktLFkku] v/;k; 1] i`- 1 22- ik.Ms;] MkW- jktcyh] bf.M;u isfy;ksxzkQh] i`- 120 eRL; {ks= ds izeq[k vfHkys[kksa 23- ljdkj] fnus'k pUnz] lysDV balfÿIlu] i`- 89 24- lksekuh] vkj-ch-] tSu balfÿI'ku vkWQ jktLFkku] fnYyh] 1993] i`- 66 dk ,sfrgkfld v/;;u 25- ojnk] Hkkx&21] la[;k 4] i`- 3&4 lquhy nŸk 26- lksekuh] vkj-ch-] tSu balfÿI'ku vkWQ jktLFkku] fnYyh] 1993] i`- 58 27- ,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk [k.M 4] vkfdZ;ksykWftdy losZ vkWQ bf.M;k] 1983] i`- 31 vrhr ds v/;;u dks vf/kd izekf.kd cukus rFkk ?kVukvksa dh lR;rk dh 28- ,MfefuLV™sfVo fjiksVZ vkfdZ;ksykWftdy fMikVZesUV] tks/kiqj 1934] i`- 5 iqf"V ds fy, iqjkrRo dh Hkwfedk oSlh gh gksrh gS tSlh ds okn dks lqy>kus esa lk{kh 29- tuZy vkWQ bf.M;u fgLV™h] [k.M 35] Hkkx 1] i`- 73&74 dhA gekjs vrhr dks xgjkbZ ls ns[kus ds lkFk&lkFk fofHkUu i{kksa ij vUrn`Zf"V Mkyus 30- ,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk Hkkx 29] vkfdZ;ksykWftdy losZ vkWQ bf.M;k] 1983] i`- 189 31- vks>k] ckalokM+k jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 38] Mwaxjiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 55 ds mÌs'; ls iqjkrRo ,oa fcUnqvksa ij Hkh izdk'k iM+rk gS ftls lkfgfR;d lzksr dHkh Hkh 32- ,U;wvy fjiksVZ vkWQ jktiwrkuk E;wft;e vtesj 1914 mtkxdj ugha dj ldrs] lkFk gh iqjko'ks"k&dyko'ks"k ml le; ls lh/ks tqM+s jgrs gSa] 33- ekaxhyky O;kl ^e;ad*] tks/kiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 292&93 vr% budk v/;;u bfrgkl dks oSKkfudrk iznku djrk gSA ekuo ys[ku dyk ds fodkl dh dgkuh Hkh mruh gh izkphu gS ftruh fd fp=dyk dh] D;ksafd fp= gh os izFke vk/kkj Fks ftuls fyfi dks viuk ≈"kk&dky izkIr gqvkA bl izdkj izkxSfrgkfld ekuo dk uoik"kk.k ;k ik"k.kdky ls fyfi ds fodkl dh dgkuh dks le>k tk ldrk gSA bl dksfV ds fp=ksa esa euq"; dh ml fyfi dk iwokZHkkl feyrk gS] ftls fp=kRed fyfi uke fn;k tkrk gSA1 Hkkjr esa fyfi dk fodkl dc gqvk\ rFkk dSls gqvk\ ;g iz'u orZeku voLFkk esa lk{;ksa ds vHkko esa fufoZokn ugha gSA oSls rks Hkkjr esa fla/kq okfl;ksa us fyfi dk fodkl dj fy;k Fkk ysfdu bldk Lo:i D;k Fkk bldk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, Jh xq.kkdj eqys us fy[kk gS&^^ge bl fu.kZ; ij igqaprs gS fd fla/kq fyfi esa 'kqº v{kjekykRed gS vkSj u 'kqº Hkkokfp=kRedA yxHkx 250 ladsrksa okyh ;g fyfi ,d fefJr ;kstuk gh gks ldrh gSA blesa dqN Hkko ladsr gks ldrs gSa] dqN v{kj ladsr gks ldrs gSa vkSj dqN o.kZ ladsr gks ldrs gSA ge tkurs gS fd rkez;qx dh dksbZ Hkh Kkr fyfi o.kZekykRed ugha gSA ykSg ;qx dh 'kq:vkr gksus ij gh o.kZekykvksa us tUe fy;k gSA2 bl izdkj fla/kq fyfi ds ckjs esa vHkh dqN Li"V ugha gS vkSj ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkkjr esa fyfi dk fodkl dh dgkuh dks le>us esa cM+h dfBukbZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA izfrgkj ;qx esa jktLFkku dk vf/kdka'k Hkw&Hkkx izfrgkjksa ds v/khu jgkA [ksM+k] dY;k.kiqj3] rlbZ] jktksx<+] c;kuk] dkek ls izfrgkj dkyhu cM+s f'kykys[k feys gSaA bu ys[kksa ds v/;;u ls vyoj {ks= esa czk„h fyfi ds fodkl dks vklkuh ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vyoj {ks= ds bu ys[kksa esa fNis /kkfeZd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd ,oa iz'kklfud rFkk lkaLd`frd rF;ksa dks le>us esa vklkuh gksrh gSA 172 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 343 344 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ekS;Z ;qxhu ys[k & vyoj {ks= dh jkt/kkuh cSjkB ls Hkh v'kksd ds nks ys[k Lohdkj dh tk; rks ys[k dk le; 788 bZ- izkIr gksrk gSA ys[k esa g"kZ laor~ dk izkIr gq, gSaA ,d ys[k dydŸkk&cSjkB ;k Hkkczw y?kq f'kykys[k ds uke ls tkuk tkrk mYys[k ,d jkspd rF; gS D;ksafd jktLFkku esa g"kZ laor~ dk mYys[k djus okys gSA f}rh; ys[k Hkhe Mwaxjh4 uked igkM+h dh rygVh esa ,dkUr esa ,d fo'kky izLrj f'kykys[kksa dh la[;k de gh gSA vfHkys[k dk iwoZ esa fou;] fjlpZj rFkk ,ihxzkfQ;k [k.M ij [kqnk gSA Hkheth dh Mw°xjh ij [kqnk f'kykys[k ;fn jktekxZ ij Fkk rks bl bf.M;k esa izdk'ku gks pqdk gSA12 fcUnq dks feykus okyk iFk bUnzizLFk (fnYyh) esa ;equk ikj fxjhdSyk'k ls Jh dkek dk izFke ys[k & dkek esa ,d vksj vfHkys[k izkIr gqvk gSA vfHkys[k fodkliqjh tkrs le; iM+us okyh igkM+h gS D;ksafd ;gk° Hkh v'kksd dk ,d xkS.k dk izdk'ku if.Mr Hkxokuyky banjth us 1881 bZ- esa bf.M;u ,UVhDosjh esa fd;k f'kykys[k feyk gSA5 gSA vfHkys[k dh Hkk"kk laLd`r rFkk fyfi 8oha 'krkCnh dh czk„h fyfi gSA ys[k [ksM+k dY;k.kiqj dh eqnzk & [ksM+k dY;k.kiqj (ftyk vyoj) ls ,d e`.k izkphu xqykch ik"kk.k ls fufeZr] LrEHk ij Vafdr gSA ys[k ds ≈ijh ,d pÿko`fŸk gS eksgj izdk'k esa ykbZ xbZ gSA bl eqnzk dk le; bZ-iw- dh izFke 'krkCnh ls igys dk rFkk mldk nk;ha vksj dk fgLlk u"V gks pqdk gSA ekuk x;k gSA ys[k esa egk (izFke iafDr)] HkfV~V;a (f}rh; iafDr)] dVdja (r`rh; ys[k esa 'kwjlsu oa'k ds 7 'kkldksa dk iz'kfLr iw.kZ mYys[k fd;k gSA JhQDd iafDr) mfYyf[kr gSA tks ;g Li"V djrk gS fd ;g dVdja (lSU; ladU/kkoj) ds ftldh eghf"k nsf;dk Hkh ftlls dqyHkV~V mRiUu gqvk] mlus nzafx.kh uked efgyk egkHkV~V (lsukifr@;ksºk) dh eqnzk gSA eqnzk esa nk;ha vksj f}irkd cuh gqbZ gSA6 ls fookg fd;k FkkA muds iq= vthr us vIljkfiz;k ls fookg fd;kA vkBoha iafDr esa fot;x<+ ys[k & vyoj {ks= ds lhekUr izns'k fot;x<+ (c;kuk ds ikl) muds iq= nqxZHkV~V dk mYys[k gS ftls xq# ds izfr vkKkdkjh crk;k gSA mldk ls feys ;wi LrEHk7 tks fot;x<+ nqxZ ds vUnj nqxZ ds nf{k.kh nhokj ds fudV ,d oPNqfYydk ls fookg gqvkA budk iq= nqXxZnkek uked ohj Fkk] ;g izfriy ;qº dks fof'k"V LFkku ij [kM+s yky cyq, iRFkj ls fufeZr ,dk'e LrEHk ij vafdr gSA mn~r crk;k gSA bldh iRuh ofPNdk Fkh (iafDr 17) ftlls Jh nsojkt dk tUe pcwrjs ds ≈ij LrEHk dh ≈apkbZ 26*3** gSA ys[k LrEHk ds nf{k.k Hkkx dh vksj gqvkA nsojkt (iafDr&23) dk fookg xaxk ds leku ifo= ;fKdk ls lEiUu gqvk vafdr gSA ;g yEcor :i ls iwjs LrEHk ij vafdr gS rFkk ≈ij iBuh; gSA ;g ftldk iq= oRlnkeu FkkA vfHkys[k dk egRo bl n`f"V ls gS fd blesa nqXxZnkek dh lEHkor% vius ewy LFkku ij ugha gSA vf/k"Bku ij nsoukxjh (10oha&12oha 'krh) iRuh ofPNdk }kjk ,d fo".kq eafnj ds fuekZ.k dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA blds vykok fyfi esa Jh ;ksxh cz„k lkxj dk vadu rFkk blds uhps fo-la- 1008 dk vLi"V oRlnkeu dh iRuh dks fp=dyk esa ikjaxr crk;k gSA vadu ;g ladsr nsrk gS fd blh le; ;g LrEHk ;gk° LFkkfir djok;k FkkA8 ys[k dkek dk f}rh; ys[k & dkek ds nwljs ys[k dk izdk'ku oh-ih- fejk'kh us ofjd dqy ds fo".kqo/kZu uked jktk dk gSA ;g 'kCn o vad nksuksa esa frF;kafdr gSA ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.M;k esa fd;k gSA13 ys[k dk izkfIr LFky dkek ls 1@2 ehy iwoZ esa ys[k esa laor~ fo'ks"k dk mYys[k ugha ijUrq izkfIr LFkku o ys[k 'kSyh ds vk/kkj ij bls fLFkr ,d cM+s dwi ls izkIr gqvk gS tks xksdqy ds oYyHkyky th egkjkt ds vf/ ekyo vFkok foÿe laor~ esa j[kuk lehphu gksxkA bl vk/kkj ij bZ- lu~ 371&72 kdkj {ks= esa FkkA vfHkys[k esa nsorkvksa dks vyx&vyx frfFk;ksa dks fn;s x, nku dk vFkok bZ- lu~ 372&76 gksxhA frfFk ds vk/kkj ij ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd ofjd fooj.k gSA ftu frfFk;ksa dk vfHkys[k esa mYys[k gS] os o"kZ 180 ls 279 ds e/; gSaA fo".kqo/kZu leqnzxqIr dk lkeUr FkkA9 ys[k fdlh lEiznk; fo'ks"k ls lEcº u gksdj oh-oh fejk'kh us tks vafre frfFk i<+h gS og 299 gSA14 ;s frfFk;k lEHkor% g"kZ laor~ ek= iq.Mjhd ;K ds ;kfKd LrEHk (;wi) dh LFkkiuk dk ys[ku gSA ys[k esa dh gSA vfHkys[k esa tks ckrsa egRo dh gSa] os fuEu gSa&^^ml {ks= esa 'kSo izHkko vf/kd fo".kqoºZu ds firk ;'kkso/kZu] muds firk ;'kksjko rFkk buds firk O;k?kzjkr dk FkkA 'kSo izHkko ds lkFk pkeq.Mk] fo".kq o nsoh eafnj dk Hkh ogk° gksuk Li"V gksrk gS mYys[k Hkh fd;k x;k gSA tks bl {ks= ds fofHkUu lEiznk;ksa ds fuokfl;ksa ds lkeatL; iw.kZ fuokl dh vfHkO;fDr 15 rlkbZ dk f'kykys[k & rlbZ vyoj ftys ds Hkjriqj jktekxZ ij vyoj ls gSA eafnj dh O;oLFkk ds fy, xksf"B;ksa dk ,d lewg fu;fer :i ls eafnj dh yxHkx 35 ehy nwjh ij fLFkr gSA ;|fi rlbZ vc ,d lk/kkj.k vk/kqfud xzke gS] ns[kjs[k] flanwj] izdk'k gsrq vk; ds mi;ksx dk mŸkjnkf;Ro iw.kZ djrh gSaA** ijUrq f'kykys[k dh ;gk° ls izkfIr bl {ks= ds ,sfrgkfld egRo dks bafxr djrk gSA dkek dk r`rh; ys[k & 1958 esa ,l-,l-vkbZ- dh if'peh o`Ÿk 'kk[kk us ;g f'kykys[k fodVkd{kj vFkkZr~ dqfVyk (U;wudks.k) okyh 'kSyh esa eqfnzr gSA10 f'kykys[k ys[k [kkstkA ys[k pkSjklh [kEc efLtn dh ckgjh nhokj ij yxk gSA vfHkys[k esa 23 esa ys[k esa frfFk dk mYys[k o"kZ 182 ds :i esa gqvk gSA11 ;fn ;g frfFk g"kZ laor~ dh iafDr vafdr gSA 4 ≈ijh iafDr bruh {kfrxzLr gS fd mUgsa vklkuh ls i<+k ugha tk 173 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 345 346 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ldrk gSA ys[k dh Hkk"kk laLd`r gS rFkk i| fy[kk x;k gSA fyfi 8oha lnh dh flº ys[k ij gky gh esa MkW- vkj-,y- feJ }kjk ,d iqfLrdk24 dk izdk'ku fd;k x;k gS ekr`dk 'kSyh esa gSA ys[k esa fi.Mnku ds Le`fr Lo:i eafnj]16 ckoM+h rFkk dwi ds ftlesa ys[k ds fofHkUu i{kksa ij fo'ys"k.kkRed fooj.k izLrqr fd;k gSA fuekZ.k dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA eafnj] fuekZ.k xksf"Bdksa dk ln~dk;Z cryk;k gS ijUrq ys[k foxzgjkt ds le; fo-la- 1030 esa fy[kok;k x;k FkkA vfHkys[k ds ys[k esa iq=ksa }kjk vius ekrk&firk ds fi.Mnku Lo:i nks /kkfeZd dk;Z lEiUu djuk 'yksd 45 esa djf.kdFkh:d ds iq= /khjukx dks iz'kfLr djus okyk crk;k gSA ;g ladsr djrk gS fd eafnj rFkk ckoM+h fuekZ.k lEHkor% mu Hkkb;ksa ds }kjk djok;k vfHkys[k dh fyfi 10oha 'krkCnh dh dqfVy fyfi gh gS Hkk"kk laLd`r gS rFkk ;g i| ftudk mYys[k 7oha rFkk 10&11 iafDr esa vkrk gSA bl izdkj eafnj fuekZrk vuqekur% esa fy[kk x;k gSA bl izdkj foxztjkt ds bl ys[k esa rkSej pkSgku la?k"kZ] dkSy bZ'kku ds iq= FksA lEiznk; ds bfrgkl rFkk eafnj dh HkO;rk ij izdk'k iM+rk gSA lkFk gh pkSgkuksa dk jtksjx<+ esa izfrgkjksa ds nks egŸoiw.kZ f'kykys[k gSaA izFke17 fo-la- 979 dk rFkk bl le; ftl {ks= ij vf/kdkj Fkk] mldk uke vuUr izns'k ds :i esa feyus dh f}rh;18 1016 dkA izFke ys[k esa tSu eafnj dk mYys[k gS ogha f}rh; ys[k esa lwpuk Hkh bl ys[k ls izkIr gksrh gSA y{kqds'oj egknso ds eafnj ds [kpZ gsrq fn, x, nku dk fooj.k izLrqr djrk gSA lanHkZ blds vykok fo-la- 1010 dh vfHkfyf[kr fouk;d izfrek dk Hkh dfua?ke us 1- jk;] ,l-,u-] Hkkjrh; iqjkfyfi ,oa vfHkys[k] 1997] i`- 2 19 mYys[k fd;k gSA ,d vU; fouk;d izfrek ftldh pj.k&pksdh ij Hkh ys[k 2- eqys] xq.kkdj] Hkkjrh; fyfi;ksa dh dgkuh] 1974] i`- 127 mRdh.kZ gS orZeku esa jktdh; laxzgky; vyoj dh n'kZd nh?kkZ esa iznf'kZr gSA 3- ys[kd dk izkX/kkjk] vad 15 esa izdkf'kr 'kks/k ys[k fo-la- 979 dk ;g ys[k20 dbZ n`f"V;ksa ls egŸoiw.kZ gS&/kkfeZd] lkfgfR;d] 4- Hk.Mkdj] Mh-vkj-] v'kksd] 1989] i`- 223 okLrqfo|k ds egRo ,oa HkwdEi rFkk okLrqdkjksa dh lwpuk vkfn ds lanHkZ esaA ys[k 5- xks;y] Jhjke] uUn ekS;Z lkezkT; dk bfrgkl] 1993] i`-228 lEizfr laxzgky; ubZ fnYyh }kjk lajf{kr gSA vfHkys[k ik"kk.k nks [k.Mksa esa foHkDr gS 6- vkfdZ;ksyksftd losZ vkWQ bf.M;k] ftYn&6] i`- 59 7- ∂yhV] MkW- tkWu QsFkQqy] Hkkjrh; vfHkys[k laxzg] [k.M&3] 1974] i`- 316 bldk vkdkj yxHkx 79 ls-eh-x50 ls-eh- gSA vfHkys[k orZeku esa dqN v{kjksa dks 8- ogh] i`- 318 NksM+dj cgqr vPNh voLFkk esa lqjf{kr gSA ys[k dh Hkk"kk laLd`r gS rFkk cM+h lko/ 9- fou; if=dk] vyoj vad] 1969] i`- 43 kkuhiwoZd vyad`r x| 'kSyh esa jpk x;k gSA vfHkys[k dk izkjEHk ftusUnz 'kkafrukFk dh 10- fjlpZj okWY;we 2] i`- 54&55 21 iz'kalk ls gksrk gSA 'kkafrukFk ds ykaNu e`x dk mYys[k gksus ds dkj.k bl ftu eafnj 11- ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.M;k] okWY;we&XXXVI(i)] 1965] i`- 49&52 dks 'kkafrukFk dk Lohdkjk x;k gSA orZeku [k.Mj (eafnj ds xHkZx`g) esa ftu dh 12- ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.M;k] okWY;we&XXXVI(i)] 1965] i`- 53 fo'kky ysfdu [kf.Mr [kM+h gSA vfHkys[k dh ewfrZ ds fy, ^egkdk;* 'kCn dk 13- ljdkj] fnus'k pUnz Fkzh bafLÿI'ku ›kWe dkeka] ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.Mdk] mijksDr] i`- 54 iz;ksx izfrek dh bl fo'kkyrk ds dkj.k gh fd;k x;k gSA tSu eafnj gksus ds lkFk 14- ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.M;k] iwoksZDr] 1965] i`- 189&198 ftu vkpk;Z lwjlsukpk;Z jkT;iqj esa gksus dh iqf"V bl ys[k ls gksrh gSA blls ;g Li"V 15- ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.M;k] okWY;w&3] i`- 62 gksrk gS fd jkT;iqj 'kSo/keZ dk dsUnz gksus ds lkFk tSu /keZ dk Hkh dsUnz FkkA okLrqdkj 16- ,-,l-vkbZ- fjiksVZ&VI] 1871&72] i`- 125 loZnso us bl eafnj dh xks"Bh ds lnL; ,oa JºkfUor HkDrksa dh vksj ls lwjlsukpk;Z 17- ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.M;k] okWY;we&XXXIX] 1972] i`- 189 22 18- 'kekZ] n'kjFk] vfyZ pkSgku Mk;usLVht~] i`- 23&24 ds }kjk dh tkus okyh iwtk ds fy, v{k;uhfo ds :i esa lefiZr fd;kA 19- ikBd] MkW- fo'kqºkuUn] mŸkj Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd bfrgkl] laLdj.k 2002] i`- 169 foxzgjkt dk fo-la- 1030 dk g"kZfxjh ys[k & vyoj {ks= esa pkSgkuksa ds 20- ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.M;k] okWY;we&XXXIX] 1972] i`- 195 izkjfEHkd bfrgkl ls tqM+k vfHkys[k fo-la- 1030 dk foxzgjkt dk ys[k gSA bl ys[k 21- ogh] i`- 196 dk izFke izdk'ku MkW- fey us fd;k ysfdu ys[k dh vLi"V Nki ds dkj.k fey dk 22- feJ] MkW- vkj-,y-] n g"kZ LVkWu bfUlfÿI'ku] 1999] i`- 23 ikB 'kqº ugha FkkA blds ckn izks- ,Q- dhygkWuZ us bldk izdk'ku fd;k FkkA lcls 23- ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.M;k] okWY;we&XXXIX] 1972] i`- 192 vafre ikB MkW- Hk.Mkjdj us izLrqr fd;k FkkA23 tks iwoZ ds ikBksa dh rqyuk esa fuf'pr 24- feJ] MkW- vkj-,y-] iwoksZDr] i`- 25 :i ls Js"B Fkk ijUrq dbZ 'yksdksa ds Hkk"kkUrj iw.kZr% lgh ugha gSA g"kZfxfj ds bl 174 348 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ifjokj dh fLFkfr cM+h vuqdwy FkhA jkT; dh vO;oLFkk ds dkj.k ujs'kksa ds vkilh vkÿe.kksa ds vykok pksj] Mkdq] yqVsjksa dk Hkh iw.kZ vkrad Fkk] lsuk vkSj iqfyl ds fo'kky rFkk O;ofLFkr laxBu ugha FksA vr% ,d cM+s la;qDr ifjokj dh vko';drk iwoZe/;dkyhu esokM+ dh ewfrZdyk esa ifjyf{kr Fkh] tks lqxerk ls j{kk djsaA esokM+ esa fLFkr ukxnk ds lkl&cgq efUnj ck· Hkkx dh ukjh thou (9oha ls 11oha 'krkCnh) rkdksa ,oa vkgkM+ ds ehjk (fo".kq) efUnj ds ujFkj Hkkx esa nks la;qDr ifjokj dh 2 MkW- gsesUnz pkS/kjh ewfrZ;k° vafdr gSA (2) nkEiR; laca/k % L=h&iq#"k dk ;kSu lEcU/k thou dk izkFkfed vk/kkj esokM+ esa fLFkr iwoZe/;dkyhu efUnj (9oha ls 11oha 'krkCnh) esa izeq[k gS] ij vafre ughaA dŸkZO; vkSj Hkkouk blds mPprj vk/kkj gS] ftuds izHkko ls ;kSu efUnj vkgkM+ fLFkr fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+ fLFkr y{ehukjk;.k efUnj] xaxksn~Hko lEcU/kksa dks Hkh lkFkZdrk vkSj egRo feyrk gSA iwoZ e/;dky esa iRuh dks x`g f'koky;] jRus'oj f'koky; 'kksHkkxiqjk] vfEcdk efUnj txr ,oa fo".kq efUnj Lokfeuh dk ntkZ izkIr FkkA nEifŸk dh dYiuk esa ifr&ifRu nksuksa x`g ds la;qDr vkSj (lgL=&cgq) dk efUnj ukxnk gSA bu efUnjksa esa mRdh.kZ ewfrZ;k° lkekftd ,oa leku :i ls vf/kdkjh gksrs FksA vkgkM+] xaxksn~Hko ,ao lkl&cgw efUnj ds e.Mksoj ykSfdd thou ds lkjs y{k.kksa dks n'kkZrh gSA eSaus bl 'kks/k i= esa ewfrZdyk ds ek/ Hkkx ,ao vkUrfjd Hkkxksa es dbZ izse ls o'khHkqr ewfrZ;ksa dk vadu gS] tks nkeiR; 3 ;e ls 9oha ls 11oha 'krkCnh (iwoZ e/;dkyhu) ds chp esokM+ esa lkekftd thou lac/kksa dks vfHktkxj djrh gSA ifr&iRuh ds izse lEcU/k vPNs FksA ifr O;kikj vkfn dh izeq[k vk/kkj LrEHk ukjh thou dks [kkstus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA ds fy, ckgj tkus ij iRuh dks vius lkFk ys tkrk FkkA ?kj dks lkt&laHkkyus] /kkfeZd d`R;ksa ds vuq"Bku] lEiw.kZ x`gLFkh ds fujh{k.k dk dk;Z] ifr ds vkKkuqlkj x`gLFkh iwoZ e/;dkyhu ewfrZdyk esa ukjh thou dk Hkkj&ogu rFkk vko';drk iM+us ij mfpr ijke'kZ nsuk vkfn dk;Z iRuh }kjk gksrs izkphudky ls gh jktLFkku esa ikfjokfjd thou ds izrhd feyrs gSa] tks FksA4 bu lHkh efUnjksa es ikfjokfjd thou ds fofHkUu dk;ks± dks dykdkjksa us cMh+ dkyhcaxk] vkgkM+] ckxksj] bloky] uBkjk dh iky vkfn iqjkLFkyksa ds mR[kuu ls dq'kyrk ls ewfrZ;ks ds ek/;e ls mdsjk gS] tSls vkgkM+ ds ehjk ºfo.kqΩ efUnj esa Li"V gSA esokM+ esa iwoZ e/;dkyhu fufeZr efUnjksa ij mRdh.kZ ewfrZ;ksa esa ikfjokfjd iRuh }kjk ifjokj dks funsZf'kr djrs gq,5 ukxnk ds lkl&cgw efUnj esa ?kÍh ihlrs gq,6] thou ds fofHkUu ?kVd ds n`'; lqjf{kr gSA blh ikfjokfjd thou ds lanHkZ esa vkgkM+ ds ehjk (fo".kq) efUnj esa nks efgykvksa dks ngh eFkrs gq, n'kkZ;k gSA7 blh ckjhdh ls ns[ksa rks dkSVfEcd thou dh l`tukRed izo`fŸk dks thfor j[kus dk Js; rjg vfEcdk efUnj txr dh ewfrZ;ksa esa ikuh dk crZu flj ij fy;s gq, efgyk8] ukjh dks gSA Lusg] izse] okRlY;&Hkko] vkd"kZ.k] ykyu&ikyu] /keZ&logu] vkfFkZd ikuh fiykrs gq,9 rFkk dksBh esa vukt Hkjrs gq, efgykvksa dk vadu10 bl ckr dh thou esa Hkkxhnkjh vkfn xq.kksa dk lekos'k L=h LoHkko esa fufgr gS] blfy, izkphudky tksjnkj iqf"V djrs gS fd ifjokj dks lapkfyr djus esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk cgqr gh ls vc rd /kkfeZd ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk esa fL=;ksa dk LFkku loZnk egRoiw.kZ jgk egRoiw.kZ FkhA gSA bl ;qx ds f'kykys[kksa ,oa lkfgR; esa dqVqEc iz.kkyh esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk dh deh fookg ugha gS] lkFk gh esokM+ dh ewfrZdyk bl i{k dk tksjnkj leFkZu djrs gq, flº djrh gS fd iwoZ e/;dkyhu ukjh dh Hkwfedk dkSVfEcd thou iz.kkyh ds /kkfeZd ,ao lkfgfR;d lzksrksa ds vuqlkj izkphudky esa vkB izdkj ds fookgksa dk izpyu lkekftd lksikuksa esa egRoiw.kZ jgh gSA FkkA iwoZ e/;dky esa Hkh blesa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha vk;k FkkA gfjHknz dh n`f"V ls fookg dk mÌs'; thou ds iq#"kkFkksZa dks lEiUu djuk FkkA x`gLFk thou dk okLrfod ewfrZdyk esa ifjyf{kr ukjh thou dh fo'ks"krk,° mÌs'; nku&nsuk] nso&iwtk djuk ,oa eqfu/keZ dks izJ; nsuk gSA lk/kqvksa vkSj eqfu;ksa dks (1) la;qDr ifjokj % gfjHknzds fo'ys"k.k ds vuqlkj vkRelj{k.k ,oa vkRe nku nsus dh fÿ;k x`gLFk thou ds fcuk lEiUu ugha gks ldrh gSA11 xaxksnHko~ fodkl dh Hkkouk us lekt esa fookg vkSj ifjokj dh laLFkk dks mRiUu fd;kA1 f'koky; vkgkM+ esa f'ko&ikoZrh ds fookg dh ewfrZ gS] tks ifj.k; laLdkj12 ds ca/ku ekr`&Lusg] fir`&izse] nkeiR; vklfDr] vizR;izhfr vkSj lgofrZdk ifjokj ds eq[; dks bafxr djrh gSA vkgkM+ ds fo".kq efUnj] ukxnk ds efUnj] vfEcdk efUnj esa kasd ds cgqr lkjs ekStwn gS] tks vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk dks bafxr djrs gSaA vadu gSA vkgkM+ ds ehjk (fo".kq) efUnj ds ujFkj Hkkx ds lkekftd thou ds iSuy (1) d`f"k ,oa i'kqikyu&vkgkM+ ds ehjk (fo".kq) efUnj ds f'k[kj Hkkx ds esa ,d ewfrZ Qyd es ukjh&iq#"k dks dqN lquk jgh gS] vkSj iq#"k dku ij gkFk j[ks gq, uhps lkekftd thou ds iSuy esa efgyk,° ?kj ds dke ds lkFk&lkFk i'kqikyu ds 13 14 gS] ,d vU; Qyd esa iq#"k L=h dks eukus dk iz;kl dj jgk gSA ogh izseh&izsfedkvksa dk;Z esa Hkh layXu gS]24 vkgkM+ ds y{eh ukjk;.kefUnj esa efgyk ds gkFk esa 15 dh vaB[ksfy;ksa ds vadu Hkh gSaA nkaryhuqek d`f"k dk midj.k gSA 25 iwoZe/;dkyhu L=ksrksa ds vuqlkj cgqfookg dh izFkk bl ;qx esa FkhA jktk yksx (2) jaxkbZ&NikbZ&vkgkM+ ,d rkez&ik"kf.kd laLd`fr gS vkSj mR[kuu ds cgqr&lh fL=;ksa ls fookg fd;k djrs FksA vyc:uh ds vuqlkj ck„.k iq#"k pkj nkSjku ,sls e`nHkk.M izkIr gq, gS] tks jaxkbZ&NikbZ ds dk;Z dks bafxr djrs gSaA lkFk gh 16 fL=;ksa ls] {kf=; rhu ls] oS'; nks ls ,oa 'kqnz ,d L=h ls fookg dj ldrk FkkA vkgkM+ unh ds rV ij pÍkuksa ds e/; izkphu dqf.M;ka cuh gqbZ gSA26 ftldk mi;ksx gfjHknz viuh dFkkvksa esa iq#"kksa ds ,dkf/kd fookg gksus dh ckr dbZ LFkkuksa ij djrk jax ?kksyus ,oa diM+s&fHkxksus esa fd;k tkrk FkkA laHkor% ;g ijEijk izR;{k ,oa ijks{k 17 gSA ukxnk ds lkl&cgw efUnj esa dbZ ewfrZ Qydksa es ,d iq#"k ,oa nks ukjh gS] tks pyrh jghA lk.Ms'oj vfHkys[k ds vuqlkj vkgkM+ ,d O;kikfjd dsUnz Hkh FkkA ,dkf/kd ukjh gksus dk ladsr djrh gS] ogh dykdkj us bl izFkk dks dqjhfr crkusssss dk jaxkbZ&NikbZ lEcfU/kr ewfrZ;k° vkgkM+ ds fo".kq efUnj esa feyh gSA vkgkM+ ds ehjk iz;kl Hkh ,d ewfrZ Qyd ds ek/;e ls fd;k gS] ukxnk ds lkl&cgw efUnj esa iq#"k (fo".kq) efUnj ds ujFkj Hkkx ds ,d ewfrZ Qyd esa ,d M™e gS] ftlesa L=h vius ds lkFk vkfyxu eqnzk esa ,d ukjh gS] ogh nwljh rjQ eqag fd;s gq, ,ao viuk gkFk nksuksa gkFkksa ls diM+ksa dks fgykus ;k jax ?kksyu dk dk;Z dj jgh gS27 ogh blh iSuy es flj ij j[ks gq, ukjh 'kk;n bl izFkk ij 'kksd O;Dr dj jgh gSA18 rhu vkd`fr;k° ,d iÍ ij iznf'kZr gS] chp es estuqek vkd`fr j[kh gS] ftl ij ,d ekr`&:i esa ukjh oL= fcNk gqvk gS vkSj nk;ha ,oa ck;ha vkSj cSBh fL=;k° oL= dh NikbZ dk dk;Z dj bl dky esa lekt esa ekrk dk in cgqr gh ifo= vkSj izfrf"Br ekuk tkrk jgh gSA28 FkkA of'k"B lw= ds vuqlkj mik/;k; dh rqyuk esa vkpk;Z] nl xquk izfrf"Br gSA (3) ykSg dk;Z&esokM+ [kfut dh n`f"V ls lEiUu jkT; jgk gS&izkphudky ls vkpk;Z ls lkS xquk izfrf"Br firk gS] vkSj firk ls lgL= xquk izfrf"Br in ekrk dk gh vkgkM+] bZloky] tkoj vkfn ykSg o /kkrq deZ dk izeq[k dsUnz jgk gSA iwoZ e/;& 19 gSA ekrk gksus ds lkFk gh L=h dk ?kj esa LFkku vkSj izfr"Bk nksuksa cgqr c<+ tkrs FksA dkyhu iqjkLFky bZloky ls yksgs xykus dh HkfÍ;ka izkIr gqbZ gSA vkgkM+ rkez /kkrq ,oa ukxnk] vkgkM+ 'kksHkkxiqjk esa fufeZr efUnjksa esa okRlY; izse dks n'kkZrh qdk, gq, cM+s I;kj ls mls nqykj jgh gSA21 vkgkM+ ftles rhuksa vkd`fr;ksa esa ck;ha rjQ cSBh L=h us laMkls }kjk fdlh oLrq dks idM+ ds y{eh ukjk;.k efUnj esa ek° us ,d gkFk es Vguh dks idM+ j[kk gS] ogh nwljs gkFk j[kk gS] nk;ha vksj okyh L=h /kksduh pyk jgh gS] chp esa iq#"k ds gkFkksa esa gFkksM+k gS] ls ckyd dks ≈ij [khap jgh gSA22 vfEcdk efUnj txr esa ek° ds xksn esa ,d cPpk tks ihVus dh voLFkk esa gSaA ,d vU; Qyd es NSuh] gFkksM+k fy;s vkd`fr;k° gS] gS] ogh nwljk iq= ueu dh eqnzk esa cSBk gSA23 ,slh okRlY; n`';ksa dh J`a[kyk bu eafnjksa ftlesa cak;h vksj cSBk&iq#"k ds ikl ihVus okyk midj.k gS rFkk nk;ha vksj cSBh L=h esa cM+h la[;k esa gSA us vius ,d gkFk }kjk fdlh uqdhyh NSuhuqek oLrq dks idM+ j[kk gSA30 vkfFkZd thou esa lgHkkfxrk (4) uV&uVuh&dykdkj viuh vkthfodk pykus ds fy, viuh dyk dk iwoZ e/;dky esa ukjh ikfjokfjd thou dks pykus ds fy, iq#"kksa ds lkFk izn'kZu djrs Fks] ftlesa ukjh dh Hkwfedk iq#"k dks gkSalyk vQtk;h ds :i esa jgrh lg;ksxh cu dj dk;Z djrh FkhA bl ckr dk leFkZu esokM+ dh efUnj&ewfrZdyk FkhA blh rjg dh ,d Qyd txr ds vfEcdk efUnj es gS tgka uV&urZdh esa djrh gSA ukxnk] vkgkM+ vkSj txr esa efUnjksa es mRdh.kZ ewfrZ;ksa ds dbZ ,sls f'kykin efgyk eathjs ctk dj iq#"k dks mRlkgh dj jgh gSA31 176 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 351 352 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 (5) efnjk lsou& txr ds vfEcdk efUnj es dbZ egRoiw.kZ vdu tks ladsr djrk gSA ewfrZ;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ukjh lkM+h dk mi;ksx djrh FkhA ftls d/kZuh ls ewfrZf'kYi es cstksM+ mnkgj.k gS] ;s ewfrZ;ka efnjk lsou dh gS] ftlesa iq#"k ds gkFkksa cka/krh Fkh rFkk ≈ij rd flj dks us dk dk;Z dj jgh gSA38 uqiqj] dUBkHkj.k] dfVlw=] jRutfVr eqdqV vkSj f=yksdlkj jRukoyh vkfn FksA ;s lkjh f'kYi vadu esokM+ esa L=h&f'k{kk dh vksj ladsr djrs gSa ijUrq ds'k foU;kl dkykUrj esa bl fLFkfr esa ifjorZu vk;k vkSj ;g flºkUr izfrikfnr fd;k tkus yxk esokM+ ds bu efUnjksa dh L=h&ewfrZ;ksa ls vkHkkl gksrk gS] ds'k foU;kl ds fd fL=;ksa vkSj 'kqnzksa dks fo|kH;kl ugha djuk pkfg, vkSj lkFk gh lkFk lekt esa vusd :i FksA ds'kksa dks tqMs ,oa osf.k;ksa }kjk iz'kkflr fd;k tkrk FkkA43 buesa iq"i] cky&fookg dh izo`fŸk us tUe ys fy;kA blds ihNs iq[rk dkj.k fons'kh vkÿe.k ifŸk;ksa ,oa eksfr;ksa dh yM+ksa ls lqlfTtr fd;k tkrk FkkA txr] jRus'oj ,oa ukxnk pkSFkh 'krh ls iwoZ bl ns'k esa gksus yxs FksA fons'kh vkÿkUrk lSfud Hkkjrh; fL=;ksa ds dh ukf;dkvksa dh ewfrZ;ksa es gj ukjh ij vyx&vyx fMtk;u ds ds'k&foU;kl gSA lkFk fookg lEcU/k LFkkfir djus ds bPNqd jgs gksxs rFkk Hkkjrh; viuh dU;kvksa dks ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ?kaVksa ifjJe ds ckn bl rjg dh ds'k jpuk gks ikrh gksxhA cpkus esa iz;Ru'khy jgs gksaxs rks LoHkkor% ekS;Z ;qx ds i'pkr~ L=h f'k{kk dh ijEijk ds'k&foU;kl dh fofo/krk dk ewyk/kkj rRdkyhu ukxfjdksa dh lq:fp ,oa dyk {kh.k gksus yxh vkSj iwoZ e/;;qx rd vkrs&vkrs eUn iM+ x;h] ijUrq laHkzkr ,oa mPp foykl dk ifj.kke FkkA ds'kksa esa lqxfU/kr ekyk,° vkx: /kqi ls ds'kksa dks lqxfU/kr Hkh dqyksa dh fL=;k° osn&'kkL=ksa ,oa vU; fo/kkvksa dh f'k{kk izkIr djrh FkhA39 fL=;k° djrh FkhA44 L=h ifj/kku txr es vfEcdk efUnj es dykdkjksa us ds'k foU;kl dks bl rjg mdsjk gS vkgkM+ ukxnk] txr vkSj 'kkSHkkxiqjk ds efUnjksa dh ewfrZ;ksa es ukf;dkvksa] fd fdlh Hkh ukf;dk dh ds'k foU;kl dh fof/k] fdlh vU; ukf;dk dh ds'k vIljkvksa ,oa lk/kkj.k fL=;ksa esa ifjyf{kr igukok iwoZ e/;dkyhu ifj/kkuksa dh vksj foU;kl dh fof/k ls esy ugh [kkrh gSA blds vykok esa lkSUn;Z ds fu[kkjus ,oa 177 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 353 354 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 laokjus ds fy, ukjh dkap dk mi;ksx djrh Fkh] rFkk ekax Hkjus esa n`'; Hkh gj efUnj 5- fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+] mn;iqj] jktLFkku esa feyrs gSaA45 6- ogh 7- ogh laxhr ,oa u`R; 8- vfEcdk efUnj] txr] mn;iqj] jktLFkku esokM+ dh yfyr dyk ;Fkk ewfrZdyk] fp=dyk LFkkiR;] u`R; ,oa laxhr 9- ogh vius dYiuk tU; ;FkkFkZ] lkSUn;Z] dykxr vkd"kZ.k ,oa ek/kq;Z ds dkj.k fo[;kr jgs 10- ogh gSA vkyksP;dkyhu efUnjksa esa mRdh.kZ fp= oYyfj;ksa ,oa fp= iÍksa ij laxhr ,oa u`R; 11- 'kkL=h] useh'kj.k] (1964)] gfjHknz ds izkd`r dFkk lkfgR; dk vkykspukRed ifj'khyu] ds n`'; rRdkyhu lekt esa laxhr dyk ds izfr yksxksa dk vuqjkx dks iznf'kZr djrs i`-&372 gSA fp= iÍksa ij fL=;ksa dh vkd`fr;ksa dks u`R; dh fofHkUu eqnzkvksa ,oa fofo/k ok| 12- xaxksn~Hko f'koky;] vkgkM+] mn;iqj] jktLFkku 13- fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+] mn;iqj] jktLFkku ;U=ksa ds lkFk mRdh.kZ fd;k gSA 14- ogh lkFk gh dykdkj us ;U=ksa dks lapkfyr djus] u`R; dh fofHkUu eqnzkvksa dks 15- fo".kq efUnj (lkl&cgw) ukxnk] mn;iqj] jktLFkku lEcfU/kr Hkkoksa dks lkFk mRdh.kZ fd;k gSA bu ewfrZ;ksa esa fL=;ksa ds gkFkksa esa ok|;U= esa 16- d;kmeqnnhu] vgen] (2003)] Hkkjr&vyc:uh] r`rh; laLdj.k] fnYyh] i`-&230 ,d rkjk] rEcqjk] oh.kk] lq/khj ok| ckalqjh] 'kgukbZ] uxkM+k] e`anx] eathjs ifjyf{kr gks 17- fo".kq efUnj] (lkl&cgw) ukxnk] mn;iqj] jktLFkku jgs gSa] tks iwoZ e/;dkyhu ukjh dh vfHk:fp dks n'kkZrs gSaA 46 18- ogh 19- fo|kyadkj] lR;dsrq] Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk iwoZ e/;;qx (600&1200)] jktiwrdky] fnYyh] /kkfeZd thou ,oa ukjh i`-&362 izkphu dky ls gh ukjh dk yxko bZ'oj dh vkLFkk ds izfr jgk gSA iwoZ e/ 20- fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+] mn;iqj] jktLFkkuA ;dkyhu ewfrZdyk ds ;s vo'ks"k rRdkyhu ukjh ds /kkfeZd thou dks iq"V djrs gSaA 21- jrus'oj f'koky;] 'kksHkkxiqjk] vkgkM+ txr ds vfEcdk efUnj ds ,d ewfrZ Qyd esa ukjh ds gkFk esa iwtk dk Fkky gS]47 22- y{ehukjk;.k efUnj] vkgkM+ ukxnk ds efUnj ds ,d ewfrZ Qyd ukjh ds gkFk esa de.My gS]48 ogh blh efUnj 23- vfEcdk efUnj] txr] mn;iqj] jktLFkku es ,d ewfrZ vadu xq# iqtk dh vksj ladsr djrs gSa] ftlesa ukjh dks xq# ds pj.kksa esa 24- fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+] mn;iqj] jktLFkku 49 25- y{ehukjk;.k efUnj] vkgkM+ crk;k gSA 26- pkS/kjh] gsesUnz (2013)] mn;iqj dh ewfrZdyk es vfHkO;Dr ikfFkZo txr] fgek'kq ifCyds'ku] bl rjg ds f'kYi bu lHkh efUnjksa esa fo|eku gSA bl dky rd vkrs&vkrs mn;iqj ukjh dks ekr` 'kfDr esa viuk;k tkuk yxk] lIr ekr`dk ds lkjs :i bu lkjs efUnjksa esa 27- fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+] mn;iqj] jktLFkku fo|eku gSA izLrqr 'kks/k ys[k esa eSaus viuh lhek ijEijkxr lkekftd tu&thou esa 28- ogh ukjh thou rd j[kh gSA mlesa ukjh ds fofo/k :i ;Fkk u dsoy ikfjokfjd Lrj rd 29- ogh oju~ 'kSf{kd] vkfFkZd ,oa lkaLd`frd igyqvksa dks n'kkZus esa lgk;d gS vkSj bfrgkl 30- ekyh] fo".kqizdk'k] (2004)] esokM+ es ewfrZdyk] t;iqj] i`-&105 dks iq"V ,oa izekf.kd djus esa gekjs fy, lgk;d gSA 31- vfEcdk efUnj] txr] mn;iqj] jktLFkku 32- ogh lUnHkZ 33- ekyh] fo".kqizdk'k] (2004)] esokM+ es ewfrZdyk] t;iqj] i`-&105 1- 'kkL=h] useh'kj.k] (1964)] gfjHknz ds izkd`r dFkk lkfgR; dk vkykspukRed ifj'khyu] 34- 'kkL=h] useh'kj.k] (1964)] iwoksZDr] i`-&377 i`-&370 35- foa|kydkj] lR;dsrq] (2011)] Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk iwoZe/;;qx (600&1200)] jktiqrdky] 2- fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+] mn;iqj] jktLFkku fnYyh] i`-&364 3- fo".kq efUnj] (lkl&cgw) ukxnk+] mn;iqj] jktLFkku 36- fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+] mn;iqj] jktLFkku 4- 'kkL=h] useh'kj.k] (1964)] iwoksZDr] i`-&370 37- ogh 178 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 355 38- ogh 39- fo|kyadkj] lR;dsrq] (2011)] iwoksZDr] i`-&366A 40- 'kekZ] xksihukFk] (2014)] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] bDdhloka laLdj.k] t;iqj 41- fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+] vfEcdk efUnj] txr] fo".kq efUnj] ukxnk+] y{ehukjk;.k efUnj] jkor eYyhukFk ds jktuSfrd dk;Z (1340 ls 1399) vkgkM] mn;iqj] jktLFkku Jh vpykjke pkS/kjh 42- 'kkL=h] useh'kj.k] (1964)] gfjHknz ds izkd`r dFkk lkfgR; dk vkykspukRed ifj'khyu] i`-&374A 43- 'kekZ] xksihukFk] (2014)] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] bDdhloka laLdj.k] t;iqj] 89 ,sfrgkfld ijEijk ds vuqlkj ekjokM+ dh Hkwfe ij ,d uohu 'kfDr ds :i 44- 'kkL=h] useh'kj.k] (1964)] iwoksZDr] i`-&370A esa jkBkSM+ksa dk izFke pj.k 13oha 'krkCnh ds mŸkjkºZ esa 'kq: gqvkA e# izns'k esa jkBkSM+ 45- vfEcdk efUnj] txr] mn;iqj] jktLFkku tkfr ds izFke uk;d jko lhgk FksA ftUgksaus ekjokM+ {ks= esa jkBkSM+ jkT; dh uhao 46- fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+] fo".kq efUnj] ukxnk+] vfEcdk efUnj txr] y{ehujk;.k efUnj] MkyhA blh oa'k ds 'kkld vkLFkku us ekyk.kh ds [ksM+ {ks= dks viuh jkt/kkuh vkgkM] +mn;iqj] jktLFkku cuk;kA rRi'pkr~ [ksM+ yEcs le; rd jkBkSM+ksa dh jkt/kkuh jghA blh oa'k ds vkxs 47- fo".kq efUnj] (lkl&cgw) ukxnk+] mn;iqj] jktLFkku dh ihf<+;ksa esa jko ly[kk gq,A ftuds N% iq= gq,] muesa eYyhukFk T;s"B iq= Fkk] tks 48- ogh egsok dk 'kkld cukA bl {ks= ij eYyhukFk dk vf/kdkj gksus ds dkj.k ;g Hkw&Hkkx 49- ogh ekyk.kh ds uke ls izflº gqvkA flº iq#"k eYyhukFk ds tUe ds ckn jkBkSM+ksa ds bfrgkl esa ,d u;k eksM+ vk;k vkSj vkxs pydj ekjokM+ esa LFkk;h lŸkk (tks/kiqj jkT; dh LFkkiuk) dk;e djus dk liuk lkdkj gqvkA jkoy eYyhukFk dk thou ifjp;&eYyhukFk dk tUe ,d ;ksxh ds ojnku ls ipinjk ds fudV xksiM+h xkao esa gqvkA ,slh ekU;rk gS fd ly[kk ds iq= ugha gksus ds dkj.k og fpafrr jgus yxkA mlus viuh O;Fkk ;ksxh dks crkbZA dqN le; O;rhr gks tkus ds ckn ;ksxh ds vk'kh"k ls ly[kk ds pkj iq= gq,A cM+s iq= dk uke ukFk ;ksxh ds dFkukuqlkj eYyhukFk j[kkA mlds tUe gksrs gh ly[kk dh HkkX; js[kk,a izdk'kueku gks mBhaA ,slk izflº gS fd eYyhukFk ds tUe gks tkus ds ckn mldh ^vkaoy Hkwfe esa xkM+us ds fy, [kM~Mk [kksnk x;k ml le; ogka Lo.kZ eqnzkvksa ls Hkjk ,d cM+k ik= (p:) feykA blls ly[kk dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj vk;kA eYyhukFk dh ek° ds ckjs esa [;kr&xzaFkksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu er feyrs gSaA mn;Hkk.k paikor dh [;kr esa mls izfrgkj jk.kk :iM+k dh iq=h dh larku crk;k gSA tks/kiqj jkT; dh [;kr vkSj ckadhnkl dh [;kr bl dFku dk vuqlj.k djrh gSA uS.klh dh [;kr esa ckn esa tksM+h xbZ jko lhgk ds oa'ktksa dh foxr esa eYyhukFk dk tUe eqtiky esgktksr pkSgku dh iq=h ls gksuk fy[kk gS tks Bhd izrhr ugha gksrkA jkoy eYyhukFk ds tUe ls lEcfU/kr ,d nksgk yksd izpfyr gSa tks fuEu gSa& laor ponks fpyksrjks] lqn Kko.k eklA ly[kkor tUeh;ks fljs] izdV eky izdklA eYyhukFk dks ?kqM+lokjh djus] rhj] deku o ryokj pykus vkfn ;qº ds rkSj 179 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 357 358 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 rjhdksa dk izf'k{k.k fn;k x;k vkSj og dqN le; esa gh bl fo|k esa izoh.k gks x;kA fd;k tSlk fd cknj qdk ugha ldsaA dqN fo}ku~ jktk 6- jk.kkor] lTtuflag] ds- ,l- xqIrk] Lo:iflag pq.M+kor] egkjk.kk izrki ls lEcfU/kr LFkku ,oa lzksr] egkjk.kk izrki Lekjd lfefr] fpjkx izdk'ku] 2002 ekuflag dh eqykdkr dks Hkh xksxqUnk esa ekurs gSaA ekuflag 1573 bZ- esa xqtjkr gksrs 7- lTtu flag jk.kkor] egkjk.kk izrki vkSj esokM+ gq, bZMj ls Mwaxjiqj ls mn;iqj vk;k o dqN xksxqUnk vkuk Hkh crkrs gSaA 8- nsohyky ikyhoky] xkSfjYyk iºfr Qjojh 1615 bZ- dh egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk esokM+&eqxy laf/k Hkh fo}ku xksxqUnk esa 9- ih-,y- esukfj;k] izrki ds le; ds dfri; iqjkrkfRod lk/ku gksuk crkrs gSaA tgk°xhj ds dky esa 'kgtknk [kqjZe ('kkgtgk°) dk f'kfoj Hkh xksxqUnk 10- ds- ,l- xqIrk] egRoiw.kZ dwVuhfrd LFky % xksxqUnk 11- 'kekZ] pUnz'ks[kj] ;qxU/kj izrki] vadqj izdk'ku] mn;iqj] 2011 esa FkkA tgk° egkjk.kk vejflag us eqxy&esokM+ laf/k ij gLrk{kj fd;s FksA 16 eqgjZe lu~ o tywlh o"kZ 1024 crk;k x;k gS tks 3 Qjojh 1615 bZ- crkrh gSA esokM+ ds O;kikj dk izeq[k dsUnz Hkh xksxqUnk esa gh FkkA izeq[k O;kikfjd ekxZ&cwanh ls ekaMyx<+&[keuksj] xksxqUnk] ikujok&bZMj rd tks cEcbZ cUnjxkg tkrk FkkA 'kgtknk [kqjZe dks mlds firk tgk°xhj ds fo#º fonzksg dky esa lokZf/kd lg;ksx esokM+ ls feyk vkSj [kqjZe }kjk 1628 esa Lo;a dks eqxy lezkV ?kksf"kr Hkh xksxqUnk esa fd;k x;k ,slk fo}ku ekurs gSaA lezkV vdcj Lo;a eksgh&eankfj;k gksrs gq, xksxqUnk vk;k o dqN fnuksa rd jgk fdarq egkjk.kk izrki mlds gkFk u vk ldsa vkSj fQj og ogk° ls Mwaxjiqj&ck°lokM+k pyk x;kA gYnh?kkVh ;qº ds ckn ekuflag us xksxqUnk vf/kdkj Hkh fd;k egkjk.kk izrki dks canh cukus gsrq fdarq tu lg;ksx ds vHkko esa eqxy lsuk Hkw[kh ejus yxh vkSj cpk gqvk jln Hkh Hkhyksa }kjk fNu fy;k x;k vkSj ekuflag dks [kkyh gkFk tkuk iM+kA xksxqUnk {ks= ds fo'oluh; o LokehHkDr taxyh tkfr Hkhy o xjkfl;k tks eqxy lsuk dh [kcj vkuu&Qkuu esa izrki dks o hyokM+k vkSj gkFkh xqM+k dh uky tks/kiqj jkT; vkSj esokM+ ds e/; vkokxeu cukl unh ls nf{k.kh oU; izns'k rd QSyh Hkwfe esokM+ dk eSnkuh izns'k dgykrk gSA ds fy;s iz;ksx gksrh jgh FkhA blh Hkw&Hkkx ls jkT; ds dsUnzh; izos'k dks mitk≈ cukus bl {ks= dks esokM+ dh Hkk"kk es ^eky* dgk tkrk gSA esokM+ dh ?kuh vkcknh okyh okyh ufn;ka fudyrh gSA bl ioZrh; {ks= esa vf/kdrj Hkhyksa dk fuokl jgk gSA1 ;g cfLr;ka blh {ks= esa vofLFkr gSA bu cfLr;ksa esa jktiwr] czk„.k rFkk egktu tkfr;ksa tkfr ioZrh; mit vkSj okyjk œf"k vFkkZr~ taxy ds lw[ks o`{kksa o ?kkl dks tyk dj ds lkFk gh œf"k O;olk;h tkfr;ksa esa tkV] Mkaxh] /kkdM+ vkfn vf/kd jgrs FksA4 [kkn cukuk rFkk blh ds cht fNVd dj o"kkZ esa idus nsukA2 bl {ks= esa dqEHky<+] lk;jk] xksxwUnk] >kM+ksy bR;kfn LFkku tu&thou ds izeq[k ds dsUnz FksA 'kkgckt [kka vDVwcj 1577 bZ- esa esokM+ dh rjQ jokuk gqvkA 3 vizsy 1578 (c) ;g ioZrh; ‹k`a[kykµ;g ioZrh; Hkkx [kku ,oa [kfut] vkS"kf/k;ksa rFkk bZ- dks mlus dqEHkyx<+ ij vf/kdkj fy;k vkSj yxHkx vkB ekg ckn Qrgiqj lhdjh ykSV x;kA5 blds ykSVus ds i'pkr~ yxHkx flrEcj&vDVwcj 1578 bZ- dks Hkkek'kkg bekjrh dk"B dh n`f"V ls lEiUu jgk gSA bl Hkkx esa jkT; ds nf{k.kh Hkkx dh vksj vkSj rkjkpan us jkriqjs ls fudydj llSU; ekyos ds ckn'kkgh bykds ij /kkok cksyk cgus okyh ufn;ksa esa xkserh] ekgh rFkk okdy unh eq[; gSA ;g izns'k iqu% exjk] vkSj ogk° ls iPphl yk[k #i;s ,oa nks gtkj vk'kfQZ;k naM Lo:i olwy djds jk.kk esoy rFkk NIiu uked mi{ks=ksa esa foHkDr gS mn;iqj ds vkl&ikl okyk {ks= exjk] ds ikl pwfy;k eqdke ij igqap dj HksaV dhA6 bl cM+h jkf'k ls lSfud ,oa okdy unh ds ikl okyk HkkseV] xkserh unh ds iwohZ Hkkx esa esoy rFkk xkserh ls iz'kklfud O;; dh O;oLFkk esa cM+h enn feyhA ekgh unh ds e/; dk {ks= NIiu dgykrk jgk gSA eso] eh.kk vkSj Hkhy tSlh vkfnokfl;ksa dh cfLr;ksa ds lkFk bl {ks= esa lywEcj] pkoaM] vkxsuk] ikujok] tqM+k eqxyksa dks vkfFkZd gkfu igqapkus dk iz;Ru o tokl ds vkl&ikl lH; tkfr;ksa dh cfLr;ka Hkh fo|ekuk jgh FkhA3 1576 ls 1586 rd eqxyksa }kjk vf/kœr igkM+h {ks=ksa dks iwjh rjg mtkM+us mijksDr ioZr ‹k`a[kyk,a esokM+ jkT; ds fy, nf{k.k] if'pe rFkk mŸkj dh vksj rFkk ogka dksbZ [ksrh ckM+h ugha gksus nsus dh uhfr viukbZA vFkkZr~ gkfu eqxyksa dh lsuk lhek j{kd dk dk;Z djrh FkhA ,sls esa dYiuk dh tk ldrh gS fd xehZ ds efguksa dks gksrh jgh ;gka fo'ks"k /;ku ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd izrki ds v/khu {ks= esa œf"k dk;Z esa eqxy lsuk dSls yM+h gksxh vFkkZr~ ugha yM+hA ugha jksdk x;k gSA blfy, ogka [kk|kUu fuckZ/k :i ls lIykbZ gks jgk FkkA blds 185 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 369 370 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 foijhr izrki ds vkns'kksa ds mYya?ku djus okyksa dks fcuk fdlh fgpfdpkgV ds ekSr lkFk mudk ihNk djrs Fks fd ikap ckj ,slk gqvk ds mUgsa Hkkstu dj ysus rd dk le; ds ?kkV mrkj fn;k tkrk FkkA blh ds ifj.kkeLo:i eqxyksa ds lkFk yM+kbZ;ksa esa ugha fey ldk vkSj cuk&cuk;k mUgsa NksM+ nsuk iM+kA ,d le; mldh jkuh vkSj leHkwfe okys izns'k ds mtM+ tkus ds lkjk ns'k fcuk crh dk fpjkx ds leku gks x;kA iq=&o/kq us taxyh vUu ds vkVs dh dqN jksfV;k° cukbZ rFkk izR;sd ds Hkkx esa ,d&,d tgk° vUu dh [ksrh gksrh FkhA ogka ?kkl mx vkbZ] eq[; jkLrksa ij daVhys ccwys [kM+s gks jksVh vkbZA vk/kh rRdky [kkus ds fy, vkSj ckdh vxyh ckj Hkkstu ds fy,A fopkjksa x, vkSj cfLr;ksa esa f'kdkjh tkuoj ?kwweus yxsA esokM+ ds e/; esa gksdj tkus okyk esa Mwck izrki mUgha ds lkFk cSBk gqvk Fkk fd mldh iq=h dh ‚n;&os/kh phRdkj us mls O;kikfjd ekxZ cUn gks x;k D;ksafd eky ywVk tkus yxkA7 pkSadk fn;kA ,d taxyh fcyko >iV dj mldh iq=h dh jksVh mBk ys x;k Fkk] ftl gYnh?kkVh ;qº ds iwoZ izrki ds dCts ds iw.kZ ioZrh; izns'k ds lkFk dh dqN ij og {kq/kkrqj dU;k fpYykus yxhA rc rd izrki dk /kS;Z dnkfi fopfyr ugha eSnkuh o iBkjh Hkw&Hkkx Hkh FkkA gqvk FkkA ;qº&{ks= esa vius iq=ksa vkSj lacaf/k;ksa dks vius lkeus gh dke vkrs ns[kdj Hkh og dHkh fo{kqC/k ugha gqvk Fkk] D;ksafd og dgk djrk Fkk fd ^jktiwrksa dk tUe izrki dk igkM+ksa esa fuokl vkSj rRlaca/kh ,sfrgkfld izokn blfy;s rks gksrk gSA* ijUrq Hkkstu ds fy;s vius cPpksa dh fpYykgV us mls grk'k dj gYnh?kkVh ds ;qº ds le; izrki dks xksxwUnk ds vius fpjifjfpr jkeegy fn;k vkSj mldh n`<+rk fLFkj ugha jg ldhA*9 NksM+us iM+s Fks] vkSj vxys o"kZ 'kkgckt [kka dh izFke psyus iM+s 'kkgh lsuk dh idM+ esa u vk tk,] D;ksafd dbZ ckj os 'k=q&lsuk ds gkFkksa esa iM+us ls FksA ijUrq ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd izrki dk lkjk thou ,slh gh ladV dh fLFkfr esa cky&cky cps FksA ------ijUrq bu lkjs fodV ladVksa esa Hkh izrki dk /kS;Z loZ/kk chrk] tks lgh nwljs] ladV ds bu fooj.kksa ls ;g Hkh fu"d"kZ fudkyk tkrk gS fd vfMx jgkA------izrki dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr cgqr gh n;uh; Fkh vkSj viuh lsuk dk fuokZg Hkh mlsd ^fdUrq dqN ,sls volj vk,] tc vius ls Hkh vf/kd fiz; O;fDr;ksa ds d"Vksa fy, vlaHko gks x;k FkkA Hkkek'kkg }kjk izrki dks izpqj laifŸk HksaV fd, tkus dh us mls dqN&dqN fopfyr dj fn;kA mu igkM+h dUnjkvksa esa Hkh mldh fiz;rek jkuh dgkuh ls Hkh bl /kkj.kk dks fo'ks"k cy feyk gSA ijarq ladV ds le; dh dfBukbZ;ksa lqjf{kr ugha Fkh] vkSj gj izdkj ds lq[k&lk/kuksa esa iyus ds vf/kdkjh mlds cPps vkSj vHkko dks izrki dh xjhch dk lgh izek.k ugha ekuk tk ldrkA os vHkko rFkk Hkkstu ds fy, mlds pkjksa rjQ jksrs jgrs Fks] D;ksafd vR;kpkjh eqxy ,slh n`<+rk ds dfBukbZ;ka taxy igkM+ esa ?kweus ds dkj.k Fkh_ dsoy /ku&O;; ls os nwj ugha gks 186 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 371 372 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ldrh FkhaA esokM+ jkT; ds mPp inkf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj iz/kku eaa=h ds :i esa Hkkek'kkg izrki us esokM+ bykdksa esa eqxy Fkkuksa ij ncko c<+kus gsrq vkÿe.k fd;sA blh izdkj vkSj mlds firk Hkkjey us 'kklu vkSj dks"k dh tks lqO;oLFkk dh FkhA mlh ds esokM+h {ks= esa eqxy ncko c<+us ij iM+kSlh jkT;ksa ij izrki us vkÿe.k rst fd;s FksA QyLo:i jkT;&dks"k esa tks izpqj /ku ,d= gks x;k FkkA vko';drk iM+us ij mlh bl dkj.k eqxy lsuk iM+kSlh jkT;ksa ls esokM+h ,oa esokM+h bykds ls iM+kSlh jkT;ksa esa dks lqyHk dj Hkkek'kkg us izrki dh mYys[kuh; lsok dh FkhA ;g ckr Li"V gks tkrh lgk;rkFkZ tkus esa O;FkZ le; cckZn djsa rFkk blh le; de lSfudksa dh mifLFkfr esa gS fd ;s lkjs izokn mlh le; ds gSa] tc 'kkgckt [kk° vFkok txUukFk dNokgk ds mudh jln ,oa 'kL= ywVus dk dk;Z fd;kA blls Hkh esokM+h yksxksa dh [kk|kUu ,oa vkÿe.kksa dks foQy djus ds fy, izrki dks taxyksa dk vkJ; ysuk iM+k Fkk vkSj 'kL= iwfrZ gqbZ FkhA ihNk djrs gq, eqxy lSfudksa ls cp fudyus ds fy, izrki dks ckjackj viuk 7- vjkoyh ds ioZrksa dh fo'ks"krk muds f'k[kjksa ij feyus okyh cM+h&cM+h fuokl&LFkku cnyuk iM+rk FkkA12 dUnjk,a gS] ftuesa ek;jk dh xqQk] ephu dh xqQk] tkoj dh xqQk vkfn ;s danjk,a D;k egkjk.kk izrki dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr detksj Fkh\ ftldks le>us ds fy, gh izrki ds lSU; nyksa ds xqIr fuokl dk dke djrh Fkh] ftuesa 200&500 O;fDr ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa ,oa lkefxz;kas dk v/;;u&fo'ys"k.k djus ij ge ikrs gSa fdµ ,d lkFk jg ldrs Fks vkSj ftuls fudy dj ,oa uhps mrj dj os eqxy lsuk ij 1- egkjk.kk dqaHkk vkSj laxzkeflag (lkaxk) vkfn esokM+ ds egkjk.kkvksa us vkdfLed /kkos cksyrs FksA mudk ihNk djuk ,oa mudk Vksg ikuk 'k=q lsuk ds fy, nwj&nwj rd fot; dj cM+h laifŸk lafpr dh FkhA dfBu FkkA bUgha dUnjkvksa esa jktdh; /ku] 'kL=&vL= vkfn ds HkaMkj lqjf{kr jgrs FksA ;s vkikr dky esa fuokl LFkku Hkh jghaA ;gka ls lqjf{kr vUu&'kL= vklkuh ls 2- fpŸkkSM+x<+] dqHkayx<+ vFkok vU; fdlh Hkh nqxZ ls 'k=q dks dHkh Hkh vkl&ikl ds {ks=ksa esa Hksts tk ldrs FksA lkFk gh Nkikekj ;qº }kjk 'k=q dh jln vius nzO;&[ktkuk gkFk ugha yxkA [kfut dh lqO;oLFkk Hkkek'kkg vkSj mldk firk Hkkjey fy, mi;ksx esa ysuk vkSj 'k=q dks mlds mi;ksx ls ofpar djus dk dk;Z Hkh gks tkrk esokM+ ds lPps LokfeHkDr lsod cudj djrs jgs FksA FkkA 3- egkjk.kk izrki vkSj vejflag ds le; eqylekuksa ls yxkrkj yM+kb;ka gksus 8- MkW- eksgCcrflag jkBkSM+ us egkjk.kk izrki us lacaf/kr ,sfrgkfld nLrkost ds dkj.k prqj ea=h Hkkek'kkg jkT; dk [ktkuk lqjf{kr LFkkuksa esa xqIr :i ls j[kok;k uked 'kks/k vkys[k16 esa fuEufyf[kr rkez i= izrki }kjk fn;s tkus dk o.kZu fd;k gSA djrk Fkk] ftldk C;kSjk og viuh ,d cgh esa j[krk FkkA mUgha LFkkuksa ls vko';drkuqlkj tks rkack i= cfgM+k ftjksDl izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj esa laxzfgr ls fy;s x;s gSaA nzO; fudkydj og yM+kbZ dk [kpZ pykrk FkkA vius nsgkUr ds iwoZ vius mi;qZDr rkez i= dk fooj.kµ cgh viuh L=h dks nsdj dgk fd blesa jkT; ds [ktkus dk C;kSjsokj fooj.k gS] blfy;s bldks egkjk.kk ds ikl igqapk nsuk]13 bl ckr dk izek.k gS fd izrki dks /ku (1) xkao cyhpksa ([keuksj) dk rkezi= psr lqnh 5 la- 1891] cfgM+k ikuk 74 dh deh ugha FkhA (2) xkao xksn;k.kk (>kM+ksy&mn;iqj) dk rkez i= Hkknok on 15 la- 1895] cfgM+k ikuk 176 4- mŸkj esa dqEHkyx<+ ls yxkdj nf{k.k esa Ω"kHknso ls ijs rd yxHkx 145 fdeh- yEck vkSj iwoZ esa nsckjh ls yxkdj if'pe ls fljksgh dh lhek rd 112 (3) xkao >kM+ksy (mn;iqj) dk rkez i= Hkknok onh laor 1892] cfgM+k ikuk 219 fdeh- pkSM+s igkM+h izns'k us izrki ds fy;s vfots; izkœfrd nqxZ dk dke fd;kA (4) yk[kksyk (lgkM+k&HkhyokM+k) dk rkez i=] vklk<+ lqnh 19 la- 1891] cfgM+k ftlesa cgqq;k;r ls miyC/k ikuh] mRiknu vkSj Qyksa us [kk|kUuksa dh deh ugha vkus ikuk 534&35 nhA14 (5) xkao >kM+ksy (mn;iqj) rkez i=] Hkknok lqn 4 la- 1892] cfgM+k ikuk 609 5- esokM+ dh lhek lVs gq, jkT;ksaµfljksgh] bZMj] Mqaxjiqj] ckalokM+k] cwUnh] (6) xkao xksn;k.kk (mn;iqj) dk rkezi=] cfgM+k ikuk 615 ikyh vkfn jkT;ksa dks vius izHkko esa j[kdj eqxy jkT; ,oa esokM+ ds chp e/;orhZ (7) xkao xksn;k.kksa (>kM+ksy&mn;iqj) dk rkezi= vklkst onh] 6 la- 1892 jkT;ksa (cQj LVsV) dh Hkkafr mi;ksx fd;k] bl dkj.k eqxy vkÿe.k ls lqj{kk ,oa cfgM+k] ikuk 617 vko';drkuqlkj O;kikj }kjk jln 'kL= vklkuh ls izkIr djus esa vklkuh jghA15 (8) xkao xksn;k.kk] >kM+ksy o ouiqj (mn;iqj) dk rkez i=] vklkst onh 8 la- 6- iM+kSlh jkT;ksa ij tc Hkh eqxy lSfudksa us vkÿe.k fd;k] rc egkjk.kk 1892] cfgM+k ikuk 618 187 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 373 374 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 (9) xkao xksn;k.kk (>kM+ksy&mn;iqj)] Hkknok lqnh 5 la- 1892] cfgM+k ikuk 619 (4) gYnh?kkVh ;qº ds ,d o"kZ ckn 1577 bZ- esa ia- pÿikf.k feJ }kjk izrki Le`fr xzaFk17 esa fn;s x;s rkez i=ksa dk o.kZuµ ^fo'ooYyHk* uked xzUFk dh jpuk bl vksj ladsr djrh gS fd izrki us esokM+ dh (1) xkao laFkk.kk (dqEHkyx<+&jktleUn) dk rkezi=] Hkknok lqnh 5] jfookj la- HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ds vuqlkj œf"k] Hkwfexr ty] Qlyksa dh chekfj;sa ,oa moZjd 1633 vkfn ij izkjEHk ls gh iw.kZ /;ku fn;k FkkA (2) xkao egh (eksgh dkadjksyh) dk rkezi=] Hkknok lqnh 6 eaxyokj] la- 1633 9- egkjk.kk izrki ds i'pkr~ 1614 bZ- esa egkjk.kk vejflag us ckn'kkg tgkaxhj ds lkFk lfU/k dh ml le; 'kkgtgka [kqjZe ls eqykdkr djus ij ,d yky (3) xkao ihiyh (dkadjksyh) dk rkezi=] Hkknok lqnh] 11 jfookj] la- 1633 mldks utj fd;k] tgkaxhj ds vuqlkj ^mldk ewY; 60000@& #i;s vkSj rkSy vkB (4) xkao e`xs'oj (ckyh] ikyh) dk rkezi=] QkYxqu lqnh 5] la- 1639 Vkad FkkA og igys jkBkSM+kS ds jktk jko ekynso ds ikl FkkA mlds iq= pUnzlsu us (5) xkao cka/k.k dk rkez i=] vklkst cnh 7 la- 1645 viuh vkifŸk ds le; mls jk.kk mn;flag dks csp fn;k FkkA19 rqtqds tgkaxhjh ds (6) xkao iMsj (tgktiqj&HkhyokM+k) dk rkez i=] dkrh lqnh 15 la- 1645 vuqlkj 1616 bZ- esa 'kkgtknk [kqjZe nf{k.k dks tkrs gq, ekxZ esa mn;iqj BgjkA ml (7) xkao Mk;yk.kk (nslwjh ikyh) dk rkez i=] vklkst lqnh 15 la- 1651 le; jk.kk us 'kkgtkns dks 5 gkFkh] 27 ?kksM+s vkSj jRuksa rFkk jRutfVr tsojksa ls Hkjk ,d Fkky utj fd;k] ijUrq 'kkgtkns us dsoy 3 ?kksM+s ysdj ckdh lHkh phtsa okil dj mijksDr rkezi=ksa ds vk/kkj ij fuEu fu"d"kZ fudkys tk ldrs gSaA nhA20 vejflag ds T;s"B iq= d.kZflag jktxn~nh ij cSBk mlus lkjk le; vius mtM+s (1) egkjk.kk izrki us 1576 bZ- ls 1594 bZ- rd ds lkr rkez i= tkjh fd;sA gq, bykdksa dks vkckn djus esa yxk;kA blds ckn egkjk.kk txrflag us yk[kksa #i;s vU; izrki }kjk iznŸk 9 rkez i= 19oha 'krkCnh esa esokM+ egkjk.kkvksa }kjk yM+kbZ esa [kks yxkdj txUukFk (txnh'k) dk efUnj cuok;k vkSj mldh izfr"Bk esa yk[kksa #i;s tkus ls iqu% iznku fd;s x;sA izrki dkyhu bu rkezi=ksa ls ;g izekf.kr gksrk gS fd yxk;sA mlus dYio`{k nku lfgr cgqewY; nku fd;sA ftuesa lSadM+ksa gkFkh] gtkjksa ;qº dky esa Hkh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk lqpk: :i ls py jgh FkhA ?kksM+s vkSj cgqr ls xkao nku fd;sA21 izkjEHk esa og izfro"kZ viuh tUe fnol ds fnu (2) 16 rkezi=ksa esa xkaoksa dh fLFkfr dks ns[kus ls irk pyrk gS fd izrki }kjk pkanh dh rqyk djrk FkkA22 1648 bZ- ls izfr o"kZ ml volj ij lksus dh rqyk djus 7 rkezi= esokM+ ds igkM+h {ks= >kM+ksy ds] 2 dqEHkyx<+ ds vkl&ikl o eq[;r% yxkA23 mldh nku'khyrk cgqr gh izflº gSA mlds ckn mlds iq= jktflag }kjk xksn;k.kk xkao ds 5 rkezi= gSA 'ks"k ,d&,d rkezi= gh vU; xkaoksa dk gSA bl ,dfyaxth esa fd;k x;k jRuksa dk rqyknku24 leLr Hkkjr ds jRuksa ds rqyknku dk ;gh vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd izrki ds le; >kM+ksy ds czk„.kksa dk /keZ vuq"Bkuksa ,d izkphu fyf[kr izek.k feyk gSA mlus jktleqnz uke dk izflº rkykc cuok;k esa fo'ks"k ;ksxnku jgk gS] lkFk gh izrki dk >k<+ksy o vkojx<+ ds vkl&ikl jguk Hkh ftlesa 10507584@& #i;s O;; gq,A25 egkjk.kk mn;flag] izrkiflag vkSj vejflag buls izekf.kr gksrk gSA rkezi=ksa ds xk°oksa dks uD'ks ij ns[kus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd izrki dks rks lEifŸk lafpr djus dk le; ugha feyk] d.kZflag us mtM+s jkT; vkckn fd,A dk 'kklu esokM+ ds igkM+h {ks= esa >kM+ksy&dqaHkyx<+ ds vkl&ikl {ks= esa Fkk] ogha egkjk.kk txrflag ,oa jktflag dks ckgj ls dksbZ cM+h lEifŸk ugha feyhA vr% ;g ekjokM+ dh vksj xksMokM+k {ks= ftlesa ckyh ds ikl e`xs'oj vjkoyh ioZrksa ls tqM+k izekf.kr gksxk fd ;g lkjh laifŸk dqaHkk vkSj lkaxk dh laxzg dh gqbZ Fkh vkSj egkjk.kk Fkk] esa Hkh izrki dk izHkko {ks= jgkA izrki dk ufugky ikyh gksus ls bl ij izHkko {ks= izrki ds le; T;ksa dh R;ksa fo|eku FkhA dks vkSj vf/kd izHkkoh cukrk gSA esokM+ ds eSnkuh {ks= ds rkezi=ksa esa HkhyokM+k ds 10- vkojx<+ ,d ,slk LFkku gS tgka izrki ds i'pkr~ laHkor% dksbZ fuekZ.k ,oa lgkM+k rglhy ds yk[kksyk xk°o o tgktiqj rglhy ds iaMsj xkao ds rkezzi= ds œf"k ugha gqvk D;ksafd ,slk foifŸkdky izrki dks NksM+dj dsoy egkjk.kk jktflag ds 18 v/;;u ls izrki dl izHkko {ks= cwanh jkT; dh lhek rd dk gksuk ik;k tkrk gSA le; gh vk;k Fkk] tks vYidky ds fy, FkkA ;gka ij esjs }kjk fd;s x;s losZ esa ikap (3) esokM+ egkjk.kkvksa }kjk lkeUrksa dks iV~Vs dbZ ckj tgka vU; fdlh dk rkykc] ,d ckoM+h dk fuekZ.k izrki }kjk djok;k x;k FkkA ftlls ;gka fuokl djus vf/kdkj gksrk] ogka ns fn;k tkrk FkkA ftls iV~Vsnkj }kjk fot; djuk gksrk FkkA ijUrq okys yksxksa dks vklkuh ls vdky esa Hkh ty miyC/k gks tkrk FkkA dbZ LFkkuksa ij rkezi= czk„.k] pkj.k HkkV vkfn tkfr;ksa dks ,sls LFkku ij nsus dk gh izko/kku Fkk tgka es<+cUnh dj NksVs&NksVs [ksr rkykc ls lVs izrhr gksrs gSA tgka rkykc [kkyh gksus ij esokM+h vf/kdkj {ks= gksrkA œf"k dh tkrh gksxhA29 lkFk gh blds vkl&ikl dk {ks= œf"k ds fy, mi;qDr gSA 188 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 375 376 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 [kk|kUuksa dk egRo /ku ls Hkh vf/kd gS D;ksafd fodV fLFkfr esa rRdky [kk|kUu dh 7- VkWM œr ,ukYl] ftYn 1] i`- 388&89 vko';drk gksrh gSA30 uS.klh }kjk 17oha lnh esa esokM+ ds HkkSxksfyd o.kZu esa Hkh ty 8- MkW- j?kqchjflag] egkjk.kk izrki] i` 47&48 ,oa vUu mRiknd {ks=ksa dk vPNk izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA 9- ogh] i`- 48 31 10- ogh] i`- 48&49 11- izrki us vius lwa/kk fuokl dky esa ,d ckoM+h cuokbZ FkhA rkjkpUn 11- ogh] i`- 49 Hkkek'kkg dk NksVk HkkbZ izrki ds le; xksk] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx 1] i`- 464 jgrk FkkA rkjkckoM+h dk f'kykys[k la- 1654 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd mlds lkFk 11 14- MkW- nsohyky ikyhoky] egkjk.kk izrki egku] i`- 107 o 110 fL=;ka lrh gqbZ FkhA mldks laxhr] LFkkiR; vkSj lkfgR; ls vR;Ur vuqjkx FkkA og 15- ogh] i`- 111 dykdjksa vkSj lkfgR;dkjksa dk vkJ;nkrk FkkA32 izrki ds BkV&ckV ls egkjk.kk dh 16- MkW- eksgCcrflag jkBkSM+] egkjk.kk izrki ls lacaf/kr ,sfrgkfld nLrkost] ehjk;u o"kZ 2] vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk vkadyu vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA pko.M ds egy] vad 2] twu&vxLr 2008] i`- 88&102 pkSiky] ?kqM+lky] pcwrjS o lSfudksa ds jgus dh cLrh] pkeq.Mk ekrk dk efUnj] 17- MkW- nsohyky ikyhoky] izrki Le`fr xzUFk] jktLFkkuh x|] iqjkrkfRod lkexzh [k.M] i`- 22&29 rkykc ,oa dwaMA blds lkFk dh jksfgM+k] mcs'oj] /kksfy;k th ds egy] ephUn] 18- MkW- eksgCcrflag jkBkSM+] egkjk.kk izrki ls lacaf/kr ,sfrgkfld nLrkost] ehjk;u o"kZ 2] tkojekyk ,oa lwa/kk vkfn LFkkuksa ij le;kuqlkj izrki us dbZ fuekZ.k dk;Z djok, vkSj vad 2] twu&vxLr 2008] i`- 101&102 fuokj fd;kA ;fn bu lHkh LFkkuksa ij cus fuekZ.k dk;ksZ ds [kpZ dks dqy feykdj 19- rqtqds tgkaxhjh jkstlZ œr (vaxzsth vuqokn)] ftYn 1] i`- 285 ns[kk tk, rks fuf'pr gh blesa cgqr vf/kd O;; gqvk FkkA ftlls ,d LFkku ij HkO; 20- ogh] 345 jktegy cuk;s tk ldrs FksA 21- txUukFk jk; ds efUnj dh iz'kfLr] 'yksd 110&11 12- egkjk.kk izrki ,oa muds ifjokj dks vUU dh jksVh [kkuh iM+h] taxyh 22- jktiz'kfLr egkdkO;] lxZ 5] 'yksd 34 23- ogh] 'yksd 35&36 fcyko }kjk jksVh fNu ysuk bu dkj.kkas ds vk/kkj ij izrki dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr Bhd u 24- mDr rqyknku dh iz'kfLr] 'yksd 18 mn~/k`r_ vks>k] ohj f'kjksef.k egkjk.kk izrkiflag] i`- 43 gksus dk vkdayu mfpr ugha gSA 'kks/k i= esa blds fuokj.k dk iwoZ esa foLr`r o.kZu 25- jkt iz'kfLr] lxZ 21] 'yksd 22 fd;k x;k gSA ;gka ij bl ckr ij /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k tk jgk gS fd ,slh fLFkfr;ka 26- vks>k] ohj f'kjksef.k egkjk.kk izrkiflag] i`- 44 dc cuh] tc izrki dk yxkrkj ihNk fd;k x;k vkSj mudks ckj&ckj LFkku cnyus 27- MkW- ds-,l- xqIrk] egkjk.kk izrki (dqaHkyx<+ ls pko.M)] i`- 99 ds dkj.k Hkkstu djus esa Hkh fnDdr gqbZA ;g dky 'kkgckt [kka }kjk 3 vizsy 1578 28- MkW- j?kqchjflag] egkjk.kk izrki] i`- 49 esa 33 dqEHkyx<+ fot; ls yxkdj txUukFk dPNkok dk 1586 bZ-34 esa d'ehj ykSVus 29- jk.kkor] xqIrk ,oa pw.Mkor] egkjk.kk izrki ls lacaf/kr lzksr ,oa LFkku] i`- 226&27 rd dk gSA bu vkB o"kksZ esa tc izrki ds ikl dsoy ioZrh; izns'k gh jg x;k Fkk dqN 30- MkW- nsohyky ikyhoky] izrki Le`fr xzUFk] i`- 217&21 le; rks ioZrh; {ks= Hkh lhfer gh jg x;k FkkA ,sls le; dks j?kqchj flag us 31- izrki n isfV™;ksV] i`- 40 32- rkjkckM+h dk f'kykys[k] lor~ 1654] iafDr 14_ MkW- jktsUnz HkVukxj] Hkkek'kkg ,oa Bk- frfFkcº djus fo'ks"k iz;kl fd;k gSA rkjkpUn] i`- 49] 51 o 52 lanHkZ 33- vks>k] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx 1] i`- 448 1- MkW- xksiky O;kl] esokM+ dk lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd thou] i`- 4&5 34- ogh] i`- 460 2- vks>k] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx 2] i`- 9 3- MkW- xksiky O;kl] esokM+ dk lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd thou] i`- 5 o ikn fVIi.kh 3 4- lh-bZ- ;Vs] xtsfV;j vkWQ esokM+] Hkkx 3] i`- 44 5- vdcjukek] Hkkx 3] i`- 218&20 6- ohj fouksn Hkkx 2] i`- 157&58 189 378 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ujs'k :iflag tks fd 'kkgtgk° ds le; mldk LokehHkDr ohj lsod Fkk] mldh e`R;q nkjk ds i{k esa vkSjaxtsc ds fo#º yM+rs gq, lkex<+ dh yM+kbZ esa gks x;hA mldh e`R;q ds ckn mldk iq= ekuflag eulcnkj fd'kux<+ dk 'kkld cukA vkSjaxtsc dks gkM+hjkuh lywEcjµledkyhu jktuSfrd fLFkfr ekuflag dh cgu o :iflag dh iq=h dh lqUnjrk dh tkudkjh gqbZ rks mlus ekuflag MkW- eksgCcrflag jkBkSM+ dks cgu pk#erh ls mldk fookg djus dks dgkA1 ekuflag u pkgrs gq, Hkh vkSjaxtsc dks euk ugha dj ldkA eu gh eu /keZ o Hk; dk la'k; ysdj fd'kux<+ egkjk.kk jktflag vkSj vkSajxtsc ds 1657 ls 1661 bZ- ds e/; 'kkfUrwioZd vk;kA mls cgu dks blls voxr djkus dk lkgl u FkkA laca/k jgsA ,d nwljs ds izfr cM+h lko/kkuh vkSj lrdZrk ls vPNk O;ogkj cuk;s pk#erh dks mldh lgsyh ls bl ckr dk irk yx tkus ij mlus ifjokjtuksa j[kkA ysfdu nks fojks/kh er] fopkj/kkjk] ekU;rk us vkilh dVqrk dk lw=ikr fd;kA dks Li"V dg fn;k fd eSa eqlyeku /keZ vkSj eqxy lezkV vkSjaxtsc ds lkFk fookg jktflag ekuoh; ewY;ksa ij pyus okyk Fkk rks vkSajxtsc dV~Vj iaFkh ladh.kZ fopkjksa ls ugha dj ldrh vxj vki us ,sls izLrko dks Lohdkj dj fy;k rkS eSa viuk thou xzflr eqlyekuA vr% nso fopkjksa o nkuo fopkjksa dk Vdjko vo'; gksuk gh FkkA vUu&ty R;kx lekIr dj nwaxhA pk#erh ds fu.kZ; ls ifjokjtu /keZ ladV esa iM+ nksuksa ds chp la?k"kZ rd igqapus ds dbZ dkj.k jgs vFkok ;ksa dgs ds dVqrk dh ifj.kfr x;sA vkSjaxtsc ls la?k"kZ dh {kerk vkSj ej feVus tSls fu.kZ; dk lkeF;Z muesa ugha ;qº esa gksus rd dk lQj bl izdkj jgkµ jgkA fd'kux<+ ifjokj es bl foifr ij eaFku esa ekuflag ds dkdk jkeflag us lq>ko 1- fd'kux<+ dh jktdqekjh pk:erh ls egkjk.kk dk fookg (1661 bZ-)] 2- fn;k fd esokM+ ds lhlksfn;k dqy ds egkjk.kk jktflag gh ,d ,sls O;fDr gS] ftudh 9 vizsy] 1669 dk fgUnqvksa ds lHkh fo|ky;ksa vkSj efUnjksa ewfrZ;ksa dks u"V djus dk dhfrZ lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa QSYkh gSA os fgUnqvksa dh ykt j[k ldrs gSa] os ,dfyax egknso 'kkgh vkns'kA 3- jkor j?kqukFkflag pq.Mkor dk ukjkt gksdj eqxy lsok esa (3 twu] ds mikld gSa] mudh lnSo fot; gh gksrh gS] oks egkjk.kk izrki ds izikS= gS ;fn os 1669) tkukA 4- vkSjaxtsc dk fgUnqvksa ij 2 vizsy] 1679 dk ^tft;k* dj yxkus bl laca/k dks Lohdkj djs rkss ;g ladV Vy ldrk gSA2 blh ds lkFk mUgkssaus lq>ko dk vkns'kA 5- egkjktk vthrflag dks esokM+ esa 'kj.k nsuk fn;k fd ;fn pk#erh Lo;a ,d fourh i= egkjk.kk dks fy[ks] ftlls muds fpŸk ij egkjk.kk jktflag vkSj mlds iwoZtksa dk thou ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds vuqlkj vlj gksxkA bl ij mUgksaus pk#erh dks ,d fourh i= egkjk.kk dks fy[kok;kA mlesa orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tu Hkkouk ,oa tu lsok dks djuk jgkA blhfy, tu ekul esa mldh nq%[kn xkFkk dks ltho fp= FkkA mlh i= esa pk#erh us lfou; izkFkZuk dh fd muls ges'kk gh foifŸk esa lgk;rk dh vk'kk jghA ;gk° ds 'kkldksa us Hkh mlds fy;s og rqjUr fd'kux<+ vkdj mlds fookg dj ,d {k=k.kh dh yTtk o /keZ dh j{kk cM+h ls cM+h dqckZuh nsus esa dHkh ihNs ugha jgsA egkjk.kk jktflag vkSj Hkkjrh; Lrj ij djsaA3 blds lkFk dh jkeflag us ,d vyx i= fy[k czk„.k ds lkFk mn;iqj ds eqxy lkezkT; ds 'kfDr'kkyh ckn'kkg vkSjaxtsc dk le; lkFk&lkFk gksrk gSA vkSjaxtsc egkjk.kk ds ikl HkstkA dh 'kklu uhfr mlds Lo/keZ] LoLokFkZ] neu] vR;kpkj] L=hihM+k] vgadkj o /ku i= okgd ls i= egkjk.kk jktflag dks feyk mls i<+ egkjk.kk ds eu ij }U} lk/ku ds cy ij lEiw.kZ Hkkjr ij vius euksuqdwy dk;Z dj jgh FkhA mlh ds foijhr gqvkA mlds lekus nks fodYi Fks ,d rks /keZ nwljk Hk; ls /keZ iFk dks NksM+ukA egkjk.kk jktflag vkSj esokM+ ekul dh jhfr uhfr esa] ij ihM+k dks Lo ihM+k] ekuoh; egkjk.kk us ekuoh; /keZ iFk dks Lohdkjuk gh mfpr le>kA i= dh eU'kk ij esokM+ ewY;ksa gsrq thou U;kSPNkoj djus] LokfHkeku LodqykfHkeku] tu o tho fgrkFkZ dk;Z] lHkklnksa us Hkh fopkj fd;k vkSj fu.kZ; gqvk ds esokM+ dh ijEijkuqdwy ukjh j{kk dks ukjh j{kk o tu ekul dks lkFk ysdj 'kklu o lsok ds iFk ij FksA vr% nksuksa foijhr Lohdkjuk mfpr gksxk vkSj mlds fy;s lEiw.k esokM+ rS;kj gSA4 mlh fopkj vuqlkj fopkj o ekxZ esa Vdjko vo'; gksuk FkkA lywEcj jkor jruflag viuh lsuk lfgr fd'kux<+ igq°pkA iwoZ ;kstuk vuqlkj loZ 'kfDr'kkyh lezkV vkSjaxtsc us Hkkjrh; ukjh dh Lora=rk ,oa lrhRo ij fd'kux<+ ifjokj dks dSn dh Hkkafr cUn dj egkjk.kk jktflag us fookg fd;k vkSj vk?kkr fd;kA rc egkjk.kk dks ukjh j{kk ds fy;s iqdkjk rks egkjk.kk us Lo;a o jkT; iqu% mn;iqj ykSV vk;sA5 bl ifo= dk;Z esa nks fL=;ksa dh iFk izsj.kk ekuo lekt dks ds fgrksa dks NksM+ ekuoh; n`f"Vdks.k ds izsfjr gks vkSjaxtsc dh bPNk ds foijhr dk;Z lnk izsj.kk nsrh jgsxhA pk#erh us L=h /keZ dh j{kk gsrq la?k"kZ ds ekxZ dks pquk vkSj fd;kA gqvk ;g fd vkSjaxtsc ds ckn'kkg cuus ds dksbZ rhu o"kZ esa fd'kux<+ ds Lo- bZ'oj us mldh ykt j[khA ,d vkSj izsj.kk izalx lywEcj ds jkor jruflag dh uo 190 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 379 fookfgr gkM+h jk.kh dh gSA jkor jruflag ds fookg dks dqN gh fnuksa gq, vkSj egkjk.kk dk fd'kux<+ fookg ds lqj{kk lsuk dk fueU=.k jruflag dks feykA jruflag izse cU/ku vkSj dŸkZO; iFk ds }U} esa fopfyr gksus yxkA ?kj ls jokuxh ij mldk eu izse cU/ku esa eqM+ dj ns[kus yxk vkSj ;qº esa ejus ds fopkj ls gkM+h dk csnyk fBdkus ds vU; tkxhjksa ls jDr laca/k izse mls HkVdkus yxkA gkM+h us ifr ds eu ds }U} dks le> fy;kA ifr dks izse iFk MkW- ujsUnzflag jk.kkor ls dŸkZO; iFk ij ykus dk ekxZ Lokfgr ds LFkku ij jk"V™fgr vkSj ijekFkZ ds fy;s eku dj rRdky viuk flj dkV dj nklh dks fu'kkuh ds :i esa ns fn;kA ftls jruflag iwoZdkfyd esokM+ jkT; dh jkt/kkuh jgs uxj mn;iqj ls yxHkx 6 fdeh us vius xys esa cka/k dŸkZO; iFk ij fudy iM+kA tc rd ekuoh; ewY;ksa vkSj dŸkZO; mŸkj fn'kk dh rjQ vkgM+ uke dh unh ds if'peh fdukjs ij ,d miuxjh; cLrh fuoZgu dh ckr gksxh rHkh gkM+h jk.kh dk R;kx izsj.kk nsrk jgsxkA vkt jk"V™h;rk ds fLFkr gS tks csnyk uke ls igpkuh tkrh gSA csnyk fBdkus ds jktiwr pkSgku ljnkj gS yksi ds le; ,sls Hkh izsj.kk izlaxksa dh vko';rk gSA ,sls mnkgj.k lalkj esa dgha ugha vkSj mUgsa ^jko* inoh ls lEekfur fd;k x;k gSA csnyk fBdkus ds pkSgku ljnkj gSA ;g bl ekVh dh iszj.kk o tu Hkkouk gSA i`Fohjkt pkSgku ds oa'kt gSa rFkk buds iwoZt ;qºksa esa esokM+ ds egkjk.kkvksa dh lsok esa egkjk.kk jktflag dk ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh j{kk ds dk;Z us vkSjaxtsc o egkjk.kk jgs] ftlls bUgsa fo'ks"k lEeku izkIr gqvkA ds e/; dVqrk dks c<+k fn;kA egkjk.kk ds bl dk;Z ls Hkkjrh; Lrj ij egkjk.kk dh iwoZdkfyd esokM+ jkT; esa csnyk ds vfrfjDr esokM+ jkT; ds vfHktkT; ra= iz'kalk gksus yxhA gksuh Hkh Fkh D;ksafd egkjk.kk us 'kfDr lEiUu] eqxy lezkV ls ds vUrxZr vU; fBdkus Hkh Fks] ftudh Js.khokj la[;k lksyg] cŸkhl vkSj f='krkf/ ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh j{kk ds ,sot esa 'k=qrk yhA pk#erh dk fookg dsoy fookg kd (xksy) FkhA bu rhuksa Jsf.k;ksa ds fBdkusnkjksa esa dbZ ,sls Fks tks csnyk ds fudV nwj izdj.k ugha FkkA ;g Hkkjrh; lkaLœfrd ewY;ksa] ukjh vfLerk o lEeku ds lkFk esokM+ ds jDr lEcU/kh Fks vFkok csnyk fBdkus ds NksVs Hkkb;ksa esa ls Fks vkSj mUgsa esokM+ ds egkjk.kk ds ^fgUnqvksa lwjt* ds vyadj.k ds vuq:i FkkA ftls egkjk.kk us viuh oa'k egkjk.kkvksa }kjk vyx ls Lora= :i ls tkxhj vFkok Hkw&laink nsdj mUgsa fdlh fu/ ijEijkuqlkj dj bfrgkl esa viuk LFkku cuk;kA egkjk.kk jktflag ls vkSjaxtsc ukjkt kkZfjr Js.kh esa LFkku ,oa in iznku fd;k FkkA gqvk] ysfdu rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa og egkjk.kk ls la?k"kZ dk ekxZ u viuk ldkA dksBkfj;k&csnyk Hkw&laink ds ,sls jDr lacaf/k;ksa] tks esokM+ esa gh vyx ls mlus izrkix<+ ds 'kkld gfjflag ds cgdkos esa vkdj viuk ÿks/k u HkM+kl izrkix<+ fdlh Hkw&lEink ds Lokeh Fks rFkk mUgsa esokM+ ds 'kkld ;k egkjk.kk }kjk esokM+ ds ds clkM+ o x;kliqj ijxus egkjk.kk ls ysdj mls nsus ds jkT;kns'k ls gh dhA lkFk gh Hkw&lEink /kkfj;ksa ;k fBdkusnkjksa dh vyx vyx Jsf.k;ksa esa ls fdlh esa dksbZ LFkku] mlus pk#erh fookg dk Li"Vhdj.k dk i= Hkh egkjk.kk dks HkstkA ftlls nksuksa vksj in] inoh rFkk vf/kdkj ,oa e;kZnk,a izkIr Fkha] muesa lcls izeq[k LFkku dksBkfj;k dh ls i=kpkj vkSj fopkj&foe'kZ ls nksuksa i{kksa esa lEcU/k iwoZor~ pyrs jgsA6 Hkw&lEink ds Lokeh (dksBkfj;k fBdkus ds fBdkusnkj) dk gSA dksBkfj;k ds Hkw Lokeh lanHkZ j.kFkEHkkSj ds vafre pkSgku jktk gEehj ds oa'kt gSaA1 1526 bZ- esa Hkkjr esa eqxy jkT; 1- ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] Hkkx&2 i`- 438&39 dh LFkkiuk djus okys lezkV ckcj ,oa rRdkyhu esokM+ ds egkjk.kk laxzkeflag izFke 2- dsljhflag ckjgV] jktflag pfj=] i`- 38&39 (jk.kk lkaxk) ds e/; gksus okyh 1527 bZ- dh yM+kbZ esa egkjk.kk laxzkeflag dks iwjk 3- dfoeku] jktfoykl] lIre foykl] i| 31&37] i`- 74&75_ VkWM] ,ukYl ,.M ,fUVfDoVht lSU; lg;ksx iznku djus ds fy, la;qDr izkUr ds eSuiqjh ftys ds vUrjcsn ls vkWQ jktLFkku] i`-130_ dsljhflag ckjgV] jktflag pfj=] i`- 38&39 ek.kdpUn pkSgku ,oa mldk HkkbZ pUnzHkku vius 8000 lSfudksa ds lkFk vk;s FksA2 4- dsljh flag ckjgV] jktflag pfj=] i`- 38&39 ek.kdpUn ,oa pUnzHkku] nksuksa gh ml ;qº esa ohjxfr dks izkIr gq,3 rFkk bu nksuksa ds 5- VkWM ,ukYl ,.M ,fUVfDoVht vkWQ jktLFkku] i`- 310_ ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] Hkkx&2] oa'k/kj vius cps gq, lSU; ny ds lkFk esokM+ esa gh egkjk.kk dh lsok esa jgs4 vkSj i`- 438&39 dfoeku] jktfoykl] lIre foykl] i| 99] i`- 80_ j.kNksM+ HkV~V] jktiz'kfLr] izk.k&iz.k ls esokM+ jkT; ds fgr esa viuh lsok,a nsrs jgsA bl izlax esa mYys[kuh; gS lxZ 8] 'yksd 29&30] dsljhflag ckjgV] jktflag pfj= i`- 49&60 6- ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] Hkkx&2] i`- 439&40 fd egkjk.kk laxzkeflag dk rhljk iq= foÿekfnR; tc esokM+ dk 'kkld Fkk] rks fo- la- 1563 (bZLoh lu~ 1506) esa egkjk.kk laxzkeflag izFke (jk.kk lkaxk) ds cM+s HkkbZ 191 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 381 382 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 i`Fohjkt ds vukslj iq= cuohj us egkjk.kk foÿekfnR; dh fpŸkkSM+x<+ esa gR;k dj nh ds 'kklu dky esa dbZ yM+kb;ksa esa Hkkx fy;kA mn;dj.k egkjk.kk jktflag dk vkSj Lo;a esokM+ dk egkjk.k cu x;kA cuohj] D;ksafd vuf/kd`r :i ls esokM+ dk vfrfo'okl ik= FkkA esokM+ ij vkSjaxtsc ds tekus esa mlds iq= 'kkgtkns vdcj dh 'kkld cuk Fkk] blfy, og ;nkdnk ,sls fÿ;kdyki djrk jgrk Fkk ftlls og p<+kbZ ds le; mn;dj.k us cM+h ohjrk fn[kkbZ vkSj mn;iqj esa tks eqxyksa dk 'kkgh esokM+ dk vf/kd`r 'kkld izekf.kr gks ldsA blh izdkj ds fÿ;kdykiksa ds vUrxZr Fkkuk Fkk] ml ij vkÿe.k dj mlus eqlyekuksa dks ekj Hkxk;k rFkk dbZ eqxy ;ksºkvksa ,d ckj cuohj us Hkkstu djrs le; pkSgku iwjfc;k ek.kdpUn ds pkSFks oa'k/kj] dks ekSr ds ?kkV mrkjkA mldh bl ohjrk ls izlUu gksdj egkjk.kk jktflag us mls 12 ftldk uke [kku Fkk5 dks viuk >wBk Hkkstu [kkus dk vkxzg fd;kA6 blls vizlUu xkaoksa dh tkxhj iznku dhA blh le; dksBkfj;k ek.kdpUn ds oa'k/kj mn;dj.k dks gksdj [kku fpŸkkSM+x<+ NksM+dj dqaHkyx<+ pyk x;k] tgka egkjk.kk laxzkeflag izFke feyk10 tks dksBkfj;k Hkw&laink ;k fBdkus ds uke ls esokM+ ds izFke Js.kh ds mejkoksa (jk.kk lkaxk) dk pkSFkk iq= mn;flag dqaHkyx<+ ds fdysnkj vk'kk'kkg nsiqjk ds laj{k.k dh Hkw&laink esa ls ,d gSA mn;dj.k ds i'pkr~ mlds oa'k esa nsoHkku cq/kflag] esa jg jgk Fkk vkSj fpŸkkSM+x<+ ij viuk vf/kdkj LFkkfir djus dh ;kstuk cuk jgk FkkA Qrsgflag] fot;flag] eksdeflag] tks/kflag] laxzkeflag] dsljhflag] tokuflag] [kku us dqaHkyx<+ igqapdj mn;flag }kjk fpŸkkSM+x<+ ij vf/kdkj djus dh ;kstuk dks vjt.kflag] ekuflag gq,A ;s lHkh esokM+ ds egkjk.kkvksa dh lsok esa jgsA 'kh?kz fÿ;kfUor djus dh dk;Zokgh izkjEHk dhA mlus fpŸkkSM+x<+ esa cuohj ds lkFk dksBkfj;k dk ;g fBdkuk] ftldk laf{kIr oa'k ifjp; ≈ij izLrqr fd;k jgs dbZ ljnkjksa] ;Fkk&pwaMkor lkabZnkl] tXxk] lkaxk (nsox<+) vkfn dks ;g ckr x;k gS] esokM+ esa csnyk Hkw&laink Lokfe;ksa ds izFke ,oa lcls fudV ds jDr laca/kh le>k dj fd egkjk.kk laxzkeflag izFke (jk.kk lkaxk) dk vlyh okfjl] lkaxk dk gSA dksBkfj;k ,oa csnyk Hkw&laink ds Lokeh ÿe'k% jko ek.kdpUn vkSj mlds NksVs pkSFkk iq=] mn;flag thfor gS] dks dqaHkyx<+ cqyk fy;kA fQj lcus lkFk feydj HkkbZ jko pUnzHkku ds oa'k/kj gksdj ek.kdpUn ,oa pUnzHkku ds le; ls gh esokM+ jkT; mn;flag ds lkFk fpŸkkSM+x<+ ij /kkok cksydj ogka viuk vf/kdkj dj fy;kA cuohj dh lsok esa lkFk&lkFk pyrs vk;s FksA blh dkj.k fj;klrh dky esa dksBkfj;k ,oa dks fpŸkkSM+x<+ NksM+dj Hkkxuk iM+k vkSj bl izdkj iwjfc;k pkSgku ek.kdpUn ds csnyk dks cjkcj lEeku izkIr FkkA oa'k/kj ds fo'ks"k lg;ksx ls esokM+ dh jkT;xÌh dk vlyh gdnkj mn;flag esokM+ dk 'kkld cu ldkA mn;flag ds fpŸkkSM+x<+ ij vf/kdkj djus dh iwjh dk;Zokgh esa ikjlksyh&csnyk Hkw&laink Lokfe;ksa ds esokM+ esa vU; tkxhjnkjksa esa jDr iwjfc;k [kku pkSgku dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh FkhA vr% izlUu gksdj esokM+ dk lacaf/k;ksa esa nwljk LFkku ikjlksyh Hkw&laink Lokfe;ksa dk gSA ikjlksyh mn;iqj uxj ls 'kkld cuus ij egkjk.kk mn;flag us [kku dks ^jkor*7 dh mikf/k iznku dh] tks esokM+ mŸkj&iwoZ esa yxHkx 130 fdeh nwj fLFkr ,d dLck] tks fd iwoZdkfyd esokM+ jkT; ds 'kkld ds ikfjokfjd jDr lacaf/k;ksa dks gh nh tkrh FkhA bl mikf/k ds lkFk ds vfHktkR; ra= ls lacaf/kr izFke Js.kh ds Hkw&laink Lokeh dh Hkw&laink dk dsUnzh; dkSu&lh Hkwlaink iwjfc;k [kku pkSgku dks nh xbZ bldk mYys[k v|kof/k miyC/k dLck vFkok Hkw&laink jkt/kkuh FkkA11 bl Hkw&laink esa 40 xkao lfEefyr FksA ;g ,sfrgkfld lzksrksa esa ugha feyrkA fdUrq ;g vo'; Lohdkjk tk ldrk gS fd fuf'pr Hkw&laink egkjk.kk jktflag (izFke) ds 'kkludky (1652&1680 bZ-) esa iwjfc;k :i ls dksbZ u dksbZ Hkw&lEink [kku pkSgku dks vo'; iznku dh xbZ gksxh] tks ml pkSgku jko ek.kdpUn ds NksVs HkkbZ jko pUnzHkku] ftlds oa'k/kj ckn esa esokM+ esa le; dh ifjikVh ds vuq:i ckn esa fdlh vU; mejko ;k ljnkj dks gLrkarfjr dj csnyk Hkw&laink ds Lokeh cus] ls ikaposa oa'k/kj jko jkepUnz ds nwljs iq= dsljhflag nh xbZ gksxhA8 pkSgku dks iznku dh xbZ Fkh rFkk mls jko dh mikf/k nh xbZ FkhA12 egkjk.kk jktflag [kku pkSgku ds i'pkr~ rkrkj[kku ,oa mlds ckn /kek±xn ek.kdpUn ds oa'k esa izFke us lywEcj Hkw&laink ds Lokeh pw.Mkor jkor j?kqukFkflag ls ukjkt gks tkus ls gq,A mlds ckn lkfgc[kku pkSgku gqvkA lkfgc[kku] fpŸkkSM+x<+ ij vdcj ckn'kkg lywEcj dh Hkw&laink Hkh dsljhflag dks iznku dh Fkh] fdUrq og lywEcj Hkw&laink 13 ds vkÿe.k ds le; eqxy lsuk ds lkFk ;qº djrs gq, ohjxfr dks izkIr gqvkA9 ij viuk vf/kdkj ugha tek ldkA lkfgc[kku dk mŸkjkf/kdkjh i`Fohjkt ,oa i`Fohjkt dk mŸkjkf/kdkjh :Dekaxn gqvkA jko dsljhflag pkSgku us egkjk.kk jktflag ds 'kklu dky esa rFkk mlds :Dekaxn us egkjk.kk jktflag izFke ds 'kklu dky esa esokM+ vkSj eqxyksa ds chp gksus mŸkjkf/kdkjh egkjk.kk t;flag ds 'kklu dky (1680&1698 bZ-) esa esokM+ dh cM+h okys ;qºksa esa Hkkx fy;k ,oa 'k=qvksa dks [knsM+us esa cM+s 'kkS;Z dk izn'kZu fd;kA iwjfc;k lsok dh FkhA og dbZ ;qºksa eas essokM+ dh rjQ ls yM+k Fkk ,oa 'k=qvksa dks ijkLr djus jko :Dekaxn dk iq= mn;dj.k ftls mn;Hkku Hkh dgk tkrk gS] us egkjk.kk jktflag esa lQy jgk Fkk vkSj vUr esa egkjk.kk jktflag vkSj vkSjaxtsc ds chp tks laf/k gqbZ 192 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 383 384 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 mlesa Hkh dsljhflag dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh FkhA vU; jDr lEcU/kh ftl izdkj LokfeHkfDr ,oa oQknkjh ls dsljhflag us esokM+ dh lsok dh] csnyk Hkw&laink Lokfe;ksa ds ≈ij mfYyf[kr jDr laca/kh esokM+ ds vU; mlh rjg mlds oa'k/kj Hkh rRijrk ls esokM+ dh lsok djrs jgsA vr% dsljhflag ds HkwLokfe;ksa (tkxhjnkjksa) ds vykok Hkh esokM+ esa dbZ NksVs] cM+s Bkdqj fBdkusnkj jDr mŸkjkf/kdkjh Hkh esokM+ ds vfHktkR; ra= ls viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku cuk;s j[kdj laca/kh Fks] ftudk mYys[k ';keynkl laxzg] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj egkjk.kk Hkwikyflag ,oa mlds mŸkjkf/kdkjh egkjk.kk Hkxorflag ds izfr iwjh LokfeHkfDr ds xzaFk ÿekad 23 ds pksifu;ksa esa nh xbZ oa'kkoyh esa feyrs gSaA bl oa'kkoyh ds ds lkFk viuh lsok,a esokM+ dks nsrs jgs ,oa vius ewy iq#"k csnyk Hkw&Lokeh jko vuqlkj fla?kkM+h] Vk.Mk] dkjosM+k] tkon~;k] tkoY;k dk [ksM+k] lkdMk dk [ksM+k] jkepUnz ,oa iqj[ks jko pUnzHkku dh lsokvksa dh Le`fr rktk djrs jgsA ikjlksyh ds djM~;kj] daFkkfj;k] rqeM~;k] lqjiqj] cksy [ksMk] eqjY;k] uoksryko] lriM+k] lkgkM+k] izlax esa ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd tc dHkh csnyk Hkw&laink Lokeh ds dksbZ larku ugha dlksjflagth dk [ksMk] bZVkok] uoks [ksMk] dsjiqjk] vkdksM~;k] ?kjV~;k] lkiyk] enkj] gqbZ] rks ikjlksyh Hkw&laink ls lacaf/kr iq#"k larku dks gh csnyk Hkw&laink ds mŸkjkf/ nsoxkao] lknh] dkstwnk dk [ksMk] cj[ksMk] maMok] djR;kokl] xksoY;k] esoklks] kdkjh ds :i esa xksn fy;k tkrk FkkA14 csnyk ds ewy iq#"k jko pUnzHkku ls nlosa oa'k/ rqeM~;k] yhacMk] jk;iqj;k] HkkV[ksM+k] iuksY;k] xaxjkj] jk;iqj;k] lknkiqjk] eksVT;kokl] kj jko izrkiflag f}rh; ds dksbZ larku ugha Fkh rks ikjlksyh Hkw&laink dk lkroka djR;kl] xstjks] :iiqjk] lhaxksyk] lwjrflag th dk [ksM+k] lhrkeksa] vj.;k] eqduiqjk] oa'k/kj dsljhflag f}rh; dks csnyk Hkw&lEink dk Lokeh cukus ds fy, xksn fy;k lqjrk.kiqjk] tw.knk] tw.knk[ksM+h] lkadM+k dk [ksM+k] oxriqjk] ckanuokM+k] cusM~;k] x;k vkSj og csnyk Hkw&laink dk Lokeh cukA15v QykSnh] jhNM+ks] ihiyh bR;kfn ds Bkdqj&ljnkj csnyk Hkwlaink Lokfe;ksa ds jDr QyhpM+k&iwoZ dkfyd esokM+ jkT; ds Hkw&laink Lokfe;ksa (tkxhjnkjksa) esa lacaf/k;ksa esa FksA18 bu LFkkuksa ds jDr laca/kh] tks mn;iqj o fpŸkkSM+x<+ ftys esa orZeku QyhpM+k Hkw&laink ds Lokeh Hkh csnyk Hkw&Lokfe;ksa ds jDr laca/kh FksA QyhpM+k dky rd fuokl djrs gSa] os iwoZdkfyd csnyk Hkwlaink Lokfe;ksa ds ogka lEiUu gksus dh Hkw&laink dksBkfj;k Hkw&laink ds Lokeh jkor :Dekaxn ds NksVs iq= gfjukFk ds okys lHkh izdkj ds lkekftd&lkaLd`frd fÿ;kdykiksa esa lfEefyr gksrs gSa rFkk mUgsa oa'k/kj gSaA egkjk.kk jktflag f}rh; ds 'kkludky (1754&1761 bZ-) esa :Dekaxn viuk vxz.kh Lohdkj dj ;Fkk volj] le; cny tkus ds ckotwn Hkh viuh iqjkuh iq= gfjukFk iq= ukFkfalg dks ;g Hkw&laink nh xbZ Fkh ,oa mls esokM+ jkT; ds ijEijk ds vuqlkj utjkuk U;kSNkoj bR;kfn fof/k fo/kku ls lEiUu djrs gSaA19 vfHktkR; ra= ds vUrxZr r`rh; Js.kh ds lH;ksa (ljnkjksa) esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k Fkk lUnHkZ rFkk Bkdqj mikf/k nh xbZ FkhA15c QyhpM+k ds Bkdqj esokM+ esa vkus okys jko 1- vks>k] ia- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] f}rh; [k.M] i`- 877 ek.kdpan ds oa'k/kj gksus ls ek.kdpUn ds NksVs HkkbZ jko pUnzHkku ds oa'kt csnyk 2- ef÷edk] o"kZ 2002] vad 37] i`- 69] csnyk fBdkus dh oa'kkoyh] i`- 5 Hkw&Lokfe;ksa ds jDr lEcU/kh gS rFkk muds lHkh izdkj ds fÿ;k dykiksa esa jDr 3- dfojkt ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] Hkkx 1] 1986 (iqueqZfnzr)] i`- 364] 366_ ef÷edk] o"kZ lacaf/k;ksa ds :i esa lfEefyr gksrs gSaA 2002 vad 37] i`- 70 xqM+yk&csnyk Hkw&laink Lokfe;ksa ds iwoZ dkfyd esokM+ jkT; ds vU; Hkw&laink 4- vks>k] ia- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] iwoksZDr] i`- 877 Lokfe;ksa (tkxhjnkjksa) esa pkSFks jDr laca/kh xqMyk ds Bkdqj gSaA tks iwoZdkfyd esokM+ 5- ogh] i`- 879 ikn fVIi.kh 1 jkT; ds vfHktkR; ra= ds vUrxZr r`rh; Js.kh ds lH; (ljnkj) fxus tkrs FksA 6- esokM+ esa ;g ijEijk igys ls pyh vk jgh Fkh fd egkjk.kk] lksyg] cŸkhl Jsf.k;ksa ls lacaf/ xqM+yk ds HkwLokeh ewyr% jko ek.kdpUnz ds NksVs HkkbZ ohjpUnz ds oa'kt gS16 u fd kr tks mejko ljnkj Hkkstudky ds volj ij mifLFkr gksrs] mUgsa vius lkFk ysdj Hkkstu djrk Fkk vkSj mlds fy, tks Hkkstu lkexzh ijkslh tkrh Fkh] mlesa ls Hkkstu 'kq: djus ls dksBkfj;k ds] tSlk gqdeflag us muds }kjk laikfnr ,oa izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku] Hkwiky igys FkksM+k&FkksM+k Hkkx lkFk esa Hkkstu djus cSBs mejkoksa ljnkjksa dks nsrk Fkk ftls ijlknh 17 ukscYl laLFkku }kjk izdkf'kr esokM+ tkxhjnkjka jh foxr esa fy[kk gSA xqM+yk ds nquk dgk tkrk FkkA ;g izFkk mejkoksa] ljnkjksa viuk HkkbZ viuh vkRek ls tqM+k gqvk ekuus HkwLokeh dks Bkdqj dh inoh izkIr Fkh vkSj os csnyk Hkw&laink Lokeh ds nwj ds jDr dh izrhdkRed vfHkO;fDr ds :i esa viukbZ x;h Fkh] bfrgkl fBdkuk dksBkfj;k] eq- lacaf/k;ksa esa ls Fks fQj Hkh esokM+ esa clus ds dkj.k csnyk Hkw&laink lEcU/kh izR;sd vfyeqn~nhu] i`- 448 (pkSgku izdk'k] i`- 199) xfrfof/k ,oa fÿ;kdyki esa lfEefyr gksrs Fks vkSj csnyk ,oa dksBkfj;k okyksa dks 7- mYys[kuh; gS fd iwoZdkfyd esokM+ jkT; esa vfHktkR; ra= esa jkor] jko] egkjkt] jktk] viuk vxz.kh Lohdkjrs FksA jktj.kk vkfn miyfC/k;ka vyx&vyx Js.kh ,oa Lrj ds mejkoksa&ljnkjksa dks nh tkrh Fkh] 193 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 385 buesa ls jkor dh mikf/k egkjktk ;k 'kkld ds jDr lacaf/k;ksa ;Fkk pq.Mkorksa] 'kDrkorksa dks gh nh tkrh Fkh] fdUrq egkjk.kk mn;flag us lkfgc[kku dks ;g mikf/k nsdj viuk jDr laca/ kh Lohdkjk] ia- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vks>k f}rh; [k.M] i`- 878 8- esokM+ jkT; esa mejkoksa] ljnkjksa dks nh tkus okyh Hkwlaink ds izlax esa mYys[kuh; gS fd ekjokM+ ds iz'kklu dk izeq[k dsUnz % nhoku egkjk.kk vejflag f}rh; ds 'kklu dky (1710&1734 bZ-) ls igys esokM+ jkT; esa fdlh jkg ckuks Hkh mejko ;k ljnkj dks LFkk;h :i ls dksbZ Hkwlaink iznku ugha dh tkrh FkhA nks&rhu o"kZ dh le;kof/k esa ljnkjksa&mejkoksa dks nh xbZ Hkwlainkvksa dks cny fn;k tkrk Fkk udlkjnj tokc Qgfjlr rjrhc rokjh[k esokM+ iV~Vs csnyk] i`- 18 gesa iwoZ jktiwr jkT;ksa ds iz'kklu dh eqxy lEidZ ls iwoZ dh tkudkjh 9- ogh] i`- 878 lkfgR; xzUFk] nku&i=ksa] f'kykys[kksa ls Kkr gksrh gSA mu fnuksa izR;sd jkT; dh viuh 10- nsoukFk iqjksfgr] fgLV™h vkWQ esokM+] i`- 76 'kklu O;oLFkk vyx&vyx gksrh FkhA eqxyksa ds lEidZ ls iwoZ jkT; esa jktk gh 11- vlZdhu] ds-Mh-] jktiwrkuk xtsfV;lZ n esokM+ jsthMsalh] iqueqZfnzr 1992] i`- 120 loksZifj FkkA 'kklu iztk ds fy, bZ'oj dk va'k ekuk tkrk FkkA 'kkld dk izeq[k 12- vks>k] iwoksZDr] i`- 919 dŸkZO; jkT; dks O;ofLFkr j[kuk ,oa iztk ds fgr dh j{kk djuk gksrk FkkA jkT; ds 13- ogh] i`- 919 vijkf/k;ksa dks jktk dh vksj ls n.M Hkh fn;k tkrk FkkA jktk iz'kklfud dk;ksZ± ds 14- gqdeflag HkkVh (laiknd)] esokM+ js tkxhjnkjka jh foxr] 1993] i`- 85 vUrxZr ;qº esa lsuk dk usr`Ro djrk FkkA og U;k; djrk rFkk iztk dh lqj{kk djrk 15v- ogh] i`- 85 15c- vks>k] ia- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] iwoksZDr] i`- 972&73 ,oa lkoZtfud fuekZ.k dk;Z djokuk] /kkfeZd mRloksa esa Hkkx ysrk FkkA iz'kklfud 16- ogh] i`- 877] ikn fVIi.kh 3 dk;ks± ,oa O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr jktk ds ckn ;qojkt dk LFkku egŸoiw.kZ gksrk FkkA 17- gqdeflag HkkVh (laiknd)] esokM+ js tkxhjxnkjka jh foxr] 1993] i`- 86 ;qojkt ;k mŸkjkf/kdkjh dks ysdj jktiwr jkT;ksa esa dksbZ fuf'pr fu;e ugha FksA ;qojkt 18- ';keynkl laxzg] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj chdkusj] xzaFk ÿekad 23 ds pksifu;ksa esa dk dk;Z 'kkfUr O;oLFkk djuk rFkk jktk dks lg;ksx iznku djuk gksrk FkkA jktk dh miyC/k oa'kkoyh ds vk/kkj ij vuqifLFkfr esa lEiw.kZ jkT; dk dk;Z Hkkj ;qojkt ij gksrk FkkA og jktk ds fdlh ;qº 19- Jh Hks:flag pkSgku] fuoklh csnyk ?kkVh ls lk{kkRdkj ds le; izkIr lwpukuqlkj ds nkSjku ckgj jgus dh fLFkfr esa iz'kklu dks lapkftr djrk FkkA eqxy lEidZ ds ckn ekjokM+ dh 'kklu O;oLFkk esa /khjs&/khjs dbZ ifjorZu gesa n`f"Vxkspj gksrs gSa ftlds pyrs jktkvksa dh Lora=rk dk vUr gks x;kA dbZ jktiwwr 'kkld eqxy lezkV ds eulcnkj cu x,A jktiwr jkT;ksa ij yxHkx iw.kZ :i ls eqxyksa dk vf/kdkj gks x;kA jktk }kjk eulcnkj cuus ls mudk dk;Z Hkkj vR;f/kd c<+ x;k ftlds pyrs bUgsa nksgjh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djuk iM+rk FkkA ekjokM+ dh 'kklu iz.kkyh dks O;ofLFkr j[kus rFkk Lo;a ij vR;f/kd ncko ds pyrs jktiwr 'kkldksa us dbZ inksa dks l`ftr fd;k rkfd jkT; ls lEcfU/kr dk;Z gsrq mUgsa lgk;rk fey ldsA jktk }kjk fu;qDr in yxHkx eqxyksa dh 'kklu iz.kkyh dk feyrk tqyrk :i gh FkkA jktk dh vuqifLFkfr esa jkT; dks bUgha vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tkrk FkkA ekjokM+ dk loksZPp vf/kdkjh iz/kku gh jgkA iz/kku jktk dk fo'oluh; ea=h gksrk FkkA iz/kku jktk dks lEiw.kZ lg;ksx iznku djrk jgrk FkkA iz'kklu ls lEcfU/kr fu.kZ; ysus dk vf/kdkj iz/kku dks izkIr FkkA iz/kku ds dk;Z vR;f/kd foLr`r gksrs Fks ftl dkj.k mUgsa lg;ksx iznku djus gsrq dbZ vkSj vksgnksnkjksa dks fu;qDr fd;k tkrk FkkA tSls&nhoku] gkfde] c['kh tSls in vkfn] iz/kku ds ckn nhoku dk in vkrk 194 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 387 388 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 FkkA ;g in vius vki esa egŸoiw.kZ in FkkA nhoku iz'kklfud dk;ks± dks iz/kku ls ijxuksa ds vU; vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk ekeyksa dh f'kdk;r 'kkld ls dh tkrh Fkh] mls fopkj foe'kZ djus ds ckn gh djrk Fkk vkSj ;g iz/kku ds fy, cgqr lEekutud ckr 'kkld rd igq°pkuk nhoku dk nkf;Ro gksrk FkkA nhoku }kjk eq[; :i ls nks rjg ds gksrh FkhA iz/kku gh nhoku dks fn'kk&funsZ'k iznku djrk Fkk vkSj mls mlh vuqlkj dk;Z n.M fn;s tkrs FksµtSls tkxhj tCr djuk rFkk vkfFkZd n.M ds :i esa Hkkjh jkf'k djuk iM+rk FkkA /khjs&/khjs nhoku ekjokM+ ds iz'kklu dk dsUnz fcUnq cu x;kA nhoku olwy djuk FkkA dk in ewyr% eqxyksa ds izHkko dk gh ifj.kke FkkA ;g in jktiwr jkT;ksa esa eqxyksa ds ekjokM+ dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr gesa nhoku ds nks :i n`f"Vxkspj lEidZ ds i'pkr~ izkjEHk gqvkA nhoku jktLo lEcU/kh dk;ksZa dk lcls izeq[k ,oa gksrs gSa ftlds uke gSµns'k ,oa ru nhokuA ns'k nhoku dh fu;qfDr yxkrkj gksrh jgh mPp vf/kdkjh gksrk FkkA iz'kklfud ekeyksa ,oa dk;ks± ds vUrxZr jktLo dh olwyh egkjktk tloUrflagth ds 'kkludky esa fla?koh lq[key dk fooj.k gesa feyrk gSA djuk] vk;&O;; dk fglkc j[kuk gksrk FkkA nhoku dk lEidZ lh/kk ijxuksa ds egkjktk xtflag ds le; xÌh izkfIr ds ckn fla?koh lq[key dks ns'k nhoku dk in gkfde ,oa dkuwuxksa esa jgrk FkkA jktLo lEcfU/kr olwyh ds fy;s dk;Z funsZ'ku lkSaik x;kA xtflag ds ckn esa ;g in iapksyh eksg.knkl dks iznku fd;k FkkA egkjktk djuk nhoku dk egŸoiw.kZ dk;Z FkkA bl dk;Z ds fy, gkfde ,oa dkuwuxksa tSls vf/ us fe;ka Qjklr dks viuk ns'k nhoku cuk;k Fkk] fQj j?kqukFk HkkVh dks ;g volj kdkjh nhoku ij iw.kZr% fuHkZj jgrs FksA nhoku }kjk gkfdeksa dh fu;qfDr dh tkrh FkhA izkIr gqvkA egkjktk tloarflag us tkyksj ijxuk vf/kdkj djus gsrq fe;ka Qjklr dks tSls&tSls nhoku cnyrk Fkk oSls gh gkfdeksa esa cnyko fuf'pr fd;k tkrk FkkA Hkstk ,oa os bl vfHk;ku esa lQy Hkh jgsaA egkjktk tc /kjer ;qº esa O;Lr Fks rc nhoku }kjk Hkwfe dk oxhZdj.k djokdj Hkwfe dh fdLe] iSnkokj ,oa ykHk gkfu ihNs ls fe;k Qjklr us ekjokM+ dk lEiw.kZ izca/k dj vius 'kkS;Z dks n'kkZ;k FkkA ns'k lEcU/kh lEiw.kZ tkudkjh j[kuk vfr vko';d gksrk FkkA nhoku dks ,oa QkStnkjh nhoku tSls in ds fy, gesa eqg.kksr uS.klh dh ppkZ djuh vfr vko';d gSA uS.klh vf/kdkjksa dk vuqHko gksuk Hkh vko';d gksrk FkkA nhoku }kjk jktLo lEcU/kh dkeksa ns'k nhoku dkQh yEcs le;dky rd cuk jgk] ftlds pyrs mlus vius nkf;Ro dk dh tkudkjh ,oa vk°dM+ksa ds lkFk&lkFk lg;ksxh deZpkfj;ksa ij fuxjkuh j[kuk vfr fuokZg fd;kA tSlyesj ds jkoy lcyflag }kjk tc iksdj.k ds vklikl ywV ekj vko';d FkkA 'kq: djus ij uS.klh us viuh dq'kyrk ,oa prqjkbZ ls ml ij p<+kbZ dj iksdj.k esa iz/kku ds ckn jktk }kjk nhoku dks loksZPp izkIr FkhA vFkZ foHkkx dks lapkfyr 'kkfUr LFkkfir dj viuh ;ksX;rk dk vPNk ifjp; fn;kA eqg.kksr uS.klh vius le; djus dk nkf;Ro nhoku dk gksrk Fkk] blls lEcfU/kr ekeys ,oa /kks[kk/kM+h tSlh ?kVuk dk ,d bfrgkl iq#"k ekuk tkrk gSA dh lwpuk iz/kku dks nsuk t:jh gksrk FkkA vijkf/kd xfrfof/k;ksa ds pyrs nks"kh O;fDr eqg.kksr uS.klh ds ckn iapksyh dsljhflag dh bl in ij fu;qfDr dh x;hA dks jktk }kjk nf.Mr Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA eqxyksa ds izHkko ds pyrs nhoku ds vf/ ns'k fnoku ds :i esa iapksyh ,d vPNk izca/kd FkkA iapksyh egkjktk dh e`R;q rd kdkj ,oa dk;Z 'kkgh nhoku ls iwjh rjg feyrs FksA ijxuksa ij gkfde dh fu;qfDr jktk bl in ij jgkA dsljhflag iapksyh ,d LokehHkDr rFkk fo'oluh; O;fDr FkkA }kjk gksrh Fkh ijUrq ml ij fu;a=.k Lo;a nhoku dk jgrk FkkA gkfde nhoku ds egkjktk dh e`R;q ds ckn vkSjaxtsc dh lsok esa jgk rc ckn'kkg }kjk jkT; lEcfU/kr funsZ'kkuqlkj dk;Z djrs FksA nhoku dks jkT; lEcfU/kr lHkh iz'kklfud dk;Z esa xqIr tkudkjh dh ea'kk j[kus ij egkjktk ds fo:º tkudkjh uk nsdj ckn'kkg dk lgk;rk djus ds fy, njksxk] eqa'kh ,oa iksrnkj tSls inkf/kdkjh Hkh gksrs FksA bu lHkh fojks/k djuk mfpr le>kA ckn'kkg }kjk nh x;h bl vkKk dk ikyu uk djus ij mls inkf/kdkfj;ksa ij nhoku dh lnSo fuxjkuh jgrh FkhA ekjokM+ jkT; esa iz'kklfud dSn dj fy;k x;kA dqN fnu ckn Lo;a us ty R;kxdj vius izk.kksa d vkgwfr nsdj dk;Zokgh gsrq nhoku ds uke dh eqgj Hkh ykxw dh x;h Fkh ftldk mi;ksx nhoku LokehHkfDr dk mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;kA egkjktk vHk;flagth ds le; nhoku in ij dk;Zokgh ,oa fujh{k.k djus gsrq djrk FkkA bl rjg /khjs&/khjs nhoku dk in fu;qDr vf/kdkjh T;knkrj HkaMkjh tkfr ds FksA nhoku in ij HkaMkjh [kheflag dk uke vR;f/kd izHkko'kkyh gks x;k FkkA nhoku eq[;r% xSj vijkf/kd ekeyksa lEcfU/kr Hkh vkrk gSA egkjktk vHk;flag ds le; Hk.Mkjh j?kqukFk dk nhoku ds :i esa fooj.k fu.kZ; Hkh ysrk FkkA ijUrq vijkf/kd xfrfof/k;ksa ds pyrs mu ekeyksa esa n.M nsus dh Kkr gksrk gSA egkjktk vHk;flag tc vtesj vfHk;ku esa Fks rc Hk.Mkjh j?kqukFk us Lora=rk izkIr FkhA nhoku }kjk n.M ds :i esa dBksj djkokl ,oa dSn fd;k tkrk Fkk egkjktk dks viuk leFkZu iznku fd;k FkkA vtesj vfHk;ku esa eqTQQj vyh [kk° ls ijUrq mls e`R;q n.M nsus dk vf/kdkj ugha FkkA dbZ ckj jktk dh vuqifLFkfr esa ekeyksa la?k"kZ esa viuh 'kkS;Zrk dks n'kkZ;kA egkjktk vHk;flag us eu:i dks nhokuxh ,oa dh lquokbZ ,oa dk;Zokgh dj ekeyksa dks fuiVkus dk dk;Z Hkh nhoku gh djrk FkkA fljksiko fn;k FkkA laor~ 1804 esa Hk.Mkjh eu:i iq= iksekflag dks nhokuxh buk;r 195 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 389 390 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 gqbZ Fkh rFkk cSBus dk lEeku igys ls gh FkkA nhokuxh ij jgrs egkjktk dh vksj ls mi;ksfxrk dks Lohdkjk tk ldrk gSA firk ds ckn iq= dh bl in ij fu;qfDr dh gkFkh Hkh buk;r fd;k x;k FkkA Hk.Mkjh vejflag Hkh egkjktk vHk;flag dk nhoku tkrh FkhA nhoku dks mlds dk;ks± dh lQyrk gsrq lEekfur fd;k tkrk Fkk tks mlds jgkA Hk.Mkjh vejflag ,d prqj ,oa cqfºeku jktuhfrK FkkA egkjktk ds lkFk fy, cgqr xoZ dh ckr gksrh Fkh ijUrq ogh xyr dk;ks± esa Hkkxhnkj ,oa "kM+;a=ksa esa vgenkckn ;qº esa vfHk;ku esa odhy ds :i esa mifLFkr jgkA nks"kh ik;s tkus ij mUgsa n.M Hkh fn;k tkrk FkkA vkfFkZd n.M ds :i esa Hkkjh jkf'k Hkh lokbZ jktk 'kwjflag ds le; eqyrk osyk ,oa tXxk vtck.kh nksuksa dks lkFk esa olwyh tkrh FkhA bl izdkj nhoku ekjokM+ dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk dk dsUnz fcUnq nhoku in ij fu;qfDr dk gesa irk pyrk gSA lwjflag ds vUr ds vUr esa Hk.Mkjh jgk] D;ksafd ijxuksa ds gkfde mlds funsZ'ku esa dk;Z djrs FksA nhoku mUgha dh yw.kk] j?kqukFk dks viuk nhoku cuk;kA egkjktk vthrflag ds le; fla?koh c[rkojey lgk;rk ls ijxuksa dh vkenuh dh tkap dj mldk fglkc j[krk rFkk jktk dks jkT; nhoku cukA Hk.Mkjh foÎynkl tc nhoku cuk rc jkT; dh fojks/kh xfrfof/k;ksa ds dh vk; ls yxkrkj voxr djokrk ,oa 'kkfUr rFkk lqj{kk lEcU/kh xfrfof/k;ksa ij Hkh pyrs mldh gR;k djok nh x;hA egkjktk vHk;flag }kjk tc egkjktk vthrflag fuxjkuh j[krk FkkA dh gR;k dh x;h rc blesa Hk.Mkjh j?kqukFk Hkh muds bl dk;Z esa lkFk FkkA egkjktk lanHkZ c[rflag us nhoku dh inoh fla?koh Qrsgpan dks nh lkFk gh lkFk fljksiko ,oa 1- 'kekZ] xksikukFk] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] i`- la- 108 ikydh Hkh buk;r dh x;hA ckn esa egkjkt c[rflag us inoh Hk.Mkjh eu:i ds iq= 2- vks>k] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx izFke jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] tks/ lqrkjke dks nh rFkk cSBus dk lEeku iznku fd;kA jkeflagth us nhoku Hk.Mkjh kiqj] 1994] i`- la- 380] 81 lokbZjke ds iq= jRuflag dks laor~ 1807 esa viuk nhoku cuk;kA egkjktk vthrflag 3- egkjkt vHk;flag dh [;kr] i`- la- 5] 35 jktLFkku vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj dh gR;k ds ckn ekjokM+ ds 'kkldksa dk Hk.Mkfj;ksa ij ls Hkjkslk mB x;k ckn esa mUgsa 4- ljdkjk ts-,u- eqxy ,MfefuLV™s'ku] i`- la- 27] 29] ,e-lh- ljdkj ,.M lUl] dkWydŸkk] dSn dj fy;k x;kA egkjktk us lHkh Hk.Mkfj;ksa dks dSn dj fy;k Fkk] rc ckn esa 1920 iapksyh ykyk dks nhokuxh nh xbZA vgenkckn dh yM+kbZ esa iapksyh dh vge 5- 'kekZ dkywjke] e/;dkyhu jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] i`- la- 387]88 iap'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj] 2009 Hkwfedk jghA fla?koh QrsgpUn c[krflag ds nhokuxh ds le; ekjokM+ dh lsuk us 6- HkkVh ftrsUnzflag] jktLFkku dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk] i`- la- 227] 28] jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] jkeflag ds leFkZu dks gjkdj esM+rk ij vf/kdkj dj vius drZO; dks fuHkk;kA tks/kiqj] 2011 fla?koh QrsgpUn ds ckn dbZ o"kks± rd ;g in fjDr jgkA fla?koh tks/kjk.k ,d 7- HkkVh ukjk;.kflag] ;qxiq#"k egkjktk tloUrflag] i`- la- 23] 24 jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku] izHkko'kkyh O;fDr Fkk tks ckn esa Hkheflag dk nhoku cukA pkSikluh tks/kiqj 1984 ru nhoku ,d rjg ls egkjktk dk lfpo gksrk FkkA ru nhoku dks xqIr 8- iwokZsDr] i`- la- 25 [ktkus ds lkFk&lkFk lsuk dk lapkyu Hkh djuk iM+rk FkkA ns'k nhoku rFkk ru nhoku 9- HkkVh ftrsUnzflag] jktLFkku dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk] i`- 63] 70] 71] jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj tks/ dk viuk vyx vyx ,d egŸo jgkA ru nhoku dk in loZizFke [kkstk lqUnj dks kiqj] 2011 10- HkkVh foÿeflag] ewafn;kM+ jh [;kr] i`- 222] 23 bfrgkl vuqla/kku laLFkku tks/kiqj] 2005 fn;k x;kA egkjktk tloUrflag ds le; ;g bl in ij jgkA egkjktk tloUrflag 11- ,afxzl] izse] vHk;flag ds le; ekjokM+ dk thou] 1987] m"kk ifCyds'ku gk≈l] tks/kiqj us [kkstk dks [kjhn dj viuh lsok esa mifLFkr fd;k FkkA eqg.kksr lqUnjnkl igys gkfde in ;k ckn esa mls ru nhoku dk in fn;k x;kA ekjokM+ dbZ ijxuksa esa foHkDr FkkA iz'kklfud lEcfU/kr ekeyksa esa nhoku dks lg;ksx nsus ,oa leFkZu gsrq gkfde dh fu;qfDr dh x;hA ;g loksZPp U;k; vf/kdkjh gksrk FkkA vijkf/kd ekeyksa dks lqy>kkus gsrq nhoku ,oa gkfde feydj fu.kZ; ysrs FksA ijxuksa esa pksjh uk gks vkSj uk gh dksbZ vfiz; ?kVuk ?kfVr gks bldk nkf;Ro gkfde ij jgrk FkkA gkfde ds dk;ks± dh vlUrqf"V ij mlds fo:º nhoku ls mldh f'kdk;r dh tk ldrh FkhA nhoku dk in oa'kkuqxr rks ugha gksrk Fkk ijUrq mldh fo'ks"k lsok dks ns[krs gq, bl in dh 196 392 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ds egkjkt vthrflag nqxkZnkl jkBkSM+ o vkesj ds t;flag ls Hkh bls vknj o lEeku izkIr gqvk bl izdkj blus fnYyh esokM+ rFkk esokM+ ekjokM+ vkesj ds jktuhfrd laca/kksa dks viuh jktuhfrKrk o cqfºekuh ls izHkkfor fd;kA esokM+ ds iz/kkeua=h ds :i esa fcgkjhnkl iapksyh ds jktuhfr esa ;ksxnku&fnYyh ds ckn'kkg us 20 ≈°V HksaV dj fy[kk fd dksbZ ;ksxnku dk v/;;u (1700&1751 bZ-) rksgQk Hkst tk,A ckn'kkg dh QjekbZ'k ij dkQh lykg e'kfojk gqvkA fdlh us MkW- fofurk Jhekyh tokgjkr iUuk rks fdlh us rksgQs esa /ku Hkstus dh ckr dghA fcgkjhnkl tks fj;klr dh lsok esa Fkk us vtZ fd;k fd tokgjkr iUuk vkfn rks ckn'kkg ds ikl Hkh cgqr gS] esokM+ esa vusdksa vksloky jktuhfrKksa vkSj ohjksa us yxkrkj vusd o"kks± rd rksgQs esa og pht Hksth tkos tks de feyrh gks rFkk vPNh gksA rksgQs esa ;gka jktuxj dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jkT; dh egku lsok,a dh vkSj iz/kku in ij dk;Z fd;kA esokM+ dh [kku dk iRFkj vkSj vkjkl (pwuk) cgqr gS] ftlesa ls iRFkj ≈°Vksa ij ugha tk jkT; dk vuqeku 500 o"kZ iwoZ rd dk gky ekywe gksus ls ;gh ik;k x;k fd ;gka dh ldrs] blhfy, vkjkl Hkst fn;k tkos] vxj ;gh pht ekaxh gksxh rks j[k ysaxs ugha rks eqYdh gqdwer nks dkseksa ;kus dk;LFk vkSj egktuksa ds gkFk esa jgh vFkkZr~ egkjk.kk okil] fy[k HkstsaxsA bl ij vkjkl fnYyh Hkstk x;k] ftls ikdj ckn'kkg izlUu 4 lkfgc dks ;qº lEcU/kh dk;ksZa ls vodk'k u Fkk fd os ekyh vkSj eqYdh cUnkscLr gqvkA djrsA bl okLrs ≈ij nksuksa dkSeokys vius esa ls fdlh ,d ;ksX; iq#"k dks viuk blds ckn ckn'kkg us ,d pksdksj [kkyh dkxt fyQkQs esa cUn djds Hkstk iz/kku cuk djds mldks ekyh o eqYdh dke dk vf/kdkj nsrs jgsA1 vkSj tokc ekaxk rc egkjk.kk us fcgkjhnkl dks dgk fcgkjhnkl us egkjk.kk ls vtZ esokM+ esa eq[;r% HkVukxj o ekFkqj dk;LFkksa dk jktuhfrd] iz'kklfud] fd;k fd ^ckn'kkg dk eryc bl dksjs dkxt dks Hkstus ls ;g gS fd esjk jkt pkjks vkfFkZd] lkaLd`frd {ks=ksa esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gSA bu yksxksa dks lkekU;r% iapksyh dksuksa ij cjkcj gS] ijUrq blesa ls ,d dksus ij esokM+ ds egkjk.kk dk jkt gksus ls ,d uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa ^en~ ;k lhxs* dks vksyh dgrs gSa vkSj igys dksuk drj fy;k tkosaA rc dkxt dk ,d dksuk drj dj ckn'kkg ds ikl Hkstk 5 iz'kklu ds ikap eq[; dk;Z (eqlkgch] eky] [ktkuk] QkSt o odkykr) dk dke x;k] ftls ikdj ckn'kkg [kq'k gqvkA rc ckn'kkg us egkjk.kk dks fy[kk fd vkids dk;LFk gh djrs Fks] blls ;g yksx iapksyh dgyk;sA2 viuh cqfºekuh ls dq'ky esokM+ fj;klr ds ftl O;fDr us viuh cqfºekuh ls gekjh fcuk dgh eu dh ckr dks iz'kklu] vkarfjd O;oLFkk o 'kkfUr o ,drk LFkkfir djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk tku fy;k] ml O;fDr dks ge feyuk pkgrs gSaA ftl ij fcgkjhnkl dks esokM+ dk fuHkk;h lkFk gh jkT; ij ckgjh ladV vkus ij ;k jkT; foLrkj ds dk;ksZa esa ryokj izFke odhy fu;qDr dj fnYyh Hkstk x;kA ejkBk ny dks ekyok ls [knsM+ dj mBkdj vius izk.kksa dk cfynku nsus esa Hkh ges'kk rS;kj jgsA fcgkjhnkl us ckn'kkg Q:Z[kfl;j o egkjk.kk laxzkeflag f}rh; ds vkKkuqlkj eqxy vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lg;ksx ls 'kkafr LFkkfir dhA eqxy lezkV us fcgkjhnkl ds dk;ks± dh esokM+ esa vkxeu&bl oa'k ds mn;flag dk esokM+ vkuk ekuk tkrk gSA HkkV ljkguk dh rFkk t;flag us mls migkj vkfn nsdj lEekfur fd;kA jkeiqjk ij Hkh ds fooj.k ds vuqlkj jk.kk i`Fohiky tukuk lfgr x;kth x;k vkSj ogka ij eqlyekuksa fcgkjhnkl us vf/kdkj tek fy;kA6 ls xk;ksa dks NqM+kus esa gqbZ yM+kbZ esa laor~ 1318 (1261 bZ-) esaa dke vk;k vkSj mls vius ikl gh vkJ; fn;kA3 egkjk.kk laxzkeflag f}rh; us vius iz/kku fcgkjhnkl dks mlds fof'k"V lsokvksa ds fy, f[kyvr o rkthe dk chM+k fn;kA rkthe dk chM+k esokM+ esa dsoy othj f'kjkse.kh fcgkjhnkl iapksyh&esokM+ ds bfrgkl dk izR;sd i`"B nks iz/kkuksa dks feyk] blesa ,d fcgkjhnkl FkkA fcgkjhnkl ds leku prqj o fo'oklh cqfºeku] ohj o ;ksX; O;fDr;ksa ds o`rkUrksa ls jaxk gqvk gS] fdUrq mlesa iapksyh euq"; blls ifgys dHkh esokM+ dk ea=h ugha cukA7 fcgkjhnkl HkVukxj dk o.kZu vkSj Hkh egRo dk gSA esokM+ esa rhu egkjk.kkvksa&vejflag f}rh; (1698&1710 bZ-) laxzkeflag f}rh; (1710&1734 bZ-) rFkk txrflag fcgkjhnkl iapksyh dk mn;iqj esa Vdlky pkyw djokuk&esokM+ eqxy f}rh; (1734&1751 bZ-) ds le; blus esokM+ fj;klr dh lsok dh] lkFk gh la?k"kZ ds ifj.kkeLo:i jkT; dh Vdlky can gks x;h Fkh] fdUrq 1714 bZ- esa egkjk.kk fnYyh ds ckn'kkg Q:Z[kfl;j o lS;n cU/kqvksa ls ?kfu"B laca/k Hkh jgs rFkk ekjokM+ laxzkeflag ds iz/kku iapksyh fcgkjhnkl us iqu% mn;iqj esa Vdlky pkyw djus dh btktr eqxy lezkV Q:Z[kfl;j ls izkIr dj yh FkhA8 197 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 393 LFkkiR; dyk esa ;ksxnku egky{eh dk eafnj&egkjk.kk laxzkeflag f}rh; ds iz/kku fcgkjhnkl us jkeiqjk ls egky{eh vkSj Ω"kHknso dh lqUnj ewfrZ;ka ykdj muds mn;iqj esa vyx&vyx eafnj cuok;sA egky{eh dk eafnj mn;iqj ds HkfV~V;kuh pksgV~Vk esa lM+d ds xksxk th pkSgku % jktx<+ dh vf}rh; foHkwfr if'peh Nksj ij if'pekfHkeq[k cuk gSA Hkhrjh dk;Z Q'kZ pkSds vkfn dks NksM+++dj jktsUnz flag 'ks[kkor ,oa MkW- vfouk'k ikjhd lewpk dk;Z 18oha 'krkCnh ds iwokZºZ dk gSA ejEer dk dk;Z 1988 bZ- esa Jhekyh lekt ds Jºkyqvksa us djok;kA9 e/;dkyhu egkiq#"k xksxkth fganw] eqfLye] fl[k laÁnk;ksa dh Jºk vftZr 1- nw/krykbZ dh iky ca/kokbZ dj ,d /keZfujis{k yksdnsork ds uke ls ihj ds :i esa Áflº gq,A jktLFkku ds 2- Jh dSyk'kiqjh esa bUnj lkxj Jh egknso th dk efUnj cuok;kA guqekux<+ ftys dk ,d 'kgj xksxkesM+h gSA ;gka Hkknok 'kqDy i{k dh uoeh dks xksxkth nsork dk esyk Hkjrk gSA bUgsa fgUnw vkSj eqfLye nksuksa iwtrs gaSA ;gk° ij lHkh 3- ikyk x.ks'k th ds ≈ij ekNyk exjk ij Bkdqj th Jh txUukFk dk eafnj /keZ vkSj lEÁnk; ds yksx eRFkk Vsdus ds fy, nwj&nwj ls vkrs gSaA dk;e [kkuh cuok;kA 10 eqfLye lekt mudks tkgj ihj ds uke ls iqdkjrs gSa rFkk m‰ LFkku ij eRFkk Vsdus 4- vk;M+ o ik;M+k ds chp iqy ca/kok;kA vkSj eUur ek°xus vkrs gSaA bl rjg ;g LFkku fganw vkSj eqfLye ,drk dk Árhd gSA1 vr% jktLFkku ds e/;;qxhu bfrgkl dk ,d egRoiw.kZ rF; ;g Hkh gS fd xksxkth ds le; dk fu/kkZj.k ds lEcU/k esa bfrgkldkj ,d er ugha gSa vkSj jktiwr 'kklu esa oS'o vkSj dk;L; ds dq'ky laxBd rFkk iz'kkld ds :i esa blh erHksn ds dkj.k xksxkth dk le; vkBoha 'krkCnh ls yxkdj iUnzgoha 'krkCnh izfrf"Br gq, gSA esokM+ ds iquxZBu vkSj iquZO;oLFkk dks fÿ;kfUor djus esa budk ds chp dk ekuk tkrk jgk gSA yYyw Hkhe HkkbZ nslkbZ us fy[kk gSa fd xksxkjko fo-la- ;ksxnku jgk gSA ;s vuqHkoh vkSj dq'ky izca/kd FksA lŸkk dk izyksHku mUgsa vius drZO; 952 esa xÌh ij cSBkA mlds 45 iq= FksA blus eqlyekuksa dks 11 nQk ;qº esa gjk;kA ls fd;k ugha ldkA ,sls dhfrZ iq#"kksa ij jpukRed ys[ku deZ fu%lansg ,d ckjgoha ckj og xk;ksa dh j{kkFkZ ;qº esa ekjk x;kA fo- la- 982 esa x<+ lakHkj esa iz'kaluh; dk;Z gSA xksxkjko us lej fd;k] ftlesa mlds 43 iq= ekjs x;sA orZeku esa bldh xksxknso ds lanHkZ :i esa iwtk gksrh gSaA2 1- ts-ds- vks>k] esokM+ dk bfrgkl] i`- 135&136 dfojktk lw;Zey us fy[kk gSa fd dkuk dh xÌh ds mrjkf/kdkj ds iz'u dks 2- fjiksVZ ejnqe'kqekjh jkt ekjokM+] lu~ 1891] i`- 318 3- HkkV dh iksFkh (lkxjflag cM+ok dk laxzg)] i`- 233 ysdj xksxkth pkSgku vkSj muds ekSlsjs HkkbZ;ksa vtZu vkSj ltZu ds chp >xM+k gqvkA 4- HkkV dh iksFkh (lkxjflag cM+ok dk laxzg)] i`- 242 vtqZu vkSj ltqZu gkj dj bZjku ds ckn'kkg vcwQj dks cqyk yk;sA bl ;qº esa xksxkihj 5- HkkV dh iksFkh (lkxflag cM+ok dk laxzg)] i`- 242&243 vius vusd iq=ksa ds lkFk ekjs x;sA uS.klh ds vuqlkj xksxkth dk fookg dksyq esa 6- f'kopj.k esukfj;k] mŸkj eqxydkyhu esokM+] i`- 112&113 jkBkSM+ ikcqth ds cM+s HkkbZ cwM+sth dh csVh dsyens ds lkFk gqvk FkkA i- >kcjey 'kekZ 7- ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] f}rh; [k.M rhu] i`- 1937 us Hkh ikcqth dh Hkrhth dsy.kckbZ ds lkFk xksxkth ds fookg lEcU/k dks ekurs gq,] 8- dksBkjh & thou pfj=] i`- 32 laor~ 1440 esa fQjkst'kkg rqxyd ds lkFk gq, ;qº esa budk ohjxfr dks ikuk fy[kk 9- 'kDrkor lq'khyk] esokM+ dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] 1680&1734 bZ-] i`- 42 gSaA3 jktLFkkuh 'kCn dks'k esa Hkh xksxkth ds thouo`r ij foLrkj ls izdk'k Mkyk x;k 10- ogh] i`- 42 gSaA ysfdu mi;qZDr erksa esa vusdks =qfV;ksa ls lgh dky fu/kkZj.k lEHko ugh gSaA vc izk;% lHkh fo}ku bl ckr dks ekuus yxs gSa fd xksxkth dk le; 11oha 'krkCnh dk jgk gSa vkSj bldk vk/kkj gSa fd D;ke [kka jklk ds vuqlkj ?kka?kw clkus okys ?ka?kjkuk dh 5oha ih<+h esa xksxkth gq, vkSj iUnzgoha ih<+h esa xksiky dk iq= tSrlh gqvkA eaMys'oj xksiky ds bl iq= jk.kk tSrlh ds le; dk ,d vfHkys[k la- 1293 dk 198 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 395 396 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vHkh nnjsok esa ekStqn gSaA bl tSrlh dh lkroha ih<+h esa deZpUn gqvk ftls fQjkst'kkg ÁkIr jktk FksA xksxkth dk jkT; lryqt lsa gkalh (gfj;k.kk) rd FkkA t;iqj ls rqxyd us eqlyeku cuk;k FkkA bl deZpUn vkSj tSrlh ds fuf'pr le; ls x.kuk yxHkx 250 fdeh nwj fLFkr lknqyiqj ds ikl nŸk[ksM+k (nnjsok) esa xksxknsoth dk djus ij xksxkth dk le; 11oha 'krkCnh gh vkrk gSa vkSj os egewn xtuoha ds tUe LFkku gSA nŸk[ksM+k pw: ds varxZr vkrk gSA9 xksxknso dh tUeHkwfe ij vkt Hkh le&lkef;d Bgjrs gSaA4 muds ?kksM+s dk vLrcy gS vkSj lSdM+ksa o"kZ chr x,] ysfdu muds ?kksM+s dh jdkc xksxkth dk tUe foÿe laor 1003 (950 bZ- ds vkl ikl) esa pw: ftys ds vHkh Hkh ogha ij fo|eku gSA m‰ tUe LFkku ij xq# xksj[kukFk dk vkJe Hkh gS vkSj nnjsok xk°o (jktLFkku) esa gqvk FkkA os jktk tsoj flag vkSj jkuh ckNy dh bdykSrh ogha gS xksxknso dh ?kksM+s ij lokj ewfrZA Hk‰tu bl LFkku ij dhrZu djrs gq, vkrs larku FksA mu ds jkT; dk uke ckxM+ Fkk vkSj ml dk foLrkj gkalh (gfj;k.kk) rd gSa vkSj tUe LFkku ij cus eafnj ij eRFkk Vsddj eUur ek°xrs gSaA10 vkt Hkh liZna'k ls FkkA jkuh ckNy dh dksbZ larku ugh Fkh] mUgksaus 12 lky rd ^xq# xksj[kukFk th* dh eqf‰ ds fy, xksxkth dh iwtk dh tkrh gSA xksxkth ds Árhd ds :i esa iRFkj ;k iwtk dhA ^xq# xksj[kukFk th* Hkxoku f'ko 'kadj ds cgqr cM+s HkDr FksA mudks ydM+h ij liZ ewfrZ mRdh.kZ dh tkrh gSA yksd /kkj.kk gS fd liZ na'k ls ÁHkkfor Hkxoku f'ko 'kadj dk vorkj Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA5 tc ^xq# xksj[kukFk th* ckxM+ vk;s O;f‰ dks ;fn xksxkth dh esM+h rd yk;k tk;s rks og O;f‰ liZ fo"k ls eq‰ gks Fks rc mUgksaus jkuh ckNy us muls iq= izkfIr dh izkFkZuk dh rks xq: us dgk fd oks dy tkrk gSA Hkknok ekg ds 'kqDy i{k rFkk œ".k i{k dh uofe;ksa dks xksxkth dh Le`fr vk;s] mldks nks iq=ksa dk ojnku feysxkA Hkksyh&Hkkyh ckNy us ;s ckr viuh tqM+ok° esa esyk yxrk gSA mŸkj Áns'k esa bUgsa tgj ihj rFkk eqlyeku bUgsa xksxk ihj dgrs gSaA cgu jkuh dkNy dks crk nhA diVh cgu dkNy tYnh tk dj oks ojnku vius fy;s guqekux<+ ftys ds uksgj mi[kaM esa fLFkr xksxkth ds ikou /kke xksxkesM+h ys vkbZA fLFkr xksxkth dk lekf/k LFky tUe LFkku ls yxHkx 80 fdeh dh nwjh ij fLFkr gS] ckn esa tc jkuh ckNy x;h rc ^xq# xksj[kukFk th* us vkSj ojnku nsus ls euk tks lkEÁnkf;d ln~Hkko dk vuwBk Árhd gSA tgk° ,d fgUnw o ,d eqfLye iqtkjh dj fn;k] dkQh feUurs djus ds ckn ^xq# xksj[kukFk th* lekf/k esa yhu gq, vkSj [kM+s jgrs gSaA Jko.k 'kqDy iwf.kZek ls ysdj HkkÊin 'kqDy iwf.kZek rd xksxkesM+h ds ikrky yksd tkdj viuh ukx f'k";k dks lkjh ckr crk dj mlds iq= ine~ ukx dks esys esa ohj xksxkth dh lekf/k rFkk xksxk ihj o tkfgj ohj ds t;dkjksa ds lkFk ekaxk] ftls ukx nEifr us lg"kZ Lohdkj fd;k vkSj muds iq= dks xqXxy esa lekus dk xksxkth rFkk xq# xksj[kukFk ds Áfr Hkf‰ dh vfojy /kkjk cgrh gSA Hk‰tu xq# vkns'k ns xq: us xqXxy ckNy dks nh vkSj dgk bls [kk ysuk] vkSj lkFk esa ls ojnku Hkh xksj[kukFk ds Vhys ij tkdj 'kh'k uokrs gSa] fQj xksxkth dh lekf/k ij vkdj /kksd fn;k fd rqEgkjk tks iq= gksxk oks cgqr cgknqj vkSj 'kf‰'kkyh gksxkA6 jkuh ckNy us nsrs gSaA11 Áfro"kZ yk[kksa yksx xksxk th ds eafnj esa eRFkk Vsd rFkk NfM+;ksa dh fo'ks"k ml iqfM;k° dks lHkh vkSjrksa dks (tks ckat Fkh) ds lkFk fey dj [kk;k] mu vkSjrksa esa iwtk djrs gSaA ,d egy dh iafMrkuh vkSj ,d nklh FkhA ftl crZu esa oks nokbZ [kkbZ x;h Fkh ml xksxk tkgj ohj th dh NM+h dk cgqr egŸo gksrk gS vkSj tks lk/kd NM+h dh crZu dks ,d ?kksM+h us Hkh pkV fy;k FkkA fQj ,d lky ds ckn ^xksxkth* dk tUe lk/kuk ugha djrk mldh lk/kuk v/kwjh gh ekuh tkrh gS] D;ksafd ekU;rk ds vuqlkj gqvk vkSj lkFk lkFk ^uj flag ikaMs* vkSj ^HkTtw dksroky* dk Hkh tUe gqvk] vkSj ml tkgj ohj th ds ohj NM+h esa fuokl djrs gSA flº NM+h ij ukgjflag ohj] lkoy ?kksM+h us Hkh ^uhys ?kksM+s* dks tUe fn;kA ;g lHkh xq# xksj[kukFk th ds f'k"; gq,A flag ohj vkfn vusdksa ohjksa dk igjk jgrk gSA NM+h yksgs dh lkadys gksrh gS] ftl ij xksxkth dk uke Hkh xq# xksj[kukFk th ds uke ds igys v{kj ls gh j[kk x;kA ;kfu ,d eqBk yxk gksrk gSA tc rd xksxk tkgj ohj th dh ekM+h esa vFkok muds tkxj.k xq# dk xq vkSj xksj[k dk xks ;kfu dh xqxks ftls ckn esa xksxk th dgk tkus yxkA xksxk esa NM+h ugha gksrh rc rd ohj gkftj ugha gksrs] ,slh Ákphu ekU;rk gSA Bhd blh th us xq# xksj[k ukFk th ls ra= dh f'k{kk Hkh ÁkIr dh Fkh vkSj bu lc ls igys jkuh Ádkj tc rd xksxk tkgj ohj th dh esM+h vFkok tkxj.k esa fpeVk ugha gksrk rc ckNy dh tqM+ok° cgu jkuh dkNy ds nks iq= tUe ys ysrs gS] mu dk uke vtZu vkSj rd xq# xksj[kukFk lfgr uoukFk gkftj ugha gksrsA12 NM+h vDlj ?kj esa gh j[kh tkrh ltZu j[kk tkrk gSA gS vkSj mldh iwtk dh tkrh gSA dsoy lkou vkSj Hkknks ds eghus esa NM+h fudkyh tc xksxkth us ;qokoLFkk esa izos'k fd;k rc mu dk fookg ^dksyqean fBdkus* tkrh gS vkSj NM+h dks uxj esa Qsjh yxokbZ tkrh gS] blls uxj esa vkus okys lHkh uxj dh ^dsyens* (jkuh lhfjvy) ds lkFk gqvk] jkBkSM+ jktiwrks esa xksxk th dh ladV 'kkar gks tkrs gSA tkgj ohj ds Hk‰ nkfgus dU/ks ij NM+h j[kdj Qsjh yxokrs llqjky FkhA8 pkSgku oa'k esa jktk i`Fohjkt pkSgku ds ckn xksxkth ohj vkSj [;kfr gSA NM+h dks vDlj yky vFkok Hkxos jax ds oL= ij j[kk tkrk gSA ;fn fdlh ij 199 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 397 398 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Hkwr Ásr vkfn dh ck/kk gks rks NM+h dks ihfM+r ds 'kjhj dks Nqvkdj mls ,d ckj esa gh yM+ds vtqZu vkSj ltqZu xksxk th ls cgqr tyrs FksA oks xksxk th dks gjk dj ckxM+ dk Bhd dj fn;k tkrk gSA Hkknks ds eghus esa tc Hk‰ tkgj ckck ds n'kZuksa ds fy, tkrs lkjk jkt vius v/khu djuk pkgrs Fks] ij oks xksxkth ls Mjrs Fks vkSj mUgsa irk Fkk oks gSa rks NM+h dks Hkh lkFk ysdj tkrs gSa vkSj xksj[k xaxk esa Luku djokdj tkgj ckck dh xksxk th dks vdsys ugh gjk ldrs blfy, mUgksaus fnYyh esa tk dj xksxkth dh cqjkbZ lekf/k ls Nqvkrs gSA ,slk djus ls NM+h dh 'kf‰ dk;e jgrh gSA13 dh vkSj jktk ls enn ekaxh] ml le; fnYyh dk jktk ^vkuaniky* FkkA oks ,d rksej xkS&lsod % xksxkihj dks ,d egku~ xkS&Lksod ds :i esa ;kn fd;k tkrk gSaA jktiwr Fkk vkSj ml ds yM+ds dk uke ^i`Fohjkt* Fkk] oks mudh enn djus ds fy, xk;ksa dh j{kkFkZ mUgksusa vius izk.kksa dh ckth Hkh yxk nh FkhA os ,d vkn'kZ xkS&ikyd jkth gks x;k vkSj ml us xksxk th dks ;qº ds fy, lUns'k Hkst fn;kA vtqZu vkSj ltqZu Hkh FksA muds uxj esa 51 xkS 'kkyk,° Fkh] ftuesa 7000 xkS ekrk] 1100 cSy rFkk 80 ds ckjs esa lqu ds xksxkth dks cgqr xqLlk vk;k vkSj mUgsa lcd fl[kkus ds fy, lk°M ds vykok 8200 cNM+s&cfN;k° FkhA jkT; dh dqy Hkwfe ds 2 izfr'kr Hkkx dks xksxkth us ;qº djus dh Bku yhA xkS&/ku ds pkjs ds fy, vkjf{kr j[kk x;k FkkA yxHkx nks gtkj ukStokuksa dk ny bl ;qº esa xksxkth vtqZu vkSj ltqZu dks ekj nsrs gSaA16 fnYyh dk jktk ekQh v/k&caVkbZ ds fgLls ij dke djrs gq, bu xk;ksa dh ns[kHkky djrk FkkA bu ekax ds nqckjk ,slk u djus dk opu ns] okfil pyk tkrk gS] ij bl ;qº esa ujlh xkS&'kkykvksa esa lkQ&lQkbZ dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kk tkrk FkkA xkS /ku dks lnhZ&xehZ ,oa ik.Ms Hkh ekjk tkrk gSaA xksxkth nksuksa Hkkb;ksa ds flj ysdj egy esa vkrs gSaA dqN /kqi ls cpkus dh O;oLFkk FkhA /kwfu tykdj eD[kh&ePNjksa ls cpko j[kk tkrk FkkA bfrgkldkj bl ?kVuk dks lR; ugha ekursA mudk ekuuk gSa fd xksxkihj dh ekSlh ds twrs igudj xkS&'kkykvksa esa tkuk Hkh euk FkkA lPpsa eu ls xkS lsok dj LoxZ izkfIr ds yM+ds vtqZu vkSj lqtqZu mu ls cgqr tyrs Fks vkSj gj le; xksxkth dks uhpk fn[kkus vf/kdkjh cuus dh vo/kkj.kk tu&ekul esa yksd&fiz; FkhA bl izdkj ds fopkj vkSj dh lksprs jgrs FksA tc jkuh lhfj;y UkkSy[kk ckx esa ikuh ykus xbZ rc nksuksa Hkkb;ksa us vkLFkk xksxkihj vkSj muds HkDrksa ds Fks] rHkh muds jkT; esa 'kqj&ohjksa dh deh uk cnfu;r ls jkuh lhfj;y dks jksd fy;k vkSj vius xyr bjkns tkfgj fd;sA jkuh FkhA14 oLrq fLFkfr dks Hkkaidj fdlh rjg muds paxqy ls cp fudyh vkSj egy esa igq°p dj xksxk dks lkjh ckr crkbZA xksxk viuh ifRu ds bl vieku dks lgu ugha dj ik;s cxnkn dh yM+kbZ % xksxkth xk;kas dh cgqr lsok djrs Fks vkSj mu dh j{kk ds vkSj vius uhys ?kksM+s ij uaxh ryokj ysdj rqjUr ukSy[kk ckx dh vksj izLFkku fd;kA fy, yM+rs FksA ckr gS lu 953 dh] ml le; xksxkth dh mez lk<+s 7 lky dh FkhA vtqZu vkSj lqtqZu ogk° jkuh lhfj;y dk bUrtkj dj jgs Fks] xksxk dks vkrs ns[k oks nksuksa vjc ns'kks dh rjQ ,d 'kgj gS cxnkn (vkt ds le; esa ;s 'kgj bjkd dh jkt/kkuh Hk;Hkhr gks x;sA xksxk us viuh ryokj ls nksuksa ds flj ?kM+ ls vyx dj fn;s vkSj gS)] ml le; ogka ds jktk dk uke ^loZj lS;n ckn'kkg* Fkk vkSj oks ^y[k nkrk ihj* muds flj ysdj egy esa ykSV vk;sA17 dk firk Fkk] rks ml us bZn ekukus ds fy, 360 xmvksa dks 'kgj ds ckgj ,d txg ij dSn dj fy;k] ml 'kgj esa lHkh eqlyeku gh Fks vkSj ogka ij fdlh Hkh fgUnw dks tkus vNqr mºkjd % xksxkihj nhu&nqf[k;ksa dh lsok esa yxs jgrs FksA mUgksus NksVh dh btktr ugha FkhA dgk tkrk gS fd] 360 xmvks fd Qfj;kn lqu ds ^Hkxoku~ tkfr ds yksxksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, vusd ikB'kkyk,° cuokdj mUgsa f'kf{kr djds 18 Jhd`".k th* us ^ukjn eqfu th* dks cqyk;k vkSj mUgsa /kjrh ij tkds xksxkth dks bl viuh iyVu esa ≈°ps&≈°ps inksa ij fu;qDr dj j[kk FkkA xksxkihj ds jkT; esa ckjs esa crkus dks dgkA15 tkfr&ikafr dk dksbZ Hksn&Hkko ugha FkkA Hksn&Hkko djus okys dks l[r ltk nh tkrh FkhA u'kk[kksjh iw.kZr oftZr FkhA fj'or ysuk] ngst ek°xuk ;k L=h tkfr dk vieku ogk° tkus ij xksxk th dks irk yxrk gSa fd ;gk° ds jktk ^loZj lS;n ckn'kkg* djuk] pksjh ,oa MdSrh tSlh ?kVuk,a xksxkihj ds jkT; esa ugha FkhaA19 us bZn ij gyky djus ds fy, budks j[kk gS rks xksxkth vkx ccqyk gks tkrs gS vkSj fu"d"kZ esa dg ldrs gSa fd Áns'k dh yksd laLd`fr esa xksxkth ds Áfr vikj egy fd rjQ jktk dks ekjus ds fy, py iM+rs gSa] ij 'kgj ds ckgj gh xksxkth dks vknj Hkko ns[krs gq, dgk x;k gS fd xk°o&xk°o esa [kstM+h] xk°o&xk°o esa xksxk ohjA jksd fy;k tkrk gSA ogka ekStwn 12000 lSfudks ls ;qº djus ds ckn egy esa ?kql tkrs xksxkth dk vkn'kZ O;f‰Ro Hk‰tuksa ds fy, lnSo vkd"kZ.k dk dsUÊ jgk gSA gSaA ^loZj lS;n ckn'kkg* ds euk djus ij ;qº gksrk gS vkSj xksxkth ml dks gjk nsrk xksj[kVhyk fLFkr xq# xksj[kukFk ds /kwus ij 'kh'k uokdj Hk‰tu eukSfr;k° ek°xrs gSaA gSA xksxkth lHkh xk;ksa dks vkTkkn djokrs gaS] fQj vius egy vkrs gSaA fo}kuksa o bfrgkldkjksa us muds thou dks 'kkS;Z] /keZ] ijkÿe o mPp thou vkn'kksaZ fnYyh ds jktk vkSj vtqZu ltqZu ds lkFk ;qº %& xksxkth ds ekSlh ds dk Árhd ekuk gSA20 200 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 399 lUnHkZ 1- i`Fohjkt] Jh xksxkth egkiqjk.k lEiw.kZ 100 Hkkx] y{eh izdk'ku] 4734] cYyhekjku] fnYyh] i`- 314 2- 'kekZ] MkW- n'kjFk] xksxkth dk le;] fdafpr izdk'ku] o"kZ 3] vad 4] 1960 i`- 167 lkEiznkf;d ln~Hkkouk ds iz.ksrk 3- vxzoky xksfoUn] pw: e.My dk 'kks/kiw.kZ bfrgkl] 1974] yksd laLd`fr 'kks/k laLFkku] uxj&Jh pw:] 1973 bZ- i`- 58 yksdnsork ckck jkensoth 4- ogh i`- 60 MkW- Hkaojflag HkkVh 5- jktLFkku ftyk xtsfV;j % xaxkuxj 1972 6- izlkn ijes'oj] Lo.kZ t;Urh Le`fr&ljkst] Jh loZfgrdkfj.kh lHkk] jktx<+] 1976] i`- 40] jktLFkku esa bLyke ds izos'k ,oa rqdZ vkÿe.kksa ls izns'k ij ckg~; izHkko 92] 93 (;Fkk bLykeh laLœfr) rFkk vkH;fUrfjd nks"kksa (;Fkk :f<+okn vkSj ckg~;MEcj) ls 7- tks'kh o"kkZ] leqnk; vkSj ifjorZu] jkor ifCy'klZ] 2002 i`- 273 mRiu okrkoj.k esa izk;% izcqº efuf"k;ksa dh fpUru&/kkjk eafnjksa vkSj ewfrZ;ksa dh vis{kk 8- isekjke] e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa /kkfeZd vkanksyu] vpZuk Ádk'kd] vtesj] 1977 i`- 39 /;ku euu ,oa uke Lej.k dh fn'kk dh vksj izokfgr gksus yxhA1 ,slh fo"ke 9- MkW- iq"ik HkkVh] jktLFkku ds yksd nsoh&nsork ,oa yksd lkfgR;] chdkusj 1996 10- i`Fohjkt] Jh xksxkth egkiqjk.k lEiw.kZ 100 Hkkx] y{eh izdk'ku] 4734] cYyhekjku] ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jktLFkku esa ckck jkenso th us vius vf}rh; O;f‰Ro ds :i esa turk fnYyh] i`- 318 ds le{k mHkjs ftUgkasus u dsoy rFkkdfFkr fuEu tkfr;ksa dks laj{k.k ,oa Lusg iznku 11- xqIrk] MkW- eksguyky] chdkusj laHkkx dk ftysokj lkaLd`frd ,oa ,sfrgkfld v/;;u] fd;kA 'kf‰]Hkf‰] ;ksx] ,oa vykSfdd peRdkjksa ls tu lkekU; dh ihM+k dks nwj jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] 2009 i`- 211 fd;kA ckck jkenso th dh dhfrZ dsoy jktLFkku dh lhek rd gh lhfer u jgdj 12- vLohdkj dqekj JhokLro] nsgkrh yksxksa dk /kkfeZd R;kx] vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh Ásl] lEiw.kZ Hkkjro"kZ esa QSy x;hA fnYyh] 1997] i`- 19 13- ogh] i`- 58 ckck jkensoth dk O;fDrRo ,oa œfrRo 14- ikjhd jktdqekj] pw: mRlo Lekfjdk] 1997] i`- 58 if'peh jktLFkku gh ugha xqtjkr] mrj izns'k vkfn jkT;ksa esa ^jkelk ihj* 15- i`Fohjkt] Jh xksxkth egkiqjk.k lEiw.kZ 100 Hkkx] y{eh izdk'ku] 4734] cYyhekjku] :.khpk jk /k.kh ckck jkenso uke ls fo[;kr yksd nsork jkensoth dk tUe raoj fnYyh] i`- 320] 321 oa'kh; vtekyth ,oa HkkVh oa'kh; eS.kkns ds ;gka pS= 'kqDy iapeh fo- la- 1409 esa 16- iatkc uksV~l vkSj Dosjh] vDVwcj] 1883 okWY;we 1 gqvk FkkA2 buds tUe LFky ds fo"k; esa fo}kuksa esa erHksn gSaA MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] MkW- 17- i`Fohjkt] Jh xksxkth egkiqjk.k lEiw.kZ 100 Hkkx] y{eh izdk'ku] 4734] cYyhekjku] lksukjke fo'uksbZ] MkW ,e- ,y- xqIrk mudk tUe LFkku iksdj.k (tSlyesj) ls 13 fnYyh] i`- 324 fd- eh- mŸkj if'pe fLFkr :.kspk esa gksuk ekurs gSaA3 tcfd MkW- Hkokuhflag ikrkor] 18- dksey dksBkjh] rhFkZ] rjhdksa ds nsorkvksa esa lkekftd t:jrksa dh vfHkO;f‰] vk/kqfud dyk laxzgky;] vkDlQksMZ 1982] i`- 7 Hkwifrjke cnjhizlknksr~ ds vuqlkj ,oa tuekul esa ckck ds izfr O;kIr vkLFkk ,oa 19- vxzoky] xksfoUn] pw: e.My dk 'kks/kiw.kZ bfrgkl] 1974] yksd laLd`fr 'kks/k laLFkku] yksdfo'okl ,oa izkphu vo'ks"kksa] cqtqxksZa iafMrksa ,oa ckck ds Jºkyqvksa ls dh xbZ HksaV uxj&Jh pw:] 1973 bZ- i`- 61 okrkZ vkfn reke lzks=ksa ls Kkr gqvk gSa fd orZeku ckM+esj ftys ds m.Mw dk'ehj 20- duZy tsEl VkWM] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&1] vuqoknd ds'ko Bkdqj] lkfgR;kxkj] ljgn fLFkr ^FkkVh okyh [kstM+h* LFkku ij jkensoth dk vorj.k gqvk FkkA4 ;g jktLFkku] 2008 i`- 701 LFkku jkensfj;k ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA yksdekul esa jkensoth dk tUe Hkknzin lqnh f}rh;k dks ^ckck jh cht* ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA5 bUgksaus ek= lkr o"kZ dh ckY;koLFkk esa vius ijkÿe dk ifjp; nsrs gq;s ÿwj nkuoizo`fŸk ds HkSjo uked O;f‰ dk neu djds mlds vkrad dks lekIr fd;k Fkk rFkk lkryesj (iksdj.k) dks iqu% vkckn fd;kA blls jkensoth 201 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 401 402 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 dh [;kfr pkjksa vksj QSy xbZA6 ohjensoth buds cM+s HkkbZ FksA ykNk o lqx.kk nks fgUnqoS ihj EgkuS ijpkS fn;kS] fn;kS dwaMh ?kksVk fn;k ckghaA ppsjh cfguas FkhA jkensoth dk fookg mejdksV esa nyth lks<+k dh iq=h usryns ds ekul :ih Hkkstu djk;k] vVy tksr ns[kh okghaAA16 lkFk gqvk FkkA7 buds nks iq= gq, lknks ,oa nsojktA jkensoth us ukFk ;ksxh xq# os vius xq# esa iw.kZ vkLFkk j[krs FksA mUgksaus 'kqº vkReLo:i dks izkIr djus ckydukFkth ls nh{kk izkIr djds vNwrksºkj] nfjnz] fuEu ,oa vlgk; jksxh o viax gsrq xq# dh egrk dks crk;kA lkFk gh os ;ksx lk/kuk esa izoh.k Fks rFkk egku~ dfo Hkh oxZ dh lsok dk chM+k mBk;kA8 rRdkyhu lekt esa vNwr oxZ dh fLFkfr cM+h n;uh; FksA budh jfpr 24 ckf.k;ka izflº gSaA17 fpŸkkSM+ ds egkjk.kk dqaHkk ij xqtjkr dh FkhA muds mRFkku ,oa lEekutud fLFkfr esa ykus gasrq jkensoth us loZizFke ,d rjQ ls tc egewn f[kyth dk vkÿe.k gqvkA bl ;qº esa jkensoth ds Hk‰ lSfudkas es?koky dU;k ^Mkyh ckbZ*9 dks lxh cfgu rqY; ekudj Hkf‰ dk mins'k fn;kA us dqaHkk dh vksj ls iw.kZ leiZ.k ls ;qº fd;k] ifj.kkeLo:i dqaHkk dh thr gqbZ FkhA18 mUgksaus lkekftd ijEijkvksa ,oa :f<+;ksa dks rksM+kA NqvkNwr dks Lohdkj ugha fd;kA bl izlax dh Le`fr esa egkjk.kk dqaHkk us ^fu"dyad nso* eafnj dk fuekZ.k djok;k blfy, mUgs vius lEcf/k;ksa dk fojks/k >syuk iM+kA fdUgha dkj.kksa ls /keZHkz"V ,oa FkkA ftlesa uhys ?kksM+s ij lokj Hkkykjksgh jkensoth dh ewfrZ LFkkfir dh xbZA lekt ls cfg"œr vlgk; oxZ dks lEekutud LFkku fnykus gsrq mUgksaus loZizFke ;g eafnj fpŸkkSM+ esa fLFkr gSaA blls ckck jkensoth dh [;krh iwohZ jktLFkku] ,d lar lEiznk; dh LFkkiuk dh] tks ^dkeM+h;k*10 iaFk ds uke ls fo[;kr gqvkA ekyok] xqtjkr esa Hkh QSy xbZ vkSj os fu"dyad nso ds lkFk&lkFk ^if'pekf/kifr* ckck jkensoth us rRdkyhu laÿe.k ;qxhu ekuo lekt ds dY;k.k gsrq 'kf‰ ^fiNek/kh'k*] ^fiNe /kjk jk ikrlkg* vkSj ^if'pe /k.kh* ds :i esa izflº gks x;sA19 vkSj Hkf‰ dk iz;ksx fd;k FkkA mUgksaus ohjrk ,oa ijkÿeh dk;ksaZa ls vn~Hkqr peRdkj mUgksaus vkthou yksd dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z djrs gq, 'kksd larIr tuleqnk; dks Hkh fn[kk;sA vkthou oS".ko /keZ dk ikyu fd;k ,oa vfgalk dk mins'k gh ugha fn;k vk/;kfRed mins'k fn;k rFkk vius vafre le; esa nsg R;kx ls iwoZ firk vtekyth vfirq iw.kZ :i ls ikyu djds fn[kk;kA blfy, jkensoth dk Hkkyk ^fu"dyad* vkSj ekrk eS.kkns rFkk HkkbZ ohjenso ,oa viuh HkkHkh vkSj iRuh usryns dks Kkuksins'k ekuk tkrk gSA bUgkasus 1441 bZ- esa viuh Hkrhth dks iksdj.k ngst esa ns dj u;k xkao nsrs gq, mUgsa eksg&ek;k ds nyny ls fudkyus dk iz;Ru fd;k] fdUrq bruk lcdqN 11 ^jkensojk* (:.kspk) clk;kA ogka xzkeokfl;ksa ds fy;s ikuh dh O;oLFkk gsrq ,d djus ij Hkh mudk d#.k&:nu #dk ughaA ,df=r tu&leqnk; dk :nu dksykgy HkO; ckoM+h ,oa jkeljksoj rkykc dk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA blesa mRdh.kZ pkj vkSj foyki 'kkar ugha gqvk rc jkensoth us rqoajksa dks ;g ojnku fn;k fd vki yksx 12 f'kykys[kksa ls ,sfrgkfld tkudkjh feyrh gSA orZeku esa Hkh blds ty dks xaxkty fdlh ds dgus ij vFkok eksg ls o'khHkwr gksdj esjh lekf/k dks [kksnuk er] vkidh 13 rqY; ifo= ekuk tkrk gSaA blds vkpeu ls vlk/; jksx Bhd gks tkrs gSaA buds gj ih<+h esa eq> tSlk ihj gksrk jgsxkA rqoajksa dks ;g ojnku nsdj Hkknzin lqnh ,dkn'kh ykSfdd vkSj vykSfdd dk;ksaZa ls izHkkfor gksdj gtkjksa yksx buds Hk‰ cu x;sA Hk‰ fo- la-1442 dks jkensojk fLFkr jkeljksoj rkykc ds fdukjs jkensoth us thfor bUgas Hkxoku fo".kq dk nloka vorkj ^dfYd* ekudj iwtk djus yxsA HkkVh mxelh] lekf/k ys yhA20 es?koky /kk:] jkBkSM+ 'kkld efYyukFk th ,oa mudh iRuh :ikns] xqtjkr ds tSly jkensoth dh lekf/k LFky ij fo'kky eafnj cuk gqvk gSA ;g tSlyesj ftys vkSj mudh iRuh rksykns] MkyhckbZ buds ije Hk‰ ,oa f'k"; cu x;sA jkensoth ds dh iksdj.k rglhy eq[;ky; ls 13 fd-eh- iwoZ esa fLFkr gSaA tgka Hkknzin lqnh ekSlsjs HkkbZ gM+cwth lka[kyk us Hkh jkensoth ls gh izsfjr gksdj vL=&'kL= dk dk R;kx xq: ckydukFkth ls nh{kk izkIr dh FkhA14 rRdkyhu ;qx ^/keZ* iz/kku FkkA f}rh;k ls ,dkn'kh rd fo'kky esyk yxrk gS] blesa lHkh lEiznk;ksa ds xjhc ls xjhc fgUnw&eqfLye nksuksa leqnk; /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa ls izHkkfor gksdj lSdM+ksa o"kksZa ls ;qº vkSj cM+s ls cM+s vf/kdkjh] m|ksxifr] jktusrk] izns'k ds eq[;ea=h] dsUnzh; ea=h djrs vk jgs Fks] O;FkZ gh tu&/ku dks u"V dj jgs FksA tkrh; ,oa /keZ ds vga ls xzLr bR;kfn f'kjdr djrs gSa] ckck ls veu pSu dh nqvk ekaxrs gSaA [kq'kgkyh dh dkeuk gksdj funksZ"k yksxksa dh gR;k,a dj nsrs FksA yEcs le; ls pys vk jgs bl la?k"kZ dks djrs gSaA ;gka ij jktLFkku gh ugha ns'k&fons'k ds Jºkyq ckck ds n'kZu gsrq igqaprs gSaA lekIr djus gsrq jkensoth us eqfLye ikap ihjksa dks viuk peRdkj fn[kkdj viuk ;g la[;k yk[kksa esa igqaprh gSaA vuq;k;h cuk fy;kA mUgksaus jkensoth dks ^ihjksa dk ihj* crkdj mUgsa flº iq#"k jkensoth ds ijps (vykSfdd dk;Z) ?kksf"kr fd;kA blls os eqfLye leqnk; ds ^jkelk ihj* ds :i esa vkjk/; cu x;s ckck jkensoth dk vn~Hkwr O;f‰Ro FkkA mudk lEiw.kZ thou pfj= ,d ds vkSj mUgksaus loZizFke e/;;qxhu izns'k esa lkEiznkf;d ln~Hkkouk dh LFkkiuk dhA15 ckn ,d peRdkj izdV djrk gSaA muds vykSfdd d`R;ksa dk yksd lkfgR; esa 202 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 403 404 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 fuEukuqlkj fooj.k feyrk gS %& gSA mlus rRdky xqnM+h gVkus dh dksf'k'k dh exj og xqnM+h nzksinh dk phj cu 1- firk vteky dks }kfjdk esa iznr opu fuHkkuk& raoj vtekyth dks xbZA rc HkSjo Mj dj Hkkxus yxkA jkensoth us xq: ckydukFk ls vkKk ysdj HkSjo muds vkjk/;nso }kfjdk/kh'k Jh d`".k }kjk iznr opukuqlkj dqae daqe ds ^in fpUg* dks idM+ fy;kA HkSjo }kjk {kek ;kpuk djds izk.kksa dh Hkh[k ekaxus ij jkensoth us 25 cuuk ,oa cM+s iq= ohjenso ds ikyus esa peRd`r :i ls ckyd ds :i esa izdV gksukA mls ,d xqQk esa Mkydj ml ij flyk ljdk nhA jkensoth dk izFke ipkZ ekuk tkrk gSA21 ft.k dkj.k gj vorjS] flejFk ckr lbZA 26 2- ekrk eS.kkns dk la'k; fuokj.k& vtekyth }kjk jkensoth ds vorj.k HkkSe clkosa fiNe jh] nylh nSr nbZAA lEcU/kh jgL; eS.kkns dks crkus ij Hkh ekrk es.kkns ds eu esa la'k; jg x;k Fkk] ftls 5- lkjFkh;k [kkrh dks iquthZfor djuk& jkensoth dk ,d cky lgpj tkudj jkensoth us jlksbZ esa xeZ gks jgs nw/k dks mQuus ls jksddj la'k; nwj fd;kA22 lkjFkh;k [kkrh FkkA ftldh vkdfLed e`R;q gksus ij mldks iqu% thfor djds mldh ekrk dh ihM+k nwj dhA27 3- nthZ dks peRdkj fn[kkuk& ckyd jkensoth us ekrk ls ?kksM+s ij ?kweus dk gB fd;kA ckyd dks cgykus gsrq ekrk eS.kkns us nthZ dks cqykdj mls ,d ?kksM+k 6- Ikap ihjksa dks ijpk nsuk& jkensoth ds vykSfdd peRdkjksa ,oa ijkÿe cukus gsrq dherh diM+k ns fn;kA nthZ us dherh o u;k oL= vius ikl j[k fy;k dh [;krh lqudj fgUnw gh ugha eqlyeku Hkh muds vuq;k;h cuus yxsA ;g lqudj vkSj iqjkus oL= dk ?kksM+k cukdj fn;kA rc jkensoth ml ij cSBs vkSj cSBrs gh og eDdk enhuk ds ikap flºgLr ihj jkensoth dh ijh{kk gsrw jkensojk vk;sA ml le; ?kksM+k vkdk'k esa mM+ x;kA bl izdkj mUgksaus diM+s ds ?kksM+s esa izk.k Mky fn;s] vUrfj{k jkensoth vius uhys ?kksM+s dks taxy esa ?kkl pjk jgs FksA ihjksa dk cM+k vknj lRdkj fd;k vkSj muls ?kj pyus dk vkxzg fd;kA rc ihj ogha /kwi esa cSB x;s] jkensoth esa mM+kdj lHkh dks peRdkj fn[kk;k FkkA23 dks Hkh vius le{k fcBk fn;kA ihjksa us vius nkrqu dks phjdj ogka tehu esa xkM+ fn;s 3- HkSjo jk{kl dk o/k djuk& ckck jkensoth us HkSjo uked ÿwj nkuo dk rFkk gkFk ≈ij ls ?kqek;k rks ogka ikap ihiy ds isM+ yx x;s jkensoth ihjksa dk ;g neu djus ,oa vketu dk mºkj djus ds fy;s vorkj fy;k FkkA bl lEcU/k esa ,d peRdkj ns[kdj mudk mn~ns'; le> x;sA fQj os jkensoth ds ?kj igqapsA tgka mUgsa yksdokrkZ feyrh gS fd iksdj.k ds ikl ,d lkryesj uked xkao FkkA ogka ,d Hkkstu dh euqgkj dhA ihjksa us dgk fd os vius crZu eDdk esa Hkwy x;s gSA jkensoth ekgs'ojh ^HkwrM+k* xkS= dk cfu;k jgrk FkkA mlds ikl vUu&/ku cgqr Fkk ijUrq larku us dgk fd ^izse esa fu;eksa dk cU/ku ugha gksrk gSA* ysfdu ihj ugha ekus rc jkensoth ugha FkhA og xq# ckydukFk dh fuR; lsok djrk FkkA ,d fnu mlus ckydukFkth ls us vykSfdd peRdkj Lo:i viuh Hkqtk ilkjh vkSj mu ihjksa ds gh dVksjs tks muds dgk fd ^ckck /ku rks cgqr gSa exj bls [kkus okyk dksbZ ugha gSaA* ckydukFkth us fpfUgr fd, gq, Fks] mUgsa mu ikap ihjksa ds le{k viuk&viuk dVksjk j[k fn;kA ;g ÿks/k esa dgk fd ^,slk iq= gksxk tks lkjs xkao dks [kk tk;sxkA* dqN le; ckn mlds ns[kdj ihj cM+s fofLer gq,A ihjksa us dgk] vki Js"B ihj gksA ftruh nwjh esa i`Foh gSa iq= gqvk] ftldk uke HkSjo j[kk x;kA ;g ckyd cpiu ls gh nq"V izd`fr dk FkkA ogka rd gekjk peRdkj pyrk gSa ij ikuh ds ikj gekjh djkekr dke ugha djrh gSaA mlds vkard ls =Lr yksx xkao NksM+dj vU;= tk clsA HkSjo jkst ckyhukFk ds n'kZu vkius leqnz ikj ls dVksjs eaxok;s gSaA rqe gels cM+s djkekrh gksA vkt ls vki gekjs gsrq tkrk FkkA ckydukFk ds cgqr le>kus ij Hkh og nkuoh xq.k ugha NksM+ ldkA24 ihj gks ge vkids f'k"; gSaA bl peRdkj ds QyLo:i jkensoth eqfLye leqnk; ds ,d fnu ckyd jkensoth ^nkSVk nM+h* vius cky l[kkvksa ds lkFk [ksy jgs vkjk/; ,oa ^jkelk ihj* ds :i esa fo[;kr gks x;sA28 FksA jkensoth us xsan dkss tksj ls pksV ekjh] ftlls xsan cgqr nwj pyh xbZA ftls s v'kqHk vkSj feF;k ckrsa 7- raojk jh [;kr] cLrk ua- 101 xza- 13] jkt- v- chdkusj (tks-js-) D;ksa dgh\ jkensoth us dgk fd gM+cw! bl lalkj esa fofHkUu izdkj ds yksx jgrs gSa] 8- jkensojk dh ckoMh+ esa fLFkr f'kykys[k Jh ewypan ^izk.ks'k* ('kks/k lgk;d)] Hkkjrh; dg ugha ldrs fd dkSu lR; gSa vkSj dkSu feF;k gS& fo|keafnj 'kks/k&izfr"Bku] chdkusj ds lkStU; ls lkHkkj izkIr gq, gSA 9- fo'uksbZ] lksukjke] ckck jkensoth dh izkekf.kd thouh] i`- 81 dsbZ uj lkpk gM+cw] dsbZ uj dwM+kA 10- ikrkor] Hkokuhflag] iwoksZDr] i`- 25 33 lkp& dwM+ jk Hksn fd.k tk.;kAA 11- fo'uksbZ] lksukjke] ckck jkenso bfrgkl ,oa lkfgR;] i`- 80 HksaV okrkZ ds i'pkr~ jkensoth us jru dVksjk rFkk ,d lksgu pqfV;k ?kj ij nsus 12- lkyoh] lqjs'k] jktLFkkuh yksd laLd`fr ,oa yksd nsoh&nsork] i`- 174 gsrq gM+cwth dks fn;k ,oa dgk fd rqe ?kj pyks eSa vHkh vk;kA gM+cwth us vteky 13- ckjB] ujir] jktLFkku dk lkaLd`frd xkSjo] i`- 35 th ds ?kj igqap dj 'kksd larIr ifjokj dks jkensoth ds vHkh feyus dh ckr crkbZ 14- VkWM] duZy tsEl] ,ukYl ,.M ,.VhDohVht vkWQ jkt- Hkkx&1] i`- 104 ,oa pqfV;k ,oa dVksjk nsdj ckr dh iqf"V Hkh dhA tks jkensoth dks muds ekrk ,oa 15- jkensoth jks flyksdks] v- la- yk- chdkusj] xza- 277 ([k) ifjf'k"V Hkkx&[k] la- 1 16- fo'uksbZ] lksukjke] iwoksZDr] i`- 93]94 HkkbZ ohjensoth }kjk migkj Lo:i lekf/k esa lkFk j[ks x;s FksA 17- ojnk] o"kZ 14] vad 2 vizSy&twu 1971] euksgj 'kekZ] i`- 17 rc jkensoth ds oa'ktksa ,oa ifjtuksa us gM+cwth dks lkFk ysdj jkensoth dks 18- ikFks; d.k (ikf{kd)] o"kZ 21] vad 15] 16 uoEcj 2008 ij 20- xqIrk] eksguyky] jktLFkku Kku dks'k] i`- 455 204 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 407 21- HkkVh] gjth] ck.kh la- 32 (futh laxzg) 22- Naxk.kh] f'kojkt] yksdnso jkelkihj] i`- 48 23- HkkVh] gjth] ck.kh la- 81 (futh laxzg) 24- HkkVh] gjth] ck.kh la- 87 e/;dkyhu if'peh jktLFkku esa ^es?koky&lekt* 25- HkkVh] iq"ik] iwoksZDr] i`- 130 26- HkkVh] gjth] ck.kh la- 54 esa lrh&izFkk ,oa ifjorZu & ,d v/;;u 27- HkkVh] gjth] jkensoth jkS C;koM+ykS] ck.kh la- 52 vkseizdk'k HkkVh 28- fo'uksbZ] lksukjke] ckck jkenso dh izkekf.kd thouh] i`- 45 29- HkkVh] gjth] ck.kh la- 87 izkphu dky esa gekjs ns'k esa fo/kokvksa dk lrh gksuk ,d /kkfeZd d`R; ekuk 30- HkkVh] gjth] ck.kh la- 87 tkrk FkkA ^lrh* dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ ^vej* vFkok ^lR;* ij fLFkj jgus okyh gSaA lrh 31- fo'uksbZ] lksukjke] iwoksZDr] i`- 96 32- oS".ko] Hkaojyky] iwoksZDr] i`- 60 ds fy, izkphu dky esa gekjs ;gk° ^vUokjksg.k* (e`r ifr ds lkFk fprk ij p<+uk)] 33- fo'uksbZ] lksukjke] iwoksZDr] i`- 98 ^lgxeu* (e`r ifr dk vuqxeu djuk)] ^lgej.k* (e`r ifr ds lkFk ejuk)] ^vuqej.k* (ifr dgha ij ej tkrk vkSj mls tyk fn;k vkSj mldh HkLe ;k iknqdk ds lkFk ;k fcuk fdlh fpUg ds ifr dh e`R;q ds lekpkj tkuus ds ckn mlds ihNs ejuk) vkfn 'kCn iz;qDr gksrs FksA1 Hkkjr esa izkphu dky esa laHkor;k lrh izFkk dk dkj.k ^ifrozR; dh Hkkouk* jgh gksxhA dgha&dgha ij bls (lrh izFkk) L=h dks ifr dk fo;ksx vf/kdkf/kd vl· izrhr gksus ij lrh gksuk crk;k gSaA e/;dkyhu ekjokM+2 esa bl izFkk ds vR;f/kd izpyu ds ihNs fuf'pr :i ls /kkfeZd dkj.k jgkA bl dkj.k Hkh rRdkyhu ^ukjh oxZ* bl vksj vkd`"V gqvkA LoxZizkfIr] iq.;ykHk dh izkfIr] ;'kdhfrZ vkfn vU; dkj.k jgsA rRdkyhu vlqjf{kr jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ukjh ds fy, vius lrhRo /keZ dh j{kk nq"dj dk;Z FkkA D;ksafd e/;dkyhu ;qx esa ;qºksa dh vf/kdrk o fo/kehZ 'k=qvksa }kjk 'khyHkax o dqy dyad dk Hk; lnSo cuk jgrk FkkA vkt ?kjs lklw dgS] gj[k vpk.kd dkeA cgq cˇsok gqˇlS] iwr ejsck tk;AA vFkkZr~& lrh izFkk tSls eaxy voljksa dks g"kksZYykl ls lkFk euk;s tkus dh ijEijk FkhA e/;dkyhu if'peh jktLFkku (ekjokM+) esa lfr;ksa ds mnkgj.k fuEu gSa& jktk&egkjktkvksa ds ihNs mudh ifRu;ka] iklokus] iM+nk;rsa] xk;f.k;ka vkfn lrh gqvk djrh FkhA ekjokM+ ds 'kkldksa tSls jko lhgk ds ihNs lksyadh jkuh ikoZrh] jko ekynso ds ihNs laor~ 1619 esa jkuh mekns HkfV;k.kh] eksVk jktk ds ihNs 4 jkfu;k°] tloarflag (izFke) ds ihNs 5 jkfu;k°] vthrflag ds ihNs laor~ 1900 esa 1 jkuh] 4 iM+nk;ras vkSj ,d nklh lrh gqbZ FkhA3 205 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 409 410 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 fofHkUu lektksa esa lrh izFkk&ekjokM+ esa jktiwr tkfr ds lkFk&lkFk vksloky] (4) [kstM+yh&;gk° ij djek ckbZ ds lrh gksus dk mYys[k vkrk gSaA bldh czk„.k] es?koky rFkk budh ledkyhu mitkfr;ksa esa Hkh L=h ds ifr ds lkFk lrh tkudkjh es?koky ds jko us miyC/k djokbZA ijUrq buls lacaf/kr Lekjd dks bfrgkl gksus ds izek.k gesa izkIr gksrs gSaA gkykafd jktiwr tkfr ds bfrgkl dks fy[kus okys mu lgstdj j[kus esa vlQy jgkA budk lrh gksus dk le; vKkr gSaA10 jktkvksa ds njckjh lkfgR;dkj] pkj.k rFkk HkkV gksrs FksA tks budk egkRe; c<+k&p<+k (5) iksdj.k11&(d) pu.kka ckbZ& iksdj.k esa vFkw.kk rkykc dh iky ij dj izLrqr djrs FksA tcfd vketu esa izpfyr fofHkUu izFkk,a rFkk rRdkyhu lekt QkYxqu lqnh 14 foÿe laor~ 1362 dks pu.kka ckbZ] uhackth ds lkFk lrh gqbZ FkhA esa ?kVus okyh izeq[k ?kVukvksa dk ys[kk&tks[kk djus okyk dksbZ ugha FkkA ;fn bfrgkl ([k) :ika ckbZ& iksdj.k esa :ika ckbZ exlj lqnh 8 foÿe laor~ 1642 dks esa ubZ ?kVukvksa dk dgha o.kZu fd;k Hkh x;k gSa rks og ux.; gh dgk tk;sxkA ysfdu ewykth ds lkFk lrh gqbZ FkhA fQj Hkh gesa lrh izFkk ds ckjs esa rRdkyhu lkfgR; rFkk fofHkUu lekt fo'ks"k ds (x) xksjka ckbZ&iksdj.k esa gh xksjka ckbZ QkYxqu lqnh 10 foÿe laor~ 1437 jko&HkkVksa ds cfg;ksa vkfn ls tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSaA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd 4 dks :ikth ds lkFk rkykc dh iky ij lrh gqbZA buds 10 yM+ds gq,] ftuls 10 xkS= lrh&izFkk ,d ijEijk ds :i esa lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZa esa O;kIr FkhA pysA es?koky lekt&es?koky tkfr lekt dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax jgh gSaA bl (6) tk;y (ukxkSj)&tk;y esa /kwykackbZ vxq.kk rkykc ij xksyk dh iky ij tkfr dks nfyr] ghu] fiNM+h gqbZ vkfn dgk tkrk jgk gSaA ns'k ;k loZdkyhu lekt xqekuth ds lkFk pS= lqnh 11 foÿe laor~ 1107 dks lrh gqbZA ;gk° iky ij budk dks tc tc vko';drk iM+h gSa] rc rc es?koky lekt esa vkxs c<+dj viuk pcwrjk th.kZ&'kh.kZ voLFkk esa gSaA12 cfynku nsdj viuh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk iznf'kZr dh gSA ijUrq bl lekt esa Hkh vU; (7) ijcrlj&;gk° ij iqjkackbZ vxq.kk rkykc ij uhackth ds lkFk pS= lqnh rFkkdfFkr ≈°ps lektksa dh rjg lrh izFkk dk gesa izek.k feyrk gSA ftldh tkudkjh 11 foÿe laor~ 1642 dks lrh gqbZA bl rkykc ij fufeZr budh lekf/k le; ds es?koky lekt ls lacaf/kr jko rFkk HkkVksa dh cfg;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk rRdkyhu lkfgR; FkisM+ksa ls yqIr gks pqdh gSaA13 esa Hkh izkIr gksrh gSaA5 bl es?koky lekt esa fuEufyf[kr lfr;ksa ds mnkgj.k izek.k lfgr izkIr gksrs gSa%& (8) tquh C;koj&bl LFkku ij lsjka ckbZ Jko.k lqnh 5 foÿe laor~ 1793 dks dkywth ds lkFk lrh gqbZ FkhA14 (1) tks/kiqj& tks/kiqj ds esgjkux<+ nqxZ ds fuekZ.k ds le; jktkjke6] mldh ekrk dslj rFkk firk eksg.klh us foÿe laor~ 1516] tsB lqn 11] okj 'kfuokj (12 (9) ukSd&bl dLcs ds rkykc dh iky ij dqykackbZ dkfrZd lqnh 11 foÿe laor~ 1664 esa [ksrkth ds lkFk lrh gqbZA15 ebZ 1459 bZLoh) dks nqxZ dh uhao esa thfor cfynku fn;k FkkA ^dslj* ds lrh gksus dh iqf"V rRdkyhu jktk }kjk iznRr rkezi= ls gksrh gSaA blds vykok jko izgykn (10) tSlyesj esa lfr;ka16 fuoklh iky dh iksFkh Hkh ;g n'kkZrh gSaA lkFk gh lu~ 1899 dk nLrkost ^'kkgiqjk js (d) HkwjhckbZ& tSlyesj esa HkwjhckbZ ikS"k lqnh 1 foÿe laor~ 1441 dks Hkkafc;ksa js pkdjh jh foxr* Hkh ;g tkudkjh iznku djrk gSaA ;g fjiksVZ 17 uoEcj lsokth ds lkFk lrh gqbZA 1899 dks 'kkgiqjk ds es?kokyksa us viuh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks lq/kkjus gsrq enn ds fy, ([k) QwykackbZ& QkYxqu lqnh 11 foÿe laor~ 1542 dks psukth ds lkFk is'k dh FkhA7 lrh gqbZA (2) e.Mksoj (orZeku esa e.Mksj)&u;k rkykc ij exlj lqnh 5 foÿe (x) pu.kkackbZ& exlj lqnh 13 foÿe laor~ 1622 dks gjth ds lkFk lrh laor~ 1544 dks xksjka ckbZ] djelhth ds lkFk lrh gqbZ FkhA orZeku esa u;k rkykc gqbZA yqIr gks x;k gSa vkSj ;gk° ij es?koky cLrh rFkk jsyos V™sd o LVs'ku vkckn gSaA ;gk° ij (?k) pEikckbZ&pS= cnh 13 foÿe laor~ 1542 dks yk[kkth ds lkFk lrh 8 budk pcwrjk Hkh cuk gqvk gSaA tks bldk thrk tkxrk izek.k gSaA gqbZA (3) ?kfV;kyh&;gk° ij jkeka ckbZ ds lrh gksus ds izek.k tks/kiqj ds jko&HkkVksa (M+) lqUnjckbZ&exlj lqnh 12 foÿe laor~ 1441 dks rstkth ds lkFk lrh dh cfg;ksa ls izkIr gksrs gSaA ijUrq lrh gksus dk dky vKkr gSaA9 gqbZA 206 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 411 412 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 (p) iUuhckbZ&exlj lqnh 7 foÿe laor~ 1337 isekth ds lkFk lrh gqbZA lanHkZ (N) ekukackbZ&pS= lqnh 7 foÿe laor~ 1522 Mwaxkth ds lkFk lrh gqbZA 1- f=ikBh] pUnzcyh] Hkkjrh; lekt esa ukjh vkn'kksZa dk fodkl 2- 'kekZ] th-,u-] Social Life in Medival Rajasthan (t) nsokackbZ& pS= lqnh 11 foÿe laor~ 1535 ykykth ds lkFk lrh gqbZA 3- MkW- foÿeflag&jktLFkku dh laLdd`fr esa ukjh (>) l:ikackbZ& exlj lqnh 7 foÿe laor~ 1522 ihFkkth ds lkFk lrh 4- Lokeh xksdqynkl] es?koa'k bfrgkl (Ωf"k iqjk.k) gqbZA 5- uoy] pUnuey] ekjokM+ dk vej 'kghn jktkjke es?koky lekt esa lrh gqbZ fofHkUu fL=;ksa esa ls mijksDr mnkgj.k rks ukeek= 6- ogh ds gSaA tks gesa fofHkUu L=ksrksa ls izkIr gksrs gSaA ,slh vufxur fL=;k° gSa] tks lrh rks gqbZ 7- jk- jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] tks/kiqj& 'kkgiqjk js Hkkafc;ksa js pkdjh jh foxr (1899] ,d fjiksVZ) 8- jko] Hkhdkth] tsBkth HkaxM+ (paMhlk)] eq- Hkkyjok] iks- fraojh (tks/kiqj) gSa ysfdu muds uke vkfn ds ckjs esa gesa dksbZ tkudkjh izkIr ugha gksrh gSaA bfrgkl ds 9- jko izgykn] eq- iks- iky (tks/kiqj) fofHkUu 'kks/kdRrkZvksa rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s ;g 'kks/k dk ,d vPNk fo"k; gks ldrk 10- jko uanjke o xaxkjketh (paMhlk)] eksfy;k] iks- lkstr jksM+ (ikyh) gSaA 11- jko] :ipan o gjnsoth (paMhlk)] eq-iks- iksdj.k] jko] iUukjke o ujflagth >kadkjk] eq- pqukSfr ,oa ifjorZu&vdcj] jkuh vfgY;kckbZ gksYdj] ejkBk&is'kok] flD[k djkM+h] iks- vmok xq: vejnkl vkfn ds }kjk Hkh lrh&izFkk dks jksdus ds fofHkUu iz;kl fd;s x;sA17 12- jko] [ksrkjketh HkkbZ Mwaxkjketh oYn izHkqth (paMhlk)] eq- [kkfj;k] iks- fcykM+k (tks/ 19oha&20oha 'krkCnh Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ^iqutkZxj.k&dky* ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSaA kiqj) 13- jko Hkksikyth o eksrhjketh] eksVkjke o eksrhjke (paMhlk)] eq-iks- ijcrlj] ukxkSj bl lnh esa lekt lq/kkj ,oa /keZ lq/kkj vkanksyu gq,A Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa /kkfeZd 14- jko&HkkV lqok o [kqekth] eq- [ksM+k] iks- C;koj] vtesj laiznk;ksa esa O;kIr cqjkb;ksa ,oa /kkfeZd vkMEcjksa dks bl vkanksyu ds usr`Ro }kjk nwj 15- jko gjnkuth o isekth (paMhlk)] eq- jk;iqjk] iks- paMkoy] ikyh djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh us vk;Z lekt (1875)] jktk 16- jko] :ipUn o gjnso th (paMhlk) dh cgh] eq- iks- iksdj.k] tSlyesj rFkk jko] tksxkjkt jkeeksgu jk; us cz„ lekt (1828)] xksfoUnHkkbZ jkukMs us izkFkZuk lekt (1849)] o xaxkjketh (paMhlk) eq- lkaxfj;k] iks- fj;ka T;ksfr ck Qqys us lR; 'kks/kd lekt (1873)] CyksokRldh o gsujh vkYdkV us 17- ikjk'kj] fpjathyky] ukjh vkSj lekt fFk;kslksfQdy lkslk;Vh (1882) rFkk Lokeh foosdkuUn us jked`".k fe'ku (1897) 18- egktu] oh-Mh-] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl dh LFkkiuk dhA bu lekt o /keZ lq/kkjdksa }kjk Hkkjrh; lekt dks ,d ubZ fn'kk 19- MkW- foÿeflag] jktLFkku dh laLd`fr esa ukjh feyhA18 20- vjksM+k] MkW- 'kf'k] jktLFkku esa ukjh dh fLFkfr jktk jkeeksgu jk; ds iz;klksa ls rRdkyhu xouZj tujy ykMZ fofy;e cSafVd us 4 fnlEcj 1829 bZLoh dks ^lrh izFkk fujks/kd dkuwu* cuk;kA if'peh jktLFkku ds fofHkUu jktkvksa us lrh izFkk ds mUewyu gsrq dkuwu cuk;s FksA ekjokM+ esa Hkh rRdkyhu 'kkld egkjktk r[rflag us 1849 bZLoh esa lrh izFkk fojks/kh dkuwu cuk;k FkkA19 orZeku esa lkekftd ifjorZu ds lkFk ge ns[krs gSa fd lrh izFkk dks t?kU; o ccZj vijk/k ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSaA bls jksdus ds fy, jktLFkku ljdkj us u;k v/;kns'k tkjh fd;kA oSls lrh izFkk fujks/kd dkuwu rks igys cuk gqvk Fkk gh ij bls efgek&ef.Mr djus dh izo`fr dks jksdus ds fy, 01 vDVwcj 1987 dks ^jktLFkku lrh fujks/kd* v/;kns'k ykxw fd;k x;kA ;g u;k v/;kns'k jktLFkku ds gh lhdj ftys fnojkyk xk°o esa :idaoj ds lrh gksus ds ckn ykxw fd;k x;kA rkfd ,slh ,d Hkh ?kVuk nqckjk ?kfVr u gks ldsA20 207 414 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 mYys[k mn;iqj ds n/kokfM+;k pkj.k dfo [ksejkt us bu 'kCnksa esa fd;k gSµ Hkk.kjs fd;ks HkkjFk Hkeku] ekjs dbZ fgUnq eqlyekuA 'kh"kksn dea/k [kkxak p<+k;] tn jko nRrk.kh thr ik;AA nŸkk.kh [ksr % ,d foLe`r ;qº nRrk.kh [ksr jks fcj/k nh/k] dbZ lks<+ izokM+k v"kkdh/k A MkW- dqlqe jkBkSM+ ,dkou cjl tho;ks vukM] thrks fut ckou egkjkM+AA "kkfyvk ykM dfo;k vikj] lkl.k pksjklh fnO;k lkjA4 pkSgkukas dh ukMksy 'kk[kk ls tkyksj] lkapksj] flokuk] cawnh] dksVk] xkxjksu vkSj lks<&lqjrku] izokM+k (dk;)] vukM+ ohj jko lqj=k.k ,dkou o"kZ rd ft;s fljksgh ds pkSgku oa'kksa dk vH;qn;1 gqvkA eqfLye vkÿe.kksa ds ifj.kke Lo:i ftlesa mUgksaus dqy NksVh eksVh 52 yM+kb;ka yM+h vkSj mu lc esa fot;h izkIr dhA tkyksj] lkapksj] flokuk ds pkSgku oa'kksa dk vfLrRo lekIr gks x;k] fdUrq dksVk] cawnh] muds }kjk yM+s x;s izeq[k ;qº Fksµigyk dkyUnzh dk ;qºA nwljk vkSj lcls fljksgh ds pkSgku oa'k viuk vfLrRo vkt rd dk;e j[ks gq, gS gkykafd buds jkT; egRoiw.kZ ;qº nŸkk.kh [ksr dk ;qº Fkk ftls fljksgh jkT; ds bfrgkl esa gYnh?kkVh ds Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn jktLFkku jkT; esa foyhu dj fy;s x,A duZy VkWM us Hkh bl ;qº tSlh egRrk izkIr gSA ckr dk mYys[k fd;k gS fd pkSgkukas dh ,d cM+h 'kk[kk ukMksy vkbZ ftldk igyk nRrk.kh {ks= fljksgh jkT; esa fxjoj ls 6 ehy mŸkj&if'pe esa vkcwjksM+ ls jktk jko yk[k.k FkkA (pkSgku okDifrjkt ds rhu iq=ksa (flagjkt] y{e.k] oRljkt) yxHkx 15 fd-eh- dh nwjh ij nŸkk.kh xako esa fLFkr gS] nŸkk.kh dk ;qº nŸkk.kh xkao esa ls y{e.k (yk[k.klh) us ukMksy ds pkSgku jkT; dh LFkkiuk dhaA blh ukMksy ls iwoZ fn'kk esa vkcw dh nf{k.kh&if'peh ioZr Js.kh ds uhps gqvk FkkA orZeku esa 'kk[kk ls ckn esa tkyksj] fljksgh] cawnh o dksVk ds pkSgku oa'k LFkkfir gq,A) mlus fo- nŸkk.kh xkao esa ,d tSu efUnj] ,d nsoh eka dk VwVk gqvk efUnj rFkk flºs'oj uke dk l- 1039 (bZ- l- 982) esa vfUgyokMk ds jko ls ;g ijxuk NhukA ukMksy ds izflº f'koky; gSA5 nŸkk.kh {ks= fljksgh jkT; esa esokM+ {ks= esa fLFkr gYnh?kkVh pkSgku jko vkYg.knso ds le; esa fo-l-1218 ds rkezi= rFkk vpys'oj eafnj esa j.k[ksr dh Hkkafr gh izflº gS fdUrq vHkh rd jktLFkku ds bfrgkl i`"Bksa esa ;g 2 fLFkr fo- l- 1377 (bZ- 1320) ds ys[k ls bl ckr dh iqf"V gksrh gS A foLe`r gSA blh nŸkk.kh esa fo- l- 1640 (bZ-l- 1583) esa fljksgh ds jko lqj=k.k us tkyksj ds jktk lej flag dk iq= vkSj mn;flag dk HkkbZ ekuflag gqvk] fnYyh ds ckn'kkg vdcj dh lsuk dks /kwy pVk nhA og vdcj ckn'kkg ftldk ftlds oa'k esa fljksgh ds orZeku jktdrkZ gSA dhfrZiky (ukMksy ds 'kkld vkYg.k fgUnqLrku Hkj esa fot;h ijpe Qgjk jgk Fkk] jktiqrkus ds lkjs jktiwr jkT; ckn'kkg ds iq= dhfrZiky mQZ dhrw us firk ls izkIr ukjykbZ dh 12 xako dh tkxhjh ls larq"V ds lkeus ureLrd (esokM dks NksM+dj) gks jgs Fks] mldh v/khurk ekudj mlds u gksdj vius Loijkÿe ls tkyksj o fdjkMq ds ijekj jktkvkas dks ijkftr dj tkyksj jxaegy esa viuh jktiwr jktdqekfj;ksa ds Mksys Hkst jgs FksA ysfdu flQZ esokM+ o esa vyx ls jkT;xn~nh dj LFkkiuk dh vkSj muds oa'ktksa dk vf/kdkj (LFkkiuk 1178 fljksgh jkT; gh ,sls jgs ftUgksaus ckn'kkg dh v/khurk Lohdkj ugha dh rFkk uk gh dksbZ bZ-) Lo.kZfxjh (tkyksj) ij jgus ds dkj.k os lksuxjk ds uke ls izflº gq,]3 ijUrq Mksyk ckn'kkg ds egyks esa HkstkA6 1568 bZ- esa fpŸkkSM dks [kksus ds ckn Hkh egkjk.kk dhfrZiky ds ikS= mn;flag ds HkkbZ ekuflag ds oa'ktksa us tkyksj ls gVdj i`Fkd jkT; mn;flag us ftl izdkj 'kkgh v/khurk Lohdkj ugha dh] mlh izdkj vkcw dks gLrxr LFkkfir djus dk LoIu ns[kk vkSj viuk ifjp; nsoM+ksa ds :i esa fn;kA djus gsrq fljksgh ds egkjko ekuflag ds le; esa Hkh dbZ ckj 'kkgh vkÿe.k gq, fdUrq pkSgkuksa dh blh nsoM+k 'kk[kk esa esokM+ ds egkjk.kk izrki dh Hkkafr ,d ohj o os lHkh vlQy jgsA bl izdkj egkjk.kk mn;flag ds mŸkjkf/kdkjh egkjk.kk izrki o Lora=rk izseh 'kkld gq, os Fks jko lqj=k.k] ftUgsa lkekU; cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa jko egkjko ekuflag ds mŸkjkf/kdkjh egkjko lqj=k.k us Hkh 'kkgh v/khurk dks Lohdkj ugha lqjrku Hkh dgk tkrk gSA jko lqjrku fljksgh ds 'kkld ekuflag ds nŸkd iq= ds :i fd;kA ,d pkj.k dfo us nksukas jktkvksa dh iz'kalk esa dgk gSµ esa mŸkjkf/kdkjh cus FksA tc jko ekuflag dh vkcw ioZr ij dYyk ijekj us oa'k oSj vdcj u`Ik ir'kkg vxs] gks; Hkzr tksM+s gkFk o'k dVkj ekj dj gR;k dj nh] rc e`R;q ls iwoZ mUgksaus vius ljnkjksa dks muds ckn ukFk mn;iqj u uE;ks] uE;ks u vjcqn ukFk 7 lqjrku Hkk.kkor dks fljksgh dh xn~nh ij fcBkus dk vkns'k fn;kA fdUrq blds fy, fljksgh esa nsoM+k pkSgkuksa ds bfrgkl esa bl nŸkk.kh [ksr ds ;qº dk cgqr egRo mUgksaus dbZ yM+kb;ka yM+h o lc eas fot; Jh izkIr dhA mudh blh miyfC/k dk gSA nŸkk.kh dh yM+kbZ ckfolh dVh bl uke ls izflº gS vkSj vusd HkkV o pkj.k 208 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 415 416 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 dfo;ksa us bl ;qº ds vusd xhr dfoŸk jps gSaA bl ;qº dh i`"BHkwfe bl izdkj ls tkxhj nh Fkh) vkSj nkarhokMk ds dksyhflag dh v/khurk esa 'kkgh QkSt HksthA jko gSµ lqj=k.k Hkh fljksgh ds egyks dks NksM vkcw ds igkM+ks ij pys x,A lqj=k.k dk ihNk chdkusj ds jktk jk;flag lkSjk"V™ tkrs le; fljksgh jkT; ls xqtjs (fo-l- djrs gq, xako nŸkk.kh esa fllksfn;k txeky vkSj jko jk;flag pUnzlsuksr us lsuk lfgr 1633) ml le; egkjko lqj=k.k us mldk Lokxr lRdkj fd;kA pawfd ohtk nsoM+k Msjk MkykA nsoM+k ohtk (otsflag) dks txeky o jk;flag us HkhrjksV ij vkÿe.k Hkh jk;flag ls jk; lqj=k.k ds fo#º feyk rc jk;flag us lqj=k.k ls okrkZyki djrs djus gsrq Hkst fn;kA blh le; ij fo-l- 1640 (bZ-l- 1583) esa nsoM+k lejk dh gq, dgk fd ;fn fljksgh dk vk/kk jkT; ckn'kkg vdcj ds uke dj ns rks ohtk dk jk; ds vuqlkj lqj=k.k us uDdkjk ctkrs gq, 'kkgh QkSt ij vkÿe.k dj fn;kA nksukas fonzksg [kRe gks ldrk gS rc jko lqj=k.k us ohtk ls NqVdkjk ikus gsrq fljksgh dk vk/ lsukvksa ds chp nŸkk.kh esa Hk;adj ;qº gqvkA lqj=k.k us cM+h ohjrk ls yM+kbZ dj kk jkT; ckn'kkg ds uke dj fn;kA jk;flag us ckn'kkg dks lwpuk fHktok nh fd vk/ vrqy ijkÿe dk ifjp; fn;kA txeky fllksfn;k ds lkFk Áfri{k ds fuEufyf[kr kh fljksgh ckn'kkg ds fy, fy[kok nh gS] vc ;g /kjrh pkgs fdlh dks tkxhj esa ns ;k izeq[k ;ksºk bl ;qº esa ekjs x,µjk;flag & tks/kiqj ds jko pUnzlsu dk iq=] bls dj olwyus okys ;gka Hksts8A gkykafd vdcjukek esa bldk fHkUu fooj.k feyrk gSA lkstr dk ijkxuk ckn'kkg us tkxhj Lo:i fn;k FkkA dksyhflg & nkarhokM+k dk blds vuqlkj ckn'kkg us tkyksj ds rkt [kkaW o fljksgh ds lqj=k.k nsoM+k ds fonzksgks tkxhjnkj ;g vius 12 vknfe;ksa ds lkFk ekjk x;kA xksikynkl & ;g fd'kunkl dks 'kkar djus gsrq jk;flag] rjlq [kkaW vkSj lS∏;n gkf'ke ckjgk dks lsuk nsdj HkstkA xaxkor jkBkSM+ dk iq= FkkA lknqy & ;g egs'k dqikaor dk iq= FkkA iq.kZey & ;g lqj=k.k us izfrjks/k ugha fd;k vkSj jk;flag ds ikl mifLFkr gks x;k vkSj ckn'kkg dh ekaM.k dqaikor dk iq= FkkA yq.kdj.k & ;g lqjrka.k xaxkor dk iq= FkkA ds'konkl & lsok esa pyk x;k] fdUrq dqN le; ckn gh og fcuk ckn'kkg dh vkKk ds fljksgh ;g bZljnkl dykor dk iq= FkkA lsajok & ;g >ka>u pkSgku dk iq= FkkA xksjks & ;g okil vk x;kA jk;flag us fljksgh dk ?ksjko fd;kA lqjrku dks vkcw tkuk iM+k] fdUrq jk/kk ifjgkj dk iq= FkkA Hkkax & ;g vHkk ifjgkj dk iq= FkkA nsoks & ;g mnk HkkVh dk ogka Hkh mldk ihNk fd;k x;k rks mlus vkcw jk;flag ds lqiqnZ dj fn;kA blds ckn iq= FkkA usrlh & ;g HkkVh oa'k dk FkkA tSey & ;g Hkh HkkVh oa'k dk FkkA bZlj & jk;flag lqjrku dks ysdj ckn'kkg dh lsok esa mifLFkr gqvk9A fdUrq bl ?kVuk dk ;g pkj.kksa dh ckjgB 'kk[kk dk FkkA fdluk&;g fllksfn;k dh ekaxfy;k 'kk[kk ls mYys[k u rks ledkyhu vU; Qkjlh xzaFkksa rFkk u gh LFkkuh; Úksrks esa feyrk gS FkkA /kak/kw & ;g [ksrlh dk iq= FkkA jrulh&;g HkkVh vklk tks/kkor dk iq= FkkA okLro esa jko us ifjfLFkro'k gh fljksgh dk vk/kk jkT; ckn'kkg dks lqiqnZ fd;k FkkA dkUg&;g HkkVh vekor dk iq= FkkA xksiky&;g ekaxfy;k Hkkst dk iq= FkkA tSlk fd uS.klh dh [;kr ls Li"V gS jko ds ckn'kkg dh lsok esa mifLFkr gksus dk euksgj&;g bZank izfrgkj FkkA jktlh&;g jk/kk eakxfy;k dk iq= FkkA jkek&;g dYyk lgh izek.k ugha feyrk gSA nwljh rjQ esokM+ esa egkjk.kk izrki dh xn~nhu'khuh ls dk [kokl FkkA mnk&;g jkBkSM+ FkkA nkSyr&;g tyscnkj FkkA [ksrk&;g Hkh bZank #"V gksdj mn;flag dk nwljk iq= txeky vdcj ds njckj igaqp x;kA vdcj us izfrgkj FkkA fdluk&;g vlk;p fllksfn;k xksikynkl dk iq= FkkA fgxksy&mgM+ esokM+ ds xkSjo dks u"V djus o izrki o txeky esa QwV Myokus ds mn~ns'; ls nsolh dk ikS= ,oa dka/ky dk iq= FkkA [khok&;g jkBkSM+ tkfr dk FkkA ihFkk& ;g fljksgh dk vk/kk jkT; tkxhj ds :i eas txeky dks ns fn;kA txeky ohtk nsoM+k ds fdluk dk iq= FkkA jkeflag&;g jkBkSM+ tkfr dk FkkA lkbZnkl&lkbZnkl dk iq= FkkA lkFk fljksgh pyk vk;k bl izdkj ,d E;ku esa nks ryokjkas dh Hkkafr vc fljksgh jkT; dpjk& ;g vkgkM+k tkfr dk FkkA10 ;s lHkh jk;flag ds izeq[k ljnkj Fks tks ;qº esa esa nks jktk gks x;sA egkjko lqj=k.k jktegykssa esa jgrs vkSj txeky nwljs edkuksa esaA dke vk;sA pkj.k dfo nqjlk vk<+k (tks Lo;aa bl ;qº esa jk;flag dh rjQ ls ekStwn ,slh fLFkfr vf/kd le; rd ugh jg ldrh Fkh vkSj jgh Hkh ughaA txeky dh iRuh Fkk) us bl ;qº dk vka[kkas ns[kk gky bl izdkj fy[kk gS11µbl ;qº esa egkjko lqj=k.k (tks fljksgh dh jktdqekjh o egkjko ekuflag dh iq=h Fkh) o ohtk nsoM+k us egyksa dk ukeh ljnkj lejflag dke vk;k] ftlds Lekjd dh N=h orZeku le; esa Hkh ij vf/kdkj gsrq txeky dks mdlk;k vkSj ,d fnu tc jko lqj=k.k egyksa ls ckgj nRrk.kh xkao ds xksnajs ij fo|eku gSaA bl ;qº esa flynj ds Mqaxjkor ekaMu dk iq= x;s gq, Fks rks txeky us egyksa ij vkÿe.k dj fn;k fdUrq lksyadh lkaxk] pkj.k dqEHkk Hkh dke vk;k exj mldk Lekjd nRrk.kh esa ugha feyk gSA bl yM+kbZ dk vkfl;k nqnk vkSj vU; jktiwrksa us vkÿe.k foQy dj fn;kA ;g vkÿe.k foQy ifj.kke ;g jgk fd nRrk.kh esa ekSTkwn 'kkgh QkSTk ds lc ljnkj viuh QkSt ds lkFk gksus ij txeky vdcj ds ikl enn gsrq igaqpk rc vdcj us jko jk;flag pUnzlsuksr ekjs x;s vkSj egkjko lqj=k.k dh fu.kkZ;d thr gqbZA nRrk.kh ;qº esa fot; izkIr dj (tks/kiqj ds pUnzlsu dk rhljk iq=] vdcj us mls jko dh inoh nsdj lkstr dh egkjko lqj=k.k us pkSgku dqy dks izflfº fnykbZ] nsoM+k pkSgkuksa dh dhfrZ tx izflº 209 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 417 418 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 gqbZA nqjlk vk<+k us blh iz'kalk esa ;g dfor jpkµ^^uUnfxjh ujs'k] dVkj ca/k 6- nslkbZ] yYyqHkkbZ HkheHkkbZ] pkSgku dqy dYinzqe (Hkkx&1) jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] tks/kiqj pgqvk.k] nRrk.kh [ksrjk] tsr tqgkjA** bl izdkj nRrk.kh esa ckn'kkg vdcj dh Hksth (2009) i`- 240 'kkgh QkSt dh cqjh rjg ls gkj gqbZ vkSj FkksMs+ ls vkneh gh cpdj Hkkx ik;sA egkjko 7- ogh] i`- 241 jk;flag dk uDdkjk (;g uDdkjk vHkh rd fljksgh esa j[kk gqvk gS] tks/kiqj egkjktk 8- eqgrk uS.klh jh [;kr (Hkkx&1) egkjktk ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k 'kks/k dsUnz] tks/kiqj (2010)] i`- 149&50 lwjflag ds le; bl uDdkjs o jk;flag ds nwljs lkeku dks] tks egkjko lqjrku us Nhuk 9- vdcjukek] csofjt d`r vuqokn (Hkkx&3) i`- 266] 267] 278] 279 Fkk] okil ysus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k Fkk] fdUrq og vlQy jgkA)] 'kL=] ?kksMs+ vkfn 10- HkkVh] MkW- gqde flag (la-)] jkBkSM+ka jh [;kr] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj (tks/kiqj)] i`- 116&117 lkeku ds lkFk gh fllksfn;k txeky dk Hkh lc lkeku egkjko lqj=k.k ds gkFk 11- lkdfj;k] MkW- Hkwifrjke (la-)] nqjlk vk<+k xzUFkkoyh] lkfgR; laLFkku] jktLFkku fo|kihB] yxkA12 mn;iqj (1983)] i`- 190&191 blh nRrk.kh ;qº {ks= esa t[eh gkyr esa jko lqj=k.k dks pkj.k dfo nqjlk 12- vks>k] i`- 136 vk<+k izkIr gqvk] tks fd jko jk;flag dh rjQ ls ekSTkwn FkkA tc ,d jktiwr us dgk 13- lkdfj;k] i`- 81 fd bldks Hkh ekj Mkyuk pkfg,] bl ij nqjlk us dgk fd eSa jktiwr ugha pkj.k gwa vkSj jktiwrksa dks esjk ekjuk mfpr ugha gSA bl ij egkjko us dgk fd ;fn rqe pkj.k gks rks bl nsoM+k lejk dh rkjhQ esa tks vHkh ekjk x;k gS] dksbZ nksgk dgks bl ij mlus rR{k.k ;g nksgk dgkµ ?kj jkaok t'k Mqaxjka] czn iksrka l= gk.kA Lkejs ej.k lq/kkfj;ksa] pgq Fkksdka pgq;vk.kAA13 vFkkZr~ lejk us pkjkas rjQ ls viuk ej.k lq/kkjk gS] egkjko ds jkT; dh j{kk dh] Mawxjksa dh rkjhQ djokbZ] vius oa'ktksa dks LkEeku fnyk;k vkSj 'k=qvksa dks gkfu igqapkbZA ;g nksgk lqudj lqjrku us nqjlk vkk] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] fljksgh jkT; dk bfrgkl] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] tks/kiqj (2010)] i`- 101 3- lqa/kk f'kykys[k] , bZ- i`- 73 4- vks>k] i`- 129 5- eky* Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA ehjkckbZ fpŸkkSM+ ls esM+rk oSy esa cSBdj vkbZ e/;;qxhu ekjokM+ esa vkokxeu ds lk/ku FkhA*2 ikydh] ftls vkneh mBkdj pyrs Fks mlesa jktk] jkfu;k°] cM+s Bkdqj vkfn cSB MkW- (Jherh) foeys'k jkBkSM+ dj fdys ij p<+rs&mrjrs rFkk ;qº vfHk;kuksa esa fo'ks"kr% ?kk;y gksus ij ikydh dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA3 O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; dh n`f"V ls jktiwrkuk dk lnk gh egRoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gSA O;kikfjd ifjogu ds fy, ;s lk/ku rRdkyhu le; esa vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ O;kikj okf.kT; ds v/;;u gsrq O;kikj ds LFkku laca/kh Lo:i] cktkj O;oLFkk] FksA bUgha lk/kuksa ij leLr O;kikj vk/kkfjr FkkA if'peh jktiwrkuk esa ≈°V xkfM+;k° O;kikfjd ekxZ] O;kikfjd dsUnz] O;kikfjd esys] ekxks± dh lqj{kk] eqnzk] C;kt] dj vf/kd izpfyr FkhA4 eky ke* Hkh jktkvksa }kjk FkkA13 lkekU;r% ,d cSyxkM+h iUnzg e.k otu ykn ldrh FkhA14 cfg;ksa ls Kkr gksrk fookg o vU; voljksa ij mi;ksx esa yk, tkrs FksA efgykvksa ds fy, inkZ;qDr gkSns gS fd ukxkSj ds O;kikjh 18 cSyxkfM+;ksa ij ryokl (cwanh) ls ukxkSj eky ysdj vk, vkSj ikyfd;k° gksrh FkhaA1 lkeUr ,oa tkxhjnkj Hkh cgqla[; ≈°V] ?kksM+s j[krs FksA muds FksA15 ykMuwa ls 500 xkM+h ?kkl Hkjdj MhMokus Hkstk x;k FkkA lkstr ijxus ds xk°o x<+ksa vkSj iksˇksa esa ?kksM+s cka/kus ds fy, ?kqM+lkysa gksrh Fkh ftls ^ik;xk* dgrs FksA ≈°V vVcM+s ls 100 xkM+h ?kkl Hkj dj xk°o [kstM+yk Hkstk x;k FkkA cSyxkfM+;ksa }kjk gtkj cka/kus ds fy, Hkh i`Fkd LFkku fuf'pr gksrk FkkA MkW- gqdeflag HkkVh us esM+fr;k e.k xsgw° fcykM+k ls lkstr igq°pk;k x;k FkkA16 catkjksa ds }kjk lkEHkj] ipinjk] jkBkSM+ksa ds bfrgkl esa fy[kk gS fdµ^e/; ;qxhu ekjokM+ esa gkFkh] ?kksM+s] ≈°V] MhMokuk o ukok ls cM+h rknkn esa ued dk ifjogu jktiwrkuk o ckgj ds Hkkxksa esa cSyxkM+h] jFk vkfn ;krk;kr ds izeq[k lk/ku FksA gkFkh ij jktk] egkjktkvksa dh lokjh gksrk FkkA ghjk HkkV ekjokM+ dk izflº ued O;olk;h FkkA fo-laor~ 1871 (1814 fudyrh Fkh rFkk budk mi;ksx ;qº vfHk;kuksa esa Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA j?kqukFkflag bZ-) esa og 2257 cSyksa ij ued ykndj ipinjk ls ckjka o Nhik cM+ksn (dksVk) esM+fr;k us xtk:<+ gksdj xkSM+ksa ls ;qº fd;k Fkk vkSj muls ekjksB thrk FkkA ml le; cspus gsrq ys x;k FkkA ek: HkkV Hkh ekjokM+ dk ,d izflº ued foÿsrk Fkk tks fo- 211 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 421 422 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 la- 1871 (1814 bZ-) esa 885 cSyksa ij ued ykndj cspus gsrq ipinjk ls ok;k ,d ≈°V dk fdjk;k 3 #i;s 4 vkus FkkA tks/kiqj ls chdkusj nks ≈°Vksa ij 12 lsj fephZ dksVk gksrs gq, >kalh x;k FkkA blh izdkj ekjokM+ ds nwYgk o fiFkk pkj.k fo-la- 1871 ys tkus gsrq 6 #i;s fdjk;k yxrk FkkA29 chdkusj dh vksj ls vkus okyh ?kksM+ksa dh (1814 bZ-) dks 324 cSy ekjokM+ ls mTtSu ok;k dksVk o >kyjkikVu gksrs gq, cspus drkj ukxkSj] dkSfy;k] ekjksB] nkSyriqjk gksdj t;iqj dh vksj tkrh FkhA mudk ukxkSj gsrq x, FksA17 ek?k lqnh ,de ls ek?k lqnh iwf.kZek] fo-la- 1871 (1814 bZ-) ds chp esa izfr ?kksM+k 6 #i;s ^njckj jh gn jk gkly* ds :i esa fy;k tkrk FkkA30 egkjktk catkjksa }kjk ekjokM+ ls 13140 cSyksa ij ued ykn dj gkM+kSrh {ks= esa igq°pk;k x;k ekuflag dh jkuh cM+k HkfV;k.khth dh ljdkj rkyds dh cgh31 ls Hkh gesa cSyxkfM+;ksa] FkkA18 catkjksa dh rjg pkj.k vkSj HkkV Hkh ifjogu O;olk; ls tqM+s gq, FksA bUgksaus ≈°VxkfM+;ksa] rkaxs vkfn ds mi;ksx ,oa fdjk, ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA tuekul esa vius ifo= pfj= dk ykHk mBkrs gq, O;kikfjd ifjogu dk dk;Z mnkgj.kLo:i cks;y o vjcM+k xk°oksa ls ?kkl dVok dj tks/kiqj igq°pkus gsrq fdjk, viuk;kA ekjokM+ ds lcls cM+s dkjok° dk ekfyd isek uk;d ued ifjogu ds dh xkfM+;k° yh xbZ ftUgsa fdjk;k bl izdkj fn;k x;kµ O;olk; ls tqM+k gqvk FkkA og pkyhl gtkj Hkkj s tkrs gSaA lcls vPNh uLy ds dhoh izr 1AAA) (,d #i;k ckajg vkuk) eqdjM+s #fi;k 24AA) (pkSchl #i;k ?kksM+s ekjokM+ ds ekykuh] lkapksj o tkykSj ijxus esa iSnk gksrs gSaA ekjokM+ ds ≈°V o vkB vkuk) Hkknok lqn 3 ?kksM+s cgqr ne j[krs gSaA ukxkSjh cSy iwjs fgUnqLrku esa izflº FksA ;s lqUnj o pkykd blh izdkj tks/kiqj ls ew.Mok tkus ds fy, tks/kiqj ls xk°o fcjk.kh rd xkfM+;k° gksrs gSaA vehjksa ds jFkksa esa budks j[kk tkrk gSA t:jh dke ds fy, lkaMuh lokj fdjk, dh mudks fn, x, fdjk;s dk foLr`r C;kSjk cgh esa ntZ gSA lkFk gh fcjk.kh nkSM+k, tkrs Fks ftudks vksBh dgrs gSaA26 ikydh] gkFkh vkSj ?kksM+k ;krk;kr ds izeq[k xk°o ls vkxs ew.Mok tkus ds fy, fo'uksb;ksa dh xkfM+;k° yh] ftlds mYys[k ls Kkr lk/ku FksA 'kh?kz lans'k Hkstus ds fy, lkaMuh dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA27 [kq'kh ds gksrk gS fd fcjk.kh xk°o ls ew.Mok rd dk ,d xkM+h dk fdjk;k nks #i;k vkB vkuk volj ij vkSj buke Lo:i Hkh ≈°V] ?kksM+s vkfn fn, tkus dk izpyu FkkA jk?kksnkl Fkkµ jsckjh us vthrflagth ds tUe dh [kq'k[kcjh tc jkBkSM+ ljnkjksa dks lqukbZ rc jkBkSM+ xkao fcjk.kh lqa xkfM;ka HkkM+s fdfo fr.k jk fn;k& Hkhaoflag esM+fr;k ds iq= vkuUnflag us jsckjh dks ≈°V iznku fd;kA vU; mejkoksa us 2A) fcluksbZ pSuks xkMh 1 Hkh ≈°V] ?kksM+s ,oa #i;s eksgjsa vkfn migkj ds :i esa iznku fd,A28 2AA) fcluksbZ tSlks xkMh 1 18oha lnh esa ekjokM+ esa O;kikfjd ifjogu dh dqN njsa bl izdkj FkhaµukxkSj ls chdkusj ds fy, ,d ≈°V ij eky dk fdjk;k 8 vkus] 1 Vdk o 6 nke FkkA ikyh 2AA) fcluksbZ QrkS xkMh 1 ls chdkusj ds fy, pkj ≈°V ij pkoy ys tkus dk fdjk;k 10 #i;s] 8 vkus o 25 2AA) fcluksbZ lkeks xkMh 1 nke FkkA tkykSj ls tks/kiqj ,d ≈°V ij 10 lsj ck:n ykus dk fdjk;k 3 #i;s FkkA blh rjg tks/kiqj ls ew.Mok tkus gsrq ≈°V xkfM+;k° fdjk, dh mudk dqy tkykSj ls tks/kiqj nl cSy xkfM+;ksa dk fdjk;k 33 #i;s FkkA chdkusj ls ikyh ds fy, fdjk;k vV~Bkou #i;s ckjg vkuk [kpZ gqvk ftlesa ls tks/kiqj ls fcjk.kh xk°o rd dk 212 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 423 424 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 fdjk;k X;kjg #i;s pkj vkus yxkµ gksrs gSaA buds fy, ?kkl] nkuk] ikuh dh O;oLFkk] jksxksa gsrq mipkj dh O;oLFkk] buds 11A) tks/kiqj lqa ≈aV HkkM+S dj uS xkao chjk.kh rkabZ =S fn;k ltkoV gsrq fofHkUu izdkj ds oL=kHkw"k.kksa dk bartke o lQj ds nkSjku buds 2AA) jkeks ≈aV 2 nkuk&ikuh dh iwjh O;oLFkk ds fooj.k gesa cfg;ksa ds v/;;u ls Kkr gksrs gSaA egkjktk ekuflag dh jkuh cM+k HkfV;k.khth ds ljdkj rkyqdS dh cgh33 ls gesa 1A) ghjks ≈aV 1 v'oksa] ≈°Vksa] cSyksa vkfn dh iw.kZ ns[kHkky ls lacaf/kr egRoiw.kZ o jkspd tkudkjh 1A) xhj/kkjh ≈aV 1 izkIr gksrh gS ftlds vuqlkjµ 2AA) eSuks ≈aV 2 & v'oksa] ≈°Vksa] cSyksa vkfn dks nkuk nsus dh ,d fuf'pr O;oLFkk Fkh ftlds 1A) uSeks ≈aV 1 vUrxZr fdl i'kq dks fdl ekg esa fdruk nkuk fn;k x;k bldk iw.kZ C;kSjk fy[kk 1A) xhj/kjh ≈aV 1 tkrk Fkk] lkFk gh ckgj ls vk, gq, O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk ds i'kqvksa ds fy, Hkh ?kkl nkus 1A) chluksbZ jhMey ≈aV 1 dh iw.kZ O;oLFkk dh tkrh FkhA ckgj ls vkbZ ?kksfM+;ksa dks iko.kh (esgeku) ?kksM+h dgk tkrk FkkA &&& & tksM ls ?kkl dVok dj i'kqvksa gsrq ,df=r dh tkrh FkhA 11A) dqy X;kjg #i;k pkj vkuk & jksxksa ds mipkj gsrq i'kqvksa dks xqM+] fQVdjh nh tkrh FkhA ew.Mok ls ,d cSyxkM+h ukjafx;ksa dh Hkjdj tks/kiqj Hksth mldk fdjk;k tkV nSnkjk dks rhu #i;s vkB vkus fn;k x;kA blh rjg ew.Mok ls crZu] diM+s rFkk & ≈°Vksa] lkaMksa (≈°Vuh) o VksjfM;ksa (≈°V ds cPps) ds fy, rsy] xnjQ] pkS/kjh jfr;ks] eLrS[kka] jaxks] NksVq] jkenkl vkfn dks tc tks/kiqj Hkstk rks rhu yky fepZ] xqM+] ?kh vkfn [kjhns tkrsA cSyxkfM+;ksa dk HkkM+k nl #i;s vkB vkus yxk] izfr xkM+h rhu #i;s vkB vkus ds & rsy o xnjQ 'kjhj ij yxk;k tkrk FkkA fglkc lsA xkfM+;ksa dh rjg rkaxs Hkh fdjk, ij fy, tkrs Fksµ & lkaM ds vkQjk vkus ij mls ?kh fn;k tkrk FkkA 4) #fi;k cSnh;ks dhlukjke uS rkxks HkkM+S dj uS tks/kiqj esfy;ks & cSy o cNsjh (v'oksa dh eknk cPph) dks Hkh ?kh fn;k tkrk FkkA 10AA) nl #fi;k vkBk vkuk eqaMok lqa dkenkj tks/kiqj vk;k =s HkkM+k jk & lQj esa tkus ij v'oksa] ≈°Vksa] cˇnksa vkfn ds fy, ?kkl] nkuk] ikuh dh fn;k Qkx.k lqn NB xkMh 2 uS rkxks 1 iwjh O;oLFkk dh tkrh Fkh ,oa lQj esa mu ij gq, [kpZ dk cgh esa vadu fd;k tkrk 3AA) tkV jkeys rkxks 1 Fkkµ^4A) pkj #i;s pkj vkus iks"k cn nwt ?kksM+h ,d xkao v.kniqj eSyh rh.k jS ekjx 3AA) tkV pks[kks xkMh 1 (jkLrs esa) [kqjkd lk: 4A) glrs pqok.k dsljhfla?kA* 3AA) tkV jketh gjdkjks xkMh 1 & ?kksM+h }kjk Bk.k fn, tkus ij (cPps dks tUe nsus ij) mldh fo'ks"k ns[kHkky dh tkrh FkhA mls Hkh fL=;ksa dh rjg ^lqokoM+* nh tkrh Fkh vFkkZr~ mlds xkfM+;ksa gsrq fn, x, fdjk;s ls ;fn xkM+h ekfyd larq"V ugha gksrs rks muds Hkkstu esa fo'ks"k lkexzh fiijkewy] ?kh] vtokbu] xqM+ vkfn ikSf"Vd vk;qosZfnd [kk| }kjk jkt vf/kdkfj;ksa dks voxr djk, tkus ij mudh leL;k dk lek/kku fd;k lkexzh lfEefyr dh tkrh Fkhµ tkrk Fkk tSls fd fefr egkon 11 xq#okj laor~ 1821 ds ijokus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd [kkylk ds xk°o lhg.kksn] cj.k vkfn ds tkVksa dks Hkksx dk vukt tks/kiqj ykus dk 4AA∫)AA ?kksM+h ,d ihˇh Bk.k fn;ks nqts tsB lqn 4 fdjk;k ,d xkM+h ds 2 #i;s fn, tkrs Fks lks xkM+h ekfydksa }kjk Jh njckj esa ekywe æ)AA nks vkuk nks iSlk ihiykewy 4 lsj djokus ij izfr xkM+h fdjk;k 2 #i;s ls c<+k dj 3 #i;s dj fn;k x;kA32 2) nks #fi;k ?khjr (?kh) vkokxeu ds lk/ku ds rkSj ij v'oksa] ≈°Vksa] cSyksa vkfn i'kqvksa dk mi;ksx rks 1) ,d #i;k vteks [kjhn (vtokbu [kjhnh) fd;k tkrk Fkk] ij lkFk gh budh iw.kZ ns[kHkky ds C;kSjs Hkh iqjkys[kh; Úksrksa ls izkIr 1AA&) ,d #i;k ukS vkuk xqˇ 213 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 425 426 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 & cSyksa gsrq ukFk o ≈°Vksa gsrq dl.kka (Mksfj;k°) djkus ds fy, lwr o v'oksa ds 11- vks>k] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] tks/kiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 239 ^[kknksVks* djkus gsrq jstk] ?kksM+h ds ^rax* djkus ds fy, yqaxh o jstk] v'oksa ds 12- foxr] Hkkx 2] i`- 37 iNkfM+;k cuokbZ tkrh] ltkoV gsrq Mfy;k] xqyes[kk] iSjksa ds fy, [kqjk] ≈°Vksa ds 13- HkkVh] lq[kflagth] Msjka jkS [kkrkS] Hkwfedk] i`- 11 ^fiyk.k* gsrq yksgk vkfn vusdkusd lkexzh i'kqvksa gsrq mi;ksx esa yk, tkus okys 14- xqIrk] ch-,y-] iwoksZDr] i`- 140 lkeku dks cukus ds fy, [kjhnh tkrh FkhA ≈°Vksa ds eq°g ij lqUnjrk ds fy, yxkbZ 15- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 21] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] i=kad 294] tks-fj- jk-jk-v-ch- 16- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 1] laor~ 1820&21] laiknd MkW- foÿeflag HkkVh] i`- 35] 74] 85 tkus okyh tkyh fo'ks"k cuokbZ tkrh ftls ^eksgjh* dgk tkrk FkkA34 17- xqIrk] ch-,y-] iwoksZDr] i`- 32 & jFkksa ds fy, xnjs cuokus] pdesa [kjhnus] [kksfy;ksa ds xksVk yxokus] iqjkus 18- ogh xnjksa ds dkjh yxok dj lq/kkjus vkfn dbZ ,sls NksVs cM+s mYys[k feyrs gSa ftuls Kkr 19- VkWM] ,ukYl] Hkkx 1] i`- 554&55 gksrk gS fd vkokxeu ds lk/ku ds rkSj ij mi;ksx esa yk, tkus okys i'kqvksa ls lacaf/ 20- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 5] i`- 9] fo-la- 1823 (1766 bZ-)] e- ek- iq- iz-] tks/kiqj kr leLr dk;Z ,d iwoZ fuf'pr O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr fd, tkrs FksA muls lacaf/kr 21- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 21] i=kad 20] best 44] fexlj lqn ckjl] Hkkseokj] laor~ 1835] e- i`Fkd :i ls ,d foHkkx gksrk Fkk ftls ^lqrj[kkuk* dgk tkrk FkkA ek-iq-iz- tks/kiqj 22- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 25] i`- 470] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] e-ek-iq-iz- tks/kiqj r[krflag dh jkuh jk.kkorth ds ljdkj rkyqdS dh cgh35 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 23- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 21] i`- 239] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] e-ek-iq-iz- tks/kiqj v'oksa ds jksx gksus ij jksx dks Bhd djus gsrq jsorth dks izlkn cksyk tkrk FkkA tSls 24- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 25] i=kad 52] e-ek-iq-iz- tks/kiqj fdµ?kksM+h ds xkaB gksus ij izlkn cksyk x;kµ^1A) ,d #fi;k pkj vkuk&#dks on 25- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 25] best 40] vklkst cn rht] cq/kokj 1838 (1781 bZ-)] e-ek-iq- 4 jks ?kksM+h jS xkaB ≈iM+h rjS ijlkn #fi;k ,d vkuk pkj jks jsorth us l:ifla?kth iz- tks/kiqj cksfy;ks lq nhjko.k jh nqokbrh [kkl #dk lq vkbZ rjS nhjk;ks gLrs gqdkj uSA* blh cgh 26- eteq, gkykr 1883&84] i`- 12&13] 609 ls v'oksa ds vkHkw"k.kksa&lSyh dh dfM+;ksa ds FksdM+s] [kqjlh;ks] eksfj;k] pUnzek] lhlQqy] 27- ehjk fe=] egkjktk vthrflag ,oa mudk ;qx] i`- 290 nqxph] usofj;k vkfn dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA blh izdkj lun ijokuk cgh la[;k 28- [;kr vthrflag] Hkkx 1] laor~ 1820&21] laiknd MkW- foÿeflag HkkVh] i`- 35] 74] 85 21 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd i'kqvksa esa dksbZ jksx gksus ij mUgsa mipkj ds :i esa vfHkeaf=r 29- xqIrk] ch-,y-] iwoksZDr] i`- 143&44 djokus dk Hkh izpyu Fkk&tks/kiqj esa rsbZl ≈°Vksa ds ikao uked fcekjh gksus ij ckoM+h 30- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 1] laor~ 1820&21] laiknd MkW- foÿeflag HkkVh] i`- 9] 95] 100 ds eqlyeku ls eaf=r djok;k x;k ftl gsrq rsy] xUnjQ] [kkaM o ea=kbZ dh jde 31- ekuflagth dh jkuh cM+k HkfV;k.khth ds ljdkj rkydS dh cgh] la[;k 337] e-ek-iq-iz- tks/ kiqj dqy feykdj X;kjg #i;s ,d Vdk [kpZ gqvkA36 32- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 1] laor~ 1820&21] laik- MkW- foÿeflag HkkVh] i`- 28 lUnHkZ 33- ogh 1- 'kekZ] th-,u-] lks-yk-] 329&30 34- ogh] i`- 37 2- HkkVh] MkW- gqdeflag] esM+fr;k jkBkSM+ksa dk jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd bfrgkl] i`- 319&20 35- egkjktk r[krflagth dh jkuh jk.kkorth ds ljdkj rkyqdS dh cgh] ua- 613] e-ek-iq-iz- 3- foxr] Hkkx 2] i`- 50 tks/kiqj 4- xqIrk] ch-,y-] V™sM ,.M dkWelZ bu jktLFkku] i`- 140 36- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 21] i=kad 18] best 40] fexlj cn ue] xq#okj] laor~ 1835 5- HkkVh] MkW- gqdeflag] iwoksZDr] i`- 320 (1778 bZ-)] e-ek-iq-iz- tks/kiqj 6- enqZe'kqekjh] i`- 90 7- jktLFkku if=dk] tks/kiqj] 13-07-2016] cq/kokj] i`- 4 8- dksrokyh pcwrjk tekcanh cgh] ua- 753] ijxuk tkykSj fo-la- 1833 (1776 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fMfLV™DV vkdkZbOt] tks/kiqj 9- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 19] fo-la- 1834 (1777 bZ-)] tks-fj- jk-jk-v-ch- 10- tdkr cgh] ua- 81] fo-la- 1807 (1750 bZ-)] chdkusj fjdkWMZl] jk-jk-v-ch- 214 428 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 eksM+k gksxkA rRdkyhu le; esa vFkwZ.kk dyk ,oa laLd`fr dk izeq[k dsUnz FkkA vFkwZ.kk mRRkj Hkkjr] xqtjkr ,oa ekyok tkus okys O;kikfjd ekxZ ij iM+rk FkkA bl ekxZ ls O;kikj izkphu le; ls gksrk vk jgk FkkA ckalokM+k {ks= ls izkIr ^gq.k* dk vfHkys[k ls e/;dkyhu bfrgkl esa vFkwZ.kk mYys[k feyrk gS fd ;'kksoeZu }kjk fefgjdqy dks gjkus ds ckn gw.k xqtjkr dh vksj ,d O;kikfjd uxj ds :Ik esa ok;k ckaxM+ ls x;s] lkFk gh rksjek.k dk vfHkys[k xqtjkr latsyh rkyqdk iapegy ftyk Hkh iqf"V djrk gSA8 MkW- Jherh iadt vkesVk ,oa j.kNksM+ yky ojgkr blls Li"V gksrk gS fd ;g ekxZ O;kikj ,oa lkefjd n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ FkkA vFkwZ.kk okxM+ ds ckalokM+k ftys dk egŸoiw.kZ iqjkrkfRod LFky gSA okxM+ ftlls e/;dky rd vkrs&vkrs vFkwZ.kk ,d uxj ds lkFk&lkFk ,d O;kikfjd dsUnz izns'k 9oha ls 12 oha rd ijekj 'kkldksa ds v/khu FkkA orZeku esa vFkwZ.kk 23030^ mŸkjh ds :Ik esa fodflr gqvkA tgka ls eky dk vknu&iznku gksrk FkkA ;gka ls eky mŸkj Hkkjr] e/; Hkkjr ls ok;k xqtjkr ls fons'kksa esa Hkh fu;kZr fd;k tkrk FkkA ijekj v{kka'k ls 76006^ iwohZ ns'kkUrj ds e/; fLFkr gSA ;g ftyk eq[;ky; ckalokM+k ls 'kkldksa us vFkwZ.kk dks O;kikfjd dsUnz LFkkfir dj LFkkiR; dk fuekZ.k djok;k ftlesa 55 fdeh- if'pe esa fLFkr gSA1 e/;dky esa ijekjksa dk izkajfHkd ekyok orZeku vFkwZ.kk esa f'koeafnj] e.Mys'oj egknso eafnj] nqxZ] ckofM+;k° rFkk ekxZ esa ;kf=;ksa ds jktLFkku ds Mwaxjiqj ckalokM+k dk {ks= jgkA os lkcjerh o ekgh ds e/; ds izns'k fy, vkjkex`gksa o lqj{kk pkSfd;k° fufgr gSA ml le; ekxZ ls xqtjus okys O;kikfj;ksa ckxM+ ds 'kkld jgs vkSj vFkwZ.kk mudh izkjafHkd jkt/kkuh jgh gks rks Hkh vk'p;Z ugha ls dj Hkh fy;k tkrk Fkk] ftldk mYys[k ckalokM+k ds i.kkgsMk izLrj[kaM vfHkys[k gksrk gSA tks ml ;qx dh izeq[k O;kikfjd e.Mh jghA vFkwZ.kk ds vfHkys[k o izkphu (1059 bZ-) esa feyrk gSA ftldk jpukdkj oyHkh dk vkljkt FkkA9 blesa ika'kqyk[ksVd ijekj ;qxhu eafnj o ckofM+;k° mlds izek.k gSa izkjafHkd dky esa ijekjksa dk 'kfDRk esa f'koeafnj o vFkwZ.kk ds fodkl ds fy, ekxZ ls xqtjus okys izR;ssd o`"kHk ls ,d dsUnz ekgh unh ds fdukjs [ksVd e.My esa eksgMokld os'; esa f'koukFk eafnj ds foa'kksikd (eqnzk) iznku djus dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA10 blls Kkr gksrk gS fd ml vklikl gh jgk gksxkA vFkwZ.kk ds i'pkr~ ekgh unh ds fdukjs mPpkux< vkSj fQj le; O;kikjh ysu&nsu ds :Ik esa eqnzk dk iz;ksx djrs FksA ijekj 'kkld pkeq.Mk jkt mTtSu o vUr esa /kkj uxjh jghA2 ftldk mYys[k lhed f}rh; ds gjlksyk (949 3 ds vFkwZ.kk izLrj vfHkys[k (fo-la- 1136) esa fofHkUu izdkj ds rkSy o iSekuksa dk bZ-) o vgenkckn (969 bZ-) rkezi= vfHkys[k esa gksrk gSA /kzqolsu f}rh; dk ,d mYys[k gSA blesa ^Hkkjd* lanHkZ iafDr 69 es ^of.ktka [kaMxqM;ksaHkjZda izfr of..kZdka] Hkw&nku i= ofUnriYyh ds LdU/kkokj ls n'kiqj ds nks czk„.kksa dks ,d [ksr nku esa nsrs ^?kVd* lanHkZ iafDRk esa ^iwxesdefi iwxlglzknkR; rSy?kVds ifydS dk*] ^ekud* 4 gq, tkjh fd;k x;kA /kzqolsu f}rh; ds xqIr o"kZ 639 o 640 bZ- ds nks rkezys[k lanHkZ iafDRk esa ,d ekud ued ij ewrd dj dk mYys[k vk;k gSA ^ifydk* lanHkZ 1891 bZ- esa jryke ls 20 fdeh- nwj mŸkj esa fLFkr uoxzke ;k ukSxkaok ls ,d czkg~e.k iafDRk 47 tSls ?kVd o ifydk dk mi;ksx ?kh o rsy ekius esa fd;k tkrk FkkA tcfd 5 ds ?kj esa dqavk pkSM+k djrs gq, izkIr gq, FksA bUgha rkezi=ksa esa izFke ckj ekyok ds ^ekud* ydM+h ;k feV~Vh dk gksrk Fkk ftldk iz;ksx iSekuk ds :Ik esa djrs FksA11 6 7 mPpeku HkqDrksa o ekyok ds mPpeku fo"k;s mYys[k vk;s gSa] ftlls Kkr gksrk gS fd jktk Hkkstnso dk ckalokM+k rkezi= vfHkys[k (1020 bZ-) esa iafDr 16 esa oViznd ml le; mPpkux< ;k dqiMk {ks= ekyok HkqfDr o fo"k; dk eq[;ky; jgk FkkA ;g xzke ls lkS fuorZu Hkwfe] lhek] r`.k] xkspj Hkwfe] fgj.;] Hkkx] Hkksx] mifjdj lHkh {ks= nf{k.k esa ekgh unh ls f?kjk gksdj if'pe esa laxe LFky ls lqjf{kr fn[kkbZ nsus o izdkj dh vk; lesr o ekrk&firk ds iq.; o Lo;a ;'k gsrq dksd.k fot; ioZ ij lkefjd n`f"V ls dkQh ≈°pkbZ ij fLFkr gksus ds dkj.k lh;d f}rh; ds 'kkludky fNPNk LFkku ls vk;s czkg~e.k okeu iq= Hkkby dks Hkw&nku fn;k Fkk12 blls Kkr gksrk gS rd ijekjksa dh lsuk@jkt/kkuh dk eq[;ky; cu x;k gks rks vk'p;Z ugha gksrkA fd ml le; LFkkuh; turk o O;kikfj;ksa ls dj fy;k tkrk FkkA bl izdkj Hkq&nku mPpkux<+ 1 fdeh esa QSys ijdksVs ls f?kjk nqxZ jgkA ;gk° izkphu ekxZ f'kox<+ i=ksa ls uxjhdj.k] f'k{kk dsUnzksa o O;kikfjd dsUnzksa dks Hkh izksRlkfgr fd;kA u;s rhFkZ ls lh/kk /kkeuksn] ukeyh gksrk gqvk n'kiqj ls gq.k e.My tkrk FkkA izfrgkjksa ds mŸkjh Hkh fodflr gq;s tks u;s ekxksZ ls tqM+s gSaA vFkwZ.kk ds ledkyhu jktLFkku ds fljksgh ekyok ij vkÿe.k o jk"V™dwVksa }kjk ueZnk rV ij vkÿe.k dk ncko ds dkj.k gh ftys dk pUnzkorh uked LFkku [kkstk x;k gSA ftldk orZeku esa mR[kuu dk;Z fd;k eqat o Hkkst ds mTtSu dks jkt/kkuh gLrkarfjr dh gksxhA vFkwZ.kk ds ,d e.Mh o tk jgk gSA ;gk° ls izkIr vo'ks"kksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ;g 11oha o 12oha 'krkCnh dk jkt/kkuh ds :Ik esa fodkl us Hkh ekyok esa uxjhdj.k dh fn'kk dks mTtSu dh vksj cgqr cM+k O;kikfjd uxj FkkA ;gk° Hkh ijekj jktkvksa dk vkf/kiR; FkkA ;gka ls x/kS;k 215 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 429 flDdk izkIr gqvk gSA ijUrq vk'p;Z gksrk gS fd vHkh rd dksbZ Hkh ijekj dkyhu Vafdr eqnzk izkIr ugha gksrh gS ;gka ls b.Mks lkjlsfu;u x/kS;k flDdk izkIr gqvk gSA O;kikjh viuk eky ;gka ls vknku&iznku djrs FksA pUnzkorh ,d O;kikfjd e.Mh ds :Ik esa jghA O;kikjh viuk eky dk ysu&nsu oLrq fofue; ds vk/kkj ij djrs FksA egkjk.kk dqaHkkdkyhu lkfgR; (vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk,) 11oha o 12oha 'krkCnh esa vFkwZ.kk o pUnzkorh nksuks gh O;kikfjd uxjksa ds :Ik esa viuk uhye Jhekyh izeq[k LFkku j[krs FksA vFkwZ.kk izLrj vfHkys[k (fo-l- 1136) ls fofHkUu izdkj ds rkSy o iSekuksa ds :Ik esa Hkkjd] ?kVd] ekud] ifydk o fuorZu vkfn dk mYys[k egkjk.kk dqaHkk Lo;a fo}ku Fks vkSj dbZ fo}kuksa o lkfgR;dkjksa ds vkJ;nkrk feyk gS blls Kkr gksrk gS fd vFkwZ.kk 10oha ls 12oha lnh rd ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkh FksA og Kku dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa esa ikjaxr FksA osn] Le`fr] ehekalk dk mUgsa vPNk O;kikfjd dsUnz FkkA vFkwZ.kk O;kikj dk ,d dsUnz fcUnq FkkA ;gka ls ,d ekxZ mRrj Kku FkkA mUgksaus vusd xzaFkksa dh jpuk dhA ftlesa laxhrjkt] laxhr ehekalk o lwM Hkkjr dh vksj izrkix<+] fprkSM+] HkhyokM+k] vtesj] t;iqj gksrk gqvk vkxjk o fnYyh izca/k izeq[k gSA dh rjQ tkrk FkkA nwljk ekxZ ckxhnkSjk] dq'kyx<+] jryke] mTtSu] /kkj] ,oa iwoZ o egkjk.kk dqaHkk }kjk fyf[kr jpuk,° nf{k.k Hkkjr dh rjQ tkrk FkkA ;gk° ls nf{k.k&if'pe dh vksj ckxhnkSjk] nkgksn] xks/ egkjk.kk dqaHkk lkfgR; izseh Fks] budk lcls mYys[kuh; xzaFk laxhrjkt gSA kjk] eksMklk] cM+kSnjk gksrk gqvk rVh; canjxkgksa rd tkrk FkkA laxhrjkt ds vfrfjDr xhr xksfoan dh Vhdk] paMh'krd dh Vhdk] lwM izca/k] Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa vFkwZ.kk dks O;kikfjd dsUnz ds :Ik esa n`f"ViVy ij ykus dkejkt jfrlkj vkfn Hkh izflº gSA dk dk;Z bfrgkldkj ,p-oh- f=osnh us fd;k gSA mUgksaus dkiZl bULÿhI'ku bafMdsje esa okxM ds vfHkys[kksa dk gh ugh oju~ ekyok] xqtjkr ,oa jktLFkku ds vfHkys[kksa (1) laxhrjkt dk xgu v/;;u fd;k gSA orZeku le; esa vFkwZ.kk ,d thrk tkxrk mnkgj.k gS egkjk.kk dqaHkk }kjk jfpr laxhr fo"k;d xzaFkksa esa ls loksZRd`"V jpuk laxhrjkt vFkwZ.kk ij ,-,l-vkbZ- iqjkrŸo foHkkx us bl {ks= dk laj{k.k dj fy;k gS rFkk gSA laxhrjkt xzaFk dh jpuk dqaHkk ds dky esa gh gqbZ gSA laxhrjkt dh jpuk 1509 1970&72 ls MkW- johUnz Mh- i.M~;k ds funsZ'ku esa bl {ks= dh [kqnkbZ dh xbZ gSA13 fo-l- esa fpŸkkSM+ esa dh xbZA ;g xzaFk 5 mYykl esa caVk gqvk gS & (1) ikB~;jRudks"k iqjkrkfRod [kqnkbZ ls izkphu uxj ds [k.Mgjksa o efUnjksa dks vfLrRo esa yk;k x;k gSA (2) xhrjRu dks"k (3) ok| jRudks"k (4) u`R; jRu dks"k (5) jl jRudks"kA blesa djhc 40 iwokZpk;ksZa ds o.kZu feyrs gSaA bu dks"kksa esa ls vkdkj dh n`f"V lUnHkZ ls ikB~;jRudks"k] lcls NksVk rFkk xhr jRudks"k lcls cM+k gSA izR;sd dks"k pkj&pkj 1- MkW- jfoUnz Mh i.M~;k] jktLFkku dk ,d iqjkrkfRod LFky] 1973 2- ,p-oh- f=osnh] dkiZl bULÿhI'ku bafMdsje] i`- 285&89 mYyklksa esa foHkDr gS rFkk izR;sd mYykl dk foHkktu pkj ijh{k.kksa esa fd;k x;k gSA 3- izhriky HkkfV;k] i`- 37 bl izdkj lwpuk xazaFk 80 ijh{k.kksa esa foHkDr gSA egkjk.kk dqaHkk dks laxhr ds cM+s&cM+s 4- dsIVu yqokMZ] osLVuZ LVsV (ekyok) xtsfV;j] Hkkx&5] cEcbZ] i`- 236 flºkUrksa dk gh Kku ugha Fkk] cfYd og laxhr ds rRo n'kZu ds Kkrk FksA dqaHkk us 5- dsIVu yqokMZ] osLVuZ LVsV (ekyok) xtsfV;j] Hkkx&5] cEcbZ] i`- 236 vius x`ghr Kku o vftZr Kku vk/kkj ij vius xzaFkksa esa laxhr'kkL= ds fofHkUu rF;ksa 6- lqjsUnz vk;Z] jryke ftys ls izkIr f'kykys[k] i-la- 134&136] 1992 dk foospu vius xzaFkksa esa izLrqr fd;k gS tks fo'ks"k ekSfydrk fy, gq, gSA laxhrjkt 7- lqjsUnz vk;Z] jryke ftys ls izkIr f'kykys[k] i-la- 134&136] 1992 esa 'kkL=kFkZZ 'kSyh dk [kqy dj iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA 8- ,p-oh- f=osnh] baLÿhI'ku bafMdsje] Hkkx& lIre] i`- 36&40 9- ,p-oh- f=osnh] baLÿhI'ku vkWQ n ijekj jkl vkWQ okxaM] Hkkx& izFke] i`- 27&30 (2) xhr&xksfoan dh jfld fiz;k Vhdk 10- ,p-oh- f=osnh] dkiZl baLÿhI'ku bafMdsje] Hkkx& f}rh; egkjk.kk dqaHkk }kjk vuqfnr t;nso ds xhrxksfoan dh jfldfiz;k Vhdk cM+h 11- ,p-oh- f=osnh] dkiZl baLÿhI'ku bafMdsje] Hkkx& f}rh;] i`-286 izflº gSA xhr&xksfoan dh ljl inkoyh esa dkseyre Hkkoksa ls ;qDr jk/kkd`".k ds 12- ,p-oh- f=osnh] dkiZl baLÿhI'ku bafMdsje] Hkkx& f}rh; la;ksx&fo;ksx ds fofHkUu Hkkoksa dk fp=.k lalkj lkfgR; esa fof'k"V :i ls o.kZuh; 13- MkW- jfoUnz Mh i.M~;k] jktLFkku dk ,d iqjkrkfRod LFky] 1973 gSA egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds v/;;u dk {ks= foLr`r Fkk] og dbZ 'kkL=ksa ds Kkrk FksA 216 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 431 432 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 xhr&xksfoan dh jfld fiz;k Vhdk esa dbZ txg dbZ dkO;ksa o dfo;ksa dk lanHkZ fn;k (8) ,dfyax egkRe; x;k gSA izR;sd in ds var esa Nan] vyadkj] y{k.k] jkx] jkfxfu;ka] uk;d] ukf;dk] dqaHkkdkyhu f}rh; izeq[k 'kSo jpuk ,dfyax egkRE; gSA bl xzaFk dh jpuk o`fr jhfr dk lfoLrkj o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds dky esa gqbZ FkhA jpuk esa dqaHkk ds fy, vk'khoZpu fn, x, gSA (3) xhr xksfoan dh esokM+h Vhdk ftlesa muds fy, eaxy dkeuk,a dh gqbZ gSA xzaFk dk izkjaHk ,dfyax th ds izkDdF; esokM+h Hkk"kk esa xhr&xksfoan dh egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds uke ls dbZ Vhdk,a fy[kh ls gksrk gSA izFkek/;k; esa dke/ksuq ds ojnku dk o.kZu gSA nwljs esa bUnz ojnku dk xbZ gSA tks/kiqj okyh izfr ds var esa ,d yach iz'kfLr nh gqbZ gS] ftudk o.kZu esokM+ o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA rhljs v/;k; esa gkfjr jkf'k dk o.kZu gSA pkSFks v/;k; esa esokM+ ds e/;dkyhu f'kykys[kksa vkSj [;krksa esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA egkjk.kk dqaHkk dk izns'kh; rhFkZ;k=k ls izkIr gksus okys Qy dk fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA ikaposa esa oa'k o.kZu vykSfdd o.kZu Hkh blesa fn;k x;k gSA mn;iqj okyh izfr esa e/; esa dbZ LFkyksa ij gS tks esokM+ dh bfrgkl dh n`f"V ls vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA blesa miyC/k ,sfrgkfld egkjk.kk dqaHkk dk mYys[k gSA Hkk"kk dh n`f"V ls rqyuk djus ij mn;iqj okyh izfr rF;ksa dh iqf"V vU; ledkyhu lkfgR; L=ksrksa ls Hkh gksrh gSA esokM+ esa miyC/k egRoiw.kZ d`fr gSA bldh Hkk"kk esa Li"Vr% esokM+h iqV gSA fofHkUu f'kykafdr iz'kfLr;ksa ds 'yksdksa dh iqujko`fr bl xzaFk esa gqbZ gSA bl xzaFk ds NBs o lkrosa v/;k;ksa esa ,dfyax th Lrqfr ls lacaf/kr 'yksd lfEefyr gSA (4) p.Mh'krd (9) laxhr jRukdj dh Vhdk p.Mh'krd dh Vhdk egkjk.kk dqaHkk }kjk fojfpr gSA bl Vhdk esa 'kCnksa dks O;kdj.k dh n`f"V ls flº djus esa ikafMR; izn'kZu dh vksj #fp vf/kd jgh gSA bl egkjk.kk dqaHkk us laxhr jRukdj uked lqizflº xzaFk dh Vhdk Hkh dh FkhA Vhdk dh iz'kfLr esa Hkh Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd buesa inksa dks Li"V djus dh vkSj gh laxhr jRukdj ds ,d ikB dk izdk'ku gqvk] ftlds ifjf'k"V esa ewy xzaFk dh Vhdkdkj dh #fp jgh gSA ;g paMh'krd Vhdk paMh ds izfr mldh HkfDr ds Vhdkdkjksa dh ukekoyh esa egkjk.kk dqaHkk dk ukeksYys[k gqvkA QyLo:i dh xbZ gSA bldh iz'kfLr esa Hkh jfld fiz;k Vhdk dh rjg gehj ls ysdj okLRkqdyk dyk fo"k;d lkfgR; egkjk.kk dqaHkk rd dh oa'kkoyh nh gqbZ gSA egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds dky esa laxhrdyk ds leku okLrqdyk ds laca/k esa Hkh (5) dkejkt jfrlkj i;kZIr ek=k esa lkfgR; dh jpuk gqbZ FkhA Lo;a dqaHkk dks Hkh bl dyk dk vPNk Kku ;g xzaFk 7 vadksa esa foHkDr gSA izkjaHk esa x.kifr] ckxh'ojh o dkenso dh FkkA Lrqfr dh xbZ gSA izR;sd vax esa laf{kIr iz'kfLr esa dqaHkk ds fo'ks"k.k ds :i esa fo#n (1) izklkn e.Mu Hkh fn, gSA ;g xzaFk fo-l- 1518 dks fot;kn'keh dks iw.kZ gqvk FkkA bldk jpukLFky nsoky; fuekZ.k dyk ls lacaf/kr xzaFk izklkn eaMu okLrqdyk ds flºkUrksa dh ^dy'kes: nqxZ* vFkkZr~ dqaHkyx<+ gSA chdkusj okys xzaFk dh iz'kfLr vR;ar laf{kIr gSA n`f"V ls ,d viwoZ xzaFk gSA bl xzaFk esa nsoky; fuekZ.k dyk dk foLr`r foospu vkB blesa gehj ls dqaHkk rd dh oa'kkoyh nh xbZ gSA v/;k;ksa esa fd;k x;k gSA blesa izklknksa ds izdkj] Hkwfe p;u] ewgqrZ] f'kyk] nhokj] (6) xhr xksfoan }kj] }kj'kkyk] xHkZx`g] flgkalu] f'k[kjksa dk uke vkfn eafnj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dk egkjk.kk dqaHkk }kjk xhr xksfoan dh jpuk dh xbZA ;g xzaFk lwM izca/k ds fy, o.kZu foLrkj ls fd;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr oSjkT;kfn iapfoa'k izdkj ds izklknksa o iz;qDr gqvk gSA blesa 28 izca/kksa ds cukus dk o.kZu gSA dsljh vkfn iPphl izklknksa dk foLr`r foospu ,d Lora= v/;k; esa fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj rkRdkfyu o izkphu nsoky;ksa ds v/;;u dh n`f"V ls izLrqr jpuk vR;ar (7) lwM&izca/k egRoiw.kZ gSA blesa jkx&jkfxfu;ksa dks fuf'pr dj fn;k x;k gSA lwM&izca/k dh jpuk dk (2) jktoYyHk eaMu mYys[k laxhrjkt ds xhrjRudks'k ds lwM izca/k ijh{k.k esa vkSj dhfrZLraHk iz'kfLr ds 'yksd esa Hkh bldk mYys[k gSA blds vykok egkjk.kk dqaHkk us ok| izca/k ukVd xazaFk izLrqr jpuk esa vkoklh; x`gkas] dwi] okih] rkykc] nqxZ o jktizklknksa ds o f'kYi 'kkL=h; xzaFkksa dh jpuk dhA fuekZ.k ls lacaf/kr ckrksa dk foLr`r foospu gqvk gSA blesa x`gksa ds vkdkj&izdkj o 217 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 433 434 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 'kk[kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij fd, oxhZdj.k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd rRdkyhu lekt esa foLr`r :i ls fn;k x;k gSA dqaHkk okLrqdyk o LFkkiR;dyk dk eeZK FkkA fdl&fdl izdkj ds Hkouksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk FkkA bl xzaFk ls ijaijkxr egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds vkJ; esa ys[ku uxj&;kstuk dk Hkh Kku izkIr gksrk gSA pkSng v/;k;ksa esa fucº ;g xzaFk okLrqdyk dh egkjk.kk dqaHkk gh ,sls 'kkld Fks] tks Lo;a laLd`r ds fo}ku o Kkrk Fks vkSj n`f"V ls vR;ar mi;ksxh gS o rkRdkfyu fofo/k izdkj ds Hkouksa ds laca/k esa foLr`r dbZ lkfgR;dkjksa ds vkJ;nkrk Hkh FksA muds vkfJr fo}kuksa esa dUgO;kl] egs'kHkÍ] tkudkjh nsrk gSA lw=/kkj] eaMu laLd`r ds egku~ fo}ku FksA (3) okLrq lkj eaMu (1) dfo egs'k eaMu dk okLRkqdyk fo"k;d r`rh; xzaFk okLrqlkj eaMu gSA bl jpuk esa vk; egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds le; dfo vf= us dhfrZLraHk iz'kfLr dh jpuk djuk izkjaHk rRo dk foLr`r foospu gqvk gSA dh Fkh] ysfdu budh 'kh?kz gh e`R;q gks xbZ vkSj blh dkj.k buds iq= egs'k us bls iw.kZ okLrqfo"k;d vU; xzaFk dh FkhA ;g cgqr fo}ku FksA jk.kk dqaHkk us bls lksus dh MaMh okys 2 paoj o 1 N= bl dky ds loksZRd`"V okLrqfon~ o okLrq foospd lw=/kkj eaMu gh FksA eaMu fn;kA dfo egs'k dqaHkk ds i'pkr Hkh thfor jgsA budh cukbZ gqbZ iz'kfLr;ksa dk ds vuqt ukFkk us ^okLrq eatjh* uked xzaFk dh jpuk dhA blh izdkj eaMu ds T;s"B lfoLrkj v/;;u djus ls ;g flº gksrk gS fd dfo dh n`f"V cM+h lw{e FkhA iq= xksfoan us mºkj&/kkj.kh] dyk&fuf/k o }kj nhfidk uked rhu xzaFkksa dk iz.k;u dhfrZLraHk iz'kfLr esa mlus dqN frfFk;ka Hkh nh gSA ;Fkk & dhfrZLraHk ds fuekZ.k dh fd;k FkkA fof/k] vpyx<+ ds fuekZ.k dh fof/k] dqaHkyx<+ ds fuekZ.k dh fof/k vkfnA budh iz'kfLr;ksa esa vfr'k;ksfDr ;qDr o.kZu vis{kkd`r de gSA (4) izfrek dyk fo"k;d lkfgR; okLrqfon~ eaMu ds okLrqdyk ds lkFk&lkFk izfrek fuekZ.k dyk dk foospu (2) dUgO;kl djus ds fy, Lora= xzaFkksa dh jpuk dhA eaMu us viuh bl {ks=h; Kku xfjek dk ,dfyax egkRE; cM+k izflº gSA blesa egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds fy, orZeku dkyhu ifjp; viuh nks jpukvksa ds ek/;e ls fd;k gSA fÿ;kvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA vk'khokZnkRed opu Hkh ns j[ks gSA ;g NksVk lk xzaFk gS] ftlesa dqy 55 i= gSA jk.kk dqaHkk ds o.kZu ds 'yksd 141 ls 203 rd of.kZr gSA (5) :ikorkj dk nsork ewfrZ izdj.k blesa dfo us vf/kdka'k 'yksdksa dks laxzfgr fd;k gSA dUgO;kl us egkjk.kk dqaHkk dh izLrqr jpuk esa izfrek&fuekZ.k] izfrek LFkkiu vkfn fo"k;ksa dk foospu fd;k vkKk ls gh bldh jpuk dqaHkyx<+ esa izkjaHkA x;k gSA blesa fganw /keZ ds izk;% lHkh nsorkvksa o mud fofo/k :iksa ij foLrkj ls izdk'k Mkyk x;k gS rFkk blh izdkj tSu izfrekvksa dk o ;{k ;f{kf.k;ksa dh izfrekvksa tSu lkfgR; % 'osrkcaj laiznk; dk lkfgR; dk foLr`r foospu fd;k x;k gSA bl n`f"V ls bls fgUnw o tSu izfrekvksa dk egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds dky esa 'osrkEcj laiznk; ds vusd izfrf"Br lk/kqvksa us fo'odks"k dgk tk ldrk gSA blh izdkj vkB v/;k;ksa esa fucº izLrqr jpuk viuh ljl jpukvksa }kjk lkfgR; HkaMkj esa o`fº dhA 'osrkacj laiznk; esa ;gka rikxPN rkRdkfyu izfrek fuekZ.k dyk dh foLr`r tkudkjh iznku djrh gSA bl xzaFk ds ek/ o [kjrjxPN dk fo'ks"k izHkko jgkA ;e ls rRdkyhu izfrekvksa dk v/;;u vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA rikxPNh; lkfgR; (6) :ieaMu (1) lksenso & lksenso vkpk;Z lkse lqanj ds f'k"; FksA j.kdiqj tSu eafnj eaMu dh ewfrZdyk fo"k;d nwljk xzaFk :i eaMu gS] ftldh fo"k; lkexzh dh izfr"Bk ds volj ij lksenso dks okpd dh mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA 'k"Vk/;k;ksa esa foHkDr gSA nsork ewfrZ izdk.k ds leku blesa Hkh fofHkUu nsoh&nsorkvksa lkse lkSHkkX; dkO; ls Kkr gksrk gS fd egkjk.kk dqaHkk budh dkO; dyk ls vR;ar ds fofHkUu Lo:i dk foLr`r foospu miyC/k gksrk gSA ftu izfrekvksa ds mijkar xzaFk izHkkfor FksA egkjk.kk dqaHkk Hkh bUgsa vR;f/kd vknj nsrs FksA ds var esa rksj.kksa dk foLrkj ls fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA nsork ewfrZ izdj.k vkSj :i eaMu (2) t;'ks[kj lwjh & egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds dky esa bUgksaus xPNkpkj uked xzaFk esa xzaFkksa esa ewfrZ;k cukrs le; fdu fu;eksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, bldk fooj.k dk iz.k;u fd;k FkkA bl xzaFk dh jpuk gqcM+ tkrh; Js"Bh fla?kk us djokbZ FkhA 218 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 435 436 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 t;'ks[kj lqjh dh dbZ jpuk,a feyh gSA fnxEcj tSu lkfgR; (3) ftug"kZ xf.k & ftu g"kZ xf.k Hkh bl dky ds Js"B lkfgR;dkj FksA (1) ldydhfrZ & egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds le; ldydhfrZ o HkqoudhfrZ gq,A ftldh jpuk] okLrqiky pfjr dk tSu lkfgR; esa fo'ks"k egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA blds buesa ldydhfrZ laLd`r izkd`r o jktLFkkuh ds vPNs iafMr FksA ;g Nan'kkL= ds Hkh vfrfjDr buds }kjk vU; xzaFk Hkh ^je.k lsgjh dgk* tks dqaHkk ds dky esa jpk x;kA Kkrk FksA bUgksaus 28 xzaFk laLd`r ds vkSj 6 xzaFk jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa fy[ks gaSA laLd`r ds (4) jRu 'ks[kj & jRu 'ks[kj }kjk jfpr xzaFkksa esa Jkº izfrÿe.k o`fr Jkº o`fr xzaFkksa esa vkfniqjk.k mŸkjiqjk.k] 'kkafrukFk pfj=] oºZeku pfj=] efYyukFk pfj=] ;'kks/ & lw=o`fr vkpkj iznhi vkfn dk uke mYys[kuh; gSA kj pfj=] /kU;dqekj pfj=] lqdqekypfj=] vkxelkj] Jhikypfj= vkfn gSA jktLFkkuh esa vkjk/kuk izfrcks/klkj] useh'ojxhr] eqDrkoyh xhr vkfn gSA (5) ekf.kD; jRu xf.k & ;g eqfu lqanj ds f'k"; Fks] bUgksaus laor~ 1501 esa Hko&Hkkouk ckykocksFk xzaFk dh jpuk dh FkhA tSu lkfgR; esa fo'ks"k :i ls rikxPNh; (2) HkqoudhfrZ &HkqoudhfrZ Hkh laLd`r] izkd`r o jktLFkkuh ds vPNs fo}ku Fks ,oa 'kkL=kFkZ djus esa cM+s dq'ky FksA buds }kjk fojfpr xzaFk jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ds o [kjrj xPNs; lk/kqvksa }kjk lajfpr lkfgR; gSA feyrs gaSA buesa usehjktqyxhr] thoa/kjjkl] tEcwLokeh jkl] dykorh pfj= vkfn gSA (6) lkse lqanj & rikxPNh; Fks] ml ;qx ds egku~ vkpk;Z FksA budk ;qx lkse budh f'k"; ijaijk esa Kku Hkw"k.k gq, tks Hkh cgqr fo}ku gq,A lqanj ;qx dgykrk gS o mUgsa ;qx iz/kku Hkh dgk tkrk gSA lkse }kjk fojfpr lkse (3) cz„k ftu nkl & egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds ledkyhu ,d vU; fnaxcj vkpk;Z lkSHkkX; dkO; esa budh thouh dk lfoLrkj o.kZu gSA buds fy[ks gq, & Hkk";Ÿk;pwf.kZ] cz„k ftu nkl FksA ldydhfrZ ds leku cz„k ftu nkl dk Hkh esokM+] okxM+ rFkk dY;k.kdLro] jRudks'k] mins'kckykocks/k] ;ksx'kkL= ckykocks/k] 'kMko';d xqtjkr esa vPNk izHkko FkkA lkfgR; lk/kuk Hkh mPp dksfV dh FkhA budh 60 ls vf/ ckykocks/k] Hkk";=; vopwfj dY;k.k L=ksr 'kf"B 'krd ckykocks/k vkjk/kuk irkdk kd jpuk,a feyh gSA bUgksaus iqjk.k dkO; pfj= dks viuh lkfgR; lk/kuk dk vk/kkj ckykocks/k vkfn eq[; xzaFk gSA mins'k ckykocks/k esa lnkpkj laca/kh mins'kksa dk laxzg cuk;kA budh jpukvksa esa jkl lkfgR; vf/kd ek=k esa miyC/k gksrk gSA buds }kjk gSA NksVs&NksVs n`"Vkarksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ;ksx 'kkL= esa ;ksx Lo:i mldh fyf[kr jklksa esa ls jkejklksa dks fo'ks"k yksdfiz;rk izkIr gqbZ gSA efgek egkRE; 5 egkozr o mldh Hkkouk vkfn dk o.kZu gSA lUnHkZ (7) eqfu lqanj & buds fojfpr xzaFkksa esa v/;kRed dYinzqe eq[; gSA blds 1- vlkok xkSjh'kadj] iUnzgoha 'krkCnh dk esokM+] fizUVoSy ifCyds'klZ] t;iqj 1986 vfrfjDr buds vU; xzaFk f=n'kfrjaxf.k] mins'k jRukdkj] L=ksr jRudks"k fe=prq"Vd] 2- mTtoy Bk- dSyk'knku] egkjk.kk] jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj ]tks/kiqj] 1997 'kkafrdjL=ksr] ikf{kdkflrjh] vaxqyhflrjh] ouLifr flrjh] rikxPN iÍkoyh] 'kkafrjl 3- xqIrk ds-,l- ,oa vks>k ts-ds-] dqaHkk ls lokbZ t;flagdkyhu bfrgkl] f'kok ifCy'klZ o jkl vkfn gSA ;s laLd`r Hkk"kk ds vf}rh; fo}ku FksA fMLV™hC;wVLkZ] fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k (8) pfj= jRuxf.k & pfj= jRuxf.k us egkohj tSu eafnj fpŸkkSM+ fLFkr dh 4- eaxy] rkjk] egkjk.kk dqaHkk dk dky] laiknu jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj] izFke laLdj.k] iz'kfLr dh jpuk dh gSA esokM+ dk HkkSxksfyd o.kZu jktoa'k o.kZu o dqaHkk dk o.kZu 1984 5- 'kkjnk] gjfoykkl] egkjk.kk dqaHkk] oSfnd ;a=ky; vtesj] f}rh; laLdj.k 1932 cM+h Js"Brk ls fd;k gSA o.kZu 'kSyh Hkh Js"Brk fy, gSA dbZZ fo'ks"k.k o vyadkjksa 6- 'kekZ] izseyrk] laikfndk] laxhrjkt (dqEHkd.kZ)] Hkkx &1] usiky jkT; laLd`r xzUFkekyk dh izkpq;Zrk budh 'kSyh dh fo'ks"krk gSA &5] fgUnw fofo ifCyds'ku 1963 (9) jRueafnj xf.k & jRueafnj xf.k Hkh dqqaHkk ds lelkef;d FksA buds fy[ks 7- 'kekZ] izseyrk] laikfndk] ,dfyax egkRE; (dkUgk O;kl)] eksrhyky cukjlh nkl fnYyh mins'k rjafxuh o Hkkst izca/k 2 xzaFk feys gSaA Hkkst izca/k dk o.kZu dkQh foLr`r gSA 1976 8- lksekuh] jkeoYyHk] egkjk.kk dqHaakk] izdk'kd Jh nsosUnzflag xgyksr] fgUnh lkfgR; eafnj [kjrjxPN vkpk;Z tks/kiqj] izFke laLdj.k 1968 [kjrjxPN esa dbZ vkpk;Z gq, gS] ftuesa ftujkt] ftuo/kZu] ftupUnz ftu 9- lksekuh] jkeoYyHk] fgLV™h vkQW esokM+] ekrs'ojh izdk'ku] xaxkiqj] 1976 lkxj vkSj ftu lqanj ds uke gSA [kjrjxPN ds vkpk;ksZa esa ftulkxj lwjh cM+s fo[;kr 10- JhokLro] cyjke] #ieaMu] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] fo-la- 2021 FksA 219 438 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 eafnj dh lekt&lTtk dk izca/k fd;k x;k rFkk ta?kk Hkkx ij pf.Mdk] 'khryk] lfPpdk] {kseadjh vkSj {ks=iky dh ewfrZ;ka LFkkfir djokbZ xbZA4 lfPp;k; ekrk ds laca/k esa fo}kuksa esa er erkUrj gSA ,e-,- k] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] jktiwrkuk dk bfrgkl] izFke [k.M & i`- 336 okys Hkkx esa egkjk.kkvksa ds dqy xq#vkas dh lekf/k;ka cuh gqbZ gSaA blds vfrfjDr 3- jk?kokuUn] Hkxoku ,dfyax vkSj gkfjr] i`- 12 efUnj ifjlj esa gh dqy 108 NksVs efUnj cus gq, gSA muesa fo".kq efUnj izeq[k gSaA 4- Jh ,dfyaxth ds efUnj ds voyksdu ds vk/kkj ij efUnj ifjlj esa egkjk.kk ds dqy xq#vksa dk fuokl LFkku eB Hkh cuk gqvk gSA 5- xksLokeh jk?kokuUn] iwoksZDr] i`- 2&5 6- ydqfy'k efUnj iz'kfLr fo-l- 1028 (971 bZ-) ,dfyax efUnj dk th.kksZºkj ,oa izcU/ku 7- dqEHkyx<+ iz'kfLr 'yksd 23&24 egkjk.kk eksdy (1421&31 bZ-) ds dky esa xqtjkr ds 'kkld vgen'kkg 8- ,dfyax egkRe; & ikSjkf.kd [k.M] [k.M 5 'yksd 11 ds vkÿe.k ds nkSjku efUnj dks {kfr igqaph] rc egkjk.kk us ,dfyax efUnj dh 9- dqEHkyx<+ iz'kfLr] 'yksd la[;k 241 lqj{kkFkZ pkjksa vksj ,d lqUnj o lqn`<+ dksV cuok;k ,oa efUnj dk th.kksZºkj fd;k ,oa 10- ,dfyax efUnj dh nf{k.k }kj iz'kfLr & ;g iz'kfLr jk;ey ds le; cuh blesa 100 'yksd efUnj izcU/ku ds [kpZ dh iwfrZ ds fy, jkek xkao vfiZr (xkao dh vk;) fd;kA7 gSaA 11- egkjk.kk laxzke flag }kjk ,dfyaxth dks pyok xkao dh [kM+yk[kM+ vk; HksaV lEcU/kh egkjk.kk dqaHkk (1433&68 bZ-) us bldk f}rh; ckj th.kksZºkj djok bldks lqUnj rkezi=] jfookj 30] laor 1774 8 Lo:i iznku fd;k lkFk gh blesa efUnj ds lsok Hkksx vkfn O;; gsrq ukxnk] 12- egkjk.kk Hkheflag dkyhu] ,dfyax efUnj dks HksaV fn;s x;s xkaoksa dh lwph rkez i= eaxyokj] euok[ksM+k ,oa Hkh.kk; (cka/kuokM+k vtesj ftys ds vUrxZr vkfn HksaV dj ogka dk Qkx.k lqnh 13] laor 1851 mn~/k`r & eT>fedk i`- 82&83 izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku] Hkwiky jktLo vfiZr fd;k)A9 ukscYl laLFkku] mn;iqj egkjk.kk daaqHkk ds iq= mn;flag (1668&73 bZ-) ds le; izkd`frd dkj.kksa ls 13- ckxksj egkjktk f'konku flag }kjk ,dfyax efUnj dks Nkijh xkao HksaV nsus lEcU/kh rkez i=] efUnj dks {kfr gqbZ rc jk.kk jk;ey (1473&1509 bZ-) us mldk iqu% th.kksZºkj ftls egkjk.kk Hkhe flag }kjk tkjh fd;k x;kA djok mls lqn`<+ fd;kA jk;ey us efUnj dh lsokiwtk dh ,oa xkao Hkh efUnj dks HksaV fd;sA10 ,dfyaxth efUnj esa lqjf{kr rkez i=ksa ls Hkh irk pyrk gS fd jk;ey ds ckn ds egkjk.kkvksa us Hkh [kkylk xkao efUnj izcU/ku gsrq HksaV fd,A egkjk.kk laxzke flag f}rh; (1710&34 bZ-) us exjk ijxus ds pyok dh [kM+yk[kM+ uked dj ls gksus okyh vk; dks efUnj dks HksaV dhA11 1851 bZ- foÿe laor~ dk rkez i= fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSA 311 QhV yEcs bl rkez i= esa egkjk.kk Hkheflag (1778&1828 bZ-) }kjk ,dfyax efUnj dks HksaV fd, xkaoksa dh iwjh lwph nh xbZ gSA Jh ,dfyax efUnj ds izcU/ku o j[k j[kko ds fy, u dsoy egkjk.kk oju~ ;gka ds jko mejkoksa us Hkh viuh vk; dk dqN fgLlk efUnj dks HksaV fd;kA12 egkjk.kk Hkhe flag ds 'kklu dky esa gh ckxksj ds egkjktk f'konku flag us Nkijh xkao] ftldh vuqekfur vk; yxHkx 500 #i;s Fkh] efUnj dks HksaV fd;k FkkA13 fj;klr dky esa ,dfyax efUnj ds j[kj[kko o lsokiwtk lEcU/kh 224 448 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 o iq= lwjt dh fo|ekurk esa cutkjksa us cuokbZ FkhA5 5- egkjkoy tloUrflag izFke dh egkjkuh Qwydqaojh ohjiqjh }kjk ohjiqj xk°o esa egkjkoy ds jkT; le; 1661&91 bZ- ds chp esa cuokbZ6 nks ckofM+;k° tks Mwaxjiqj ds mn;fogkj dh jk.khoko iz'kfLr ohjiqj dksBh ifjlj esa fLFkr gS] orZeku esa nksuksa vPNh n'kk esa ekStwn gSA blds vykok MkW- efydk cksgjk fo-la- 1738 (1681 bZ-) esa [kM+k;rk bZljk us ekaMok xkao ds fudV ckoM+h cuokbZ Fkh7 tks lknxh fy;s gq, gSa] vkt Hkh ekStwn gSA Mwaxjiqj jkT; esa vusdksa egkjkoyksa ds le; esa is;ty lqfo/kk gsrq dbZ 6- egkjkoy jkeflag (lu~ 1702&1730) ds jkT; le; esa Mwaxjiqj ds ?kkVh dq,°&ckofM+;k°] ljksojksa bR;kfn dk fuekZ.k gqvkA buesa dbZ ckofM+;k° VwV&QwV xbZ gSA {ks= esa cuh jkeoko] ftldk mÌs'; twukegy ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa ikuh igq°pkuk FkkA8 dbZ;ksa dks yksxksa us kyu 3- ek:.kh Jh leu dqa,j & ek:.kh peu dqaojh th& ;g vkSjhokM+k ds oko] fot; oko ;k lkadyh oko rFkk dwatM+k oko Hkh ekStwn gSA jkBkSM+ fot;flag dh iq=h Fkh] ftudh dks[k ls egkjkoy tloUrflag f}rh; dk tUe gqvk FkkA vkSjhokM+k ckalokM+k jkT; esa izFke Js.kh dk fBdk.kk FkkA ;gk° ds Lokeh jk.khoko iz'kfLr&,d uky okyh jk.khoko ckoM+h ds uky mrjrs gq, nkfgus esM+fr;k 'kk[kk ds jkBkSM+ Fks] ftudh mikf/k ^Bkdqj* FkhA gkFk dh nhokj ij 1 QqV 7-5 bap yEch o 11 bap pkSM+h ikjsok iRFkj ls cuh gqbZ iz'kfLr ekStwn gSA orZeku esa bl lEiw.kZ ckoM+h ds pkjksa rjQ yksgs dk taxyk cuokdj 4- pkSvk.kth Jh xqeku dqa,j & pkSgku Jh xqeku dqaojh th& ;g okxM+ ds can dj rkyk yxk fn;k x;k gSA ;gk° ls tynk; foHkkx us ty lIykbZ gsrq cM+s&cM+s gfFk;kor pkSgku tkfyeflag dh iq=h Fkh] tks fo-la- 1865 (1808 bZ-) Hkknks 'kqDyk 18 ikbZi Mky j[ks gSa] ftldk ikuh yksxksa dks lIykbZ fd;k tkrk gSA bl iz'kfLr ij 1 dks egkjkoy ds ijyksd fl/kkj tkus ds ckn lrh gqbZ FkhA Mwaxjiqj dh egkjkfu;ksa Mwaxjiqj ds rhu egkjkoyksa] ftuesa egkjkoy oSjh'kky] egkjkoy Qrgflag] egkjkoy esa lrh gksus okyh ;g vafre jkuh FkhA19 blds ckn lrh izFkk can gks xbZ FkhA tloUrflag f}rh; dh jkfu;ksa] egkjkfu;ksa] [kokluksa] egkjkuh xqeku daqojh ds ihgj 5- lkofBth Jh ds'kj dqa,j & pkoM+h ds'kj dqaojh th& ^Mwaxjiqj jkT; jh i{k okyksa] tks egkjkoy dh igyh jkuh Fkh] ftlds xHkZ ls ckbZjkt lw;Z dqaojh dk cM+os jh [;kr* ^cghpaxk* rFkk ^jkuh eaxk dh [;kr* vkfn esa bl jkuh dk dqN Hkh tUe gqvk Fkk] tks cgqr de mez (ek= 14 o"kZ) esa vfookfgr gh vlk/; jksx ls xzfLr ifjp; izkIr ugha gksrkA laHko gS fd] ;s ek.klk vFkok ojlksM+k ds fBdk.kksa esa ls gksdj ejh Fkh]15 mldk uke] lkFk gh egkjkoy tloUrflag f}rh; ds jkT; le; esa fdlh ,d fBdk.ks ds Lokeh dh iq=h gksA fo|eku dkenkj] [kokl] /kk;ek] iqjksfgr] dFkkHkÍ] M~;ksxM+k gksus ds 5- xksj uUnyky th ek.kdpanth & ;s pkSchlk tkfr ds czk„.k Fks] tks dkj.k NksVk HkkbZ nsohflag viuh Hkrhth izk.k dqaojh ds ikl Mwaxjiqj pyk vk;kA rc egkjkuh bZMj.kh xqeku dqaojth ds iqjksfgr FksA izk.k dqaojh ckbZ us vius dkdk nsohflag dks viuh M~;ks<+h ds dk;Z gsrq fu;qDr fd;k] 6- dFkkHkÍ cz„nŸk th lkenŸk th & ;s HkÍ 'kk[kk ds HkÍesokM+k czk„.k FksA rc ls nsohflag ds oa'kt Mwaxjiqj jkt?kjkus dh M~;ks<+h ij fu;qDr gksrs vk;s vkSj ;s 227 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 453 ^M~;ks<+h dkdk* dgyk;sA fo-la- 1883 esa nsohflag dk pkSFkk oa'kt ukFkwflag Fkk] ftldk uke iz'kfLr esa ugha gSA gks ldrk gS ml le; og ckyd jgk gksA bl izdkj ;g iz'kfLr Mwaxjiqj jkT; ds rhuksa egkjkoyksa ds ikfjokfjd laca/kksa dh tkudkfj;k° nsus okyh egŸoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld lzksr gS] tks nhokj ij vPNh n'kk esa esokM+ ds nsyokM+k tSu eafnj okLrq & 'kSyh ,oa izfrek,a ekStwn gSA20 js[kk egkRek lanHkZ esokM+ dk nsyokM+k dLck mn;iqj ls 27 fdeh nwj ukFk}kjk ekxZ ij ,dfyax 1- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % cq/kokj] fefr iks"k 'kqDyk] fo-la- 2000] i`- 76 th ls 5 fdeh nwj jk"V™h; jktekxZ la[;k 8 ij fLFkr gSA izkphudky esa ;g ,d 2- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % jfookj] fefr iks"k 'kqDyk v"Beh] fo-la- 1997] i`- 13 3- mijksDr ogh le`º'kkyh dLck FkkA bldk uke nsodqy ikVd] nsomyk] nsoyokM+k Fkk] bldk 1 4- 'kks/k if=dk % jktLFkku fo|kihB fo'ofo|ky;] Hkkx 40] vad&1] lu~ 1989 esa jko viHkza'k gksdj nsyokM+k uke ls iqdkjk tksu yxkA ;g dLck lkfgfR;d o lkaLœfrd x.kirflag fpryokuk dk ys[k ^^ukSy[kk ckoM+h iz'kfLr*] i`- 48 :i ls Hkh le`º o izflº jgk gSA dbZ tSu o oS".ko eafnj vkt Hkh viuh izkphurk] 5- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % cq/kokj] fefr oS'kk[k ,d fo-la- 1999] i`- 114 LFkkiR; o dyk oSHko ls ml dky dh HkO;rk dk ifjp; djkrs gSA vusd tSu larksa 6- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % jfookj] fefr iks"k 'kqDyk v"Beh] fo-la- 1997] i`- 13 dk vkokxeu bl {ks= esa gksrk jgk ftudh izsj.kk ls vusd ftu ewfr;ks± dh LFkkiuk gqbZ 7- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % eaxyokj] fefr Jko.k d`".k 3] fo-la- 2000] i`- 98 ,oa tSu lkfgR; vkSj fp=dyk dh jpuk gqbZA Jh t;pan lwjh uS 1503 fo-l- dks Jh 8- egs'k iqjksfgr dk ys[k % ^Mwaxjiqj dk izkphu jktegy*] jktLFkku if=dk] 28 uoEcj] 1993 vfHkuanu Lokeh dh izfB"Bk djkbZA2 bZ- 9- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % jfookj] fefr iks"k 'kqDyk v"Beh] fo-la- 1997] i`- 13 [krjxPN Jh ftupanzlwjh fo-la- 1469 esa ΩHknso eafnj esa vkfnukFk Hkxoku 3 10- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % eaxyokj] 5 ebZ] 1942 bZ- i`- 168 dh ewfrZ dh izfr"Bk djkbZA eqfu lqUnj ds f'k"; ekf.kD; jRuef.k us laor~ 1501 esa 11- vks>k % Mwaxjiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 175 HkoHkkouk ckykocks/k xzaFk dh jpuk nsyokM+k esa dhA4 [krjxPNh; vkpk;Z Jh 12- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % jfookj] 5 tuojh] 1941] i`- 14 ftulkxj lwfj dk tUe nsyokM+k esa gqvkA5 bUgksaus la- 1462 esa nsyokM+k esa esokM+ ds 13- MkW- efydk cksgjk % 18oha lnh dh LFkkiR; dyk (Mwaxjiqj jkT; ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) i`- ea=h jkenso lg.kiky uoy[kk dks izfrcksf/kr dj vko';d o`gno`fŸk dk nwljk 153 [k.M fy[kkA6 rikxPN vkpk;Z lkselqUnj us l- 1450 esa nsyokM+k esa okpd in izkIr 14- Lo;a dk voyksdu fd;k vkSj egkjk.kk yk[kk ds le; iz/kku jkenso o dqekj pw.Mk us budk uxj izos'k 15- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % 'kqÿokj] 5 tuojh] 1943 bZ- i`- 71 dk mRlo djk;kA bUgksaus mins'k ckykocks/k] dY;k.kLro vkfn xazFk fy[ksaA7 o`gnxPN 16- vks>k % Mwaxjiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 158 ds gfjHknzlwfj ifjokj ds ia- Hkkopanz ds f'k"; ghjkuan us lqik'oZukFk pfjra dh jpuk 17- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % 'kqÿokj] 5 Qjojh] 1943 bZ- i`- 70 8 18- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % 'kqÿokj] fefr ek?k 'kqDyk 1] fo-la- 1999] i`- 70 T;s"B ofn 10 'kqÿ la- 1480 dks nsyokM+k esa dh FkhA fo'kky jRu ef.k us nsyokM+k 9 19- MkW- efydk cksgjk % 18oha lnh dh LFkkiR; dyk (Mwaxjiqj jkT; ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa)] i`- esa fo-la- 1482 iks"k onh ,de dks HkDrkej dh vopwf.kZ cukbZA Jh t;'ks[kj lwfj 181 us fo-la- 1491 esa nsyokM+ka esa xPNkpkj xzaFk fy[kkA ;g dqaHkk ds jkT; ds izkjaHk esa 20- Lo;a dk voyksdu fy;k x;k o gweM+ tkfr ds Jsf"B flagk us 2000 O;; djds ;g xzaFk fy[kok;kA10 nsyokM+ka esa tSu /keZ dh vR;Ur izkphu ijEijk jgh gSA ;gk° tSu /keZ dh 'osrkEcj 'kk[kk ls lEcfU/kr 5 eafnj ,oa fnxEcj 'kk[kk ls lEcaf/kr ,d eafnj gSA ik'oZukFk eafnj esa ftu izfrek yxHkx fo-la- 1300 dh ,oa xq: iknqdk la- 1165 dh gSA11 Ω"kHkukFk eafnj esa dbZ izkphu f'kykys[k izfrekvksa ij mRdh.kZ gS ;Fkk 1469] 1473] 1491] 1494 vkfnA12 usfeukFk Hkxoku ds fnxEcj 'kk[kk ds eafnj esa mRdh.kZ 228 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 455 456 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ys[k la- 1168 dk gSA13 bl izdkj mijksDr f'kykys[kksa o lkfgR; jpukvksa ds vk/kkj ls lq'kksfHkr gSaA oL=kHkw"k.kksa dk Hkh mRdh.kZu gSA 'ks"k forku Fkj lkns gSA forku 'kh"kZ ij nsyokM+k ds eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k dky 13oha ls 15oha 'krkCnh ds e/; dk vqueku e/; esa in~ed cuk;k x;k gSA yxk;k tkrk gSA uo pkSdh e.Mi%& vkfnukFk ckou ftuky; %& jaxe.Mi ls pkSdh e.Mi izos'k gsrq rhu lhf<;k° gSA ;gk° 16 LrEHk gS lHkh ;g ftuky; nsyokM+ka esa eq[; ekxZ ls iwoZ fn'kk dh vksj ck°;s rjQ fLFkr gSa LrEHkksa dh cukoV jaxe.Mi LrEHkksa ds leku gSA osfndk LrEHkksa ds ≈ij forku pkj ;g lQsn o FkksM+s eVeSys laxejej iRFkj dk cuk gqvk vR;Ur dykRed gS] tks Fkjks esa fofHkUu :ikadu fd, gq, gS buesa vkB fo|k/kj fofHkUu ok|ksa ds lkFk gSA buds nsyokM+k esa 14oha 'krkCnh esa cus lHkh eafnjksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA blesa f'kYi o ≈ij vusd vIljk,sa mRdh.kZ gSA ukS pkSdh dk 'ks"k forku f{kIr mf{kIr forku gSA okLrq dh n`f"V ls mu lHkh fo'ks"krkvksa dks ,d lkFk ns[kk tk ldrk gS] ftudk ;gk° blh e.Mi esa LrEHkksa dh pkSdh Hkkx esa rhu LFkkuksa ij dhpd ds LFkku ij flagkœfr] ds vU; ftuky; esa i`Fkd&i`Fkd :i esa vadu gqvk gSA ;g eafnj vkcw nsyokM+k dh ?kqVus ds cy cSBk] iwaN mBk,a canj] flag dh vkœfr vkfn gSA gwcgw izfrœfr izrhr gksrh gSA ;gk° ewy izklkn] xwBe.Mi] pkSdh e.Mi] jaxe.Mi] iV~V'kkyk] nsodqfydk,sa vkfn cus gSA budk okLrq foU;kl bl izdkj gS%& xw<+ e.Mi %& eafnj izos'k }kj%& bl e.Mi ds izos'k }kjk ij nksuksa vksj prqHkqZt banz mRdh.kZ gSaA ;g forku vkB LrEHkksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA forku esa dqy vkB ?kj gSA lHkke.My esa uanh'oj }hi] eafnj esa izos'k }kjk ds nksuksa vksj lqUnj vayœr LrEHkksa ij prqHkqZt bUnz }kjiky ds :i esa mRdh.kZ gSA izos'k }kj iV~V'kkyk esa [kqyrk gSA izos'k }kj o jaxeaMi ds chp lgL=dwV] 'kkafrukFk Lokeh] usfeukFk Lokeh] lkr loZdu okyh ik'oZukFk (';keo.khZ) 12 LrEHk gSA izfrek fLFkr gSA ,d iV~V ftlesa e;wj o liZ dks ,l lkFk vafdr fd;k x;k gS] fLFkr gSA liZ e;wj iV~V ij laor~ 1491 o"kZs ek?k ofn 5 dk ys[k gSA bl ij jaxe.Mi %& uoy[kk] jkenso] Hkk;kZesykns] lg.kiky vkfn Jsf"B;ksa] Jkodksa ds uke gSA jaxea.Mi esa izos'k gsrq iV~V'kkyk ls 2 lhf<;k° gSA jaxe.Mi forku 12 LrEHkksa ij fVdk gqvk gSA ftlesa ls pkj LrEHk pkSdh e.Mi esa Hkh lfEefyr gq, gSA LrEHkksa xHkZ x`g %& dks vfrfjDr yEck djus gsrq mPNkyd (ewy LrEHk dk pkSFkkbZ Hkkx tksM+dj) cuk;s xHkZx`g esa vkfnukFk Hkxoku Ω"kHk ykaNu ls igpkus tkrs gSA bl izfrek ij x;s gSA ewy LrEHkksa o mPNkyd ds 'kh"kZ Hkkx ij ckgj fudyh gqbZ pkSdh dk fuekZ.k fo-la- 1469 ek?k lqfn 6 jfookj dk ftunŸklwfj us izfr"Bk djokbZA ,slk ys[k fd;k x;k gSA LrEHk ds dqaHkh Hkkx] ta?kk Hkkx] 'kh"kZ Hkkx dks cgqr mRœ"B rjk'kk x;k mRdh.kZ gSA ewyuk;d ifjdj esa ftu pkSchlh dk vadu fd;k gqvk gSA bl izfrek ds gSA dqaHkh Hkkx esa gal J`[kayk] iq"i iYyo] vkfn fufeZr gSA ta?kk Hkkx esa banz ds ,d vksj (nka;h) ik°p liZdu okys lqik'oZukFk] nwljh vksj 7 Qu vkjksi ;qDr fofo/k :i fnXiky Lo:i esa dqcsj] fuΩfr vkfn dk vadu gqvk gSA lHkh ewfrZ;ksa ds ik'oZukFk dk;ksRlxZ eqnzk esa gSA o{k izns'k esa Jh oRl fpUg mRdh.kZ gS tks bUgsa tSu nsodqy ls lEcfU/kr djrk gSa LrEHk ds e/; Hkkx esa vusd nsoh ewfrZ;k° yfyrklu esa mRdh.kZ gSA ≈ijh Hkkx esa xHkZx`g eaMksoj %& dYiofYy J`a[kyk ds ckn gal fo|k/kj J`a[kyk mRdh.kZ gSA LrEHk 'kh"kZ esa dhfrZeq[k xHkZx`g ifjÿek esa e.Mksoj esa fn'kkvksa ds vf/kifr fnXiky ;Fkk o:.k] ok;q] J`a[kyk cukbZ xbZ gSA eq[; LrEHk dk pkSdh Hkkx lknk gSA dPNkyd esa dksbZ nsoh dqcsj] bZ'k] bUnz] ;e o HkSjo izfrek gSA lHkh esa vk;w/k o mUds okguksa dk vadu fd;k vkœfr mRdh.kZ ugha gSA ;gk° pkSdh Hkkx esa laxhr ls lEcº eqnzkvksa esa urZd] xk;d] x;k gSA buds e/; vusd lqUnj vIljk,sa vafdr gSA ;Fkk oa'khokfndk] pkejk] oknd vafdr gSA jaxe.Mi forku esa dqy nl Fkj gSA igys Fkj esa f[kys in~eksa dk e`anxokfnuh] u`R;jrk] niZ.kk] in~feuh] 'k=qefnZuh] iq=oYyHkk ;s lHkh rRdkyhu vaydj.k fd;k gqvk gSA nwljs Fkj esa laxhr xk;u oknu] u`R; ka>j igurh gqbZA (y) lkse (dqcsj) %& mŸkj fn'kk vf/kifrµiRuh gfjfr okgu gkFkhA isV 6- niZ.kkµgkFk esa niZ.k ysdj eq[k n'kZu djrh gqbZA cM+k@4 Hkqtk,sa&≈ij ds 2 gkFkksa esa fuf/k nzO; dh FkSyh ;k Qy] xnk] dqEHk de.My/ kkjh gSA vk;q/k eq[; xnk gSA 7- esudkµgkFk esa [kMx /kkj.k djds ck;k° ik°o ≈ij djds u`R;jrA (o) dkScsjhµ;g dqcsj dh iRuh gSA bldk okgu gkFkh gSA blds vk;q/k 8- moZ'kh µnk°fgus gkFk ls nSR; dh f'k[kk [khapdj mls [kM~x ls ekjrh gqbZA ,d] xnk dqaHk o deaMy gSA 9- oh.kkokfnuhµoh.kkoknu djrs gq,A bl ftuky; esa Hknznsodqfydk ds ta?kk Hkkx esa prqHkqZth izfrek ds gkFk esa 10- hy ds nf{k.k esa ^tx eafnj* dk izrhr gksrk gSA bl pkSd ds vkxs ,dne chp esa pUnzkdkj lhf<+;k° cuh gqbZ gS vkSj fuekZ.k dk;Z izkjEHk gqvk] tks egkjk.kk d.kZflag ds dky esa bl ty egy ds Hkouksa ds lhf<+;ksa ds vkxs e/; esa ,d }kj cuk gqvk gSA bl }kj ls vUnj izos'k djus ij bl dkQh Hkkxksa dk fuekZ.k dk;Z iqjk gqvkA blh egkjk.kk ds le; 'kgtknk [kqjZe us Hkh m|ku ds Bhd chp esa cuk ,d gksn ;k pSipk vkrk gSA bl ty egy esa dfri; fuekZ.k dk;Z djok;s FksA mlds i'pkr~ egkjk.kk txrflag us lgsfy;ksa dh ckM+h dk ;g e/; dk gksn okyk LFkku e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dh blesa viuh :fp ds vuqlkj fofo/k fuekZ.k dk;Z iw.kZ djok;s vkSj vius uke ij bl m|kuksa esa dh tkus okyh ty ;a= iz.kkyh (QOokjksa dh O;oLFkk) dk cstksM+ mnkgj.k ty&egy dk uke ^tx&efUnj* j[kkA ty egy ds nf{k.kh&if'peh Hkkx esa ,d gSA bl LFkku ds e/;orhZ Hkkx esa lrr~ ikuh ls Hkjs jgus okyk i;kZIr cM+k gksn ;k foLr`r lqUnj m|ku Hkh Fkk tgk° vke] ve:n] vk°oyk] ukjaxh vkfn ds dbZ isM+ yxs pSipk cuk gSA bl gksn ds chp esa v"V LeaHkksa ls cuh ≈ij Hknz;qDr o`Ÿkkdkj xqEcj gq, FksA6 N=h cuh gqbZ gSA bl N=h ds uhps dkys Hkkx esa tgk° uhps ds LrEHkksa ds e/; yxs iku tx&eafnj esokM+ eqxy LFkkiR; dk vuqie mnkgj.k gSA blds LrEHkksa] cjkenksa vkSj mu ij yxk;s x;s mrjax ,oa N=h ds xqEcn dk Hkkx feyrk gS] ogk° pkjks rjQ f[kM+fd;ksa] egjkcksa] NTtksa] Nkofu;ksa] ≈ij ds xqEcnksa dh jpuk] gksn] ugj] e.Mi Nrjh ls djhc nks QqV ckgj fudyrk gqvk NTtk yxk;k x;k gSA Nrjh ds ≈ij vkfn esa eqxy 'kSyh ds lqLi"V n'kZu gksrs gSaA tgk°xhj ds dky esa vius fonzksg ds in~edks"k cuk gS vkSj mlds ≈ij dy'k gSA dy'k ds ≈ij pk°nh dk cuk gqvk le; 'kgtknk [kqjZe us pkj&ik°p ekg mn;iqj eas O;rhr fd;s rc mlus Hkkoh dcwrj yxk gqvk gSA iqjh Nrjh lQsn laxejej dh cuh gqbZ gSA lgsfy;ksa dh ckM+h rktegy dh jpuk ds iwoZ uewus ds :i esa txeafnj ds e/;orhZ Hkkx esa lkeus nksuksa m|ku dk izeq[k vkd"kZ.k mldh ty ;a= iz.kkyh gS] bl gksn o Nrfj;ksa ds pkjksa vksj dksuksa ij nks y?kq xqEcnksa o e/; esa iRFkj ds cus ,d fo'kky xqEcn okys Hkou dks fdukjksa ij ,d&,d QqV dh nwjh ij Hkwfexr QOokjsa yxs gq, gSaA blh Hkkafr ty ;a=ksa cuok;k FkkA7 tx eafnj ds lEiw.kZ fuekZ.k esa dks.kkRedrk vFkok rh{.krk ugha gS dh O;oLFkk gksn ds chp cuh xksy Nrjh ds pkjksa vksj dh uhps dh txg ij Hkh dh vfirq xksykbZ dks vf/kd egRo fn;k x;k gSA xbZ gSaA ;g QOokjs tc pyrs gSa rks budk ikuh 15&20 QqV ≈°pk tkrk gSA rd ,slk 18oha 'krkCnh ds izkjafHkd o"kksZ esa] egkjk.kk laxzkeflag f} (1710 bZ-&1734 yxrk gSA tSls o"kkZ gks jgh gksA bl m|ku ds ty ;a=ksa dh lokZf/kd vkd"kZd ,d bZ-) ds dky esa mn;iqj uxj ds mŸkj dh vksj rFkk Qrglkxj rkykc ds iwoZ dh rjQ vk'p;Ztud O;oLFkk gksn dh Nrfj;ksa esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA tc bl m|ku ds ty dh iky ds vkxs uhps foLr`r Hkwfe ij ^lgsfy;ksa dh ckM+h* uked m|ku fufeZr ;a=ksa dks pkyw fd;k tkrk gS rks bu Nrfj;ksa ds xqEcnksa ij yxs dy'kksa ds ≈ij ds pk°nh 233 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 465 466 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ds dcwrj rFkk pkjksa dksuksa dh pkjksa Nrfj;ksa ds pkjksa dksuksa ij yxh fpfM+;k,° vius i`- 525&27 LFkku ij gh ?kweus yxrh gS vkSj viuh pkspksa esa ls iryh ty/kkjk izokfgr djus yxrh 2- jktoYyHk] v-9] 'yksd 21&23] i`- 270]271 gSA chp ds Nrjh ds pkjksa vksj yxs NTTkksa ds vkxs ds fdukjksa ds e/; esa ls pkjksa vksj 3- nsoukFk iqjksfgr] esokM+ fgLV™h] i`- 34]50 ikuh fxjus yxrk gSA bruk gh ugha bl m|ku ds lHkh Hkkxksa esa pkjksa vksj Hkwfexr ty 4- jktfoykl] foykl 4 i`- 23_ jktiz'kfLr egkdkO;] lxZ 6 'yksd 9] i` 58 5- jktoYyHk] v-9] 'yksd 18&23] i`- 269&71_ lejkax.k lw=/kkj] jktfuos'k ,oa jktfld ;a= yxs gSA bl m|ku ds ihNs ds Hkkx esa cuk ,d o`Ÿkkdkj fo'kky gksn ds pkjksa dyk,a] v- 49] 'yksd 109&141 fn'kkvksa ij yxs e/;e dn ds lQsn laxejej iRFkj ds cus gkfFk;kas dh ,d vkVh 6- ohjfouksn] Hkk- 2 i`- 269&72 [kkdj ≈ij dh vksj mBh gqbZ lwaMksa esa ls ikuh fudyus dh O;oLFkk Hkh vk'p;Ztud 7- MkW- th-,u- 'kekZ] esokM+ ,.M nh eqxy ,EijlZ] i`-145 gSA gkfFk;ksa dh lwaM ls ty fudyus dh bl O;oLFkk dks orZeku vfHk;kaf=dh ds 8- MkW- jkt'ks[kj O;kl] esokM+ dh dyk vkSj LFkkiR;] i`- 236&38 lanHkZ esa ekuo ds cwrs ds ckgj dh dyk dh Lohdkjuk gksxkA orZeku vfHk;kaf=dh esa 9- jktoYyHk] v-9] 'yksd] i`-269] lejkax.k lw=/kkj] jktfuos'k ,oa jktfld dyk,W] v- ,slh jpuk furkUr vlaHko gh gSA8 'kkL=h; ijEijkuqlkj9 lgsfy;ksa dh ckM+h ds bl 49] 'yksd 109&128] 134&135 m|ku dh O;oLFkk ,oa ty ;a=ksa dh O;oLFkk] esokM+ ds f'kfYi;ksa rFkk LFkkifr;ksa ds 10- izk-fo-iz-m-] txfoykl (vizdkf'kr) i`-2&3] foykl 10&12] i`- 7] 26&30] 56] foykl mPpre Kku dks izdV djrh gSA 44&46] 178&235] 392 11- izk-fo-iz-m-] txfoykl (vizÿf'kr)] i` 26&30] foykl 178&99] okjk.klh foykl vizSy 22]1746 bZ- dks egkjk.kk txrflag us ihNksyk >hy esa ^tx fuokl (vizdkf'kr)] i`- 4&5& o 10] foykl 76&78] 107 vkSj 195&99 egy* dh uhao MkyhA ;g Hkou MksfM;k Bkdqj ljnkjflag dh ns[k&js[k esa cuus yxkA blds vanj laxejej dk cM+k egy] [kq'k egy] dey egy] Qwy egy] /kkSyk egy] gkSt ugj] QOokjs] cqtZ vkfn cuok;s x;s rFkk m|ku Hkh yxk;k x;k FkkA bldh nhokjksa o dejksa ds vanj dh nhokjksa ,oa Nrksa ds uhps lqUnj ph.kh dh iPphdkjh dk dke gqvk gSA nhokjksa ij egjkc ds :i esa fofHkUu jaxksa ls ;qDr ph.kh ds VqdM+s lqUnjrk ds lkFk tM+s x;sA orZeku esa dejk ua- 127 esa esgjkc o xqEct ;qDr rkd esa tM+h ph.kh dh iPphdkjh] dejk ua- 129 dey egy dh iPphdkjh rks lHkh dejksa ls c<+ dj gSA QOokjksa o laxejej ds iRFkjksa ij lqUnj uDdk'kh rFkk iRFkj rjk'k dj lqUnj tkfy;ka cukbZ xbZ FkhaA dejksa ds njokts egjkc ;qDr gSA dejksa rFkk f[kM+fd;ksa ds fdaokM+ nsonkj o`{k dh ydM+h ds cus gq, FksA LFkkiR;dyk dh n`f"V ^txfuokl* tSlk lqUnj egy esokM+ gh ugha vfirq jktLFkku esa Hkh fufeZr ugha gqvk FkkA bl egy esa rFkk lkFk ds m|ku ls jktiwr&eqxy 'kSyh dk lqUnj leUo; fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA uxhuk ckM+h Hkh 18oha 'krkCnh esa fufeZr dh xbZ FkhA ckx&cxhpksa esa ^xksB* vkfn dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk FkkA QOOkkjksa ds lkFk ty ÿhMk dj gf"kZr gksrs FksA10 jbZlksa] lkear&ljnkjksa dh Hkh futh ckfM+;ka] ckx] cxhps Fks] ijUrq tulk/kkj.k ds mi;ksx ds fy, jkT; dh vksj ls dksbZ lkoZtfud m|ku dh O;oLFkk ugha FkhA11 tu lkekU; dks R;kSgkj vkfn mRloksa ij 'kkldksa] lkeUrksa ds m|kuksa esa tkus dh vuqefr FkhA lanHkZ 1- jktoYyHk] i`- 67] v- 9 'yksd 19] i`- 269 vijkftri`PNk] Hkk- 1 lw= 88] 'yksd 7&12] 234 468 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vkSj pkjHkqtk ds ikl esa fLFkr gSA :iuxj dk ukedj.k blfy, gqvk fd x<+ dk fuekZ.k tgk° gqvk oks :ith dk eaxjk FkkA8 ^^------vizap :iuxj uke rks exjk dks uke :ith dk eFkkjks gks th lq :iuxj uke iM+;ksa------** :iuxj fBdkuk esokM+ ds lqj{kk }kjk :iuxjµ>hyokM+k fBdkusa vjkoyh ioZrekyk ds ≈°ps igkM+ksa ij fLFkr gSA ;gk° ls laHkkx eq[;ky; mn;iqj 110 xksfoUn flag lksyadh fdeh- rFkk ftyk eq[;ky; jktlean dh nwjh 50 fdeh- gSA izeq[k /kkfeZd i;ZVu LFky pkjHkqtk (x<+cksj) ls yxHkx 8 fdeh- nwj HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr % lkekU; ifjp;µ>hyokM+k fBdkuk vjkoyh ioZrekyk ≈°ps&≈°ps igkM+ksa] ?kkfV;ksa esa p<+dj :iuxj x<+ rd ?kksM+k] ≈aV] iSny lokjh }kjk gh ds esokM+ ekjokM+ ds izos'k }kjk ij fLFkr gSA ;g {ks= ekjokM+ o esokM+ ds chp igq°pk tkrk FkkA9 ?kksM+s o ≈°V ij cSBs gq, O;fDr dks lokjh ls ckj&ckj uhps mrjuk izkœfrd lhek dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA ;g fBdkuk nslwjh dh uky ds Bhd ≈ij fLFkr iM+rk FkkA ekjokM+ ds fdukjs ,oa vjkoyh ds igkM+ksa ds ≈ij fLFkr gksus ls ;gk° ls dqaHkyx<+ dks Li"V >k°drs gq, mldks lqj{kk fo"k;d pkSdlh j[kus okyk ,sfrgkfld ekjokM+ cgqr Li"V ,oa lqjE; utj vkrk gSA rygVh ls dkQh ≈°pkbZ ij fLFkr gksus ls tkxhjnkjh xzke jgk gSA izkphu f'kykys[kksa] ikaMqfyfi;ksa esa bldk uke psyk[;iqj] uhps ns[kus ij xgjh [kkbZ (xrZ) fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA10 psyokV] thyokM+k vkfn feyrk gSA egkjk.kk eksdy ds fo-la- 1485 (1428 bZ-) ds :iuxj fBdkus dh LFkkiukµesokM+ egkjk.kk vfjflag us fo-la- 1826 ^Ja`xha Ωf"k* uked LFkku (,dfyaxth ls 5 ehy ij) ds f'kykys[k esa fy[kk gS fd 1 (1769 bZ-) esa xksM+okM+ dks tks/kiqj egkjktk fot;flag dks ukFk}kjk esa QkSt j[kus ,oa gehj us psyk[;iqj us (thyokM+s) dks NhukA ,dfyax ekgkRe; esa Hkh psyokV esokM+ esa 'kkfUr O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus esa lg;ksx djus ds ,ot~ esa fn;k FkkA11 xksM+okM+ (thyokM+s) ds Lokeh jk?ko dks] tks cM+k vagdkjh Fkk] pqYyw dj tkuk (enZu djuk) 2 ijxuk ekjokM+ dks nsus ij nslwjh Bkdqj ohjenso lksyadh f}rh; us tks/kiqj dh v/ fy[kk gSA >hyokM+k dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr mi;qDr gksus ls fo-la- 1552 (bZ-la- khurk Lohdkj ugha dh vkSj cxkor dj nhA rc esokM+ ds egkjk.kk us fo-la- 1828 1495) esa lksyadh Bkdqj jk;ey ds iq= 'kadjflag us cYyk jktiwrksa dks gjkdj bls 3 0 (bZ-la-1771) esa nslwjh NksM+us ds cnys esa esokM+ esa :iuxj dh tkxhj nsdj 'kkUr viuh jkt/kkuh cuk;kA >hyokM+k fBdkuk mn;iqj ls 105 fdeh mŸkj esa 25 13* 12 0 fd;kA ^^------vizap nslwjh NwVh vj exjk esa vku <+k.kk cka/;k vk lhe xkVM+k mŸkjh v{kka'k ,oa 73 40* iwohZ ns'kkUrj ij leqnzry ls 725 eh- (2500 QqV) dh dh gS------A** ≈°pkbZ ij fLFkr gSA ;g xkserh unh ds viokg ra= dk Hkkx gSA4 bl fBdkus dh if'peh lhek xksM+okM+ ijxus eas fLFkr ?kk.ksjko nslwjh fBdkus ls feyrh FkhA mŸkj esa :iuxj nqxZ esa nkf[ky gksus ds fy, 4 ehy ij ,d njoktk Fkk] mlesa gksdj esokM+ ds izFke Js.kh dk fBdkus nsox<+ rFkk iwoZ esa vkesV fBdkus ls >hyokM+k fBdkus gh vkuk iM+rk FkkA :iuxj ds pkjksa vksj dqnjrh igkM+ksa dk ijdksVk cuk gqvk gSA tks dh lhek,° yxrh FkhA5 izkœfrd :i ls :iuxj nqxZ vkSj ogk° ds fuokfl;ksa dks lqj{kk iznku djrk FkkA dgk tkrk gS fd ,d tekus esa bl ijdksVs ij 84 pkSfd;k° yxrh FkhA blls Li"V gksrk gS lksyadh oa'k dk fBdkuk :iuxj esokM+ jkT; ds f}rh; Js.kh ds tkxhjnkj fd :iuxj dk esokM+ esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku FkkA13 :iuxj ds igkM+ksa dk o.kZu duZy FksA ,sfrgkfld ijEijk dh n`f"V ls in&izfr"Bk esa :iuxj ds tkxhjnkj dh gSfl;r VkWM bl rjg djrk gS] ^^xkSjoiw.kZ vkcw dk dsUnz nf{k.k dks Fkk] 250 if'pe] pkSchl esokM+ ds tkxhjnkjksa esa fof'k"V FkhA bl fof'k"V fLFkfr dk dkj.k bl oa'k ds }kjk ehy nwj] ;gk° ls vjkoyh dh pksfV;k°] ftudks eSa vius nwj n'kZd&;a= ls lehi ys esokM+ jkT; dh j{kk ds fy, lefiZr mudh vuqie lsok,° o cfynku FkkA pkjHkqtk] vk;k Fkk] lknM+h vkSj :iuxj ij lc ls ≈°ph fn[kkbZ nhA dqaHkyesj bu nksuksa ds chp :iuxj] >hyokM+k o lSoU=h rFkk xkserh unh dk {ks= oksjkV dgykrk gS rFkk :iuxj 6 esa nck gqvk lk fn[kkbZ iM+ jgk Fkk ijUrq ;gk° ds fuokfl;ksa us dgk fd bls ≈°ps /kjkry ds tkxhjnkjk dks oksjkVukFk Hkh dgrs FksA ds Hkkx esa lSeqj ds ikl tjxk okyh pksVh lc pksfV;ksa ls ≈°ph fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA**14 :iuxj fBdkuk esokM+ jkT; ds mŸkjh Hkkx esa fLFkr FkkA bl fBdkus dh nf{k.k o if'pe dk Hkkx ?kus taxyksa ,oa vjkoyh&ioZr Jsf.k;ksa ls vkPNkfnr va{kk'kh; fLFkfr 25017* ,oa ns'kkUrjh; foLrkj 73038* gSA leqnz ry ls 803 eh- 7 gksus ds dkj.k ;g esokM+ jkT; dh izkœfrd izgjh ds :i esa j{kk djrk gSA ;ksa bl (2635 QqV) dh ≈°pkbZ ij fLFkr gSA ;g Hkkx xkserh o lqdM+h unh ds viokg {ks= jkT; dk yxHkx nks&frgkbZ Hkkx eSnkuh izns'k gS vkSj 'ks"k igkM+h ,oa ioZrh; ‹k`a[kykvksa esa clk gqvk gS rFkk hyokM+k vkSj etsjk ds chp [kSjk dh uky gSA ;g uky >hyokM+k vkSj :iuxj fBdkuksa ls tqM+h lkefjd egŸo dh ukysa fBdkus ds vUrxZr FkhA >hyokM+k ls lwjtdq.M ;k >hyokM+k ls etsjk tkus ds fy, >hyokM+k dh uky17µbldks yksx ixY;k uky Hkh dgrs gSA18 ;g vuqekur% [kSjk dh uky dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA27 [kSj o`{k dh cgqr;kr ls bls [kSjk dh uky dgk 4 ehy yEch rFkk cgqr ladM+h gS vkSj ekjokM+ ls esokM+ esa vkus dk jkLrk gSaA bl tkrk gSA ;g uky >hyokM+k ls etsjk gksrs gq, dsyokM+k rd tkrh gSA bl uky esa uky ds ≈ij dh rjQ >hyokM+k fLFkr gksus ls >hyokM+k dh uky ,oa uhps ekjokM+ is;ty gsrq fBdkus dh vksj ls dq,° dk fuekZ.k djk;k x;kA28 dh rjQ nslwjh fLFkr gksus ls nslwjh dh uky ls Hkh tkuh tkrh gSA >hyokM+k dh uky ≈ejokl dh ukyµlSoa=h ds ikl ≈ejokl dh uky gS] tks esokM+ dks mn;iqj ls 113 fdeh nwj gS vkSj dsyokM+k ls 22 fdeh vkSj pkjHkqtk ds lehi fLFkr ekjokM+ ls tksM+rh gSA ckn esa bl uky dk iz;ksx cgqr lhfer gks x;kA29 blds gSA eqg.kksr uS.klh us bl uky dks gh >hyokM+s dk ?kkVk dgk gSA blds if'pe esa vykok :iuxj bykds esa eq.Mh dh uky] ?kklk dh uky30 bR;kfn gSA ekjokM+ vkSj iwoZ esa esokM+ gSA igys bl Js.kh ds if'pe esa xksM+okM+ ijxuk esokM+ esa >hyokM+k ls dqaHkyx<+ tkus ds fy, ukys ,oa njsZµdqaHkyx<+ esokM+ dh 'kkfey FkkA egkjk.kk vfjflag ds le; ;g ijxuk ekjokM+ esa pyk x;kA19 ixY;k jkt/kkuh jgk gS ;qºdky ,oa 'kkafr dky esa dqaHkyx<+ dh egrh mi;ksfxrk jgh gS dh uky e/;dky esa vkokxeu dk eq[; jkLrk FkkA bl dkj.k O;kikfjd o lkefjd daqHkyx<+ dh lqj{kk dk nkf;Ro :iuxj] >hyokM+k vkSj ?kk.ksjko dk FkkA vr% bl n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ FkhA ;qº ds volj ij lSfud lapkyu ,oa 'kkafr ds le; O;kikj dky esa iFk ekxZ bl izdkj Fksµbu iFkekxksZ ds }kjk fBdkus ls daqHkyx<+ 'kh?kz igq°pk okf.kT; dh n`f"V ls ixY;k uky dk fo'ks"k egRo FkkA20 lu~ 1828 ls 1922 bZ- rd tk ldrk gSA >hyokM+k ls dqaHkyx<+ tkus ds fy,&31 ;g uky can jghA21 rc ?kkVM+k dh uky ls vkokxeu gksrk jgk FkkA (d) gkM+osjh&tksth dk ukM+k&uhek jh MkaMh&ekafM;k Hk°oj&lwjr dq.M&Hkaojk okyh lkses'oj dh ukyµ;g uky nslwjh (ekjokM+ esa) ls dqN ehy mŸkj dh vksj dkB&dqaHkyx<+A gSA ;g cgqr yach vkSj fodV gS blfy, >hyokM+k dh uky ds [kqy tkus ij yksxksa us ([k) gkM+osjh&lksik&vksnh dh uky&MkM+e okyk cank&osjl&VIik dk gksM+k& 22 blls cgq/kk vkuk&tkuk can dj fn;k FkkA lkses'oj dh uky dks cksypky esa lqesj HkxrrykbZ&dqaHkyx<+A dh uky Hkh dgrs gSA lqesj dh uky dks ?kkVM+k dh uky Hkh dgrs Fks] bl uky ds O;kikfjd egŸo ds lkFk&lkFk bu ukyksa dk lkefjd egŸo Hkh FkkA bu ukyksa ≈ij ?kkVM+k xk°o gS] bl dkj.k bls ?kkVM+k dh uky Hkh dgrs gSA ;g uky esokM+&ekjokM+ esa j{kkRed pkSfd;k° LFkkfir dh tkrh Fkh] D;ksafd ckgjh vkÿkUrkvksa dk izos'k bUgha dks tksM+rh gSA ;g uky tgk° ls izkjEHk gksrh gS ogk° lkses'oj egknso dk eafnj gS ekxksaZ ls gksrk FkkA blfy, bls lkses'oj dh uky dgrs gSA gkFkhxqM+k23 dh ukyµnslwjh ls nf{k.k esa 5 ehy dh nwjh ij ;g uky gSA esokM+&ekjokM+ lhek blds eq°g ij ,d ekspsZcUn QkVd gS vkSj esokM+ ds flikfg;ksa dk ogk° igjk jgrk FkkA fBdkuk nLrkost ls tkudkjh feyrh gS fd la- 1946 (lu~ 1889) esa dqaHkyx<+ dk igkM+h fdyk bl uky ds Bhd ≈ij gS vkSj dsyokM+s dk dLck mlds esokM+&ekjokM+ lhek dk QSlyk gqvk tks cgqr dqN esokM+ ds i{k esa gqvkA >hyokM+k 32 fudV gh gSA bl uky esa yM+kbZ esa ekjs tkus okys ohj iq#"kksa ds Lekjd :ih pcwrjs Hkh vkSj nslwjh ds e/; lhekdau gks x;kA ekjokM+&esokM+ ds lhekadu dk dke gks cus gq, gSA24 x;kA daqHkyx<+ ixY;k dh uky ds QSlys ij ekjokM+ dh rjQ ls egkjkt izrkiflag Hkk.kiqjk dh ukyµ;g ?kk.ksjko ls 6 ehy nf{k.k esa gS] [kkldj j.kdiqj vkSj esokM+ dh rjQ ls esgrk iUukyky dks fu;qDr fd;k x;kA esgrk iUukyky us tSu efUnjksa ds fy, izflº gS vkSj yksx ,slk dgrs gS fd izkphu uxj ds LFkku esa ;s egkjktk izrkiflag dks vihy mBkus ds fy, jkth dj fy;k ,d 'krZ ds lkFk fd 33 cus gq, gSA25 ;g dqaHkyx<+ ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr gS rFkk Hkkuiqjk xk°o ls izkjEHk gksrh gS esokM+ igkM+ksa ds ikuh dks ugha jksdsxkA bl okrkZ esa ykyk f=Hkqou yky Hkh lkFk FksA bl dkj.k bls Hkk.kiqjk dh uky dgrs gSA ekjokM+ esa tkus dk dksbZ jkLrk ugha Fkk] flQZ ixY;k dh uky34 gh ,slh Fkh 236 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 471 472 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 fd xkM+h vk&vk ldSA ;g uky Hkh can Fkh lks [kqyokbZ xbZA [kksyrs gh ekjokM+ us 17- >hyokM+k dh uky dks nslwjh dh uky Hkh dgk tkrk gSA jk.kkor] euksgj flag] eqg.kksr uS.klh ljgn dk nkok cgqr ≈°ps igkM+ksa rd [kM+k dj fn;kA blds QSlys ds fy, lkgc dh [;kr] i`-1 fu;qDr gq, QSlyk bldk esokM+ ds gd esa cgqr Bhd gqvkA igkM+ksa ds rygVh ds 18- ;g uky tgk° ls izkjEHk gksrh gSA ogk° yksdnsork ckck jkenso ds ixY;s (in fpUgksa) dk iwtk djhc ehukjcanh gqbZA bl le>kSrs ds le; esgrk iUukyky ds lkFk lksguyky vkSj LFkku gS] bl dkj.k >hyokM+k dh uky dh ixY;k dh uky Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA 19- :iuxj rokjh[k vizdkf'kr] i`-la- 4_ ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] Hkkx 1] i`-la- 106] 169 y{ehyky iapksyh FksA35 20- (v) izrkiflag >hyokM+k dks egdek [kkl ls i= ixY;k uky ds laca/k esa la- 1982 iks"k mi;qDr izkœfrd fLFkfr us ;gk° ds bfrgkl dks ;Fks"B :i ls izHkkfor fd;k lwn 13-rk- 28 fnlEcj] 1925 bZ-_ panu flag >hyokM+k dks dksBkjh jk/kkfd'ku dk i= la- gSA ≈°ph&≈°ph ioZr&ekykvksa rFkk >hyokM+k] nslwjh] lkses'oj rFkk gkFkhxqM+k dh uky 1910 dkrh lqn 8_ mnsiqj esgUnzkt lHkk dk ijokuk Bkdqj izrki flag dks la- 1960 tsB lqnh (rax ?kkfV;ksa) ds Hk;kud taxyksa esa jkT; ds ukxfjdksa ,oa lSfudksa sdks laj{k.k feyrk (1) rk-14 fnlEcj 1904_ jktflag >hyokM+k ds uke lkg izrkiey toj] mn;iqj dk i= jgk gSA jkT; ij vkÿe.k djus okys fons'kh vkÿkark iwoZ if'pe rFkk nf{k.k dh ≈°ph ------vizap dkxn psr lqn 7 dks y[kks lekpkj ckaP;k vksj ixY;k dh uky esa nslwjh okyk rFkk foLr`r ioZrekykvksa dks yk°?kus esa lnk vleFkZ jgsA bUgha ioZr&‹k`a[kykvksa ds pksd~;k esyh th rkcs y[kh lks dksBkjh th lq bZryk djh lks bjks cankscLr gqoksxk vksj pksdh laj{k.k esa jgrs gq, LFkkuh; 'kkldksa us ^xqfjYYkk ;qº uhfr* dk voycau ysdj viuh cksykbZ dk pksFk ixY;k dh uky dh pqdkosa thjh ykxr dh djn Hkst ok ------la- 1926 psr lqn 11 Lora=rk dks v{kq..k cuk, j[kus dk iz;kl fd;kA36 21- ^^------Jh th gqtqj dk gqdqe lq lks lu~ 1828 Fkh yxk,su 1922 rd can jk[kh------** lanHkZ 22- vks>k] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 3] Hkkx&1] uS.klh dh [;kr] i`- 73&81 1- ,dfyaxth ds eafnj ds nf{k.k }kjk iz'kfLr esa] tks fo-la- 1545 dh gS] gehj dk dsfyokV 23- tuJqfr gS fd egkjk.kk dqaHkyx<+ jgrs Fks ml le; muds gkFkh bl uky ds uhps jgk djrs (dsyokM+s) ls tkdj psyokV (thyokM+k) ysuk fy[kk gS (Jks-22) >hyokM+k xksMokM+ ds Fks tgk° ij ,d NksVk lk xk°o Fkk og xk°o gkFkh xqM+k ,oa ;g uky gkFkhxqM+k dh uky ls fudV esokM+ dk ≈°pk igkM+h LFkku gSA xksM+okM+ dh rjQ ls esokM+ ij gksu okys geys dks izflº gqbZA (ohj fouksn] Hkkx 1] i`-106] ^ikn fVIi.kh 1) jksdus ds fy;s ;g ekspZs ds vPNs LFkkuksa esa ls ,d gSA igys xksM+okM+ ij Hkh viuk vf/kdkj 24- vks>k] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&1] i`-3 tek;k gksA egkjk.kk jk;ey ds le; ls ;g dFku lksyadh ljnkj dh tkxhj esa pyk vkrk 25- ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] Hkkx 1] i`-107 gS] gehj ds le; esa 'kk;n ;g pkSgkuksa ds vf/kdkj esa gksA (xkS-gh-vks>k] mn;iqj jkT; dk 26- :iuxj] dh cgh 1989] i`- 49 bfrgkl Hkkx&1] i`-la-] 236&37] ikn fVIi.kh 4) 27 jhNsM+ iVsyks ds uke Nxuyky] mn;iqj dk i= ------viazp [ksjk jh uky jks eaxjk rks 2- vks>k] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`-la- 236&237 >hyokM+k jks gs lks ------la- 1905 iks"k on 3 3- ukj;.k flag th cM+ok iksFkh] izfrfyfi] i`- 6 28- prjflag >hyokM+k ds uke] tksjkoj nsoM+k dk i= la- 1996 jk iks"k lqn 3 4- Hkkjrh; LFkykœfrd ekufp= la[;k 45 th] Hkkjrh; losZ foHkkx nsgjknwu lu~ 1977 29- :iuxj] fBdkuk jsdkMZl~ eqrQfjQ dkxtkr~A 5- fBdkuk jsdkWMZl >hyokM+k ds vk/kkj ijA uD'kk ehukjs ekjokM+ ljgn_ 30- fBdkuk :iuxj jksdM+ cgh] i`- 29 6- euksgj flag jk.kkor] uS.klh dh [;kr] i`-la- 13 31- lk{kkRdkj Hkxoku flag lksyadh] fu- >hyokM+k] mez 68 o"kZ_ }kjk losZA 7- Hkkjrh; LFkykœfrd ekufp= la[;k 45 th] Hkkjrh; losZ foHkkx nsgjknwu lu~ 1977 32- fBdkuk jsdkMZ~l] uDlk ehukjs esokM+ ekjokM+] ljgn loar~ 1946 dk_ mn;iqj egdek [kkl 8- fBdkuk jsdkMZ~l ,d i=A ls tkjh i= Bkdqj r[kr flag >hyokM+k dks lor~ 1945 oS'kk[k on 8 rkjh[k (24 viSzy 9- orZeku esa dPph lM+d cuh gqbZ gS ftl ij thi] dkj tk ldrh gSA 1889) 10- gkykr ekStk :iuxj [kkl fBdkuk :iuxj lsVyesUV fMikVZesUV jktLFkku] i`-la- 7 33- iUukyky esgrk] ^Lothouh*] xzaFkkd 161] i`-129&130 11- ';keynkl ohj fouksn] i`- 1573&74 34- ixY;k uky] bls >hyokM+k dh uky] >hyokM+k dk ?kkVk ;k nslwjh dh uky Hkh dgrs gS 12- :iuxj dh rokjh[k vizdkf'kr] cM+ok iksFkh] izfrfyfi] i`-la- 34 mn;iqj&tks/kiqj ds e/; vkt Hkh ;gh ;krk;kr dk izeq[k ekxZ gSA 13- gkykr ekStk :iuxj [kkl fBdkuk] :iuxj] i`- 8 35- iUukyky esgrk] ^Lothouh*] xzaFkkd 161] i`- 30&31 14- tsElVkWM] if'peh Hkkjr dh ;k=k] vuqoknd&cgqjk] xksiky ukjk;.k] i`-56 36- th-,u-'kekZ] esokM+] ,.M nh eqxy ,Ei;lZ] i`- 2&5 15- ts-ds- vks>k] esokM+ dk bfrgkl] i`-1 16- cnjh izlkn lkdfj;k] (la) eqgark uS.klh jh [;kr] Hkkx 1] tks/kiqj] 1960 bZ-] i`-la- 42 237 474 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ij] Li"V :i ls ifjyf{kr gksrk gS] vr% fo"k; 'kks[kkokVh ds fHkfŸkfp=ksa ds ,d oSf'k"V; ds rkSj ij lkeus vkrk gS] œ".k&xksih laca/kh ;s vlk/kkj.kk fp= fuEu :iksa esa n`"VO; gSaµ 'ks[kkokVh fHkfŸkfp=ksa dk ,d oSf'k"B;µ uoukjh dqatj ;k xksih dqatjµbl :i esa cus fp= 'ks[kkokVh ds uoux<+7 xksih&œ".k Lo:i (iksÌkj gosyh)] eaMkok8 dh gosfy;ksa] fclk≈] [ksrM+h ds nqxksZ9 Qrsgiqj ds jkeizlkn MkW- f'kYih xqIrk xks;udk dh gosyh]10 Jh eqfDrukFk vfrfFkx`g jsoklk] lhdj11 esa izkIr gksrs gSaA bl izdkj ds fp=ksa esa vf/kdka'kr% izkœfrd ifjn`'; esa ioZr] isM+&ikS/ks] unh rV ij] jktLFkku dyk dh n`f"V ls le`º izns'k gSA fp=dyk esa Hkh ;gk° vusd fogkj ds ekgkSy esa lkr] vkB ;k ukS dh la[;k esa xksfi;ksa ls cus eLr xtjkt dks 'kSfy;k°1&esokM+ ekjokM+] gkM+kSrh] wyk*Hkh vf/kdk'kar 5] 7] 8] 9 dh la[;k esa xksfi;k° gS] vkxs&ihNs paoj/kkfj.kh ;k L=h vuqpj cuk gSA24 jktdh; fpUg fy;s gSa vkSj lokj] fgUnq nso fo".kq ds vorkjµjke] œ".k ;k dgha bl rjg ls 'ks[kkoVh ds fHkfŸkfp=ksa esa uoyx<+] fclk≈] egulj] [ksrM+h] Lo;a fo".kq gSaA ijUrq vf/kdka'kr œ".k] œ".k&jk/kk gh gS vr% ls fp= o dykdkj eaMkok] pq: vkfn esa ;s vfHkizk; ^xksih œ".k* fo'ks"k gSA eaMkok esa rks lHkh Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ls izHkkfor gS] mUgha ds vuqlkj mUgksaus ijEijkxr {ks=h; os'kHkw"kk Hkh izdkj&xksih dqatj] xksih ikydh] xksih v'o rFkk i'kqdqatj izkIr gksrs gSa vr% eaMkok iguk;s gSaA bl izdkj ds fp=ksa esa dgha&dgha gh oL=ksa esa eqfLye izHkko fn[krk gSa] rks lHkh :iksa ds :ikadu esa vxz.kh jgk gSA vr% iz/kkur;k 'ks[kokVh ds fp=dkjksa us viuh laLœfr ds izk/kkU; dks Lohdkjk gSA xksih :ih ikydh okys fp= Hkh v|kof/k blh {ks= ls izkIr gS rks] ;g Hkh 'ks[kkoVh eq[;r;k bl izdkj ds fp=ksa esa dfri; fcanq mHkjdj lkeus vkrs gSa] buesaµ dh fp='kSyh dh fof'k"Vrk gS] lkFk gh esjk ;g Hkh er gS fd ctk; ge bUgsa uoukjh jktLFkku ds fHkfŸk fp=ksa ,oa fp='kSfy;ksa esa vusd i{kksa ds lkFk&lkFk /keZ dqatj] ;k ukjh v'o dgsa] bUgsa xksfi;ksa ds uke lfgr lacksf/kr djuk T;knk lVhd laca/kh fp= cgq;k;r esa cus gSA nsoh&nsorkvksa laca/kh fp=ksa esa œ".k yhykvksa dk Hkh gksxk] D;ksafd leLr fp=ksa esa ,oa dFkkud esa og lk/kkj.k ukjh ugha gS vfirq œ".k ls vadu izpqj ek=k esa gqvk gS 'ks[kkokVh esa Hkh bl izdkj ds jk/kkœ".k] jklyhyk] tqM+h mudh HkDr] I;kjh xksfi;k° gS tks œ".k dh lsok es gj rjg ls rRij gSa vkSj xksfi;ksa ds lax fp= fufeZr gq, gS ijUrq ;gka bu fp=ksa esa xksfi;ksa ,oa œ".k ds izfr xtlokj] ?kqM+lokj] ikydh lokj œ".k mUgsa ekxZnf'kZr dj jgs gSa] tSlk fd Hkkjrh; laca/k dks izeq[k egRo fn;k x;k gS fd] fdl izdkj xksfi;k° œ".k ds izfr HkfDr n'kZu esa ekuk x;k gS fd] ;gk° ij ;ksxh œ".k26 egkor dk LFkku fy;s gS rks laHkor% j[krh gS fd mudh ckalqjh dh rku ls og viuk dk;Z tSls ds rSls] mlh voLFkk esa xksfi;ksa dh papyrk] O;kdqyrk] eksgek;k] bafnz;ksa dks o'k esa dj mUgsa jkLrk fn[kk jgs NksM+] Hkkxh pyh vkrh gS] mUgsa fdlh vkSj dh lq/kcq/k gh ugha gSa vkSj taxy esa gSaA dfri; fp=ksa esa œ".k dks egkor ds vdqa'k ds lkFk fn[kk;k x;k gS ftlls Hkh œ".k&jk/kk ds lkFk fopj.k djrs gq, œ".k us muds lkeus xtlokjh] v'olokjh ;k bl er dh iqf"V gksrh gSA ikydh dh lokjh dh bPNk O;Dr dh] rks os vius fiz;re œ".k ds fy, Lo;a ;g Hkh mYYks[kuh; gS fd vuds erksa dks lesVs] ukjh dqatj ;k xksih dqatj] ÿe'k% dHkh dqatj] v'o cu tkrh gSa rks dHkh ikydh dk fuekZ.k Mkyrh gSA bl v'o] ikydh ds ;s leLr mnkgj.k mŸkj e/;dkyhu] yxHkx 16oha ls 19oha nkSjku ;s xksfi;ka Lo;a vkil esa feydj bl lqUnjrk ds lkFk rjg la;ksftr gks tkrh gSa 'krkCnh rd cus gS] Hkkjr ds vU;= LFkkuksa ls Hkh izkIr bl izdkj ds mnkgj.k mŸkj fd oks ,d fo'kqº gkFkh] v'o] ikydh gh yxrh gSA e/;dkyhu gS vr% Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa bldk mYys[k izkphu lkfgR; esa jgk gks ijUrq ;s xksfi;ka gkFkh ds iSj dh fo'kkyrk dks fn[kkus gsrq vius nksuksa iSjksa dks ,d dyk ds :i esa buds xksih œ".k Hkko T;knk eq[kfjr gSA laHkor% 'ks[kkokVh ds lsB 239 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 477 478 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 tc caxky dh rjQ igqaps rks] ogha ls bUgksaus bl Hkko dks le>k vkSj viuh gosfy;ksa 15- http://dagachi.wordpress.com/2015/01 (5@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds vk/kkj esa LFkku fn;k rFkk viuh cgqyrk ds dkj.k gh ;g fo"k;] 'ks[kkoVh fHkfŸkfp=ksa dk ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.kA oSf'k"B; cu x;k gS ijUrq 'ks[kkoVh 'kSyh esa bls ,d fof'k"V fo"k; ds :i esa LFkku 16- www.auctionatrium.com (1@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk ugha feyk gSa vr% blds egRo dks le>rs gq, fp=dyk ds ew/kZU; fo}kuksa dks bls fo'ys"k.kA 17- iznhi JhokLro] iwoksZDr] i`- 70- ,d ^fof'k"Vrk* ds rkSj 'kkfey djuk pkfg,] ftlls lk/kkj.k ls fn[kus okys fo"k; 18- www.visvaphotos.com (4@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.kA ^ukjh ls cus xt] v'o] ikydh dh vlk/kkj.k ,oa mlesa fNis izrhdkRed HkkokFkZ 19- htpp://richardarunachala.wordpress.com (4@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds ^papy xksfi;ksa ls cus dqatj] v'o ikydh o muds ;ksxh œ".k lokj* dh egŸkk vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys{k.kA mtkxj gks ldsA 20- http://www.exoticindiaart.com (1@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a lUnHkZ dk fo'ys"k.kA 21- ';keydkfUr pÿorhZ] iwoksZDr] i`-10 1- tlflag uhjt] jktLFkkuh fp=dyk] jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 2009] i`- 22- journeymart.com (1@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.kA 82&84- 23- www.visvaphotos.com (4@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.kA 2- bys dwij] jktLFkku ,Dliyksfjax isUVsM 'ks[kkoVh] fu;ksxh cqDl] ubZ fnYyh] 2014 ,aM 24- ';keydkfUr pÿorhZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 30- jktLFkku fn xkbM Vw isUVsM VkmUl vkWQ 'kks[kkoVh] fxjh'kpanz 'kekZ ,aM lal] pq:] i` 25- 50watts.com (1@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.k_ Qjgk 89&90- 3- egf"kZ osnO;kl iz.khra Jhen~Hkkxor egkiqjk.ke~] xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj] f}rh; [kaM] la- 2021] nhck] eqxy fp=dyk] Lokfr ifCyds'kUl] fnYyh] i`- 159] 57- i`- 628] 299&323- 26- Jhen~Hkkxon xhrk] Lokeh jkelq[knkl xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj] la- 2046] uoe~ laLdj.k] i`- 4- ';keydkfUr pÿorhZ] dyk esa uoukjh dqatj ÿhM+k] ds'koizlkn dk;k° (vuq-)] pkS[kEck 350&51- œ".knkl vdkneh] okjk.klh] 2015] i`- 4&10- 5- Mh-ih-?kks"k] ehfMoy bafM;u isafVx] lanhi izdk'ku] fnYyh] 1982] i`- 55- 6- Jhen~Hkkxor egkiqjk.k] ia- nkSyrjke xkSM+ (Vhdkdkj)] Bkdqj izlkn ,aM lal] okjk.klh] i`- 1570 7- Peddlerofdreams.wordpress.com (2@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds vk/kkj ij Loa; dk fo'ys"k.kA 8- https://richardarunachala.wordpress.com (4@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.kA 9- iznhi JhokLro] 'ks[kkokVh ds fHkfŸkfp=ksa dk lkaLœfrd ,oa dykRed bfrgkl] t;iqj iWfCyf'kax gkml] t;iqj] 2011] i`- 42&43] 70&71 ,oa fp=A 10- jhrk izrki] Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ,oa ewfrZdyk dk bfrgkl] jktLFkku fganh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 2004] i`- 242] fp=&56 11- pkohZ egyk] 'ks[kkokVh ds fHkfŸkfp=ksa ij eqxy ,oa fczfV'k izHkko] uothou ifCyds'ku] fuokbZ] 2013] i`- 95] fp=&15 12- http://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction Review-g1486543-d2415466- Reviews-Fresco painted Havelies-Churu Rajsathan.html 12@12@15 ij miyC/ k fp= ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.kA 13- www.pinterest.com (1@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.kA 14- pkohZ egyk] iwoksZDr] i`- 95] fp=&14- 240 480 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 lqjflag ds i'pkr chdkusj ds mŸkjkf/kdkjh cus egkjktk d.kZflag dks eqxy ckn'kkg vkSajxtsc us nkSyrkckn fdys dk fdysnkj fu;r fd;k FkkA egkjktk d.kZflag ds lkFk nD[ku esa vk;s muds lqiq= dsljhflag] ineflag] eksguflag ,oa vuqiflag us vMks.kh fdys ds {ks= esa fLFkr 'kkgh QkSt ds lkFk lsokjr jgrs gq, nD[ku esa ohjrk fn[kkbZ FkhA egkjktk d.kZflag ds chdkusj jktoa'k dh Le`fr;ka lqiq= dsljhflag nD[ku ds dkaxjk dh yM+kbZ esa rFkk f}rh; lqiq= ineflag lu~ 1682 MkW- ujflag ijnslh&c?ksy esa xksyokM+h ds ;qº esa ohjxfr dks izkIr gq, FksA r`rh; lqiq= eksguflag dk nD[ku esa gh eksgean 'kgk ihj rkstd uked ljnkj ds lkFk gq, Qlkn esa vkSjaxkckn esa gh e`R;q eqxy dk;Zy; esa eq[;r% ckn'kgkvksa }kjk oftZr ijkÿeksa dks vf/kd foLrkj gqbZ FkhA ;kus ds egkjktk d.kZflag ds rhuksa lqiq=ksa dk nD[ku esa gh nsgkar gqvk FkkA 4 iwoZd fy[kus ij T;knk cy fn;k tkrk gSA exj bu vfHk;kuksa esa fofHk= ljnkjksa dh egkjktk d.kZflag dk Hkh lu~ 1669 esa vkSjxkackn fLFkr d.kZiqjk esa gh nsgkar gqvk FkkA lgHkkxhrk rFkk muds ;ksxnku dks dsoy mudk uke fy[kdj muds ijkÿe dks egkjktk d.kZflag ds i'pkr mŸkjkf/kdkjh cus vuqiflag dks Hkh n[ku esa gh nqyZf{kr fd;k x;k gSA ;g ,d uqdhyh okLrfodrk gSA nD[ku esa fofHkUu vfHk;kuksa lsokjr jguk iM+kA lu~ 1671 esa nD[ku esa x;s vuqiflag us chtkiqj] xksydksaMk rFkk esa chdkusj jktoa'k ds ;ksxnku ls ;g ckr lkQ rkSSj ij Li"V gksrh gSA blh N=irh f'kokth egkjkt ds f[kykQ tax esa 'kkS;Z vftZr dh FkhA mlh dh cnkSyr okLrfodrk dks eÌsutj j[krs gq,] bfrgkl ds e/;dky esa chdkusj ds ftu ujs'kks us ckn'kgk us mudh eulc esa ck xkSfj'kadj ghjkpan] chdkusj jktoa'k dk bfrgkl] jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj] lHkke.Mi ds vUnj ckabZ vksj bUnz izfrek ds ≈ij laor~ 1161 dk lkr iafDr;ksa dk 2013 i`"B&207 vLi"V ys[k nhokj ij mRdh.kZ gSA ftlesa nsork dk uke oksfg?k Lokeh vafdr gSA 5- ogh] i`- 223 blds f?kl tkus ds dkj.k rRdkyhu ujs'k dk uke yqIr gks x;k gSA lHkke.Mi ds 6- VkWm tsEl] vuq- cynsoizlkn feJ] iwoksZDr Nkc.ks ij bl ys[k ds ikl gh esokM+ ujs'k egkjk.kk eFku flag ds jkT; dky dk laor~ 7- djuqy ftyk xW>sfV;j & vka/kzizns'k 8- vks>k xkSfj'kadj ghjkpan iwokZsDr 1242 dk 2 iafDr;ksa dk ys[k [kqnk gS] ftlesa oksfg?k Lokeh mYys[k dj nku nsus dh 3 9- djuqy ftyk xtsfV;j & vka/kzizns'k O;oLFkk vafdr dh xbZ gSA lHkke.Mi dh Nr vUnj ls xksy gS vkSj Q'kZ ls yxHkx 10- vuqiflag dh N=h esa fLFkr f'kykys[k 15 QqV ≈°ph gSA lHkke.Mi ds vUnj ds Hkkx dk vkdkj 21 xq.kk 14 QqV gSA izklkn 11- bl N=h eas fLFkr f'kykys[k ds lHkke.Mi ds 16 LrEHkksa ds mij cuh dhpd vkœfr;ksa ds ≈ij nks&nks LrEHkksa ds vU; L=ksrµ e/; cuh vk;rkdkj rkdksa esa vkB ekr`dk Hkko dh izfrek,a vkSj muds ≈ij lHkke.Mi Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo foHkkx] gEih }kjk izkIr tkudkjh dh Nr ij yVdh lh vkB lqjlqUnfj;ksa dh izfrek,a yxh gqbZ gSA4 Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo foHkkx] chtkiqj] }kjk izkIr tkudkjh egkjktk vuquflag laLœr ykbcszjh ls ls feyh tkudkjh ;s lqjlqUnfj;ka vius lEiw.kZ Lo:i esa txr ds vfEcdk izklkn dh izfrekvksa mŸkjkf/kdkjh ls feyh tkudkjh ,oa Lo;a }kjk ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa dk voyksdu ds le:i gSA buesa ls ,d izfrek ds gkFk esa 'kqd o ^vkezyqEch* n'kkZbZ xbZ gS tks 'kqdfiz;k ds Hkko dks izdV djrh gSA bl lHkk e.Mi ds ck,a Hkkx esa ,d LFkkud bUnz izfrek yxh gSA5 lHkk e.Mi ls xHkZ dh vksj y?kq e.Mi esa ckabZ vkSj rhu QqV ≈°ph ewfrZ dj.M eqdqVk/kkfj.kh ,oa v'ok:hy dk je.kh; jktiwr ifjokj ds ,d LFkku ij vusd Hkkb;ksa dh gosyh de gksrh FkhA n`'; fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;g ,d fo'kky gosyh gS ftlesa gkFkh ?kksM+s cka/kus ,oa lsodksa ds HkkbZ&HkkbZ vyx&vyx gh jgrs FksA mn;iqj ds izeq[k jktiwr gosfy;ksa esa lywEcj dh jgus ds LFkku gSaA bl gosyh esa dbZ nsoky;&izkax.k ,oa y?kq miou gSA9 vU; czk„.k gosyh] vkesV dh gosyh] vklhUn dh gosyh vkfn izeq[k FkhA gosyh esa vejpUn cM+k dh lqizflº pfpZr ckxksj dh gosyh gSA ewyr% egkjk.kk egktu ;k oS'; oxZ dh gosfy;ka&;fn gosfy;ksa dk tud jktiwrksa dks ekuk izrki f}rh; ,oa egkjk.kk vM+lh ds iz/kku ea=h vejpan cM+ok tks luk<~;k czk„.k Fkk] tkrk gS rks O;kikjh ;k okf.kT; us bldk cgqr xkSjo c<+k;kA jktLFkku esa T;knkrj mldh FkhA blh gosyh ds ikl jkt?kkV] ftls x.kxkSj ?kkV Hkh dgrs gSa] mldk fuekZ.k gosfy;ksa dk fuekZ.k blh okf.kT;&oxZ }kjk fd;k x;kA pwafd ;g lekt dk lcls vejpan cM+ok us djok;k FkkA vejpan cM+ok ds nsgkUr ds ckn gosyh ckxksj ds lEiUu oxZ Fkk vr% mUgsa viuh lEiUurk izn'kZu dk gosyh fuekZ.k }kjk ,d vPNk egkjkt dks nh xbZ FkhA egkjk.kk ljnkjflag] Lo:iflag] 'kEHkwflag vkSj lTtuflag ekSdk feyrk FkkA budh gosfy;ka T;knkrj izfrf"Br O;kikfjd LFkyksa ;k xfy;ksa esa blh gosyh ls xksn vk;sA gksrh FkhA budk O;kikfjd dk;Z Fkk vkSj lHkh HkkbZ (ifjokj) feydj ,d O;kikj dks jktiwfr tkfr dh gosyh&gosyh LFkkiR; dk mn~Hko o fodkl jktiwr lkearksa djrs Fks] vr% ;s gosfy;ksa esa la;qDr :i ls jgrs Fks vkSj budh gosfy;ksa esa lcdk ,oa ljnkjksa dh nsu gSA jktiwr lkear vius fBdkus ds 'kkld gksrs Fks vkSj egkjk.kk ds la;qDr :i ls ,d gh izkax.k ;k pkSd gksrk FkkA lHkh ifjokjksa dk ,d la;qDr ,d leFkZdA os izk;% egkjk.kk ds NksVs HkkbZ ;k ppsjs HkkbZ gksrs Fks] bl dkj.k bUgsa jkT; ls izkax.k gksrk FkkA bu gosfy;ksa esa cSBd lkeus ds Hkkx esa gksrk Fkk tks muds dk;ZLFky ds FkksM+h nwjh ij {ks= fn;s x;s Fks tgka os Lora=rkiwoZd 'kklu dj ldsA fBdkuk esa mudk :i esa iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk Fkk ogka mudk [ktkaph Hkh vius cgh[kkrk ds lkFk cSBrk jktuhfrd fuokl gksrk Fkk tgka mudk ifjokj jgrk FkkA fdUrq tc bu fBdkusnkjksa dks FkkA bl tkfr esa inkZ&izFkk T;knk dBksj ugha FkhA bl dkj.k gosyh esa izos'k ds fy, jkt/kkuh esa pkdjh djuh iM+rh Fkh rks ;s jkt/kkuh esa cuh viuh gosfy;ksa eas jgrs FksA izR;{k ,oa vizR;{k nksuksa izdkj ds izos'k }kj FksA gosfy;ksa ds izos'k }kj ds ≈ij ,d ;s gosfy;ka egy ls nwj] uxj dh pkgjfnokjh ds ckgj gksrs FksA ,slh O;oLFkk dk >jks[kk ds lkFk x.ks'kth dh ewfrZ yxh gksrh FkhA buesa tkfy;ksa vkSj iRFkj dk dke vk/kkj lqj{kk O;oLFkk dks /;ku esa j[kdj fd;k tkrk FkkA oSfnd o.kZO;oLFkk ds cgqr lqanj gksrk FkkA tSlyesj dh iVok gosyh rFkk 'ks[kkokVh esa bl tkfr }kjk fufeZr vUrxZr jktiwrksa dks czk„.kksa ds ckn lekt esa nwljk LFkku izkIr FkkA jktiwr gosfy;ka nks vusd gosfy;ka vkt Hkh vius lkSUn;Z ls n'kZdksa dk eu eqX/k dj nsrh gSA iVok tks izdkj dh gksrh Fkh izFke gosfy;ka mu yksxksa dh Fkh tks jktiwr lkear tkxhjnkj FksA lksus pkanh ds rkjksa o /kkxksa ds O;kikjh Fks mudh gosfy;ka tSlyesj ds vykok] bankSj] nwljh gosfy;ka mu jktiwrksa dh Fkh tks lsuk esa ;k vU; izdkj ds inksa ij gksrs FksA jryke] dksVk vkSj >kyjkikVu esa Hkh FkhA HkaMkjh] dksBkjh bu lHkh dh vkd"kZd jktiwr gosfy;ksa ds izos'k }kj ij yksgs ds fedk] mn;iqj vrhr vkSj orZeku la- euksgjflag jk.kkor] izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku] Hkwiky Hkkafr mPp dksfV dh gSA ukscYl] mn;iqj (jkt-) 2003 esa izdkf'kr ts-ds- vks>k dk ys[k] mn;iqj dh gosfy;ka] i`- jktx<+ {ks= ds ekpSM+h] jktx<+] nsorh] jktkSjx<+] dkadokM+h vkfn LFkyksa ij 61&66 xqtZj izfrgkj 'kkldksa (cM+xwtj) }kjk LFkkiR; dyk dk [kwc fodkl fd;kA lkFk gh 6- jktLFkku dh lkaLd`frd ijEijk] la- t;flag uhjt] Hkxorhyky 'kekZ] i`- 44 r{k.kdyk esa izoh.k dkjhxjksa us ,d vksj eafnj] egy] ckofM+;ksa] dqvksa] fdyksa vkfn 7- ts-ds- vks>k] mijksDr] i`- 64 dk fuekZ.k fd;k] ogha ewfrZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k ,oa eafnjksa esa nf{k.k 'kSyh dk iz;ksx fd;kA 8- mijksDr 9- ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] i`- 285 xqtZj izfrgkjksa ds dky esa cM+xwtj 'kkldksa us ekpSM+h esa LFkkiR; dyk ij tksj 10- nsoukFk iqjksfgr] mn;iqj] i`- 62&91 fn;kA ekpSM+h dh igkM+h ij cM+xwtj oa'k ds jktiwr 'kkldksa }kjk nqxZ dk fuekZ.k 247 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 493 494 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 djk;k tks vkt [k.Mgjksa esa rCnhy gks pqdk gSA ;g LFkkiR; dyk dk mnkgj.k gSA txnh'k th dk eafnj] xksfoUnnso eafnj] pkSiM+ cktkj] jktx<+ esa lhrkjke eafnj] Fkkuk bl fdys esa daxwjs] >jks[ks] NksVs&cM+s egjkcnkj njokts ns[kus ;ksX; gSaA nqxZ esa cuk jktk th] jke eafnj jkeckx (jktx<+)] guqeku ,oa egknso eafnj Hkkux<+] cynso 'kh'kegy LFkkiR; dh n`f"V ls mPpdksfV dk gSA 'kh'k egy ds vUnj NksVs&cM+s 26 eafnj cynsox<+] Nktwjkeiqjk dk f'ko eafnj vkfn dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA10 bu eafnjksa vkys cus gSaA Nr dh egjkc esa 'kh'ks yxs gSa tks vc m[kM+ pqds gSaA blh fdys ds ikl esa LFkkiR; dyk dk Hkjiwj mi;ksx fd;k gSA Hkkux<+ ds eafnjksa esa nf{k.k 'kSyh dk ,d izkphu nk≈th dk eafnj gS] ftlesa izkphu f'kofyax LFkkfir gSA2 ekpSM+h dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ojkgnsoh eafnj egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g nsoh u:dk oa'k dh dqynsoh gSA ekpSM+h esa 16 jktx<+ {ks= esa 'kSo /keZ] oS".ko /keZ] tSu /keZ] fgUnw /keZ [kwc Qyk&Qwyk vkSj eafnj Fks] ftuesa okeu th egkjkt] cjkgh nsoh dk eafnj izeq[k gSaA3 mudh vkLFkk ds izrhd eafnj] okLrqdyk ds Js"B mnkgj.k gSaA jktkSjx<+ dk f'ko xqtZj izfrgkj dky esa jktx<+ esa tujy dfua?ke dks cka/k dh iky ij rhu tSu eafnj fo'o izflº gS] tks ifo= rhFkZ LFky Hkh gSA bldk fuekZ.k cM+xwtj jktk izfrek,a] nks [kEHks izos'k }kj ds vyad`r fLFkfr esa izkIr gq, FksA4 rhuksa izfrekvksa ds vt;iky }kjk 953 bZ- esa djk;k x;kA11 blh ds ikl f'kYih loZnso }kjk fufeZr lehi ,d ok?k dh izLrj izfrek izkIr gqbZ gS] ftls ^ok?kjkt* dgk tkrk gSA mldh iwjs 'kkfUrukFk eafnj izeq[k gSA blesa 'kkfUrukFk dh 13 QqV 9 bap dh ewfrZ gS] ftls jktx<+ esa iwtk gksrh gSA ok?kjkt ds ckjs esa crkrs gSa fd og jkf= dky esa pksj] yqVsjksa ^ukSxtk* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;gka [kf.Mr ewfrZ;ksa ds hy* (Vgyk 1910 esa egkjktk t;flag }kjk fufeZr) cukdj ty LFkkiR; ds lqUnj mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;s ftuesa okLrqdyk dk [kwc iz;ksx eaxyklj cka/k (Vgyk ls 3 fdeh vkxs) dk fuekZ.k 1896 esa fd;k x;k] ftldk fd;k gSA17 vyoj ujs'kksa }kjk vius bl {ks= esa fofHkUu cka/kksa] tyk'k;ksa ds fuekZ.k ds iqufuZekZ.k 1926 eas dj ty LFkkiR; dk mRd`"B uewus is'k fd;sA ;s vyoj ujs'kksa }kjk lkFk&lkFk Nrfj;ksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh fd;k gSA d`f"k O;oLFkk ,oa ty ,df=r djus dh nwjnf'kZrk dks izLrqr djrs gSaA23 eRL;iqjh (ekpSM+h) ds cM+xqtZj jktk bZ'ojey dh jkuh pEiknsoh us 1458 jktx<+ rglhy ds Vgyk] rkykc] jktkSj] HksaMksyh] jktiqj vkSj nsorh cM+xqtZjksa bZ- esa ,d fo'kky ,oa HkO; dq,a dk fuekZ.k djok;k] tks izfrgkj dkyhu ty LFkkiR; ds vf/kdkj esa jg pqds FksA mUgksaus nsorh dks viuh jkt/kkuh cuk;kA cM+xqtZj {kf=;ksa dyk dk loksZŸke mnkgj.k gSA dq,a ds vUnj tkus ds fy, ?kqekonkj lhf<+;ka ,oa lqUnj ds 'kkludky esa jktkSjx<+ dk izkphu nqxZ dk fuekZ.k gqvkA nsorh uxj ds ihNs jktkSj >jks[ks gSaA dq,a ds vUnj nhokj esa f'ko fyax Hkh LFkkfir gSA18 cM+xqtZj oa'kh; uxj dh LFkkiuk dj mls viuh jkt/kkuh cuk;kA cM+xqtZjksa ds le; dk izkphu cka/k vlynso ds iq= xksxknso ds le; ds nks f'kykys[k 1369 bZ- rFkk 1382 bZ- ds feys vkSj ,d ckoM+h jktkSj uxj esa cuh gqbZ gSA HksaMksyh xkao esa Hkh cM+xqtZjksa ds le; ds gSaA mlds 'kkludky esa dqvksa] ckofM+;ksa rFkk rkykcksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA ;s nqxZ ds HkXuko'ks"k gSa] nsorh dh >hy dk iDdk cka/k] myw cka/k] nsorh ds cM+xqtZj LFkkiR; dyk] nku'khyrk ,oa ijksidkfjrk ds ifjpk;d gSaA19 eRL;iqjh esa ,d ckoM+h jktk dh jkuh dsoy nsoh ds firk }kjk fuekZ.k djk;k x;kA phy ckoM+h dsoy nsoh f'kykys[k ds vuqlkj [k.Msyoky ifjokj }kjk lu~ 1382 bZ- esa ,d fo'kky ckoM+h ds }kjk cuok;h xbZ FkhA24 xqtZj izfrgkjksa dh LFkkiR; dyk iwjs jktx<+ {ks= esa Fkh ,oa ty fuekZ.k dk mYys[k gSA ;g ckoM+h n'kZuh; gSA ekpSM+h xkao ds nf{k.k Nksj ij Jh / LFkkiR; dks Hkh mUgksaus dkQh c<+kok fn;kA ysfdu eqfLye vkÿe.kksa us ekpSM+h] kujkt feŸky (vxzoky) }kjk ckoM+h dk fuekZ.k djk;kA ;g ckoM+h Hkh 600&700 nsorh] jktkSjx<+ vkfn esa LFkkiR; ds dsUnzksa fdyksa] eafnjksa] ckofM+;ksa dks [k.Mgjksa esa lky iqjkuh gSA ;g viuh fo'kkyrk vkSj LFkkiR; dyk dh vn~Hkqr fe'kky gSA esyk rCnhy dj fn;k FkkA25 tks vkt Hkh HkXuko'ks"kksa ds :i esa ewd gksdj viuh O;Fkk dk dh ckoM+h Hkh ty LFkkiR; dk dykRed mnkgj.k gSA20 ekpSM+h esa [k.Msyoky c[kku dj jgs gSaA ifjokj dk jksdk reksfy;k vPNk izHkko'kkyh O;fDr Fkk] ftlus 1396 bZ- esa ,d Nrfj;ka&jktx<+ {ks= esa fofHkUu Nrfj;ksa dk fuekZ.k dj LFkkiR; dyk dks [k.Mksa dk dqvka ,oa f'koky; dk fuekZ.k djk;kA ;gka gÍh xksiky dh ckoM+h ,oa c<+kok fn;k gSA jkeckx LFky ij 1936 bZ- esa ckck ';ke nkl }kjk lqUnj fo'kky eafnj Hkh LFkkiR; dyk ds lqanj mnkgj.k gSA21 ekpSM+h esa fetkZ xkfyc ds firk vkSj ^;K'kkyk* dk fuekZ.k djk;k x;kA Hkkjr o"kZ ds nks pkj LFkyksa dks NksM+dj ,slh muds pkpk ul:Yy [kka dh cM+h dcz ij edcjk vkSj ckx gS] tks vc th.kZ&'kh.kZ ;K'kkyk ns[kus dks ugha feyrh gSA blh ds ikl vyoj ds izFke 'kkld izrkiflag dh fLFkfr esa gSA fo'kky Nrjh tks 68 [kEHkksa ij cuh (32 [kEHks Nrjh rFkk 36 [kEHks ifjÿek) gSA ;g jktx<+ dh lqanjrk esa pkj pkan yxkus okys fofHkUu ckx&xaxk ckx] [kokl yxHkx 237 o"kZ iqjkuh LFkkiR; dyk dk cstksM+ mnkgj.k gSA26 jko izrkiflag ds firk ckx] jktk th dk ckx] egyckx] nhoku dk ckx] odhy dk ckx] euQwy dh eksgCcrflag pkSFk ds cjokM+k ds ;qº esa ejkBksa ds fo#º t;iqj jkT; dh vksj ls yM+rs 249 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 497 498 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 gq, 1756 bZ- esa ohjxfr dks izkIr gq,] ftldh ;kn esa jko izrkiflag }kjk jkeckx esa fdlh izdkj de ugha gSA blls lEcfU/kr lkexzh laxzkgy;ksa] egyksa] eafnjksa rFkk ,d fo'kky Nrjh dk fuekZ.k djk;kA27 ;g Nrjh okLrq 'kkL= dk ,d mRd`"V O;fDrxr laxzgksa esa vkt Hkh 'kks/k dk bUrtkj dj jgh gSA vyoj fp= 'kSyh dk tUe mnkgj.k gSA bl Nrjh dh fo'ks"krk gS&;g gFksyhuqek (ike lsQ) cuh gqbZ gSA ;g vyoj jkT; dh LFkkiuk ds ckn ls gh ekuk tkuk pkfg,A 1770 esa jktx<+ dk fdyk ckjg [kaHkksa ij fVdh gSA bl rjg dh Nrjh dgha ugha feyrh D;ksafd T;knkrj Nrfj;ka cuk;kA jktx<+ dks u;s d>ksjkA8 tks tehu budks tdM+h gqbZ Fkh] mldh tM+sa vc ttZjk;eku gqbZ tk jgh gSA dbZ dyk fo/kk,a cny xbZ gSa fd esokM+ ds yksd dykvksa esa cnyrs lkekftd ewY; os igpkuh gh ugha tk jgh gSA dbZ udyph vlyph cu cSBs vkSj tks vlyh gS MkW- ehuk{kh cksgjk ('kekZ) mudh fLFkfr nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gks pqdh gSA vkt os ;g dgrs gq, lqukbZ nsrs gSa fd vkt vlyh dyk dks le>us okyk dksbZ ugha jgk gSA9 ^yksd dh dyk* ;k yksd esa izpfyr dyk vFkok yksdekul dh dykRed HkokbZ dyk vfHkO;fDr vkfn yksd dyk ds fofHkUu i{k gks ldrs gSaA1 yksd dyk,a yksdthou HkokbZ uke ls ml u`R; dh igpku dh tkrh gS] ftlesa flj ij ,d ds ≈ij dh vkLFkkoku lkaLd`frdijd lqHkkf"kfu;ka gSA ;s ih<+h nj i<+h thoukUrfjr gksrh gqbZ ,d nl&ckjg eVds j[kdj ukpk tkrk gSA ewyr% HkokbZ ,d tkfr gS tks viuh fujUrj psruksUeq[kh cuh jgrh gSA blfy, buesa lnkcgkj lknxh vkSj mRQqyrk cuh dfBu fÿ;kvksa }kjk cM+s jkspd laoknksa esa cM+k l'kDr vuqjatu nsrh gSA10 bl tkfr ds jgrh gSA yksd laLœfr ds :i esa u dsoy vius Hkhrj fodkl dh ekSfyd o Lok;Ÿk dykdkj vius&vius ;tekuksa ds fy, izn'kZu djrs gSaA gkykafd bls lHkh oxZ ns[krs vo/kkj.kk ogu djrs gSa] cfYd mudh bu yksd vo/kkj.kksa ij ck· lkekftd] gSaA HkokbZ oxZ ds ;teku jkoyk jktiwr] es?koky] lkyoh] jkor] tkV] dhj] rsyh vkfFkZd o lkaLd`frd 'kfDr;ksa }kjk tc Hkh dksbZ izgkj gksrk gS] rks mldk fp mlds vkSj Hkhy lekt ds yksx gksrs gSaA HkokbZ tkfr ds yksxksa dh lokZf/kd la[;k esokM+ ds 2 fy, izfrfÿ;k Hkh yksd laLd`fr esa fn[kykbZ iM+rh gSA Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa yksd fpŸkkSM+x<+ ftys esa crkbZ tkrh gSA bl tkfr ds yksx vius ;tekuksa ls tqM+s gksrs gSa vkSj laLd`fr vHkh Hkh thoar gSA yksd ijEijk viuh yksp cuk;s j[krh gS o lkFk&lkFk u;s bius ;tekuksa dk euksjatu djuk gh budk izeq[k O;olk; jgk gSA gkykafd vc ;s rRoksa dks Hkh vkRelkr djrh gSA yksd ijEijkvksa esa ledkyhu oLrqvksa ds u;s izrhd ;tekuksa ds vykok nsoLFkkuksa :i ls gh viuh izLrqfr nsus yxs gSaA ;s dykdkj cM+s 3 Hkh fy;s tk jgs gSa mnkgj.k nwjchu] jsy vkfnA ,d vo/kh yksdxhr esa efgyk fouksnh] okpky vkSj O;aX;d gksrs gSaA vius ukV~;kfHku; esa ;s vPNs&vPNs dks gkL; jsyxkM+h dks lkSru crkrh gS] D;ksafd og mlds ifr dks nwj ys tkrh gSA dk ik= cuk nsrs gSaA ;tekuh esa pwd gksus ij fdlh u fdlh ek/;e ls vius jax vk/kqfudhdj.k ds izkjfEHkd ;qx esa ftl izdkj dk fojks/k yksd thou 'kSyh dk Fkk] izn'kZu }kjk cnyk ysus esa ;s ekfgj gksrs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd yksx HkokbZ dks vius xkao oSlk okrkoj.k vc ugha gSA cnyh HkkSfrd o fopkjkRed fLFkfr;ksa esa ;g lEHko gS esa vk;k ns[kdj mldh vPNh [kkfrjnkjh djrs gSa vkSj usx pkj nsdj fcuk izn'kZu gh fd yksd laLd`fr dks fodkl gsrq u;s ekxZ fey ldsA4 lc dykvksa esa yksd dyk,a fonk dj nsrs gSa] D;ksafd mUgsa izn'kZu }kjk gkL; dk ik= cuk;s tkus dk Mj jgrk gSA11 vktdy cM+h ppkZ dk fo"k; cuh gqbZ gSA dksbZ Hkh lHkk lekjksg] mRlo gks] mldk 5 HkokbZ esa ukjh ik= dk eapu vkt Hkh iq#"k ik= }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA bl yksd dykRed :i jax vko';d gks tkrk gSA yksd dyk dk {ks= eafnj] ?kj dk eapu esa uxkM+s] gkjeksfu;e] eathjk ,oa rcyk izeq[k ok| ;a= gksrs gSaA ;s Lokax vkt vkaxu ;k jaxeap gh ugha jgkA og m|ksx vkSj O;olk; esa Hkh izos'k dj xbZ gSA vc / Hkh xzkeh.kksa esa [kkls yksdfiz; gS ;|fi orZeku ifjn`'; esa HkokbZ dyk esa izLrqfrdj.k kkfeZd fo'oklksa o izrhdksa dk LFkku oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k o mlls lEcº izrhd ysus dk rjhdk cnyk gSA euksjatu ds fygkt ls igys /kkfeZd HkfDr ,oa fojg xhrksa ij 6 yxs gSaA u`R; fd;k tkrk Fkk fdUrq vc yksxksa dh Qjekb'k ij fQYeksa ds ysVsLV QkLV ,oa vkt u`R;] xku] ukV~; tslh yksddyk,a vius&vius NksVs&NksVs {ks= ls ckgj QwgM+ xkuksa ls Hkh ijgst ugha fd;k tkrk gS vkSj rks vkSj Qjekb'k dk n'kZdksa dk vkdj fo'ks"k lEeku Hkktu cu jgh gSA vkt mudk foLrkj gqvk gSA yksd dykvksa esa rjhdk Hkh dkQh jksekapdkjh ,oa izfrLi/kkZ gksrk gSA bl dkj.k vktdy ds vfHku; iqutkZxj.k gks jgk gSA yksd dykvksa ds izfr vkd"kZ.k esa mudk vkfFkZd ewY; c<+k esa xgjkbZ ugha gS tks igys gqvk djrh FkhA12 HkokbZ u`R;] HkokbZ ykxksa dk ,d u`R; gS] fn;k gS vkSj mudk O;olk; Hkh py iM+k gSA fdUrq blls yksd dyk dh vkRek dk ftlesa flj ij eVds j[kdj ukpus ds lkFk&lkFk dbZ dfBu fÿ;kvksa dk izn'kZu gksrk Œkl Hkh gqvk gS] ,slk dqN fo}ku ekurs gSaA7 yksd dykvksa dk Lo:i cnyrk tk jgk gSA tc n;kjke us dyk e.My esa igyh ckj vius flj ij eVds j[kdj ukp fn[kk;k gSA ;s viuh okLrfodrk ls nwj tkrh gqbZ izrhr gksrh gSA yksd dykvksa dk nk;jk c<+us rks dyk e.My ds laLFkkid nsohyky lkej us mldk uke HkokbZ ns fn;k vkSj n;kjke ls lkaLd`frd esytksy ds ljksdkj c<+sA yksd dykvksa dk {ks= O;kid vkSj foLr`r dks tks tkfr ls Hkhy Fkk] HkokbZ dykdkj ds :i esa izLrqr djuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA 252 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 503 504 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vkt HkokbZ dykdkjksa dh cgkj gj dgha ns[kus dks fey jgh gSA bl HkokbZ esa efgyk,a lekos'k vkSj fodkl Hkh blh ÿe ls gqvkA igys esokM+&okxM+ ds iwjs bykds esa xojh Hkh mrj vkbZ gSaA Ldwyksa eas Hkh yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa dh HkokbZ izLrqfr;ka fo'ks"k mRlo gksrh Fkh vc mlls ckxM+ NwVrk tk jgk gSA ogka Hkhyh laLd`fr dk ;g lok±x lqUnj lekjksgksa ij ns[kus dks fey tkrh gSA HkokbZ ukp dks ysdj dbZ e.Mfy;ka gh [kqy Lo:i vius izrhd :i esa jgdj LokaxksRlo gh tSls jg x;k gSA vc ogka u iwjh xojh iM+h gS tks ;=&r= esykas rFkk vU; lekjksgksa esa viuk deky fn[kkrh gSA13 vf/kdka'k ifjyf{kr gksrh gS vkSj u oSlk /kkfeZd vkpj.k gh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA lekt lq/kkj lekjksgksa esa ftudk laca/k ijEijk ;k fdlh fo'ks"k vuq"Bku ls ugha gksrk gSA tks u`R; vkSj f'kf{kr lH; dgykus ds uke ij Hkh dbZ txg xojh dk izn'kZu can gksrk ns[kk is'k fd;s tkrs gSa] os cgq/kk ekSfyd u gksdj udy ek= gksrs gSaA dgha dgha rks ;g x;k tks vc fiNM+siu esa fxuk tkus yxk gSA16 udy dsoy iks'kkd rd lhefr jgrh gSA ekaM.ks ?kwej ekaxfyd ioks± ij] /kkfeZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa iwtk LFkyksa dh 'kqfº ds fy, ekaMs ikjEifjd rkSj ij x.kxkSj ij fd;s tkus okys ?kwej u`R; esa eq[;r% ,d lkS tkus okys ekaM.kksa esa le; ds lkFk ifjorZu gksrk x;k] bldk fodkl gksrk x;kA lkB rd dfy;ksa rd dk ?ksj ?kqesjnkj ?kk?kjk iguk tkrk gS vkSj xt&xt Hkj rd dk HkkSfrd cnykoksa ds dkj.k yqIr gks jgs ekaM.kksa dks u;k vk;ke fn;k tkus yxkA ekaM.kksa ?kwa?kV jgrk FkkA ijUrq vk/kqfudrk dh gksM+ esa ?kwa?kV gVk fy;k tkrk gS o ;gka rd fd dks vc dSuokl ij Hkh ekaMk tkus yxk rFkk blds fy;s ikjEifjd ekaM.kksa esa mi;ksx vc iks'kkdksa esa Hkh cM+s&cM+s ifjorZu gq, gSaA vc dslfj;k jax ds ifj/kkuksa dk QS'ku fy;s tkus okys yky xs: xkscj&feÍh] ihyh feÍh ?kksy ls dSuokl dks iksrdj ml py iM+k gS rFkk urZfd;ka fcuk ?kwa?kV ds u`R; djrh gSa o psgjs ij esdvi fd;k tkus ij mtkys lQsn jax ls ekaM.kksa dks ekaMk tkrk gSA bu ekaM.kksa dh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd yxk gSA14 Jh x.ks'k th ds ekFks dk fryd] eqdqV ml iy yxk gqvk e;wj ia[k lwiM+s tSls dku] xojh xys ds vkHkw"k.k] nar&lwaM vkSj cgq&Hkqtkvksa esa fy, vL=&'kL= vkfn ekaM.kksa ds keVM+k lqukuk dgrs gSaA blls vkus okys [ksy rFkk mldh dFkk dh buds ;teku mB x;sA dykdkjksa dk jgu&lgu] [kku&iku vkSj thou;kiu ds rkSj tkudkjh n'kZdksa dks igys ls gh gks tkrh gSA xojh ds ewy esa u`R; dh iz/kkurk jgh gSA rjhdksa dk Lo:i fcYdqy cny x;kA blls dbZ dyk,a yqIr gksus yxhA esokM+ dk bl dkj.k bls ^xojh dk ukp* Hkh dgrs gSaA tc ;g u`R; vius fodkl dh eafty ,dek= jkl/kkjh [ksy ftlesa jke dk ouoklxeu u`R;kfHkuhr gksrk Fkk] lnSo ds fy, dks igqap x;k] rc blesa ukuk Lokax Lo:iksa dh jpuk vkjEHk gqbZA blds vk/kkj ij lekIr gks x;kA bu dykvksa dh fujUrjrk ugha jgus ds vusd dkj.k jgs gSaA dbZ dFkk rRo dk xBu gqvk vkSj xhfr rRo us tksj idM+kA xkao dk pkSjkgk vFkok [kqyk dykoar tkfr;ksa us lekt lq/kkj dh Hkkouk ls izsfjr viuh bu ikjEifjd /kjksgj ls vkaxu dh xojh dk jaxeap gksrk gSA Hkknz efgus ls izkjEHk gksdj iwjs lok efgus rd ukrk rksM+ fy;k gSA blds vykok bu dykvksa us le; ds cnyko dks Lohdkj u djrs izfrfnu izkr% ls lk;a rd] tgka&tgka xojh okys xkao dh cgu csfV;ka C;kgh gqbZ gksrh gq, mUgha ijEijkvksa dks tkjh j[kk] tks vkt ds ifjizs{; esa fujFkZd o vuqi;ksxh gks gSa] blds izn'kZu vk;ksftr fd;s tkrs gSaA15 xojh esa vfHkusrkvksa dh la[;k 40&50 ls pqds FksA dBiqryh izn'kZu dyk Hkh blh dkj.k fuf"ÿ; gks jgh FkhA yksd dyk yxkdj 90&100 rd ns[kus dks feyrh gSA Hkkjro"kZ esa dgha ,slk ukV~; ns[kus dks e.My ds dykdkjksa us le; ds cnyko dks vkRelkr djrs gq, cq[kkjsLV esa ugha feysxk] tks bruh yEch vof/k rd brus cM+s lewg ds lkFk fofo/k xkaoksa esa brus dBiqfy;ksa ds vUrjkZ"V™h; lekjksg esa igyk iqjLdkj izkIr djds lkjh nqfu;k dks lqO;ofLFkr kSrs ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA Hkhyksa esa fookg laldkj ugha gksrk Fkk cfYd ;g foHkkT; laLFkk FkhA ;fn iRuh ifr ds lkFk ugha jguk pkgrh Fkh rks og nwljs ifr ds lkFk jg ldrh Fkh] ysfdu nwljs ifr dks o/kw&ewY; nsuk iM+rk FkkA ysfdu Hkhyksa esa fookg dh vfuok;Zrk jgh 254 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 507 508 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 FkhA ;fn Hkhy yM+dk fookg ugha djrk Fkk rks] mlds vkfFkZd n`f"V ls x;k&xqtjk txg fookg djus ij iRuh dks tks o/kw&ewY; feyrk Fkk] mls mldk firk Lohdkj ekuk tkrk Fkk fd og o/kw ewY; dh O;oLFkk Hkh ugha dj ldkA Hkhyksa esa viuh tkfr djrk FkkA ysfdu ;fn iRuh Lo;a fookg&foPNsn djrh Fkh rks mlds nwljs ifr dks ;k ds vUrxZr fookg dks gh oS/k ekuk tkrk Fkk] xSj Hkhyksa ds lkFk fd;k x;k fookg firk dk o/kw& ewY; ykSVkuk iM+rk FkkA8 d`"kd ,oa i'kqikyd tkfr;ksa esa ukrk izFkk ds vPNk ugha ekuk tkrk FkkA Hkhyksa esa o/kw&ewY; ds vfrfjDr ukrk&fookg Hkh izpfyr vUrxZr ifr dh e`R;q ds i'pkr~ L=h dks ;g Lora=rk gksrh Fkh fd og fo/kok dk Fkk] tks fo/kok ;k ifjR;Drk L=h ds lkFk fd;k tkrk FkkA blesa o/kw&ewY; dh jde thou O;rhr djsa ;k iqu% fookg djsaA ;fn og iqu% fookg djuk pkgrh gS rks og ewy jde ls de gksrh FkhA blds vykok ^nsoj fookg* blesa ifr dh e`R;q ds ckn lQsn ,oa dkys jax dh vks<+uh ugha igurh Fkh] izFke ifr dh e`R;q ds o"kZ Hkj ckn og nsoj ds lkFk fookg dj ysrh FkhA bl rjg ds fookg nf{k.kh jktLFkku ds Hkhyksa og uohu ifr ds ?kj pyh tkrh Fkh bl rjg izFke ifr ds ?kj lkekftd vkfFkZd esa izpfyr FksA blds ihNs ;g /kkj.k Fkh fd o/kw ewY; ifjokj us pqdk;k gS] vr% cgw lEcU/k foPNsn gks tkrk FkkA nkik dh ewY; dk dqN Hkkx dU;k dk firk rFkk dqN ifjokj dh lEifŸk Fkh vkSj nsoj ds lkFk fookg o/kw&ewY; dh cpr FkhA blds Hkkx ifjR;Dr ifjokj }kjk xzg.k dj fy;k tkrk FkkA thfor izFke ifr ^yqxM+k&QkM+* vfrfjDr Hkhyksa esa cgqiRuh fookg ijEijk Hkh izpfyr jgh Fkh] tks mudh izfr"Bk dh djus ds fy, tkfr iapk;r ds lk{; esa uohu ifr ls #i;s ysdj le>kSrk dj ysrk izrhd ekuh tkrh Fkh] tSls gh vfrfjDr /ku dk btkQk gksrk Fkk] oSls gh ,d vU; FkkA9 L=h }kjk ;g VqdM+k vius firk ds ?kj esa Vkax fn;k tkrk gS] ftldk vfHkizk; gS iRuh vk tkrh FkhA5 dkykUrj esa fuEu oxZ ds yksxksa us dk;Z Hkkj dks ckaVus dh n`f"V fd vc mlds ifr dk vf/kdkj ugha gSA vc og pkgs rks uohu ifr ds lkFk jg ls cgq&iRuh fookg djus izkjEHk dj fn;s FksA ldrh FkhA eh.kk tkfr esa o/kw&ewY; nsus dh ijEijk ugha gksrh Fkh] fookg esa yM+dh dks dkykUrj esa iq#"k lŸkkRedrk dh laLd`fr esa fookg ds lkFk&lkFk ^ukrk* dks ngst fn;k tkrk Fkk] czk„.k fookg dh jLe djokrk Fkk] ftlesa vfXu ds lkeus lkr Hkh cuk, j[kk vkSj ukjh dks egt [kjhn&Qjksn dh oLrq cuk fn;k] ftls tkrh; Qsjs yxk;s tkrs FksA fookg ds ckn iRuh] ifr ds lkFk jgrh Fkh] ysfdu ;fn mez NksVh iapk;rksa ls Hkh Lohd`fr izkIr gks tkrh FkhA blesa efgyk dh vuqefr ;k lgefr dh gqbZ rks ,d] rhu ;k ikap o"kZ ckn xkSuk fd;k tkrk FkkA eh.kk tkfr esa Hkh fo/kok dksbZ vko';drk ugha gSA bl rjg dh ?kVuk,sa ;g Li"V djrh gS fd fofHkUu tkfr;ksa iqufoZokg ekU; FkkA fo/kok&fookg esa Qsjs ugha gksrs FksA lkekU;r% fo/kok nsoj] ;k dks izHkko'kkyh iq#"kksa vkSj efgyk ds ukrsnkjksa us fdlh Hkh fookfgr ,oa fo/kok vU; O;fDr ls fookg djus dks LorU= gksrh FkhA eh.kk tkfr esa Hkh fo/kok ;k efgyk dks ukrk ds ek/;e ls [kjhnus ,oa cspus dk vf/kdkj izkIr dj fy;k gSA vr% ifjR;Drk L=h ds fy, ukrk izFkk izpfyr FkhA buesa nwljs ifr dks igys ifr dks ukrk dh bu ?kVukvksa ds ifr efgyk fojks/kh izFkkvksa dks lekIr djus ds fy, ;k ,slh eqvkotk nsuk iM+rk Fkk] ;fn L=h fo/kok gksrh rks oSj dh jde mlds firk ;k laj{kd ?kVukvksa ij jksd yxkus ds fy, dne mBk, tk,sa_ D;ksafd ukrk dh ;s ?kVuk,sa fL=;ksa dks feyrh FkhA lk/kkj.kr;k eh.kk tkfr esa cgqiRuh fookg ugha gksrs FksA6 ysfdu ;fn dh cngkyh dh rjQ /;ku vkdf"kZr djrh gS] bl rjg dh ?kVukvksa ds izfr efgyk iRuh fu%larku gS rks og Lo;a vius ifr dks nwljk fookg djus dk vkxzg dj ldrh vk;ksx ,oa ljdkj yxHkx [kkeks'k gS] tks fpUrk dk fo"k; gSA FkhA ;fn ifr }kjk NksM+h xbZ ;k fo/kok nwljk fookg ugha djrh rks og vius firk ;k lanHkZ Hkkb;ksa ij vkfJr jgrh FkhA fookg&foPNsn ds le; ifr ;k iRuh dks vius cPpksa] 1- tSu] Jh pUn] ouoklh Hkhy vkSj mudh laLd`fr] i`- 7&8] HkVukxj] /kesZUn] fla?ky] ih-ds-] xguksa vkfn dk vf/kdkj NksM+uk iM+rk FkkA ;fn igys ifr ds cPps dks nwljk ifr jktLFkku&2005] i`- 599&600 j[kuk pkgrk Fkk rks eqvkots esa /ku nsuk iM+rk FkkA xjkfl;k tkfr esa oj&o/kw dh 2- pkSgku] MkW- ;'kikyflag] tutkrh; {ks= esa f'k{kk dh n'kk ,oa n'kk,°] i`- 61 lgefr ls fookg gksrk Fkk pkgs fookg ijEijkxr] Hkxkdj] ukrk fof/k ls gh gksA xqIr 3- Fkksel ih-] bf.M;u oqeu Fkzw nh ,tst] i`- 221 iyk;u fookg xjkfl;k tkfr esa yksdfiz; gksrk gSA blds vUrxZr yM+ds ds firk dks 4- enqZe'kqekjh % jkt esokM+] lu~ 1941 bZ-] ftYn&3] uD'kstkr LVsV Vscqy ua- 7 iz-'kks-iz-mA rqjUr o/kw&ewY; ugha pqdkuk iM+rk FkkA buesa vkaVk&lkaVk fookg Hkh izpfyr FksA bl 5- nks"kh] 'kEHkwyky] O;kl] ujsUnz ,u-] jktLFkku dh vuqlwfpr tu&tkfr;k°] i`- 78 fookg esa nksuksa ifjokjksa dks o/kw&ewY; ugha nsuk iM+rk FkkA iq= ugha gksus ij lsok fookg 6- ogh] i`- 97 7- ogh] i`- 78 Hkh gksrs Fks] ftlesa og ml ifjokj dks laHkkyrk FkkA xjkfl;k tkfr esa ifr dh rjQ 8- dkofM+;k vfurk] ukjh thou esa laLd`fr] i`- & 95 7 ls oSokfgd lEcU/k rksM+us ij iRuh dk firk o/kw&ewY; ugha nsrk FkkA ysfdu nwljh 9- ohj&fouksn&i`- 193] 200&201 255 510 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Hkkjr rFkk iwohZ Hkkjr o usiky ds mPp oxks± rd igqaphA vYrsdj ds vuqlkj 700 ls 1100 bZ- esa Hkkjr esa lrh izFkk izpfyr gks x;hA5 bl izFkk ds c<+us ds dbZ dkj.k FksµtSls oSjkX; rFkk dBksj la;e laca/kh fopkj/kkjk dk lekt ij fo'ks"kr% czk„.k oxZ jktLFkku dh lrh ,oa lrk (iq#"k fo'ks"k) ijEijk ij c<+rk gqvk izHkko] iqufoZokg dk fu"ks/k] fo/kokvksa ds lEifŸk fo"k;d vf/kdkj dks MkW- ;ksxorh ikjhd foyac ls rFkk fgpfdpkgV ds lkFk ekU;rk nsuk vkfnA fo/kokvksa ds bl laifŸkxr vf/kdkj ij dbZ rjg ds izfrca/kksa us fo/kokvksa dh n'kk dks 'kkspuh; cuk fn;k vkSj ^lrh* ,d laLd`r 'kCn gS tks fd lr~ 'kCn ls fudyk gS vkSj lr~ dk vFkZ ifr ds lkFk lrh gksus esa gh mls thou ds bu d"Vksa ls eqfDr fn[kkbZ nhA ;gka rd fd lR;] okLrfodrk] lŸkk] vfLrRo vkfnA1 lrh dk vFkZ lgxeu ,oa lgej.k ls Hkh vafxjk] gkjhr vkfn iwoZe/;dkyhu Le`fr;ksa rFkk vijkdZ] foKkus'oj vkfn fuca/kdkjksa fy;k tkrk gSA lrh 'kCn dk mYys[k iqjk.kkas esa ntZ ,d dFkk esa fd;k x;k gSA Hkxoku us rks lrh izFkk dh iz'kalk Hkh dhA6 f'ko dh iRuh dk uke lrh FkkA nsoh lrh us vius firk n{k }kjk vius ifr Hkxoku jktiwr fL=;ksa ds lrhRo vkSj ns'kHkfDr ds mPp vkn'kZ FksA jktiwr bfrgkl esa f'ko ds frjLdkj ls O;fFkr gks ;K dh vfXu esa dwndj vkRenkg dj fy;k FkkA vla[; mnkgj.k feyrs gSa fd lrhRo ,oa LokfHkeku dh j{kk ds fy, fL=;ka izlUurk fdlh L=h ds vfXu esa tydj vius vfLrRo dks feVk nsus dk ;g igyk mnkgj.k gSA ls vkx esa ty x;ha ;k vius ifr ds izfr Jºk vkSj ljkguk izdV djus ds fy, dkykUrj esa ;g ,d izFkk ds :i esa ifjofrZr gks x;hA blds vykok fgUnw /keZ esa rhu mldh fprk ij gh ty x;haA ^tkSgj* lkewfgd vkRegR;k dh ,d jhfr Fkh] tks izeq[k lfr;ksa dk mYys[k Hkh gesa izkIr gksrk gS&lrh vuqlq;k] lrh vfgY;k ,oa lrh fud`"V le>k tkrk FkkA tcfd ^lrh* oS;fDrd vkRegR;k FkhA7 jktLFkku dh lrh lhrkA ΩXoSfnd dky ,oa mŸkjoSfnd dky esa dgha ij Hkh lrh izFkk ds izpyu ds ijEijk dqN fHkUurk fy, gq, gSaA ;gka gesa txg&txg lrh ds Fkku ,oa nsoys ns[kus i{k esa izek.k ugha feyrsA jktk jk/kkdkUr nso us dfri; lkfgfR;d va'kksa ds vk/kkj dks feyrs gSaA lkekU;r% dksbZ Hkh efgyk e`r ifr ds fy, lrh gksrh Fkh] ysfdu ij lrh izFkk flº djus dh ps"Vk dh Fkh] ijUrq bu va'kksa dh izkekf.kdrk lafnX/k gSA jktLFkku esa gesa blds vusd :i n`f"Vxr gksrs gSaA ifr] firk] HkkbZ vkfn vU; blh izdkj mUgksaus vFkoZosn 18-21 dks vius er ds i{k esa mn~/k`r fd;k gSA ijUrq bl ikfjokfjd iq#"k lnL;ksa ds fy, Hkh gesa lrh cuus ds mnkgj.k izkIr gksrs gSa] ftUgsa ^eka va'k esa ,d ek= fo/kok dks vius ifr ds lkFk {k.k Hkj ds fy, fprk ij p<+uk lrh*] ^nknh lrh*] ^jk.kh lrh*] ^lrh* vkfn fofHkUu ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA tcfd iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA nwljs gh {k.k og fprk ls mrj tkrh gS vkSj rRi'pkr~ mlh va'k ,slk gesa jktLFkku ds vykok Hkkjr ds fdlh Hkh dksus esa n`f"Vxr ugha gksrkA ,d esa mlds nh?kZ thou ds fufeŸk izkFkZuk dh xbZ gSA vr% vf/kd ls vf/kd bl izlax ls fofp= fdUrq lR; rF; ;g Hkh gS fd jktLFkku esa u dsoy gesa lrh ds n`"Vkar izkIr ;gh flº gksrk gS fd fdlh iwoSZfrgkfld dky esa vk;ks± esa lrh izFkk jgh gksxhA2 gksrs gSa cfYd gesa ^lŸkk* iq#"k fo'ks"k ds Hkh mnkgj.k izkIr gksrs gSaA ekS;Z dky esa lrh izFkk dk izpyu ugha FkkA dkSfVY; ds vFkZ'kkL= esa lrh izFkk lrh ,oa lrh izFkk ds izfr esjh ftKklk eq>s fnojkyk xkao ys x;hA ;g xkao ds izpfyr gksus dk dksbZ izek.k ugha feyrkA cfYd dkSfVY; us rks ^lrh* gksuk jktLFkku ds lhdj ftys esa gSA bl xkao esa 4 flrEcj 1987 bZ- esa :idaoj uked 18 vkRegR;k djus ds leku ?k`f.kr o n.Muh; crk;k gSA3 bl le; ds /keZ'kkL= bl o"khZ; efgyk vius ifr ekyflag 'ks[kkor ftudh mez 24 o"kZ Fkh] dh e`R;q ds ckn izFkk ds fo#º FksA ckSº rFkk tSu vuqJqfr;ksa esa Hkh bldk mYys[k ugha gS] fdUrq ;wukuh ,oa dkuwuu lrh izFkk ij jksd gksus ds ckotwn lrh cu x;hA ;g ?kVuk fo'o Hkj esa ys[kdksa us mŸkj&if'pe esa lSfudksa dh fL=;ksa ds lrh gksus dk mYys[k fd;k gSA ;ksºk pfpZr jgh FkhA eSa tkuuk pkg jgh Fkh fd :idaoj tks fd ,d i<+h&fy[kh 10oha oxZ dh fL=;ksa esa lrh dh izFkk izpfyr jgh gksxhA4 lrh izFkk ds laca/k esa igyk ikl efgyk Fkh] us vkf[kj lrh gksus dk fu.kZ; D;ksa fy;k\ D;k ml ij jktiwrh lekt vfHkys[kh; mnkgj.k xqIrdky esa 510 bZ- dk ,j.k f'kykys[k gS] ftlesa xksijkt ,oa ifjokj dk ncko Fkk ;k mlus Loizsj.kk ls ;g fu.kZ; fy;k ;k fQj mls ck/; fd;k uked lsukifr dh iRuh ds lrh gksus dk o.kZu gSA ;g f'kykys[k ,d Lekjd ds x;kA ;k og vius Hkkoh d"Ve; fo/kok thou dh dYiuk djds Mj x;h FkhA bu :i esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA mŸkj Hkkjr dh dqN lSfud tkfr;ksa esa cM+s iSekus ij lHkh iz'uksa dk lek/kku [kkstus ds fy, eSa fnojkyk fLFkr :idaoj ds ?kj x;hA blesa fo/kokvksa ds tydj ej tkus dh izFkk FkhA tc lSfud ifr ;qº djrs gq, ekjs tkrs Fks esjh enn ljkstdaoj uke dh Hknz efgyk ds }kjk dh x;hA :idaoj ds ?kj esa rc vius lEeku dh j{kk ds fy, fL=;ka lrh gks tkrh FkhaA ckn esa ;g izFkk e/; yfyrkdaoj uke dh vkSjr ls ckr gqbZ tks fd :idaoj ds ifjokj esa gh gSA yfyrk 256 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 511 512 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 daoj us crk;k fd lrh ds llqj dk uke lqesjflag ,oa nsoj dk uke HkwisUnz gS] ,d efgyk Hkh lrh gks xbZ FkhA eSa muds ?kj x;h tgka T;ksfr uke dh ,d ,e-,- dh Nk=k nsoj ftldk uke iq"isUnz Fkk] dh e`R;q gks pqdh gSA ,d uun gS] ftldh 'kknh lhdj ls ckr gqbZA mlus crk;k fd ehBwdaoj dks lrh ugha gksus fn;k x;k ysfdu og ckn esa gqbZ gSA ?kj eas lrh dk Fkku cuk j[kk gS ftlesa lrh ,oa muds ifr ekyflag th dh lrh gks x;hA xkao esa og cM+h lrh ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA buds ?kj esa Hkh lrh dk rLohj yxh gqbZ gSA iwtk vpZuk Hkh tkjh gSA lrh dk dejk ftlesa og jgrh FkhA ogka Fkku cuk gqvk gSA tgka iwtk gksrh gSA lrh ds esganh okys gkFkksa dk Fkkik yxk gqvk gSA :idaoj us lrh cuus ls igys vius esganh okys gkFkksa dk Fkkik yxk;k ,oa ,d nkar ?kj ds ckgj ikuh dk dy'k j[kk gqvk gS ,oa fy[kk gqvk gS lrh ehBwdaojA ;g dh pwM+h ogka NksM+h FkhA xkao ds dqN yksx tks fd ml ?kVuk ds izR;{kn'khZ gSa us crk;k fopkj.kh; rF; gS fd eSaus fnojkyk xkao esa :idaoj ds ?kj ,oa ckgj lHkh yksxksa ls fd :idaoj lrh viuh bPNk ls gqbZ FkhA8 :idaoj 'kknh ds ckn nwljh ckj gh vius ckr dhA exj lHkh us ;gh crk;k fd :idaoj Loizsj.kk ls lrh cuh FkhA fdlh us llqjky vkbZ FkhA ekyflag fdlh 'kknh esa x;k gqvk Fkk tgka mls 'kjkc fiykbZ x;hA Hkh ;g ugha dgk fd :idaoj dks tcjnLrh lrh cuk;k x;k FkkA ysfdu rRdkyhu ftlls ekyflag th dks isV esa nnZ gqvk Fkk ftldh otg ls lhdj ysdj x, vkSj ogha v[kckjksa us :idaoj dks tcjnLrh lrh cukuk fy[kk FkkA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gekjs mudh e`R;q gks x;h FkhA tSls gh :idaoj dks irk pyk og jksbZ ugha cfYd viuh fy, ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyuk dfBu gks tkrk gS fd bu nks vyx vyx rF;ksa Loizsj.kk 'kknh dk tksM+k igu fy;k vkSj lcdks crk fn;k fd og lrh gksxhA :idaoj dh ,oa ck/;rk esa ls fdls lgh ekuk tk,A 'kknh dks egt lkr efgus gq, FksA 'kknh clar iapeh dks gqbZ FkhA bl ?kVuk ds ckn fL=;ka u dsoy vius ifr dh e`R;q ds ckn lrh curh Fkh] cfYd vius csVs jktiwrh lekt ds dbZ yksxksa dks ljdkj us rhu efgus dh tsy dh ltk lqukbZ FkhA ,oa HkkbZ ds fy, Hkh lrh curh FkhA fopkj.kh; ckr ;g gS fd fL=;ka ifr dh e`R;q llqj ,oa vU; ifjokjokyksa dks ltk Hkqxruh iM+h Fkh ,oa jktLFkku ljdkj us dsl Hkh ds ckn izse ds o'khHkwr gksdj thus dh bPNk R;kx nsrh Fkh vkSj lrh cuuk ilUn pyk;k FkkA gesa galdaoj ls ckr djus ls irk yxk fd tc :idaoj us lrh cuus dk djrh FkhA ysfdu gesa ,d Hkh ,slk mnkgj.k ugha fn[kkbZ nsrk ftlesa dksbZ iq#"k viuh QSlyk fd;k rks xkao esa ls fdlh us iqfyl dks Qksu dj fn;k vr% iqfyl vkbZ iRuh dh e`R;q ds ckn vius thou ds izfr eksg R;kx dj lŸkk cuuk ilUn djrk gSA ysfdu og lrh LFky rd ugha igqap ikbZA galdaoj crkrh gS fd ;g lrh dk lr Fkk ;g rF; bafxr djrk gS fd Hkkjrh; lekt esa iq#"k loksZifj gSA gka bruk vo'; gS fd ftlus iqfyl dks ckgj gh jksd fn;k vkSj iqfyl xkao esa rHkh vk ikbZ tc og lrh cu ;gka gesa fdlh iq#"k ds fy, iq#"k }kjk gh lŸkk cuus ds mnkgj.k izkIr gksrs gSaA >qa>uwa pqdh FkhA :idaoj rc rd cksyrh jgh tc rd fd mlds o{kLFky rd vfXu ugha ftys ds fpM+kok uxj esa ^lŸkk nknk* ds uke ls 'e'kku Hkwfe esa ,d efUnj cuk gqvk igqap x;hA galdaoj us crk;k fd xkao ds fdlh Hkh jktiwr dks ugha NksM+k x;k lcdks gSA lŸkk dk uke fijkey Fkk vkSj ;s vius HkkbZ dh e`R;q gksus ds ckn lŸkk cus FksA ;g iqfyl idM+ dj ys x;hA xkao ds yksxksa dh lrh esa iwjh vkLFkk gSA ;gka rd fd yksx yxHkx 300 lky iqjkuh ?kVuk gSA ;s vkstVq xkao ds FksA ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd lrh nq%[k nnZ de djrh gSA ge fnojkyk xkao dh 'e'kku Hkwfe vkstVw xkao fpM+kok ls ,d Ms<+ fdyksehVj nwj gSA eafnj ds iafMr th Jh esa ml LFky ij Hkh x, tgka :idaoj dks lrh cuk;k x;k FkkA jktiwrh lekt ds jkeoykl 'kekZ us budh tkfr tkV ,oa xkS= Mkaxh crk;k rks ogha eafnj esa vkus okys ;qodksa us uaxh ryokjksa ds }kjk bl LFky dh j{kk dhA lrh LFky dk eqvk;uk fd;k ,d ;k=h us budh tkfr catkjk crk;h vr% ge bl fu"d"kZ ij ugha igqap ik, fd rks ogka ij lrh ds nsoys ij pquM+h&pwM+k ,oa fcUnh vkfn lqgkx ds izrhd fp p<+k, okLro esa budh tkfr D;k FkhA buds eafnj esa Hkh >kMw j[kh gqbZ gSA ftudh gq, feysA ,d vkSj rF; ns[kus dks feyrk gS fd lrh ds Fkku ij >kMw Hkh p<+kbZ gqbZ euksdkeuk iwjh gks tkrh os cM+s euksHkko ls eafnj esa >kMw yxkrs gSa vkSj izlkn p<+krs gSa Fkh ,oa tc yksxksa dh euksdkeuk iw.kZ gks tkrh gS rc yksx >kMw ls lQkbZ Hkh djds ,oa eafnj esa HksaV Lo:i fdlh vko';d oLrq dk nku Hkh nsrs gSaA budks [khj ,oa vkrs gSaA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd lrh nkn] [kkt] [kqtyh ,oa el feVkrh gSA izk;% lrh ykilh dk Hkksx yxk;k tkrk gSA ;gka ds LFkkuh; yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd lŸkk nknk ds LFky ij f='kwy ,oa >kMw j[ks gq, feyrs gSaA ;g f='kwy izkphu 'kfDr iwtk ls lacaf/kr izrki ls nkn] [kkt] el ,oa [kqtyh feVrh gSA budk esyk Hkknok cnh nleh dks gSA 'kfDr iwtk esa ukjh dks 'kfDr dk :i ekuk x;k gSA yxrk gSA ukSeh dks tkxj.k yxrk gSA budh vkjrh ,oa xhr Hkh lkekU; iztk esa xkao ds yksxksa ls ckr djus ls gesa ;g Hkh irk yxk fd fnojkyk xkao esa ,d izpfyr gSA9 ugha cfYd nks lfr;ka gqbZ FkhA nksuksa lfr;ksa ds ?kj Hkh ,dne ikl ikl gh gSA nksuksa e`R;q ,d lPpkbZ gS ysfdu fQj Hkh fdlh fiz; ds tkus ij O;fDr ;gh dgrk jktiwr tkfr dh gh gSA yxHkx lkS lky igys ehBwdaoj uke dh ,d 35 o"khZ; gS fd eq>s NksM+ nks eq>s Hkh ejuk gS eSa thdj D;k d:axk ysfdu D;k ,sls esa dksbZ mls 257 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 513 vkx ;k dq,a esa dwn tkus nsrk gSA ugha uk rks dksbZ efgyk Hkh ;g ckr dg ns fd ifr ds fcuk eSa D;k d:axh eq>s ejuk gS rks bls vki ;s dSls le> ldrs gSa fd og nSoh; 'kfDr ls lapkfyr gS vkSj lrh gksuk pkgrh gSA jktLFkku esa vkt Hkh lrh ds nsoLFkku vkSj eafnj fey tk,axs vkSj mudks ekuus okys Jºkyqvksa dh la[;k Hkh cgqr gSA10 ;g esokM+ jkT; ds jktLFkkuh lkfgfR;d Úksrksa esa ty % rF; fopkj.kh; gS vkSj gekjh rFkkdfFkr vk/kqfudrk ij iz'ufp Hkh yxkrk gSA 17oha&18oha 'krkCnh ds lanHkZ esa lUnHkZ MkW- fiz;n'khZ vks>k 1- okeu f'kojke vkIVs] laLd`r fgUnh dks'k] ukx izdk'kd] i`- 1061 ,oa 1062 2- foey pUnz ik.Ms;] izkphu Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd rFkk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] Hkkx 1] lsUV™y i`Foh ij ekuo lH;rk ds izknqHkkZo ds lkFk gh tu laLkk/kuksa ,oa ty&izca/ku ifCyf'kax gkml] bykgkckn] i`- 153 dk egRo jgk gSA izkphu dky ls vokZphu rd fodkl dk izeq[k vk/kkj ty gh gSA 3- MkW- ,-ds- feŸky] izkphu Hkkjr] lkfgR; Hkou] vkxjk] i`- 305 izLrqr 'kks/k&i= esa eSaus esokM+ esa ty&izca/ku ls lacaf/kr 17oha&18oha 'krkCnh ds 4- laiknd f}tsUnz ukjk;.k >k ,oa d`".k eksgu Jhekyh] izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] fgUnh ek/;e lanHkZ esa jktLFkkuh lkfgfR;d L=ksarksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA fu%lnsg dk;kZUo;u funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] i`- 198 5. A.S. Altekar, The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization: From pre-historic jktLFkkuh lkfgfR;d lzksr Hkh bfrgkl ijd ty&izca/ku lk/ku&lkexzh tqVkus esa times to present day, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass Pub., p. 155-142 i;kZIr lgk;d gksrs gSaA blds fy;s jktLFkkuh lzksr bl izdkj gSµ 6- laiknd f}tsUnz ukjk;.k >k ,oa d`".k eksgu Jhekyh] izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] fgUnh ek/;e HkMyh œr ldqukoyh % HkMyh œr ldqukoyh esa o`f"V foKku fo"k;d dk;kZUo;u funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] i`- 382 7- oh-Mh- egktu] izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] ,l- pUn ,.M dEiuh fyfeVsM] ubZ fnYyh] i`- lw=ksa dks yksd Hkk"kk esa fucaº fd;k x;k gSA blesa nksgk] pkSikbZ ,oa lksjBksa esa o"kkZ&Kku 621 dk cks/k djk;k x;k gSA dqy 38 i`"Bksa ds dysoj esa 1877 bZ- (fo-la- 1934) esa ;g 8- ltuk cqudj tkfr ,oa izR;{kn'khZ ftlus lrh dks ns[kk FkkA dSyk'k nthZ ftlus xkao esa iqLrd bankSj ls izdkf'kr gqbZ gSA1 nqdku dj j[kh gS us crk;k fd lrh viuh bPNk ls gqbZ FkhA xkao ds gh 'ksjflag ls ckr dh o"kkZ Ωrq jk nksgk % izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj esa laxzghr xzUFk la- 2004 ftlus crk;k fd lrh viuh bPNk ls gqbZ FkhA o"kkZ Ωrq jk nksgk uked egRoiw.kZ xzUFk esa o"kkZ Ωrq ls lacaf/kr 91 i`"Bksa esa fofo/k 9- ;g tkudkjh gesa fpM+kok fLFkr eafnj ds iafMr th Jh jkefoykl 'kekZ us nhA nksgksa ls vfro`f"V vuko`f"V] lqdky] nq"dky vkfn dks le>us esa i;kZIr lg;ksx 10- jktsUnz ;kno] vkneh dh fuxkg esa vkSjr] jktdey izdk'ku izkbZosV fyfeVsM] 2007] i`- 46 feyrk gSA ls 49 fpŸkkSM+ dh xty % 17oha 'krkCnh ds mŸkjkºZ esa 1689 bZ- (fo-la- 1746) [krjxPN ds ;fr [ksrk ;k [ksry œr ^fpŸkkSM+ dh xty* izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku mn;iqj esa xz-la- 4016 ds :i esa miyC/k gSA blesa i=ksa dh la[;k 96&97 gSA bl esa gesa fpŸkkSM+ ds tyk'k;ksa unh&ukyksa ,oa dqMksa ds ckjs esa Kku gksrk gSA mn;iqj xty % 18oha 'krkCnh ds izkjaHk esa (1700 bZ-) fojfpr [ksry œr ^mn;iqj xty* izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj esa xzaFk la- 12709 ij laxzghr ,oa lqjf{kr gSA bl xzUFk ls gesa mn;iqj ds rky&ryS;k] cxhps] dq.M vkfn ds ckjs esa tkudkjh feyrh gSA mn;iqj&o.kZu NUn % izLrqr jpuk rikxPNh; tloUr lkxj jfpr mn;iqj o.kZu&NUn gSA bldh jpuk fot;n;k lwfj ds le; esa gksus dk funsZ'k fd;k x;k gSA mudk le; 1728 bZZ- ls 1852 bZ- (fo-la- 1785 ls 1805) rd dk gSA blh chp 258 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 515 516 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 bl Nan dh jpuk gqbZ gSA bldh nks izfr;ka izkIr gqbZ Fkha ftlesa ls ,d vxjpan ukgVk jÌks cny dks vius ykHk ;k gkfu igqapkus okyh ckrksa dk dkj.k le>rs gSaA mUgksaus ds laxzg esa gS rFkk nwljh mn;iqj esa izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku xzUFkkad 4192 (4)] 4361 vius foxr o"kksZ ds vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij viuk ,d ekSle foKku Hkh cuk fy;k gS (14) ij laxzghr gS blesa mn;iqj uxj dh fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj izflº LFkkuksa fo'ks"kr;k tks dbZ dgkorksa esa xzkeh.kksa ds eq[k ls lquh tk ldrh gSA3 bu dgkorksa ls gesa fdlkuksa ckx&cxhpksa] tyk'k;ksa] okfidkvksa vkfn dk cM+k gh ljy ,oa euksjatd& ,sfrgkfld ds vuqHkoksa dk gh Kku ugha gksrk gS cfYd Ωrq&laca/kh muds fo'oklksa o 'kdqu o.kZu gSA Jh vxjpUn ukgVk us bls e#Hkkjrh o"kZ 6] vad 4] tuojh 1959 bZ- esa laca/kh mudh euksjatd /kkj.kkvksa ls Hkh ge ifjfpr gksrs gSaA4 ;s Jh txnh'kflag izdkf'kr fd;k gSA2 xgyksr }kjk ladfyr ,oa Jh lq[kohj flag xgyksr }kjk laikfnr gSA blls gesa ns'k o.kZu % tSu dfo gse jfpr ^ns'k o.kZu* esa esnikV o.kZu iz'kfLr o"kkZ&fo"k;d tkudkjh ,oa lqdky] nq"dky vkfn ds laca/k esa tkudkjh feyrh gSA jktLFkkuh 'yksdcº :i esa rFkk laLœr dkO;e; :i esa miyC/k gSA blh Hkkafr blh 'kdqu lacPNj lkj % bl xzUFk dk uke 'kdqu laoRlj lkj ;k 'kdqu leqPP; o.kZu esa ^esokM+ ns'k Nan* Hkh fy[kk x;k gSA bl o.kZu ls Hkh gesa ljksojksa&hy] lkj Hkh gSA izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj ds xzaFk la- 1917 ij miyC/k bl xzUFk dh mn;lkxj] jktleUn] ihNksyk] okih] dwi] rMkx vkfn ds ckjs esa tkudkjh feyrh jpuk rkjkpan lqr ‚n;kuan tks'kh (fl[koky czk„.k) us 1733 bZ- esa dh FkhA5 blesa gSA e# Hkkjrh o"kZ 2] vad 2] tqykbZ 1954 bZ- ds vad esa Jh vxjpUn ukgVk }kjk bl dqy 524 nksgsa gSA muesa 'kdqukoyh nh xbZ gSA ftlesa fofo/k tho&tUrqvksa] tkuojksa] œfr dks izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA o`{kkfn] izœfr ds y{k.kksa ds vk/kkj ij o"kkZ&Kku dk cks/k djk;k x;k gSA vr% o"kkZ lknM+h&xt+y % 86 i|ksa dh bl ^lknM+h xt+y* dh jpuk 1756 bZ- (fo-la- ls lacaf/kr iwokZuqeku dks tkuus ds fy, ,d ekSfyd vizdkf'kr lzksr gSA 1813) esa dfo vkxe lkxj us dhA dfo rikxPN ds fot;&n;k lwfj ds iÍ/kj ldqu fopkj % izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj dh xzUFk la[;k 1956 ij fot; /keZ lwfj ds lqizlkn ls mlds jps tkus dk mYys[k djrk gSA xksMokM+ esa lknM+h laxzghr ^ldqu fopkj* xzUFk dh jpuk 1789 bZ- (fo-la- 1826) esa gqbZ rFkk bldh 'kgj izflº gS bldk vkSj mlds vklikl ds LFkkuksa dk o.kZu blesa fd;k x;k gSA iqf"idk esa xzUFkdkj vFkok jpf;k dk uke ugha fn;k gqvk gSA ;g x| :i esa ldqu pwafd xksM+okM+ 18oha 'krkCnh ds e/; rd esokM+ jkT; dk gh izeq[k Hkkx jgk FkkA fopkjksa ls ;qDr xzaFk gS ftlesa cknyksa] gok ds #[k] fn'kkvksa esa pedus okyh fctyh vr% esokM+ ds ml {ks= ds tyk'k;ksa] dqvksa] ckofM+;ksa] ckx&cxhpksa dh tkudkjh ds vkfn fofo/k #iksa ls o"kkZ Kku dk ifjp; djk;k x;k gSA fy;s ;g ,d vPNk lzksr gSA Jh vxjpUn ukgVk us bls e#&Hkkjrh o"kZ 28] vad] 4] ldquoyh fopkj % jktLFkku izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj 'kk[kk esa xzaFk la- tuojh 1981 bZ- esa izdkf'kr fd;kA 2321 ^ldquokyh fopkj* xzUFk gSA x| esa fyf[kr bl xzUFk esa o"kkZ vkxeu ds ckjs lbZdh % 1658 bZ-&1714 bZ- (fo-la- 1715 ls 1771 fo-la-) esa [krjxPNh; esa vfr laf{kIr tkudkjh feyrh gSA 'kfuokj] fn- tuojh 15] 1852 bZ- dks HkhyokM+k tSu 'kk[kk ds ,d ;fr t;pUnz t;foey us nSfud thou esa iz;qDr gksus okyh esa iafMr gsejkt us bl xzUFk dh jpuk dh FkhA tuHkk"kk esa jfpr viuh lbZdh uke dh jpuk esa rRdkyhu jktuhfrd bfrgkl ds laoRlj (ekl Qy) % jktLFkku izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj 'kk[kk esa xzaFkkad lkFk jktLFkku dh rRdkyhu vkfFkZd voLFkk dk Hkh o"kZokj cM+k gh ekfeZd o.kZu 4015 laoRlj (eklQy) uke ls lqjf{kr gSA blesa laor Qy ,oa ekl vFkok fd;k gSA fo'ks"k :i ls esokM+ jkT; ds nq"dky] lqdky ,oa o"kkZ dh tkudkjh dk efguksa ds vuq:i T;ksfr"k ds vk/kkj ij QYkksa (ifj.kke) dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA vka[kksa ns[kk o.kZu gksus ls ;g lbZdh cM+h egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g ewy ls MkW- czteksgu fo'ks"kr;k o"kkZ dh U;wurk vFkok vf/kdrk ds vk/kkj ij [kk|kUuksa ,oa fofo/k Qlyksa tkofy;k ds laxzg esa lqjf{kr gS rFkk mUgksaus bls ^ojnk* 'kks/k&if=dk esa izdkf'kr djk ds mRiknu ds ifj.kke dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gSA fn;k gSA HkM+yh 'yksd % jktLFkku izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku mn;iqj 'kk[kk ds xzaFkkad jktLFkkuh œf"k dgkorsa % yksd&lkfgR; fdlh tkfr o tuin dk lPpk 4015@44 ij ^HkkMyh 'yksd* xzUFk gS ?kk?k] HkM~Myh ;k HkM~Mjh us o`f"V foKku /ku gksrk gSA vr% jktLFkku esa yksd }kjk vius vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij cukbZ xbZ fo"k;d lw=ksa ds yksd Hkk"kk es fucº fd;kA izLrqr xzUFk HkMyh 'yksdksa ls gesa dgkorsa dkQh lPpkbZ fy;s gq;s gSaA ;ksa ns[kk tk; rks lqdky ,oa nq"dky iw.kZr;k o"kkZ o"kkZ&foKku dks le>us esa i;kZIr lg;ksx feyrk gSA ij gh fuHkZj djrk gS vr% ;gk° ds yksx gok ,oa vU; izkœfrd y{k.kksa ls igys gh txfoykl % 1746 bZ- esa dfo uanjke jfpr txfoykl xzaFk izkP; fo|k vius Hkfo"; dk vuqeku yxkus dk iz;Ru djus yxrs gS vkSj ok;qeaMy dh NksVh&NksVh izfr"Bku] mn;iqj 'kk[kk esa xzaFkkd 395@2216 ij laxzghr gSA blesa dqy 29 i=ksa ij 259 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 517 518 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 404 foykl gSA egkjk.kk txrflag f}rh; }kjk ihNksyk >hy ds e/; txfuokl iz;kl ds dkj.k ^'kkgiqjk jkT; dh [;kr* dk ladyu laHko gks ldkA bl [;kr dh (tyegy) egy cuokus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA blds fuekZ.k ls lqj{kk cks/k ds ewy izfr 'kkgiqjk ds jktk ds futh laxzg esa lqyHk gSA blh ewy [;kr dh izfrfyfi vykok tyh;&i;kZoj.k nwf"kr gksus ds flyflys dk i;kZ; Hkh gSA Jh uVukxj 'kks/k laLFkku lhrke≈ esa laxzghr sgSA10 ftls MkW- euksgjflag jk.kkor us okjk.klh foykl % dk;LFk tkrh; iz/kku iapksyh nsodj.k us vxLr 21] laikfnr dj fn;k gSA 'kkgiqjk jkT; dh [;kr ds izFke Hkkx esa 'kkgiqjk dh LFkkiuk ls 1746 bZ- dks ^okjk.klh foykl* dh jpuk dhA ;g xzaFk izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj ysdj egkjktk Hkkjrflag rd dk ÿecº foLr`r bfrgkl fn;k x;k gSA f}rh; Hkkx ds xzaFk la- 880 ij lqjf{kr gSA blesa i= la- 239 gS rFkk ys[kd us ^okjkg iqjk.k* ds esa 'kkgiqjk ds 'kkld jktk mEesnflag (1727 bZ- ls 1769 bZ-) rd ds 'kklu dky dk ^dk'kh[k.M* dks izknsf'kd Hkk"kk esa izLrqr dj lkfgfR;d] /kkfeZd ,oa ,sfrgkfld iwjk fooj.k laorokj ÿecº fy[kk x;k gSA [;kr ls gesa 'kkgiqjk esa fd;s x;s dkO; ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k gSA blesa ckx&cxhpksa] rMkx] okih] dq.M] igkM+ksa ls ty&izca/ku ;Fkkµdqvsa] ckoM+h] dq.M] rkykc vkfn ds ckjs esa tkudkjh feyrh gSA >jrs >juksa] pM+l] jgV vkfn dk cM+k gh jkspd fp=.k i| :i esa fd;k x;k gSA f{kizk unh ds fdukjs gq, ;qº dh foLr`r tkudkjh dk ;g ,d izeq[k Lkzksr gSA11 jktfoykl % dfo eku fojfpr jkt foykl dk jpuk dky 1677 bZ- ls xksxwank jh [;kr % ^xksxwnk jh [;kr* dh jpuk dky 19oha 'krkCnh dk 1680 bZ- (fo-la- 1734 ls 1737 fo-la-) gSA rhu o"kZ esa dfo us bl xzaFk dks fy[k mŸkjkºZ gS fdUrq gesa vkyksP;dky esa fufeZr rkykc] dqvsa] ckoM+h ds lkFk&lkFk jkt dj iwjk fd;k FkkA blesa egkjk.kk jktflag ds dky dk o.kuZ i| :i esa fd;k x;k jk.kk jkeflag dk t;leqnz dh lqj{kk dk nkf;Ro lkSaik x;k Fkk] dh tkudkjh miyC/ gSA bl xzaFk esa dqy 18 foykl gSA vkBosa foykl esa dqy 170 nksgs gS ftlesa k gksrh gSA12 MkW- gqdeflag HkkVh }kjk laikfnr ^xksxwank jh [;kr* izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku lIro"khZ; vdky iM+us dk o.kZu djrs gq, dfo us 1660 bZ- (fo-la- 1717) esa mn;iqj ls 1997 bZ- esa izdkf'kr gks pqdh gSA dSyiqjk ds fudV ^jktlj* uked cM+s rkykc cuokus dk lqUnj o.kZu fd;k gSA ;ksa fpŸkkSM+µmn;iqj dk ikVukek % fpŸkkSM+&mn;iqj dk ikVukek dh ewy jktleqnz rkykc ds fuekZ.k ds laca/k esa lelkef;d dfo dh bl jpuk ls dbZ izfrfyfi Jh nyhpUn cM+ok cM+ksfn;k ds ikl miyC/k gS rFkk mldh thjksDl izfr egRoiw.kZ tkukdkfj;ksa feyrh gSA6 Jh uVukxj 'kks/k laLFkku] lhrke≈ esa laxzghr gSA esokM+ ds egkjk.kk vkSj lhlksfn;k jk.kk jklks % 17oha 'krkCnh esa jfpr n;kynkl jko ds jk.kk jklksa xazFk ls gesa tkxhjnkjksa ds oa'kkoyh] ukekoyh vkSj dhfrZ xkFkk vFkok jktdh; bfrgkl ys[kd rRdkyhu ljksojksa] dqvksa] ckofM+;ksa] ckx&cxhpksa vkfn dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA MkW- xkao Vksdjk esa fuokl djrs gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd egkjk.kk 'kaHkwflag ds le; czteksgu tkofy;k }kjk laikfnr ;g xzUFk egkjk.kk izrki Lekjd lfefr] mn;iqj }kjk cM+ksfn;k ds cM+ok us Vksdjk fuoklh cM+ok ls bl ikVukek dh izfrfyfi 1870 bZ- izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA (fo-la- 1927) esa rS;kj dh FkhA bu cM+okvksa }kjk ih<+h nj ih<+h esokM+ ds egkjk.kk Hkhefoykl % fdluk vk<+k œr ^Hkhefoykl* dkO; xzaFk dh jpuk egkjk.kk vkSj fllksfn;k tkxhjnkjksa dh ukekoyh fy[kh tkrh Fkh vkSj ukekoyh ds lkFk gh Hkheflag dh vkKk ls 1822 bZ- (fo-la- 1879) esa dh xbZA blesa dqy 775 Nan gSA O;fDr fo'ks"k }kjk egRoiw.kZ vkSj mYysf[kr fd;s x;s dk;ksZ dk fooj.k Hkh ntZ fd;k bl xzaFk esa 18oha 'krkCnh dk o.kZu Hkh feyrk gS] fo'ks"kr;k ckx] cxhpksa] QOokjksa] tkrk FkkA muds ikl izkIr tkudkjh dks ys[kcº vkSj lqjf{kr j[kus gsrq nks izdkj ds lgsyh dh ckM+h] o"kkZdky vkfn7 ls i;kZoj.kh; fLFkfr dks le>us esa lg;ksx feyrk xzaFk gksrs Fks] ,d ewy xzaFk tks ?kj ij gh jgrk Fkk rFkk nwljh gFk cgh gksrh Fkh ftls gS] ogha f{kizk&unh] [kkjh&unh] ekgh&unh ,oa dksBkjh unh ds rVksa ij gq, ;qº ,oa cM+ok vius vkJ;nkrk] ;tekuksa ds ;gk° mudh oa'kkoyh fy[kus ds fy;s lkFk esa ys lSfudksa f'kfojksa dh tkudkjh Hkh miyC/k gksrh gSA8 dqvksa] ckoM+h] rM+kx vkfn ds tkrk Fkk vkSj lkjh tkudkjh mlesa fy[k dj vius xkao vkus ij laiw.kZ tkudkjh dks fuekZ.k fo"k;d tkudkjh dk Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ lzksr gSA9 bl xzUFk dk lEiknu MkW- ewy xzaFk esa fy[k fy;k djrk FkkA vr% ml ewy xzaFk dks gh ikVoh ;k ikVukek dgk nsodksBkjh us fd;k gS rFkk ;g xzaFk ewy :i ls lkfgR; laLFkku jktLFkku fo|kihB tkrk FkkA13 ikVukek esa vfr'k;ksfDr iw.kZ o.kZu vo'; gS fdUrq vkyksP;dky ls mn;iqj esa laxzghr gSA 1989 bZ- esa bldk izdk'ku gks x;k gSA lacaf/kr fuekZ.k dk;kZs esa dq,a] ckoM+h] dq.M rkykc vkfn tyk'k;ksa dh tkudkjh dk 'kkgiqjk jkT; dh [;kr % 'kkgiqjk jkT; ds laxzg esa laxzghr ewy Qkjlh ds ekSfyd lzksr Hkh gSA bl ikVukek dh dqy lkr ftYnsa gS muesa ls pkj ftYnsa Hkk- 1&2 Qjekuksa] lunksa] dkxt i=ks o #Dds&ijokuksa ds vk/kkj ij 'kkgiqjk jkT; ds bfrgkl ds :i esa MkW- euksgjflag jk.kkor us laikfnr dj izdkf'kr djk nhA 'ks"k ftYnksa dh dks ladfyr djus dk 19oha lnh ds var esa jkT; ds laj{k.k esa dk;Z fd;k x;kA blh QksVks izfr Jhefr ekaxckbZ vks>k laxzg dkuksM+ esa lqjf{kr gSA 260 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 519 520 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 uS.klh jh [;kr % eqag.kksr uS.klh dks egkjktk talorflag us tks/kiqj jkT; dk esokM+ ds rkykcksa dh foxr % izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj ds xazFkkad 86 ij ns'k&nhoku cuk;k FkkA 1670 bZ- ls iwoZ ^uS.klh jh [;kr* jh jpuk dh ftlesa miyC/k ;g foxr 11 i`"Bksa dh NksVhlh Mk;jhuqek gS fdUrq blesa esokM+ ds izeq[k jktLFkku ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds vfrfjDr xqtjkr] dkfB;kokM+ dPN] c?ksy[kaM] rkykcksa ;Fkk jktleqnz] t;leqnz vkfn dk uki crk;k x;k gSA cqansy[kaM vkSj e/; Hkkjr ds bfrgkl ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA14 [;kr dk bl izdkj mijksDr jktLFkkuh lkfgfR;d L=ksarksa ds vk/kkj ij ge esokM+ jkT; lEiknu cnjhizlkn lkdfj;k us pkj Hkkxksa esa fd;k gS15 tks jktLFkku izkP; fo|k esa rRdkyhu ty&izca/ku ,oa lalk/ku fo"k;d orZeku dh vko';drk ds lanHkZ esa izfr"Bku] tks/kiqj ls izdkf'kr gks pqdh gSA fgUnh vuqokn jkeukjk;.k nwxM+ us fd;k] tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA tks dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk }kjk 1926 bZ- esa izdkf'kr gqvkA16 MkW- euksgjflag jk.kkor us Hkh uS.klh jh [;kr] Hkk-1 dk lEiknu dj ljy :i esa izLrqr fd;k gSA17 lnHkZ [;kr esa of.kZr fo'ks"kr;k esokM+ ds HkkSxksfyd o.kZu] ufn;ksa eSnkuksa] ioZrksa] Vsdfj;ksa] 1- MkW- fiz;n'khZ vks>k] if'peh Hkkjr eas ty izca/ku i`- 26 2- ogh] i`- 26 ouksa tyk'k;ksa vkfn dh tkudkjh mi;ksxh gSA 3- jktLFkkuh dgkorsa (la- lq[kchj flag xgyksr) i`- 7&8] (tks/kiqj 1959 bZ-) dj.k izdkl % ;g vizdkf'kr gLrfyf[kr xzaFk dkuksM+ dh rokjh[k gS] ftlsa] 4- ogh] i`- 10 Nan] dfoŸk] nksgk] loS;k vkfn ds lkFk x| :i esa Hkh dkuksM+ dk bfrgkl fofHkUu 5- izk-fo-iz- mn;iqj 'kdqu lacPNj lkj] xzUFk la- 1917 i`- 22 laor lrjS us ≈oSAA lqdy i{k jkorksa (fBdkus ds 'kkldksa) ds vuq#i fy[kk x;k gS] ftlesa muds fuekZ.k dk;Z tc tkfuAA fujty frfFk ,dknlhAA jfookj lq "kka fu AA 524AA bfr Jh rkjkpan lqr fo'ks"kr;k rkykc] dq,sa] ckoM+h o dq.M dk o.kZu feyrk gSA vr% vkyksP;dkyhu fl"koky tkslh ‚n;kuan fcjavrsAA fBdkuk ty&izca/ku ds fy, egRoiw.kZ xzaFk gSA blesa jpf;rk us viuk uke o fy[kus 6- eku dfo] jktfoykl] foykl 8] i`- 118&148 (la- Hkxokunhu] dk'kh] 1912 bZ-)_ dh dksbZ frfFk] laor vkfn ugha fn;k gSA ijUrq xzaFk ds uke ls lqLi"V gS fd jkor n;kynkl jko œr jk.kk jklks (la- MkW- czteksgu tkofy;k) (mn;iqj 2007 bZ-) 7- fdlu vk<+k] Hkhefoykl (la- MkW- nso dksBkjh)] i`- 47 (mn;iqj 1989 bZ-) d.kZflag ds le; ;g fy[kk;k x;k FkkA vr% 20oha 'krkCnh ds e/; esa bldh jpuk 8- ogh] i`- 29] 30] 33] 34 vo'; gqbZ fdUrq fBdkus dh ,sfrgkfld lkexzh dk mi;ksx fd;s tkus ls bldh 9- ogh] i`- 45 ekSfydrk ij iz'u fpUg ugha yxk;k tk ldrk gSA ;g xzaFk nks Hkkxksa esa fy[kk x;k gS 10- Jh uVukxj 'kks/k laLFkku lhrke≈ esa laxzghr 'kkgiqjk jkT; dh [;kr Hkk- 2 o 3 dh rFkk Jhefr ekaxokbZ vks>k laxzg dkuksM+ esa lqjf{kr ,oa laxzghr gSA izfrfyfi Jhefr ekaxckbZ vks>k laxzg dkuksM+ esa miyC/k gSA fdrkc rsokjhd gkykr egkjkor th vtkth lq egkjkor vthrflag rd % 11- 'kkgiqjk jkT; dh [;kr (la- MkW- euksgjflag jk.kkor) Hkk- 1 o 2] i`- 44&45] 100] 223& ;g xzaFk dkuksM+&fBdkuk dh vizdkf'kr rokjh[k gS blds jpf;rk dh tkudkjh ugha 228 feyrh gS fdUrq jpukdkj us iÍs&ijokuksa dh lcwrksa (izek.k) ds vk/kkj ij bl xzaFk 12- xksxwank jh [;kr (la- MkW- gqdeflag HkkVh)] i`- 16&17] 22 80 ,oa 81 (mn;iqj] 1997 bZ- ) dks fy[kus dk iz;kl fd;k FkkA vr% ;g Hkh 20oha 'krkCnh ds e/; esa jpk x;k xzaFk 13- Jh uVukxj 'kks/k laLFkku] lhrke≈] fpŸkkSM+&mn;iqj dk ikVukek] (la- MkW- euksgj flag gksrs gq, Hkh bldh ekSfydrk blesa mi;ksx esa fy;s x;s rRdkyhu jktdh; i=ksa ls jk.kkor)] Hkk- 1] i`- II-VIII (lhrke≈] 2003 bZ-) Lo;a flº gSA gesa dkuksM+ fBdkus ds ckx&cxhpksa] dq,s] ckoM+h o rkykcksa dh 14- MkW-ds-,l- xqIrk o MkW- ts-ds- vks>k] jktLFkku dk jktuSfrd ,oa lkaLœfrd bfrgkl] i`- 6 laf{kIr tkudkjh feyrh gSA (tks/kiqj] 1986 bZ-) es?k fouksn % ;g csxwa dk gLrfyf[kr ,oa vizdkf'kr bfrgkl gS] tks Jh 15- uS.klh jh [;kr (la- cnjhizlkn lkdfj;k)] Hkk- 1 (tks/kiqj] 1960 bZ-)_ Hkk- 2 (tks/kiqj] uVukxj 'kks/k laLFkku lhrke≈ ifjxzg.k la[;k 2152 ij laxzghr gS blesa i`-la- 41 ls 1962 bZ-)_ Hkk- 3 (tks/kiqj] 1993 bZ-)_ Hkk- 4 (tks/kiqj] 1967 bZ-) 230 rd gSA chp dh i`"B la- 55] 56] 91] 92 ,oa 183&188 ugha gSA bl 16- eqg.kksr uS.klh dh [;kr] izFke Hkkx (vuqoknd rFkk laiknd] jkeukjk;.k nwxM+) 17- eqg.kksr uS.klh jh [;kr (vuqoknd ,oa laiknd MkW- euksgjflag jk.kkor) (lhrke≈ 1987 ikMqafyfi esa jkor dkyh es?kth (1578 bZ-&1628 bZ-) ls jkor prjflag (1869 bZ- bZ-) &1879 bZ-) rd dk bfrgkl gSA csxwa ds jkorksa ('kkldksa) ds jktuSfrd bfrgkl ds vfrfjDr muds }kjk fufeZr tyk'k;ksa dh tkudkjh dk ;g vuqie lzksr gSA 261 522 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 3 daBks (uxj ls mŸkj] NkNjks ls nf{k.k esa) 15 ls 35 90 ls 210 4 NkNjks] bZLykedksV] feÍh 20 120 /kkV izns'k esa ty izca/k % 5 dkaV;ks 20 120 6 Hkksjhyks 30 180 ,d ,sfrgkfld o lkaLœfrd v/;;u 7 psYgkj 35 210 iadt pk.Md 8 k tkrk FkkA dq,a ds dkj.k ;fn xzke dh clkoV gksrh ysdj pkSgVu dh igkfM+;ksa rd vkSj mŸkj&nf{k.k esa tSlyesj ds lrk lqUnjk xkao ls Fkh rks ml xk°o dk uke ml O;fDr ds vk/kkj ij j[kk tkrk ftlus dqvka [kqnok;k tSls ysdj ckM+esj ftys ds lsM+ok dLcs rd o ikfdLrku esa lrh nsgjk rd dk {ks= ikd esa es?ks jks rMgks] nkus jks rMgks] Hkkjr esa l#is dk ryks] xksgM jks ryks vkfn6 ^/kkV* dgykrk Fkk] ftldh jkt/kkuh mejdksV FkhA bl {ks= ds izeq[k dLcs feÍh] fHkUu&fHkUUk dqvksa ls fHkUu&fHkUu Lokn dk ikuh fudykrk Fkk ftls [kkjksa (dMok)] lykedksV] psYgkj] NkNjk] Mhiyk] mejdksV] /k.kk≈] vkyelj] xMjkjksM+] fekcksa (dk°p djrh FkhA ,slh lhaxM+s ;gk° vf/kd gksrs Fks] pwafd ikuh dks ns[kdj gh clkoV gksrh 20- File No Eur F 208/7 in bf.M;k vkWfQl ykbZczsjh] yUnu Fkh] vr% ,d dq°, ij nks tkfr;k° viuk&viuk vkf/kiR; LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl 21- ogh djrh Fkh ftlds dkj.k >xM+s gksrs jgrs FksA pwafd >xM+k gksuk vke ckr Fkh vr% yksx 22- lk{kkRdkj & Jherh y{ehnsoh rkjkpan ekgs'ojh] xMjkjksM] ckM+esj vius flj ij iguh gqbZ ixM+h ds uhps dkaL; dk dVksjk ges'kk cka/k dj j[krs Fks 263 526 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 egkjkt xaxkflag us vius iq= ,oa ;qojkt lknqZyflag ds uke ij fo-la-1977@1920 bZ- esa lknZqyiqj ds clkus ls iwoZ ;gk° cM+s&cM+s jsr ds Vhys FksA ;gka ty dk L=ksr ek=k 6 jktx<+ esa ikjaifjd ty izca/ku esa ,d dqbZ ^jksfgM+s dh dqbZ* FkhA jktx<+ esa fo-la-1974@1917 bZ- dks vejokys Hkxrjke 'kadjnklksth f'koizrki lekt dk ;ksxnku % ,d losZ{k.k jke&ukjk;.k Vhdek.kh us Vhdek.kh dq,a dk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA dq,a ds ikl us dk ckn esa th.kksZºkj fd;k x;kA jktx<+ ds ekSgYyk rkjkx<+ esa lqjk.kk eqjyh/kj pank.kh fouez iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ;|fi ;gka ds lekt dks ty izca/ku ds bl egRoiw.kZ o usrey eqjyh/kjk.kh us 1939 bZ- esa xaxk'kkgh ljdkj ls ckM+h dk iV~Vk ysdj blesa 12 dk;Z esa jkt us Hkh egRoiw.kZ lg;ksx fn;kA jkt bl yksd dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z gsrq ,oa dq.M fufeZr djok;kA vkt bl ckM+h ,oa dq.M dks ikVdj ;gka vkcknh cl pqdh {ks= dh futZurk ;k fojkuxh de djus ,oa vkcknh o lq[k le`fº c<+kus gsrq tyk'k; FkhA jkeukjk;.k Vhdek.kh us jkeckl esa ikuh dh leL;k dks nwj djus ds fy, fuekZ.k dh eatwjh ds lkFk fuewZY; vFkok ukeek= ds ewY; ij tehu ns nsrs FksA3 yxHkx 160 o"kZ iwoZ ,d cM+s dq,a dk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA Jh x.kirjk; Qrsgiqfj;k vË;;u dky esa tehu T;knk vkSj ml ij vkcknh dk ncko vis{kkd`r de gksrk Fkk] us yxHkx 150 o"kZ iwoZ ,d iDdk rkykc cukdj turk dks lefiZr fd;k FkkA 13 bl dkj.k ljdkj dks ,sls dk;ksZa dks djus esa gkfu dh vis{kk nksgjk ykHk izkIr gksrk jk;cgknqj Jh jkeizlkn th jktxf<+;k us jktx<+ esa ,d iDdk rkykc cuok;k FkkA FkkA ;gka ds JheUr oxZ us bl dk;Z esa c<+&p<+dj lgHkkfxrk yhA ;gka ds vf/ lSadM+ksa ch?kk tehu esa ik;ru cuokbZ FkhA ik;ru i'kqvksa ds pjus ,oa tksgM+s dks ikuh kdrj tyk'k; blh oxZ }kjk fufeZr gSA jktx<+ dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk gh rRdkyhu ls Hkjus ds dke esa cgqr mi;ksxh FkhA vkt bl tksgM+s dk dksbZ ukeks&fu'kku ugha gSA egkjkt us orZeku gfj;k.kk ds fHkokuh ftys esa fLFkfr yksgkjh xkao ds iz/kku Jh vkcknh us bl ik;ru dks viuk vkokl LFkku cuk fy;k gSA orZeku gfj;k.kk ds tsBey dks ;gka clus dk fuea=.k fn;k FkkA bUgksaus gh loZizFke fo-la-1833@1766 bZ- lrykuh ds jgus okys lsB fcj/kh lrukyh us fo-la-1979@1926 bZ- dks ,d pkj eqjos 14 esa ;gka ikuh dk ,d fo'kky rkykc ,oa x≈?kkV cuok;k FkkA blh ds ikl jke efUnj dk dqvka cuok;k Fkk] ftls lrukfy;ksa ds dq,a ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl dq,a ij LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA bl rkykc dk jktx<+ ds izkjafHkd fnuksa esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ksjM+ tkVksa dks nf.Mr djus ds fy, jktx<+ dk esa pj eq[ks dh dqbZ ,oa fo'kky dq.M cuk gqvk gS] blh ds ikl fxj/kkjh yky ?kqM+kor fdyk o cLrh clkbZ Fkh & n;kynkl dh [;kr ftYn&2] i= 89 ds ?kj esa 80 o"kZ iqjkuk dq.M gSA bu lc ds vfrfjDr ;gka vusd tyk'k; vË;;u 3- ehuk dqekjh] pw: e.My eas ty izca/ku % chdkusj ds 'kkldksa o muds lkearksa ds iz;kl& dky esa fufeZr gq, ftudh lwph bl izdkj gS18& ,d losZ{k.k (vizdkf'kr 'kks/k&i=) 1) x<+ dk dq.M] 2) Vhdek.kh Ldwy dk dq.M] 3) usg: cky eafnj Ldwy 4- Lo.kZ t;arh Le`fr ljkst (1920&1970 bZ-)] Jh fgrdkfj.kh lHkk] 1976] i`- 284&285 5- losZ{k.k ds nkSjku 'ksjeksgEen (mez 80) ,oa tkek efLtn ds beke us ;g tkudkjh nhA dk dq.M] 4) tksxh vkJe dk dq.M] 5) xksih fd'ku dk dq.M] 6) x.ks'k eksgYys 6- Lo.kZ t;arh Le`fr ljkst (1920&1970 bZ-)] Jh fgrdkfj.kh lHkk] 1976] i`- 125] 255 dk dq.M] 7) rkjkpan czk„.k dk dq.M] 8) lsBk.kh okyk dq.M] 9) ukxj /kjsM dk 7- uEcj fely 398 rkjh[k ejtqvk 27-6-17 uke rglhy jktx<+ uEcj 96 (Vhdek.kh eqfue dq.M (jkensoth eafnj ds ihNs)] 10) ?ksowdk /keZ'kkyk dk dq.M] 11) iw.kZey y{eh ukjk;.k ds lkStU; ls iV~Vk udy izkIr gqbZ) paxksbZ dk dq.M] 12) fery /keZ'kkyk dk dq.M] 13) ljkoxh /keZ'kkyk dk dq.M] 8- Qrsgiqfj;k dq,a dh iV~Vk udy & Jhjke th] uEcj fely 22 rkjh[k ejtqvk 12-12-17] 14) ialkfj;ksa dh cxhph dk dq.M] 15) eksgrk /keZ'kkyk dk dq.M] 16) 'e'kku uke rglhy jktx<+ ua-157 (Jh cyohj flag tkafxM+] lknqyiqj ds lkStU; ls izkIr gqbZ) Hkwfe esa fLFkr dq.M] 17) gk;j lsadsM™h Ldwy dk dq.M] 18) d.nksbZ dk dq.M] 9- I;k≈ ij Nxuyky HkDdM+ dk f'kykys[k yxk gqvk gS] dq,a ds vkdkj&izdkj dh leLr 19) iqjkuk vLirky dk dq.M] 20) rkjx<+ eksgYys esa ikj[kksa dk dq.M] 21) ikoZrh tkudkjh losZ{k.k ds nkSjku izkIr gqbZA nsoh dk dqvka] 22) yky dqbZ rsfy;ku eksgYys esa] 23) tho.kh ckbZ ?ksowdk dh dqbZ] 10- Lo.kZ t;arh Le`fr ljkst (1920&1970 bZ-)] Jh fgrdkfj.kh lHkk]1976] i`- 70 24) eks{kHkwfe dk dqvka] 25) jkensoth eafnj ds ikl dqvka] 26) ';ke eafnj ds 11- ekuflag tkafxM+ (mez 90) fjVk;MZ iz/kukpk;Z] jktx<+ us losZ{k.k ds le; tkudkjh nhA 12- Jh jke th] fely ua-41 rkjh[k ejtqvk 21-12-28 uke rglhy jktx<+ ua-21 (22-3-1939 ikl dqvka] 27) /kksfc;ksa dk dqvka] 28) [kkfr;ksa ds eksgYys esa dqb;ka] 29) vksloky dks Jh th cgknqj ds gLrk{kj gq, & iV~Vk udy Jh cyohj flag tkafxM+ ,MoksdsV ds /keZ'kkyk dk dqvka] 30) x.kxkSj dqvka] 31) Lokfe;ku wVkon esa lUr vtqZunkl us] xkSreiqjk esa HkDr dq'kkynkl fd;kA xzke flj;kjh gksrs gq, lHkh lUr nsox<+ igq°ps rFkk ;gk° 43 fnu Bgjdj djsM+k us vius&vius ;gk° bu lUrksa dks cqykdj esyk egksRlo fd;kA blds ckn bu lUrksa us dh vksj jokuk gks x,A djsM+k ds jktk xksikynkl ,oa muds iq= fo'kuflag lUr xksaMok.kk {ks= dh vksj izLFkku fd;kA 'kjkSrk ds vkxs taxyh tkuojksa ls ifjiw.kZ fodV jkenkl ,oa n;kynkl ls cgqr izHkkfor gq, vkSj budk f'k";Ro Hkh xzg.k fd;kA blh igkM+h ekxZ esa fopj.k djrh gqbZ ;g lUr e.Myh f'ko unh ueZnk ?kkV ij igq°phA mls le; lUr jkenkl dks lhaFky ls lans'k izkIr gqvk vr% lHkh lUr lhaFky (chdkusj) ikj dj ;s lUr xksfoUnjke ds vkxzg ij prj[ksM+k] rRi'pkr Vheyk fuoklh mxjkjke dh vksj py fn,A lUr jkenkl ds ns'kkVu dk igyk pkSeklk fo-la- 1847 ds ds ;gk° laRlx ,oa mins'k gsrq i/kkjsA Vheyk esa bu lUrksa dks pkanh dh NM+h ,oa fiatl o"kkZdky esa xzke ekMsY;k (chdkusj) esa lEiUu gqvk rFkk fo-la- 1848 dk nwljk (ikydh) HksaV iznku dh xbZA10 ;gk° ls ;s lHkh lUr ekjokM+ dh vksj py fn,A mlh pkSeklk Hkh ;gh O;rhr gqvkA budh dhfrZ lqudj chdkusj ujs'k lwjrflag us bUgsa fodV igkM+h ekxZ dks ikj dj Hkze.k djrs gq, mTtSu] [kktjksn] eUnlkSj] tkon] vius ;gk° vkefU=r dj buls mins'k izkIr fd;kA chdkusj esa lUr&lekt dk fpŸkkSM+ gksrs gq, Mkaxkokl] esM+rk vkSj fQj [ksM+kik igq°psA vR;f/kd lRdkj gqvkA chdkusj ujs'k rFkk ogk° ds vketu lUrksa ds mins'kksa dk ykHk fo-la 1883 ekxZ'kh"kZ d`".k 13 ds fnu lUr n;kynkl ,oa lhaFky ds lUr ikdj vfHkHkwr gks x, %& j?kqukFknkl lUr e.Myh ds lkFk xqtjkr ;k=k ij fudy iM+sA ;s lUr tks/kiqj] lqjrfla?k chdk.kS jktk] QY;ksa euksjFk lc fl/k dktkA ckyksrjk] fl.knjh] ikyuiqj gksrs gq, [ksM+kik ds FkkEHkk LFkku bZMj igq°psA ogk° ds lUr ns'kekfga gjftu Hky vk;k] jktk iztk] lqD[k cjrk;kAA7 Hkxokunkl ,oa mnSjke us budk HkO; Lokxr fd;kA bu lUrksa dh ogk° ds x<+ esa Hkh blh le; tks/kiqj ujs'k dks dbZ dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k] ^Jh ijph i/kjko.kh gqbZA ;gk° ls ;s lUr e.Myh n;kjke ds vkxzg ij cM+kSnk i/kkjs rFkk HkO; th* esa bldk foLrkj ls o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA8 tks/kiqj ujs'k dks viuh Hkwy dk laRlx dhrZu ,oa mins'kksa dk ÿe dbZ fnuksa rd pykA ,slk mYys[k feyrk gS fd vglkl gqvk mUgksaus vius lans'k&okgd dks Hkstdj lUr jkenkl ls {kek ekax iqu% ;gk° ds jktdqekj us lUr n;kynkl ls mins'k izkIr dj pj.k Li'kZ djrs gq, bUgsa ekjokM+ i/kkjus dk fuosnu fd;kA fo-la- 1849 dkfrZd d`".k 14 dks lUr jkenkl ihul (ikydh) NM+h ,oa nks ?kksM+s HksaV fd,A11 ;gk° ls ;s lUr xzke ijkafr ls viuh lUr e.Myh ds lkFk iqu% [ksM+kik ykSV vk;sA vgenkckn] ikyuiqj] Hkhueky] fl.knjh] ckyksrjk] ipinjk] tks/kiqj gksrs gq, fo-la- fo-la- 1852 lUr jkenkl us jryke (e-iz-) ds lUr ,oa vius f'k"; 1883 QkYxqu lqn 18 dks [ksM+kik i/kkjsA ihFkksnkl dh vafre bPNk iw.kZ djus ds fy, ekyok dh ;k=k dhA ;k=k ds ekxZ] bl izdkj lhaFky&[ksM+kik ds lUrksa dh ;k=kvksa dk viuk ,sfrgkfld egRo nqtZuksa ds "kM+;U=] Mkdqvksa }kjk ywVikV dh ?kVukvksa ds lkFk&lkFk lUr jkenkl ds gSA bu ;k=k o.kZuksa ls rRdkyhu ifjos'k dk O;kid ifjn`'; gekjs lEeq[k mtkxj ijpksa dk foLr`r o.kZu n;kynkl ,oa ckydnkl us viuh ijfp;ksa esa foLrkj ds lkFk gksrk gSA jkenkl ,oa n;kynkl dh ekyok ;k=kvksa ls ml {ks= ds fofHkUu i{kksa] fd;k gSA fo-la- 1855 lUr jkenkl ijyksdoklh gq,A mudh [ksM+kik xknh ij muds ?kVukvksa ds lkFk] lkekftd&vkfFkZd rkus&ckus dk [kqyklk gksrk gSA ijfpdkjksa us iq= lUr n;kynkl fojkteku gq,A jryke (e-iz-) jke}kjs ds lUr dchjjke ds ;k=k o.kZu esa ;k=k&ekxZ dk foLr`r o.kZu izLrqr fd;k gS blh ÿe esa ;g Hkh js[kkafdr fuosnu ij n;kynkl ,oa lhaFky ds prqFkZ egUr j?kqukFknkl fo-la- 1880 QkYxqu fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd jkenkl dh ekyok ;k=k ds ekxZ dk vuqlj.k n;kynkl ugha 267 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 533 djrs] dkj.k dbZ gks ldrs gSa ijUrq ijfp;ksa esa ckj&ckj nf[ku lsuk ds vkrad dh ckr dgh xbZ gS vkSj ekjokM+ ds lkFk esokM+ {ks= Hkh bl vkrad dks >sy jgk FkkA bu lUrksa us jktLFkku ekyok ,oa xksaMok.kk {ks= ds lkFk&lkFk xqtjkr esa jker (;k=k) dj jkeLusgh er dk izpkj&izlkj fd;k rFkk lkekU;&tu dks mins'k iznku dj muds jktLFkku ,oa xqtjkr ds tutkfr;ksa ds larki dks nwj fd;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lkekU;&tu ds lkFk&lkFk rRdkfyu 'kkld mRFkku ds Á.ksrk lar lrh lqjekynkl oxZ] fBdkusnkjksa us Hkh budk f'k";Ro xzg.k fd;kA MkW- 'kadjyky [kjkMh lUnHkZ 1- jkenkl th egkjkt dh vuqHko ok.kh&NqVdj lk[kh] NUn 37] 38 jktLFkku jkT; ds nf{k.kkapy dk ,d Hkkx ^okxM+* izns'k gS] tks xqtjkr]ekyok 2- ^br&mr yksx pY;ks dgqa uk°gh] FkksHk&HkbZ eSyk.kS ek°ghA Lokeh th dh xkFkk xkbZ] lsukifr vkSj esokM+ ds e/; fLFkr gSA izkphu le; ls gh ;g izns'k /keZ 'kkS;Z iz/kku jgk gSA fey n"kZ.k vkbZAA & Jh ijph th foJke&14 NUn 57 ekS;Zdky ls jktiwr dky rd ;gk dbZ eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA izk;% bl izdkj dh 3- ;gka fojktks xke rqEgkjks] n'kZu g~oS f/ku&Hkkx gekjks HkfDr rFkk /kkfeZd Hkkouk ds iszj.kk lzksr lar vkSj eqfu ekuo 'kjhj/kkjh nsonwr gh gksrs vkJe lgt&LoHkko cuk;k] jkekKk gfjtu fLFkjrk;kAA & ogh foJke 18] NUn 28] 30 gSA bl {ks= dks Hkh bl izdkj dh egku 'kfDr'kkyh nsoh 'kfDr;ka iq=jRu ds :i es 4- ogh] foJke 19] NUn 6 ls 14 izkIr gqbZA1 okxM+ jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa okxM]+ oXxM ds :i esa Á;qDr gksrk vk;k gSA 5- ^dkSuo.kZ iwT;d i/kfr] ;ks dSlks mins'kA dksi u`ifr ,sls dg~;ks] NksM+ks Egkajks ns'kAA & ogh foJke 25] NUn 40 laLd`r] Ákd`r rFkk viHkza'k ds Hkh dbZ fo}ku okXoj] okxM+] oS;kxM] oXxg] oxZV 6- ogh] foJke 25] NUn 48 vkSj oXxM ukeksa ls lEcksf/kr fd;k gSA ijUrq vc rd izkIr vf/kdka'k vfHkysf[k; 7- ogh] foJke 28] NUn 56 lkexzh esa Hkh okxM+ 'kCn dk iz;ksx feyrk gSaA2 8- ogh] foJke 28] NUn 56 rFkk tu izHkko ijph & lIre izHkko NUn 176&179 izkphu okxM+ es orZeku MwWaxjiqj] ckaWlokMk rFkk mn;iqj dk nf{k.kh Hkkx 9- ^oga lqa ^Hk.kk;* ^esokM+* vk;] vaxjst Nko.kh Qkst ek;A lfEefyr FkkA if'pe es xqtjkr dk iapegy] bZMj] dMk.kk o lkSa/k ds jkT; Hkh vVdk; vxz lax py u nsg] lc [kksy jlkyk fuxs ysgA* 'kkfey FksA bldh izkphu jkt/kkuh cM+kSnk xkWao FkhA dkykUrj es MwWaxjiqj dks jkt/kkuh & tu izHkko ijph & izHkko 13 NUn 22&23 cuk;kA jktuSfrd mRFkku iru ds lkFk&lkFk jkT; dh lhekvksa esa Hkh ckj&ckj 10- ^ihul NM+h tq HksV dj*& tu izHkko ijph] izHkko 13] NUn 118 ifjorZu gksrk jgkA okxM+ izns'k 23015* ls 2401* mŸkjh v{kka'k vkSj 73015* ls 11- ^ui ds daoj Hkzkr dj njlgqA oanu djs tuka inijlgqA 0 3 ihul NM+h HksaV djok;sA tqxy ckt fut Hkko p<+k;sAA* 74 25* iwohZ ns'kkUrj ds e/; fLFkr gSA bldk {ks=Qy 1460 oxZehy gSA okxM+ & tu izHkko ijph] izHkko 14] NUn 34 dh lar ijEijk es lar f'kjkse.kh ekoth egjkt dk uke loZizFke fy;k tkrk gS] tks 18oha 'krkCnh esa gq, FksA bUgsa d`".kvorkjh lar dgk tkrk FkkA okXojkapy esa lqjekynkl igys vkfnoklh lUr gq, Fks] ftUgksaus bl {ks= esa lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd tkx`fr gsrq ,d lq/kkjoknh vkUnksyu dk Jh x.ks'k fd;k FkkA lrh lqjeky (lwjth) uke ls fo[;kr bl lUr dk tUe orZeku xqtjkr jkT; ds lkacjdkVk ftys ds ylqfM;ka xk°o esa ,d [kjkMh xks= esa gqvk FkkA bl lar ds lEcU/k esa vusd bfrgkldkjksa4 us dqN fy[kus dk lQy iz;kl fd;k gS] lkFk gh Vh- vkj- vkbZ- mn;iqj }kjk Hkh dbZ 'kks/k djok;s] ysfdu lqjekynkl dk fo'ks"k mYys[k ugha feyk gSA lqjeky Lo;a fuj{kj Fks vr% Lo;a dksbZ lkfgR; ugha fy[k ik;sA vr% blds fo"k; esa tkudkjh ds fy, muds ifjtuksa ,oa muds f'k";ksa dk lg;ksx ysuk t:jh gks tkrk gSA 268 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 535 536 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vkjfEHkd thou ifjp;&lar lqjeky ds tUe lEcfU/kr dksbZ Bksl izek.kksa ylqfM;ka esa ekStwn gSA bl ?kVuk ds ckn ls yksx mUgsa nso iq#"k ;k vorkjh iq#"k ds dk feyuk dfBu gS] fQj Hkh budk tUe pS= lqnh 9 jkeuoeh 1863 bZ- dks crk;k :i esa iwtus yxs] ;g ?kVuk 1894 bZ- esa gqbZ crkbZ tkrh gSA13 lqjekynkl ds oa'kt tkrk gSA5 tks Hkh gks budk dky 19oha lnh ds e/; jgk gksxkA izkjEHk esa lqjekynkl okaMhyky [kjkMh ds vuqlkj lUr lqjeky dk izkjfEHkd uke lwjth Hkxr Fkk]14 blds dk LoHkko ukfLrd ,oa ÿwj Fkk ijUrq ;qokoLFkk esa tc mudh iRuh ds l[r chekj ckn bUgsa ^xkMk* uke ls tkurs FksA gksus ,oa dqN vuks[kh ?kVukvksa ls muds thou dh fn'kk cny xbZA ;g ekuk tkrk gS jkekny fd ,d fnu lqjekynkl taxy esa ydM+h dkVus x;s FksA tc os ydM+h dkV jgs Fks] tc lqjekynkl dks oSjkX; mRiUu gksus yxk vkSj jkeuke tius yxsA bUgs vpkud ,d uhy xk;ksa dk lewg vk;k] lqjeky us bu ij okj djuk pkgk ysfdu os dkfrZd iwf.kZek dks djek ckbZ rkykc 'kkeykth dh iky ij fnO; Kku izkIr gqvkA xk;s vn`'; gks x;h ftls ns[kdj os gSjku jg x;sA blh le; ,d Ωf"kos'k esa ,d Kku izkfIr ds ckn buds cnys :i dks jkekihj dgk tkus yxkA lqjeky }kjk LFkkfir egkRek muds lkeus izdV gq,A bUgksaus lqjeky ls iwNk fd cPps! vHkh rqe D;k dj jgs iaFk ^jkekny* ds uke ls izflº gqvkA15 lrh lqjeky us ,ds'ojokn dk leFkZu djrs Fks] lqjeky us dgk fd egkjkt eSa ydM+h dkV jgk Fkk] ftUgsa cspdj esa vius ifjokj gq, vkRek dh vkSj 'kjhj dh 'kqºrk ds lkFk&lkFk Hkxoku dh HkfDr ij tksj fn;kA dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djrk gw°A bl ij egkRek us mUgsa 'kkeykth vkJe esa ydfM+;ka ysdj 6 mUgksaus ,d Hkfo";ok.kh dh Fkh fd ^fcuk cyMs jFk pkys Ns* mDr Hkfo";ok.kh esa vkus dks dgk vkSj vn`'; gks x;sA bl ?kVuk ls lwjekynkl vk'p;Z pfdr gks x;sA lkFkZdrk lkQ fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSA16 blds vykok lwjth us mUgsa ikyrq i'kqvksa dks [kkus nwljs fnu lqjekynkl ydfM+;ksa dk Hkkjk (c.My] cks>k) ysdj 'kkeykth vkJe ls euk fd;k gSA17 igq°ps] tgk° ogh egkRek feysA egkRek us ydfM+;ksa ds cnys ,d #i;k esgurkuk fn;k vkSj dgk fd bl ,d #i;s ls rsjk laiw.kZ thou vkuUne; jgsxkA rw lq[kh jgsxk] ijUrq jkekny esa 'kkfey gksus dk rjhdk rqEgsa jke&uke dh ti yxkuh gksxhA7 bl rjg Ωf"k ds ifo= mins'k lqudj os iqu% bl iaFk ds vf/kdrj vuq;k;h Hkhy lekt ls Fks] blesa 'kkfey gksus dk rk gS rks gh ml f'k"; dks fudky fn;kA 'kh'ks dks ftu rjktq esa rksyk Fkk] og rjktq vkt Hkh mudh eq[; /kw.kh Hkxr crk;k tkrk gSA rnqijkUr dqN fnuksa ckn iwf.kZek ;k cht ds fnu f'k"; ds ?kj 269 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 537 538 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ^ikV*21 iwjk tkrk gSA bl fnu Hkxr ,oa xq# u;s f'k"; ds ?kj tkrs gSa] blls igys ?kj djus ds fy, ;gk° ds Hkhyksa ls lqj{kk djokus dh ekax dhA28 Qjojh 1874 bZ- rd dh lQkbZ ,oa u;s crZu yk;s tkrs gSA lksd (Q'kZ ij cuk;h x;h fMtkbZu) ds pkjksa lqjekynkl dk Hkxr vkanksyu nf{k.k jktLFkku esa Mw°xjiqj] [ksjokM+k] dksVM+k ,oa dksuksa ij pkj ty ls Hkjs dy'k (yksVs) j[ks tkrs gaS] ftu ij ,d&,d ukfj;y j[kk xqtjkr ds ekghdkaBk bR;kfn lehiorhZ {ks=ksa ds Hkhy lekt esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr tkrk gSA lksd ds e/; esa Hkh ,d ukfj;y ;k dy'k j[kk tkrk gSA ;gk° /kuq"k ck.k Hkh dj pqdk FkkA29 mnkj ,oa lq/kkjkRed mins'kksa ds dkj.k bl vkanksyu dks ,d j[kk tkrk gS tks mldh tkfr dk izrhd Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA22 bl rjg lksd lEcfU/kr lkekftd vk/kkj izkIr gks x;k FkkA ebZ 1874 bZ- rd bl {ks= esa lqjth Hkxr ds laLdkj iw.kZ djus ds ckn f'k"; dks ?kj ds ckgj vka[ksa cka/kdj lksd ij xq# egjkt ds yxHkx 1000 ls vf/kd la[;k esa vuq;k;h ;k Hkxr tqM pqds FksA rhu f'k";ksa dks le{k yk;k tkrk gSA og xq#th ds pj.k idM+rk gS] xq#th mlds xys esa ^tus≈* mins'k nsus ds fy, ,oa bl iaFk esa ifjorZu djokus ds fy,] Lo;a lrh lqjekynkl Mkyrs gSa] vc f'k"; ^t; lhrkjke* dgdj mBrk gSA og ^lksd* ikV dks ,oa }kjk pqus x;s FksA30 ebZ 1874 bZ- rd lwjth Hkxr ds f'k";ksa dh la[;k esokM+ rFkk jkexn~nh dks ckjh&ckjh ls >qddj iz.kke djrk gSA izkjEHk ls vUr rd dh bl M°wxjiqj esa yxHkx 300 ?kjksa ls 3000 ls Hkh T;knk gks pqdh FkhA31 ogha nwljh vksj izfÿ;k dks ^ikV iqjuk* dgk tkrk gS] budh tus≈ ekrk&firk dh izrhd ekuh tkrh esokM+ ls yxh xqtjkr lhek fo'ks"kdj ekghdkaBk esa muds f'k";ksa dh la[;k vuqekur% gSA bls os vius xys esa /kkj.k djrk gS] vkt Hkh ;g ns[kk tk ldrk gSA23 ckusnkjh 800 FkhA32 lqjekynkl laiw.kZ xk°o dks vius iaFk esa ifjofrZr djus ds ctk, O;fDrxr (tus≈/kkjh) HkDrksa ds vkaxu esa lR; ;k ekrk&firk dk izrhd lQsn /otk Qgjk;h laidZ }kjk izR;sd Hkhy dks vius iaFk esa 'kkfey djus esa T;knk fo'okl djrs FksA bl tkrh gSA ftls izfro"kZ uojkf= ds vafre fnu dqN cPpksa dks Hkkstu djkdj cnyk lanHkZ esa ebZ 1877 bZ- esa nf{k.kh jktLFkku LVsV~l rFkk xqtjkr dk fujh{k.k djrs oDr tkrk jgk gSA blds cnyus ls iwoZ Fkky] ikiM+h vkSj ukfj;y dk ifo= gou fd;k ik;k fd ^lHkh ifjorZu O;fDrxr gh izrhr gksrs gSa] D;ksafd fdlh Hkh xk°o vFkok tkrk gSA /otk ds M.Ms dks jksirs le; ikap iq#"k gkFk yxkrs gSa] tks iap ijes'oj dh tutkfr esa lqjekynkl ds vuq;k;h cgqr la[;k esa ugha feyrs gSaA33 lqjekynkl dk ekU;rk ds izrhd ekus tkrs gSaA bls jksius ds ckn bu lHkh iapksa ,oa vU; mifLFkr yksxksa O;fDrxr laidZ ls vuq;k;h cukus dk mudk rjhdk muds iaFk ds fodkl esa ck/kd ds nkfgus gkFk esa ^eksyh yPNk*24 cka/kk tkrk gS vkSj dqaedqe dk fryd fd;k tkrk gSA Hkh cuk] pwafd 20 oh 'krkCnh ds iwokZºZ esa tc Mw°xjiqj] ckalokM+k rFkk larjkeiqj lUr lqjeky ds flºkUr (mins'k)& lrh lqjekynkl (lwjth Hkxr) us vius LVsV~l esa xksfoUn xq# ds v/khu Hkxr vkanksyu dk izknqHkkZo gqvk rks] lwjekynkl iaFk mins'k nsus ds fy;s efgdkaBk] Mw°xjiqj] [ksjokM+k ds {ks=ksa dk p;u fd;kA buds }kjk dh o`fº esa deh vkus yxhA xksfoUn fxjh ds Hkxr vkanksyu us bl {ks= ds Hkhyksa esa iznŸk eq[; mins'k bl izdkj Fks&25 bZ'oj ,d gS og loZO;kid ,oa loZ'kfDreku gSA foLr`r lkekftd vk/kkj izkIr dj fy;k FkkA nwljk mudh uhfr laiw.kZ xk°o dks vius lHkh izkf.k;ksa esa bZ'oj dk okl gS vr,o tho fgalk er djksA vkil esa 'kkafr cuk;s iaFk esa cnyus dh Fkh tks lkFkZd Hkh flº gqbZ34 ;|fi blds ckotwn lqjekynkl us j[ks o izse rFkk ln~Hkkouk ls jgsaA ekalkgkj ,oa e|iku dk R;kx djsA pkS;Z izo`fr u vius fodkl dks cuk, j[kk FkkA mudh e`R;q ds ckn Hkh muds mŸkjkf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk j[ks] vius ifjJe ls mitk, vUu ij thou th;sA vUu xzg.k ls igys Luku t:j f'k";ksa ds }kjk ;g iaFk pyrk jgkA mudk iq= tkynkl Fkk ftlds nks iq= gq,&dkunkl djsA [kkus ls igys ,oa jkstejkZ ds dke ds ckn gkFk /kksosA bZ'ojh; Kku gsrq bZ'oj dk ,oa /kunklA dkunkl ds 5 iq= gq, ftuesa ls Jh j.kNksM+nkl ylqfM;ka /kke ds iz/kku uke tisA dHkh Hkh vlR; dk lgkjk u ysAmcjuk (yaxksV) djds gh Hkkstu idku FksA35 M°wxjiqj] ckalokM+k ,oa ekghdkaBk ds Hkkxksa esa vkt Hkh lrh lqjekynkl dk pkfg,A ^jkekny iaFk* iw.kZ :i ls thfor gSA eq[; /kw.kh ylqfM;ka ds vykok vFkZq.kk] ekFkqxkeMk] ekypkSdh] uyok] lheyokMk] mn;iqj esa iksxjk] ds'kfj;kth] fuEcksnk] jkekny iaFk dk izpkj&izlkj ljkMk vkfn LFkyksa ij lwjekynkl ds leFkZd viuh /kwf.k;ksa dks v[k.M voLFkk esa lar lqjeky igys lar Fks ftUgksaus esokM+&xqtjkr dh lhek ij cls Hkhy j[ks gq, gSaA leqnk; esa Hkxr vkanksyu dk lw=ikr fd;k FkkA ;|fi izkjEHk esa mUgsa vius ,ds'ojoknh fopkj/kkjk ds dkj.k Mw°xjiqj ds xSj Hkhy HkDrksa ds fojks/k dk lkeuk djuk iM+k FkkA26 lrh lqjekynkl dk izHkko ;gk° ds Hkhy HkDr mUgsa bLyke erkoyECkh ekudj fojks/k trkus yxs FksA27 bl gkykr lar lqjekynkl ds iaFk dk Hkhy lekt ,oa laLd`fr ij izHkko fdruk ,oa esa lrh lqjekynkl us 1874 bZ- esa [ksjokM+k ds iksfyVhdy lqifjVsMs.V fgyh VsDV~l fdl :i esa iM+k] ;g ,d tfVy iz'u gks ldrk gSA D;ksafd rRdkyhu ,oa orZeku ds in ij inklhu Vh-bZ- xksjsu ls HksVdj Mw°xjiqj {ks= esa vius er dk izpkj&izlkj fLFkfr dks ns[kk tk, rks xksfoUn fxjh ds Hkxr vkanksyu dk izHkko vR;f/kd utj 270 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 539 540 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vkrk gSA xksfoUn ds Hkxr vkanksyu us bls vkPNkfnr dj fn;k Fkk] fdUrq bu lcds 18- izHkqnkl [kjhMh mez 62 o"kZ] lsod ylqfM;k /kke ds vuqlkj ckotwn lqjekynkl ds iaFk dk egRo de ugh gqvk gSA vkt Hkh muds f'k"; dkQh 19- tutkfr dyk ,oa laLd`fr fo'ks"kkad] V™kbc] [k.M&33] Hkkx 1&4] 2001] Vh-vkj-vkbZ- la[;k esa bl izns'k esa jgrs gaS] bruk gh ugha muds vkanksyu ds dkj.k Hkhyksa us vius mn;iqj] i`- 120 vki dks u'ks rFkk pksjh ls nwj gVk fy;k o vius dks [ksrhgj fdlkuksa ds :i esa LFkkfir 20- ogh 36 21- f'k"; ds ?kj ydM+h ds ikVys ij diM+k fcNkdj pkoy] xsgwa] ukfj;y] dsys] xUuk vkfn dj fy;k FkkA ;g vuqeku bl rF; ls Hkh yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd lqjekynkl Lo;a laxzg dj Hktu dhrZu fd;k tkrk gS bls ^ikV* iqjuk dgk tkrk gSA vius izkjfEHkd thou esa ikf'od izo`fr ds jgs Fks vkSj ckn esa ftl rjg mUgksaus vius 22- tutkfr dyk ,oa laLd`fr fo'ks"kkadV™kbc [k.M&33] vad 1&4] 2001 Vh-vkj-vkbZ- mn;iqj] dks bZ'oj dh HkfDr esa yhu fd;k FkkA ;g mnkgj.k LFkkuh; Hkhyksa ds lkeus Fkk] vr% i`- 121&22 dgk tk ldrk gS fd mUgksaus va/kfo'oklksa rFkk vU; 'kfDr;ksa esa fo'okl ds LFkku ij 23 ogh HkfDr }kjk bZ'ojh; Kku izkIr djus ds fy;s vius vkidks xq# ds lkeus lefiZr dj 24- ;g lkr jaxhyk /kkxk gksrk gS] ftls /kkfeZd ca/ku dk izrhd ekuk tkrk gSA fn;k gksxkA 25- izHkqnkl [kjkMh mez 62 o"kZ] lsod ylqfM;k /kke okMhyky [kjkMh] eq- ylqfM;k /kke ls ladfyr 12 ekpZ 2013 lanHkZ 26- Qksjsu ,.M iksyhVhdy fMikVZesUV] viszy] 1961] i`- 38&47 1- MkW- johUnz Mh- i.M;k] lar ekoth dkyhu xzaFk] egkjklyhyk ds y?kqfp=] dyk laLd`fr 27- jktuSfrd iz'kklfud izfrosnu] jktiqrkuk LV~sVl (Mw°xjiqj fj;klr)] i`- 63 foHkkx] jktLFkku] 1988 i`- 1 28- Qkjsu ,.M iksyhVhdy fMikVZesUV] vizsy 1961] i`- 38&47 2- jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl] oksY;qe&25]i`- 497 29- oh-ds- of'k"B] Hkxr ewoesaV] i`- 1&9 3- lar ekothdkyhu xzaFk egkjklyhyk ds y?kqfp= 30 fjiksVZ vkWu nh iksfyVhdy ,MfefuLV™s'ku vkWQ nh jktiwrkuk LVsV] 1847&78bZ- 4- okxM+ ds larkas esa ekoth egkjkt dk vkfnoklh mRFkku es ;ksxnku (vizdkf'kr)] i`- 3&4 31- ogh 5- okMhyky [kjkMh mez 65 o"kZ] eq- ylqfM;k /kke ,oa ,MoksdsV ukjk;.k yky eksfM;k] eq- 32- ogh fcNhokMk ls lk{kkRdkj 15 ekpZ 2013 33- ogh 6- ogh 34- oh-ds- of'k"B] Hkxr ewoesaV] i`- 1&9 7- ohj fouksn ';keynkl] i`- 1038 35- ogh 8- HkDr ukjk;.k yky eksfM;k (,MoksdsV)] eq- fcNhokMk okMhyky [kjkMh] ylqfM;ka ve`ryky 36- ogh Mkeksj (O;k[;krk fgUnh)] jk-m-ek-fo- fcNhokMk tutkfr dyk ,oa laLd`fr fo'ks"kkad] V™kbZc] 2001] Vh-vkj-vkbZ- mn;iqj 9 - ydfM+;ksa dk kd] vFkw.k] ';kex< vkfn fBdkus xqtZjksa ds v/khu jgsaA if.Mr xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vkS>k2 us fljksgh ds bfrgkl vtesj&esjokM+k esa lkekftd xfr'khyrk dh oa'kkoyh esa okDifrjkt tks fd lkaHkj ds ujs'k Fks] ds nks iq=ksa flagjkt vkSj y{e.k (phrk&cjM+ leqnk;ksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) (y[k.klh) dk mYys[k fd;k gSaA y[k.klh (967 ls 982 bZ-) vR;Ur 'kwjohj vkSj tykyqÌhu ukMksy (orZeku esa ftyk ikyh) ds jkT; dk laLFkkid gqvk gSA okDifrjkt dk T;s"B iq= flagjkt lkaHkj dh xn~nh ij cSBk vkSj y[k.klh ukMksy dh xn~nh dk laLFkkid cukA okDifrjkt ls pkSgku 'kk[k ds nks egku oa'k i`Fkd gksrs gSaA cM+s iq= flagjkt ls_ HkkSxkfyd ,oa ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe vtesj] j.kEHkkSj] cwanh] dksVk dh 'kk[kk,° fudyrh gS vkSj y[k.klh ls nsoM+k (fljksgh)] vtesj&esjokM+k dh fLFkfr iwohZ xksykbZ esa 25023*30** vkSj 28041* v{kka'k lksuxjk (tkykSj) lkapsjk (lkapkSj)] phrk] cjM+ vkfn oa'k QSyrs gSaA 0 0 rFkk 73 47*30 vkSj 75 27*0** ns'kkUrj ds e/; FkhA vtesj ftys dh yEckbZ mŸkj esjksa dh mRifŸk ls nf{k.k dh vksj 80 ehy yxHkx rFkk pkSM+kbZ 50 ehy FkhA blh izdkj esjokM+k esjs tkfr dh mRifŸk ds lEcU/k esa dfri; fo}kuksa us bUgsa gw.kksa dh 'kk[kk crkbZ yxHkx 70 ehy dh ldM+h iV~Vh ftldh pkSM+kbZ 15 ehy Fkh] ij fLFkr FkkA gSaA fljksgh ds bfrgkl esa xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vkS>k3 us budks esj uke ds jktk ls esj rygVh {ks= esa gksus vkSj e#LFkyh; Hkw&Hkkx dk lhekUr gksus ds dkj.k ;g caxky dh dgykuk fy[kk gSa vkSj ddZjkt jkBkSM+ }kjk budk jkT; Nhuuk fy[kk gSA Hkheflag [kkM+h vkSj vjclkxj ds ekulwuksa ds ykHk ls oafpr jg tkrk gSaA bl dkj.k ;gk° o"kkZ useyksr4 us ^pkSgku oa'k dk bfrgkl* iqLrd esa fy[kk gS fd&^^foÿe laor 520 ds de vkSj vfuf'pr ek=k esa gksrh gSA o"kkZ dh deh ds dkj.k gh izk;% vdky dh yxHkx ;g tkfr fcYdqy gh fNUu&fHkUu gks x;h FkhA xqtZj tkfr ds bfrgkl esa Hkh fLFkfr cuh jgrh gSA bl izdkj HkkSxkfyd :i ls vtesj&esjokM+k dh fof'k"V fLFkfr 1 esjksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA ykyhjkt] rksj.k] esgjjkt] [ksek vkfn esj usrkvksa dk jgh gSA duZy VkWM us ^,uYl ,.M bUVhD;wVht vkWQ jktLFkku* esa fy[kk gS fd mYys[k feyrk gSA nsox<+&enkfj;k ds ikl esj tkfr ds lkr xkao cls gSa tks [kesjh ^^dqEHkyesj ls vtesj ds ujoj rd dk ioZrh; {ks= ftldh vf/kdrj vkcknh esj uke ls iqdkjs tkrs gSaA cqt [kesjh] xwtj [kesjh] [kkjh [kejh] jktiwr [kesjh bl izdkj gS] esjokM+k dgykrk gSA** duZy VkWM us Hkwyo'k ;gk° dh vkcknh dks esj crk;k gS ds lkr xkao Fks ftUgsa pkSgku ljnkj vugy us vius v/khu dj fy;k FkkA ujoj ls tcfd bl {ks= esa vkckn phrk&cjM+ leqnk; ds yksx pkSgku oa'kh jktiwr gSA fnosj ds chp jgus okys esj yksxksa us phrk&cjM+ksa dh pkdjh dh muds xqyke cu x;s vtesj ds nf{k.kh Hkw&Hkkx dk igkM+h {ks= esjokM+k] esjksa dh ekr`Hkwfe Fkh] ftuds rhu izdkj Fks&1- pksVh dV] 2- clh cku] 3- vaxqyh dVA cM+h la[;k esa esj ftl ij pkSgku oa'kh vUgy o vuwi us vf/kdkj dj fy;k] ftuds oa'kt phrk] cjM+ yksx Hkkxdj esokM+ o ekjokM+ dh rjQ pys x;sA buds izeq[k xkS= Fks&ekgkr] ds uke ls fo[;kr gq,A phrk oa'k okyksa ds fgLls esa pkax] vFkw.k] >kd] jktkslh o Mkdy] icM+h] fdV] psjM+] cqt&cjxV] cksy&eky] MksfM;k] cxsj vkfnA budh ujoj ds fBdkus vk;s ,oa cjM+ oa'k okyksa ds ikl gk.k] fnosj] dwdM+k] cjkj vkfn inoh Hkh jkor dh gSaA** fBdkus jgsaA bl ioZrh; {ks= esa ?kus ou QSys gq, Fks o iFkjhyh Hkwfe gksus ds dkj.k ;gk° phrk&cjM+ leqnk;ksa dh mRifŸk ,oa foLrkj d`f"k laHko ugha FkhA ;g {ks= mu /kkM+k ekjus okyksa ds fy, lqjf{kr 'kj.kkLFkyh Fkk] ukMksy jkT; ds laLFkkid y[k.klha dh 'kknh eh.kk lkeUr dh dU;k lgnsa ls tks vkl&ikl ds {ks=ksa esa ywVekj dj ;gk° fNi tk;k djrs FksA phrk&cjM+ksa (ftUgsa gqbZ Fkh] tks ≈"kkgkjh tkfr ls Fkh ftlds nks iq= v.kgy o vuwi mRiUu gq,A jktiwr vaxzstksa us tkucw>dj esj fy[kk gS) dks dqpyus ds fy;s dbZ 'kkldksa us lSfud ljnkjksa dks tc lgnsa dh tkfr dk irk pyrk rks mUgksaus lgnsa o mlds nksuksa iq=ksa dk vfHk;ku fd;s] fdUrq lQyrk 1818 bZ- ds ckn vaxzstksa ds gkFk gh yxhA fojks/k djuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA jko y[k.klh lkaHkj ds ;qº esa ohjxfr dks izkIr gq,] izeq[k tkfr;k° rc jktiwrksa ds Hk; ds dkj.k lgnsa vius nksuksa vcks/k jktdqekjksa v.kgy o vuwi dks esjokM+k ftls LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa ^exjk* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS ;gk° izkphu ysdj pkax xkao igqaph tgk° pUnsy xqtZjksa dk 'kklu FkkA xqtZj eqf[k;k us nksuksa pkSgku dky ls esj tutkfr ds yksx fuokl djrs Fks tks ewyr% vkfnoklh Fks ,oa eh.kk jktdqekjksa o mudh ek° dks izJ; gh ugha fn;k] cfYd fpŸkkSM+ ds ikl gyiM+k dk 272 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 543 544 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 {ks= muds xqtj&clj ds fy, ns fn;k FkkA ohj fouksn ds ys[kd dfojktk ';kynkl5 ^pjM+* dh vkokt ls bUgsa ^phrk* dgk x;k nwljh vksj vuwi ds oa'kt cSBs Fks m/kj ds us ^Ldsp vkWQ esjokM+k* iqLrd ds gokys ls fy[kk gSa fd ^^y[k.klh (tks/k yk[k.k) cM+ dk Hkkx fxjk rks ^cjM+* dh vkokt gqbZA vr% vuwioa'kh ^cjM+* dgyk;sA bl us rht dh iwtk djrh gqbZ ftl eh.kh dks cwanh esa idM+k Fkk mldk uke lgnsa (lsxM+k ;k vucu gks eh.kk leqnk; ds viuk fy;s x;sA vaxzstksa us LokFkZo'k bu leqnk;ksa dks esj crk;k gS xbZ] mudh ukjktxh ij ;s yksx vius cky&cPpksa dks ysdj bl bykds esa 'kj.kkxr tcfd gdhdr esa esj yksx phrk&cjM+7 ds xqyke jgs FksA gq,A ;s yksx ;gk° Hkkxdj] Nhidj] pqids ls vk;s Fks] ftUgsa ;gk° ds 'kwjohj v.kgy o jkor&esgjkrksa dk i`Fohjkt pkSgku ls lEcU/k vuwi ds oa'ktksa us 'kj.k nhA ,slh ekU;rk gS ;k ekU;rk cuk nh xbZ gS fd phrk&cjM+ vFkkZr~ (dkBkr ,oa ,slh fdonarh6 gS fd ,d le; v.kgy o vuwi ds oa'ktksa us bdV~Bk gksdj jkor) i`Fohjkt pkSgku ds oa'kt gSa tSlk fd duZy VkWM us lquh lqukbZ ckrksa ds vk/kkj iapk;r cSBkbZ fd yM+fd;ksa dh 'kknh dk dqN u dqN LFkkbZ gy fudkyuk pkfg;s ij] duZy fMDlu us fdoanfUr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij] dfojktk ';kynkl us duZy fMDlu budh gR;k dgk° rd djsaxsA xkao lkj.k (ekjokM+ esa gS) esa cqykbZ bl iapk;r esa ds ^Ldsp vkWQ esjokM+k* ds vk/kkj ij ,oa vU; LFkkuh; ys[kdksa us Hkkoukvksa ds vk/ vklu ds ;ksxhjkt tks fd buds /keZxq# Fks dks fo'ks"k:i ls cqyk;k x;k muls U;k; kkj ij bl er dks eku fy;k vkSj tuekul esa ,slh /kkj.k cu xbZ fd jkor] djus dh xqgkj dh xbZA bl ij ;ksxhjkt us vkns'k fn;k fd ftl cM+ ds isM+ ds uhps esgjkr&(dkBkr) Hkkjro"kZ ds [;kruke] 'kwjohj 'kkld i`Fohjkt pkSgku (r`rh;) ds cSBs gks oa'kokj vyx&vyx cSB tkvksa bl rjg ,d rjQ v.kgy ds oa'kt rFkk oa'kt gS] fQj dkSu ,sls egku~ O;fDr dk oa'kt gksus ij xkSjokfUor eglwl ugha djsxk] nwljh rjQ vuwi ds oa'kt cSB x;sA fQj ;ksxhjkt us mins'k nsuk 'kq: fd;k fd l`f"V ysfdu FkksM+h lh le>nkjh ,oa ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa dh iwokZxzg jfgr Nkuchu dh tk, ds vkjEHk esa {kf=;ksa esa dsoy ,d gh oa'k Fkk] fQj lw;Z o pUnzek ,d gh cki dh rks ;g izekf.kr fd;k tk ldrk gS fd phrk&cjM+ tks fd exjk&esjokM+k dh vkSykn gS ftlls vkt ns'k esa lSdM+ksa oa'kkas ds {kf=; ns[ks tkrs gSaA lks rqe nksuksa oa'kksa eq[; vkcknh gS ewy :i ls lkaHkj ds pkSgku ?kjkus ls lEcfU/kr rks gS ysfdu budk dks vkil esa 'kknh&C;kg djuk pkfg;sA ;ksxhjkt us ije firk dks ;kn fd;k vkSj lEcU/k i`Fohjkt pkSgku ls u gksdj pkSgkuksa dh nwljh fo[;kr 'kk[kk ukMksy ds dgk fd ;s cM+ dk isM+ rqEgkjk U;k; djsxkA ijefirk dh yhyk vijEikj gS tc dksbZ laLFkkid jko y[k.klh (tkS/k yk[k.k) ls gSA ;gk° MkW- n'kjFk 'kekZ8 dh iqLrd dk;Z Lo;a ml ij NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS rks mlesa U;kl vo'; gksrk gS] mlh le; cM+ ^i`Fohjkt r`rh; vkSj mldk ;qx* ds v/;k; ^v.kksZjkt ds iwoZt lu~ 950 ls 1130 bZ- QVk vkSj pjM+ dh vkokt gqbZA ;g Hkkx v.kgy ds oa'ktksa dh rjQ fxjk vr% rd* esa mYysf[kr fooj.k egŸoiw.kZ gS ftlesa MkW- n'kjFk 'kekZ fy[krs gS fd ^^okDifr 273 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 545 546 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 izFke ds nks iq= flagjkt us Hkh vkÿked uhfr dk vuqlj.k fd;k mldk lu~ 956 bZ- 1- phrk&pkSgkuksa dk ewy ukMkSy gS lkaHkj ;k vtesj ughaA dk ,d f'kykys[k feyk gSA mlus vusd fot;ksa dk oj.k fd;k ,oa ijeHkV~Vkjd& 2- jko y[k.klh dh NBh ih<+h ,oa v.kgy dh ikapoh ih<+h esa gq, Hkhp.kth egkjktkf/kjkt&ijes'oj dh inoeh /kkj.k dh ----A** fdUrq ;g vkuUne;h fLFkfr vR;Ur 'kwjohj ,oa ;ksºk iq#"k gq, ftudh efgek vijEikj Fkh ftUgksaus ukMksy vf/kd fnu rd u jg ldh lu~ 973 bZ- ds gjl f'kykys[k ls Li"V gS fd dqN le; oa'k dh dhfrZ esa pkj pk°n yxk;s FksA ds fy;s oa'k vkSj t;y{eh 'kkdEHkjh ds pkSgkuksa ds gkFk ls fudy pqdh FkhA 3- phrk&cjM+ oa'k vtesj ds 'kkld i`Fohjkt ls lEcfU/kr u gksdj ukMkSy ls flagjkt ds mŸkjkf/kdkjh foxzgjkt f}rh; us iqu% lkaHkj dh 'kfDr dh LFkkiuk dh] lEcfU/kr gSA ftls nqyZHkjkt f}rh; us vklkuh ls lŸkk laHkkyh ,oa lQyrkiwoZd jkT; fd;kA nqyZHkjkt ds iq= xksfoUnjkt ds jkT;dky esa Hkh pkSgku i;kZIr 'kfDr'kkyh FksA** blds vfrfjDr pkSgkuksa dh vkjk/;nsoh ek° vk'kkiqjk dh ekU;rk ij Hkh ppkZ dh tk ldrh gS_ i`Fohjkt pkSgku dh vkjk/; nsoh pkeq.Mk ekrk Fkh ftudk eafnj blds ckn 'kkdEHkjh ds pkSgkuksa dks cqjs fnu ns[kus iM+s ijekjksa dh 'kfDr ml vkt Hkh vt;lj ds igkM+ ij fLFkr gS_ tgk° pkSgku 'kkld jkstkuk mikluk gsrq tk;k le; i;kZIr c<+h p<+h FkhA eqat ijekj us gkfFk;ksa dh lgk;rk ls vk?kkV ds QkVd dks djrs FksA ek° vk'kkiqjk eq[; :i ls ukMkSy 'kk[kk ds pkSgkuksa dh vkjk/; nsoh Fkh vkt rksM+kA pkSgku jktk xksfoUnjkt ds iq= okDifrjkt f}rh; us xqfgy jktk vEckizlkn dk Hkh ekjokM+ o esjokM+k esa lSadM+ksa eafnj ek° vk'kkiqjk ds feysaxsA ;qº esa o/k dj fpŸkkSM+ ysus dk iz;Ru fd;k] fdUrq blesa lEHkor% mls lQyrk u feyhA la?k"kZ pyrk jgk vkSj okDifrjkt dk NksVk HkkbZ vkSj mŸkjkf/kdkjh oh;Zjke jktk lanHkZ Hkkst ls yM+rk gqvk ekjk x;kA oh;Zjke dk NksVk HkkbZ pkeq.Mjkt dqN le; rd ujoj 1- VkWM] duZy tsEl] ,uYl ,.M ,.VhD;wVht vkQ jktLFkku] izdk'kd&fLeFk ,.M ,YMj esa jgkA mlus ukMksfy;k pkSgku v.kfgYy dh lgk;rk ls 'kkdEHkjh dks fQj LorU= dEiuh yanu] 1829] i`- 856 fd;kA lu~ 1079 (laor~ 1136) esa pkeq.Mjkt dk iq= nqyZHkjkt r`rh; lqYrku 2- vks>k] MkW- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn] fljksgh jkT; dk bfrgkl] izdk'kd&jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] tks/ bczkghe xtuoh ls ;qº djrk ekjk x;kA** kiqj] 1911 i`- 84&88 3- ogh] i`- 84&88 mijksDr mºj.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd& 4- useyksr Hkheflag] pkSgku oa'k dk bfrgkl] izdk'kd&jkor fizUVlZ] C;koj] 1971] i`- 18] 1- flagjkt ds HkkbZ y[k.klh us ukMksy esa uohu jkT; dh LFkkiuk dhA 19] o 53 2- y[k.klh ds iq= v.kfgYy (lu~ 1010 bZ-) esa ujoj esa jkT; fd;k tgk° mlus 5- nkl] ';key] ohj fouksn] izdk'kd&ljLorh iqLrdky;] xqykc ckx] jkt- ljdkj t;iqj] pkeq.Mjk; dks u dsoy 'kj.k nh cfYd vius oa'k ds iqjkus xkSjo dks iqu% 1930] i`- 199 ls 201 6- fMD'ku] lh-ts-] Ldsp vkWQ esjokM+k] izdk'kd&fLeFk ,.M ,YMj dEiuh yanu] 1850 i`- vftZr djus esa iwjh lgk;rk dhA 7 ls 11 3- v.kgy o vuwi i`Fohjkt pkSgku ls cgqr o"kks± iwoZ gh gks x;s Fks rks mlds oa'kt 7- phrk&cjM+ & ^^v.kgy dh ikapoh ih<+h esa dkUgk ,oa dkyi gq,] buds le; esa yksx psrk dSls gks ldrs gSaA xkao esa tkdj cl x,] tks orZeku VkWMx<+ ds ikl gS] ds dkj.k v.kgy ds oa'ktksa dks phrk 4- i`Fohjkt pkSgku ls dkQh le; iwoZ gh ujoj fBdkuk vfLrRo esa FkkA dgk tkus yxkA blh phrk oa'k esa esgjkth gq,] ftudh larku esjkr dgykbZ ,oa esgjkth ds iq= gjjkt ^dkBk* us 1393 bZ- esa bLyke /keZ Lohdkj dj fy;k] ftuds oa'kt dkBkr 5- v.kfgYy ukMkSy ds pkSgku oa'k ls lEcfU/kr 'kkld Fkk u fd vtesj ;k vU; dgykrs gSaA bl izdkj phrk oa'k esa esjkr (dkBkr) eqfLye /kekZoyEch gSaA** lsA cjM+ &^^vuwi ds oa'kt cjM+ dgykrs gSa] cjM+ oa'k esa chgy dks jkor dh mikf/k feyh FkhA ,d vU; rF; gS tks vR;Ur mi;ksxh ,oa egŸoiw.kZ phrk&cjM+ksa ds lHkh tkxks ckn esa 1312 bZ- esa HkheVk dks Hkh jkor dh inoh feyh] bl dkj.k cjM+ oa'kh ^jkor* (oa'kkoyh ys[kdksa) esa ,d dfoŸk yksdfiz; gS& dgykrs gSaA igys Hkhp.k xkb;s] /kj phrksa dks ewyA 8- 'kekZ] n'kjFk] i`Fohjkt r`rh; vkSj mudk ;qx] izdk'kd&jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 1972] i`- 11] 12 dkM+ djkjksa ckWdM+ksa] mºfj;ksa ukMwyAA bl dfoŸk esa Hkh dbZ rF;ksa ij izdk'k iM+rk gS elyu& 274 548 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vo/kkj.kkvksa ij lok±fx.k :i ls gh iz'u fpUg yxk fn;k vkSj lHkh dks lkezkT;oknh bfrgkl ys[ku dk vax gh ekukA lbZn fy[krk gS fd] ^;wjksih; lkezkT;okfn;ksa us vius mifuos'kksa ij 'kklu djus ds fy, ,d rdZ x<+k Fkk fd] ^iwoZ* vkSj ^ifçe* duZy tsEl VkWM ds bfrgkl ys[ku loZFkk fHkUu gSA iwoZ jgL;e; gSA dh iqulZeh{kk dh vko';drk ;|fi mi;ksfxrkoknh bfrgkldkjksa ds bfrgkl ys[ku esa iwoZ ds izfr O;kIr foÿeflag vejkor mudh nqHkkZoukvksa dks Li"V :i ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS] ftldh ifj.krh ;fn Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa dgsa rks] eSdkys fefuV~l esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA fdUrq ,sls bfrgkldkjksa ds duZy tsEl VkWM dk bfrgkl ys[ku eq[; :i ls jktiwr jkT;ksa rd gh lhfer bfrgkl ys[ku dks ftUgksaus iwoZ ij lh/ks dksbZ vk{ksi ugha fd;k cfYd iwoZ dh izkphu jgkA mlds nksuksa xzUFk ,ukYl ,aM ,aVhfDoVht vkWQ jktLFkku vkSj V™soYl bu osLVuZ lH;rkvksa ,oa laLœfr dh iz'kalk dh gS] lbZn dh vo/kkj.kk ds vk/kkj ij ns[kuk Hkh bafM;k] eq[; :i ls ifçeh Hkkjr ds jktiwr jkT;ksa ds ,sfrgkfld nLrkost gSA vko';d gks tkrk gSA blls ;g le>us esa Hkh enn feysxh fd nks ,d nwljs ds lkekU; rkSj ij VkWM jktLFkku ds bfrgkl dk firk ekuk tkrk gSA lkFk gh VkWM dks fo#º ekuh tkus okyh fopkj/kkjk,° (izkP;oknh vkSj ikçkR;oknh] jksekuh vkSj mUuhloha lnh ds fczfV'k jksekuh bfrgkldkj ekuk tkrk gSA bfrgkldkjksa dk ;g er mi;ksfxrkoknh) okLro esa ,d nwljs dh fojks/kh Fkha ;k fQj ,d gh eafty rd Hkh gS fd VkWM oLrqr% mi;ksfxrkoknh bfrgkldkjksa ds bfrgkl ys[ku ds fo#º igq°pus ds vyx&vyx jkLrs ek= FksA lkFk gh ;s fopkj/kkjk,° fdl izdkj lkezkT;oknh vo/kkj.kk,a fodflr djus okyk bfrgkldkj FkkA ;|fi VkWM ds n`f"Vdks.k dks bfrgkl ys[ku ds gh nks vyx&vyx izdkjksa ds :i esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA blh lanHkZ lkezkT;oknh Hkh] ekuk x;k] fdUrq fey vkSj xzkaV ls bŸkj gh ekuk x;kA VkWM dk esa VkWM ds bfrgkl xzUFk ,ukYl ,aM ,afVfDoVht ds dqN mºj.kksa dks ysdj mudh fofy;e tksUl] Fkkel ekfjl] fofy;e jkscV~lZu vkfn dh ijEijk dk izkP;oknh leh{kk dh tk,xhA bfrgkldkj ekuk x;kA bl izdkj VkWM ds bfrgkl ys[ku dh leh{kk mlds }kjk nh tsEl fey ds Hkkjr laca/kh bfrgkl ys[ku dh içkrdkyhu bfrgkldkjksa us xbZ tkudkjh dh tk°p rd lhfer jgh gSA mlds }kjk tks fy[kk x;k] mldk dVq vkykspuk dh gSA vusd vjksiksa ds lkFk ml ij ;g vkjksi Hkh yxk;k tkrk gS fd lw{e&iBu ij bruk /;ku ugha fn;k x;k gSA tcfd lkekU; rkSj ij ;g ekuk tkrk gS mlus loZizFke Hkkjr ds lkaiznkf;d bfrgkl ys[ku dh 'kq:vkr dh FkhA Hkkjr ds fd] og jktiwrksa dk izcy i{kikrh Fkk vkSj jktiwr laLœfr dh egkurk ls cgqr bfrgkl dks fgUnq vkSj eqfLye dky esa ckaVus dk loZizFke dke fey us gh fd;k FkkA izHkkfor FkkA VkWM ds xzUFkksa dk mi;ksx bfrgkl ys[ku esa fiNyh ,d lnh ls Hkh vf/ okLro esa ;g rRdkyhu lkezkT;oknh fczVsu dh ije vko';drk FkhA Hkkjrh; lekt kd le; ls gks jgk gS] blh ls VkWM ds bfrgkl ys[ku dh egŸkk dks le>k tk ldrk dks [kf.Mr :i esa ns[kuk lkezkT; ds fy;s vR;ko';d FkkA fey ,d mi;ksfxrkoknh gSA jktLFkku lEca/kh bfrgkl ys[ku ds fy;s VkWM ds bfrgkl ys[ku dks ns[kuk ,d bfrgkldkj Fkk] fdUrq VkWM us Hkh bl lanHkZ esa fey dh gh rjg Hkkjrh; lekt dks vfuok;Z vko';drk dh rjg gSA mDr vo/kkj.kkvksa ds lkFk bl i= esa VkWM ds [kf.Mr :i esa u flQZ ns[kk cfYd mls izLrqr Hkh fd;kA xzUFk dh izLrkouk esa og bfrgkl ys[ku dh leh{kk mlds n`f"Vdks.k ds vk/kkj ij djus dk iz;kl fd;k fy[krk gS fd] The collections of jessulmer and puttun, for example tk,xkA secaped the scrutiny of even the lynx-eyed Alla. blh izdkj og Lo;a VkWM ds n`f"Vdks.k dks ,MoMZ lbZn ds vksfj,aVfyTe dh vo/kkj.kk ds vk/kkj fey dh fgUnq dky dh vo/kkj.kk dks Lohdkj djrk gSA VkWM eqfLye 'kkldksa dks ij le>us dk iz;kl fd;k tk,xkA ;|fi lbZn ds bl vo/kkj.kk dks içkrhdkyhu fons'kh] vlH;] dV~Vj dg dj Hkkjr dk 'k=q ?kksf"kr djrk gS vkSj Hkkjrh; laLœfr bfrgkldkjksa ,oa flºkUrdkjksa us pqukSrh Hkh nh ,oa mldh e;kZnkvksa dks Hkh mtkxj ds iru dk eqy dkj.k crkrk gSA og Hkkjrh; lekt dks Li"V :i ls fgUnw vkSj fd;k] fdUrq fQj Hkh bfrgkl ys[ku dks vkSj vf/kd djhc ls ns[kus ,oa le>us ds eqfLye nks Hkkxksa esa ns[krk gS vkSj bruk gh ugha ;g Hkh ekurk gS fd Hkkjrh; lekt dh fy;s lbZn dh izkP;okn dh vo/kkj.kk ,d egRoiw.kZ lk/ku ekuh tkrh gSA VkWM orZeku leL;kvksa dk cgqr cM+k dkj.k eqfLyeksa ds vkÿe.k ,oa eqfLye dky jgk ds bfrgkl ys[ku dks Hkh blh lanHkZ esa ns[kus dh vko';drk gSA ewy :i ls gSA ;|fi og ftu jktiwr jkT;ksa ds iru dk dkj.k eqfLye 'kkldksa dks crkrk gS lbZn us ;qjksih; bfrgkldkjksa (fo'ks"k :i ls fczfV'k ,oa ›kafllh) dh iwoZ laca/kh okLro es mudk xkSjoe; dky eqxyksa ds dky esa gh jgk gSA vdcj ls ysdj 275 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 549 550 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 'kkgtgk° ds dky rd jktiwr jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr fujUrj c<+rs ÿe esa etcwr gqbZ FkhA ,d cqfºthfo Fkk] ftldh u flQZ Hkkjr cfYd ;qjksi ds bfrgkl esa Hkh #fp FkhA jktiwr jkT; bl dky esa i;kZIr 'kfDr'kkyh FkssA blh ÿe esa ;fn fczfV'k dky esa mUuhloha lnh dk le; ;qjksi esa izcks/ku dk dky ekuk tkrk gSA mi;ksfxrkoknh jktiwr jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr dh rqyuk dh tk, rks] ;g Li"V :i ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS bfrgkldkj blh izcks/ku dky ds vuqxkeh FksA fd] fczfV'k dky esa jktiwr jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr vR;Ur detksj gks xbZ FkhA jktiwr jkT;ksa mijksDr tk°p esa ;fn ns[kk tk, rks VkWM ftl izdkj ls Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa ij fczfV'k izHkqRo dks dk;e djus esa VkWM dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ls Hkh budkj ugha jktO;oLFkk dks le> jgk Fkk og Li"V :i ls Hkkjrh; lekt dks iwoZ vk/kqfud gh fd;k tk ldrkA eku jgk Fkk vkSj ;g crkus dk iz;kl dj jgk Fkk fd] vusd dkj.kksa ls ;gk° vk/kqfudrk bl izdkj loZizFke rks VkWM ds bfrgkl dks ns[kus ds utfj;s esa nksgjkiu Li"V dk izos'k ugha gks ik;k gS vkSj fczfV'k ljdkj bl lekt dks vk/kqfud cuk ldrh gS ns[kk tk ldrk gSA lkFk gh ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd] og vizR;{k :i ls ogh vkSj e/;dkyhu leL;kvksa ls eqfDr fnyk ldrh gS] blfy;s fczfV'k ljdkj dk lkFk dk;Z dj jgk gS tks fd izR;{k :i ls fey dj jgk FkkA fey dh gh rjg fczfV'k vfuok;Z gSA og tc jktiwr tkfr;ksa dk bfrgkl fy[krk gSA rks muds fy;s vaxzsth esa lkezkT; ds fodkl esa og vius vyx rjhds ls ;ksxnku dj jgk FkkA mldk jkLrk V™kbZc 'kCn dk iz;ksx djrk gSA ftldk fgUnh esa vFkZ dnkfi Hkh tkfr ugha gks ldrk ;|fi vyx Fkk fdUrq y{; rks fey dh rjg ewy :i ls lkezkT; dh lsok djuk gh (ftl lanHkZ esa orZeku eas ge tkfr dks le>rs gSa)A FkkA VkWM viuh izLRkkouk esa gh bl ckr dks Li"V djrk gS fd] Hkkjr esa ,sfrgkfld fpUru ds vHkko laca/kh ;qjksih; vo/kkj.kk dks vc [kRe fd;k tk jgk gSA ;|fi izFke n`"V;k ;g dFku lkQ rkSj ij izkP; lH;rk dk i{k/kj utj vkrk gS] fdUrq blesa ,d ;g vo/kkj.kk Hkh vUrfuZfgr gS fd] izkP; lH;rk dh Js"Brh dh LohdkjksfDr Hkh ifçe dh cgl ij gh fuHkZj djrh gSA mldh Js"Brk dks flº djus dk dk;Z (Hkkj) Hkh ifçe ds fo}kuksa dks gh djuk iM+ jgk gSA bldks ^OgkbZV eSu cMZu F;ksjh* ds lanHkZ esa Hkh le>k tk ldrk gSA ;gk° iwoZ vkSj ifçe dk ;g Hksn lkQ utj vkrk gSA lbZn ftl izdkj ls dgrs gSa fd izkP;okfn;ksa us loZFkk izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k :i ls ;g izdV djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS fd] iwoZ ,oa ifçe esa Li"V Hksn gS vkSj ifçe Js"B gS] mldks bl lanHkZ esa le>k tk ldrk gSA ;fn VkWM Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa laLœfr dh Js"Brk ij okLro esa vHkhHkwr Fkk rks] fQj mldks LorU= :i ls Js"B D;ksa ugha flº fd;kA iwoZ pkgs Js"B jgk gks] fdUrq mldh Js"Brk dh fuHkZjrk rks ifçe ds fo}kuksa dh oSKkfudrk] 'kks/k vfHko`fŸk ij gh fuHkZj djrh FkhA ;qjksi esa vk/kqfudrk dk izos'k gks pqdk FkkA ;qjksih; lekt e/;dkyhu lkeUroknh O;oLFkk ls eqDr gksdj vk/kqfud ,oa oSKkfud cu x;k FkkA /kkfeZd ekU;rk,°] fLFkj lekt] lkeUroknh O;oLFkk] LorU=rk ,oa lekurk dk vHkko vkfn e/;dky dh fo'ks"krk,° ekuh tkrh FkhA uotkxj.k ds dky esa ;qjksi us bu lc ls eqfDr izkIr dh vkSj vk/kqfudrk esa izos'k fd;kA okLro esa vk/kqfud gksus ds deZ esa ;g vkLFkk fufgr gSa fd psru euq";] dkj.k vkSj foKku dh lgk;rk ls] lkekftd thou dh HkkSfrd vkSj ckSfºd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks cny ldrs gSaA ›akl dh ÿkafr us vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kk dks ,d lSºkfUrdrk iznku dhA VkWM Hkh mlh vk/kqfud ;qjksi dk 276 552 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 lEeku ds lkFk tjh ds diM+s vkHkw"k.kksa lfgr ^^ikx** (ixM+h) igukdj izk;% ^^Mksy** fudky dj ys tkrs FksA3 ;ksa rks yEch vk;q izkIr dj ejus okys L=h ;k iq#"k dk ^^Mksy** fudkyk tkrk FkkA firk dh thforkoLFkk esa iq= dk ,oa L=h ds esokM+&jkT; ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd igyw lkl&'olqj ds thfor gksus ij ^^Mksy** ugha fudkyk tkrk FkkA fBdkus esa lkeUr ;k dk lzksr ^nsoyksd i/kkfj;k dh cfg;ka jktekrk ;k jkuh ds nsgkUr ij ^^Mksy** fudkyus dh izFkk FkhA rc iq#"k dks (dkuksM+ fBdkuk ds lanHkZ esa) ^^cSdqUBh** esa fcBkdj rFkk L=h dks lqykdj vFkhZ ds vkxs #i;s] iSls] ukfj;y] Qwyh vkfn mNkyrs gq;s tkrs Fks] mUgsa ^^Mkse** ywVrs FksA xk°o ds lHkh ukbZ e'kkysa tykdj MkW- ts-ds- vks>k pyrs FksA ;g bl ckr dk izrhd Fkk fd] ml lkeUr fo'ks"k ds ej tkus ls fBdkus esa fnu esa Hkh va/ksjk gks x;kA kus ds fy, dkuksM+&fBdkus dh (nsoyksd i/kkfj;k) cfg;ka ,d vPNk lk/ku lkfcr gks ldrh gSA blesa dksbZ lansg iqjk.k egyksa ls iqjksfgr ds ;gk° pyh tkrh Fkh vkSj rc iqjksfgr ds ;gk° bldk ikB gksrk ugha fd] ;s cfg;ka lkeUr oxZ ls lEcfU/kr gSa] fQj Hkh tu&lkekU; blls vNwrk ugha FkkA rhljs fnu ls 12osa fnu rd dh fofHkUu fÿ;kvksa dh foLr`r tkudkjh ds fy, 4 jgkA ml ij bl laLdkj dk izR;{k ;k vizR;{k izHkko iM+uk LokHkkfod gh FkkA ;s cfg;ka egRoiw.kZZ gSA lkeUr ;k lEcfU/kr O;fDr dh e`R;q gks tkus ij cgh esa loZizFke e`R;q dk fnu frfFk e`R;q ds volj ij ckjg fnukas ij fd;k tkus okyk e`R;qHkkst] ftlesa czk„.k fy[krs FksA vr% ml O;fDr fo'ks"k dh e`R;q&rkjh[k djus esa dksbZ fookn ugha jg vkfn dks Hkkstu djk ds nku vkfn fn;k tkrk Fkk] mls ^^cz„&Hkkst** dgrs FksA 1883 tkrkA tSls&jkor vthrflag dk nsgkUr Jko.k cnh 12] fo-la- 1907] jkor mEesnflag bZ- esa jkor mEesnflag dh e`R;q gqbZ rd cz„&Hkkst fd;k x;k mlesa dkuksM+ rFkk dh e`R;q lkseokj] Ikks"k lqnh 2 fo-la- 1940 dks gqbZA2 rn~i'pkr~ nkg&LFky rd ys vklikl ds dqy 6333 fofHkUu tkfr ds yksxksa dks Hkkstu djk;k x;k FkkA dkuksM+ ds tkus dh izfÿ;k gksrh Fkh] ftlls Li"V gS fd jkor dh e`R;q gks tkus ij mls 'kkldh; lHkh yksxksa dks Hkkstu ij vkeaf=r fd;k x;k tks fuEukafdr lkfj.kh ls Li"V gSµ6 277 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 553 554 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 lkfj.kh la[;kµ1 31- ydrh gSA 18- gydkjk 2 0-05 dekZUrjh czk„.k fÿ;k&deZ lEiUu djkrk Fkk tSls 1850 bZ- esa jkor vthrflag dh 19- rsyh 56 1-47 e`R;q ij eksguyky us fÿ;k djkbZ FkhA9 20- iqjfc;k 10 0-26 esokM+ jkT; esa tkrh;&Hksn ,oa NqvkNqr gksrs gq, gq;s Hkh ijLij oxksZ o tkfr;ksa 21- [kkrh 2 0-05 ds chp [kkbZ ugha FkhA muesa ikjLifjd lEcU/k ,oa fuHkZjrk dks bu cfg;ksa ds vk/kkj 22- fiatkjk 50 1-31 ij Li"V :i ls le>k tk ldrk gS] tcfd izR;sd tkfr dk O;fDr vius&vius us ds fy;s vPNh lkexzh miyC/k gksrh gSA lkFk gh ;g Hkh ls dher fuf'pr gksrh FkhA16 diM+ksa dh dher mudh fdLe ds vk/kkj ij gksrh Fkh irk yxrk gS fd] lkekftd thou&pÿ dks pykus ds fy;s ,d nwljs ls feydj tSls ,d ixM+h dh vyx&vyx dhersa Fkhµ1 #- 9 vkuk] 1 #- 12 vkuk] 3 #- 4 dk;Z djuk vko';d FkkA fofHkUu vkHkw"k.kksa] oL=ksa ,oa nSfud mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkus vkuk] 4 #- vkfnA crZuksa dk dgha ij Hkh rksy ugha ns j[kk gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd okyh oLrqvksa dh tkudkjh ds fy;s Hkh ;s cfg;ka cM+s dke dh gSa13 tSlsµckyk canh] crZu ds vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij mldk ewY; fu/kkZfjr djds izfr ux ds fglkc ls csps lksus dk Nksxk] eksfr;ksa dh daBh] uFk] ljisap] pkanh dk M+ksjk] eksfr;ksa dh iwapsa] vkfn tkrs FksA dkalk] ihry o rkEcs ds crZuksa dk vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA17 vkHkw"k.kksa dk] ikeM+h] ikx] okxk] dksV] /kkSrh] eksBM+k] iNsoM+h] nqiV~Vk] jstk] vaxj[kh] esokM+ jkT; ds O;kikfjd dsUnz ds :i esa HkhyokM+k dh izeq[krk utj vkrh dqrkZ] ≈uh oL=] ygaxk] dkapyh] iksepk] lkM+h] #eky vkfn] iq#"k ia[kh] Nkrk gSA 1883 bZ- esa xesjth nd HkhyokM+k crZu ysus x;k FkkA pUnu Hkh.Mj ls eaxok;k] 'k;~;k] jtkbZ] xn~nk] ixj[kh (twrs)] dEcy] gkFkh nkar dk pwMk] Fkkyh] djNh] ?kklk o :.MsM+k ls xqM+ eaxok;k] :.MsM+k ls gh jstk rFkk dhdkokl ls /kfu;k] cksgsM+k ijkr] nsxph vkfn nSfud mi;ksx dh oLrqvksa dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA lkFk gh ls xsgw°] fry] lkjaxiqjk ls eDdh eaxokbZ FkhA18 Li"V gS fd ?kklk o :.MsM+k esa xUuk [kku&iku esa 'kDdj] ?kh] rsy] pkoy] xje elkyk] xqM+] puk] ewax] eDdh] vkfn ds cgqrk;r ds lkFk gksrk Fkk] rks dhdkokl esa /kfu;k] cksgsM+k] lkjaxiqjk esa ÿe'k% xsgw°] ckjs esa Hkh bu cfg;ksa ls lkexzh izkIr gksrh gSA14 lekt esa e`R;q ds volj ij izpfyr eDdh dh iSnkokj vf/kd gksrh FkhA blesa dksbZ lansg ugha dh lkear ds fy;s fofHkUu nku&nf{k.kk] riZ.k] 'kkafr ds fy;s dh xbZ fÿ;kvksa vkfn ls /kkfeZd fLFkfr [kjhnnkjh dh tk jgh Fkh blfy;s xM+cM+h ds volj rks de jgrs Fks fdUrq tgk° rFkk czk„.kksa ds egRo dks le>k tk ldrk gSA iSnkokj gks ogk° rqyukRed n`f"V ls oLrq lLrh feyrh FkhA 1883 bZ- dh cgh ls ;g ;s cfg;ka rRdkyhu vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks le>us ds fy;s Hkh dkQh mi;ksxh Hkh Kkr gksrk gS fd rc lksus dk Hkko 24 #- 8 vkus dk ,d rksyk Fkk rks pkanh 1 #- gSA [kk|&lkexzh dh tkudkjh ds lkFk&lkFk muds Hkko] ewY; (dher) rFkk og 15 8 vkuk rksyk FkhA mn;iqjh] pkUnksM+h] Lo:i'kkgh] vny] Vdk o dynkj dk flDdksa lkexzh fo'ks"k dgk° ls eaxokbZ xbZ Fkh] bldk irk Hkh yxrk gSA ds :i esa izpyu FkkA19 pkanh ds mn;iqjh flDds ds ,d #i;s esa 165 xzsu] vkB vkuk lkfj.kh la[;k&2 esa 77 xzsu] pkj vkuk esa 38 xzsu otu gksrk FkkA pkanksM+h&#i;s esa 167 xzsu] vkB vkuk ÿ-la- ftUl dher izfr ,d #i;k fdyks esa esa 86 xzsu] pkj vkuk esa 42 xzsu] nks vkuk esa 21 xzsu o ,d vkuk esa 10 xzsu otu FkkA 1850 bZ- 1866 bZ- 1883 bZ- pkanksM+h #i;s dk jkT; esa ysunsu ds fy;s 12 vkuk ewY; Fkk fdUrq cktkj esa /kkrqbZ 1- xsgw° 14-562 19-32 14-71 ewY; ds dkj.k bls dsoy 6 vkuk esa Lohœr fd;k x;k FkkA NksVs flDdksa dh dher 2- tkS µ µ 23-3 buds cjkcj gh FkhA mRlo vkfn voljksa ij HksaV Lo:i nsus ds fy;s rc Lo.kZ fefJr 3- pkoy µ µ 7-165 pkanksM+h flDds Hkh izpfyr FksA ;s flDds ckn rd izpyu esa jgs FksA 4- pus dh nky µ 22-56 23-3 cfg;ksa esa Hkkstu vkfn ij dqy [kpZ ds ;ksx ls tSls 1850 bZ- esa 4800 :-] 5- [kkaM ('kDdj) µ 1-875 2-27 14 vkuk] 3 iSls_ 1866 bZ- esa 3464 #- 14 vkuk] 1 iSlk dqy [kpZ gqvkA mlesa 6- ?kh µ 1-395 µ ÿe'k% 2200 #-] pkj vkuk] 2 iSls] 2538 #- dsoy e`R;qHkkst ij [kpZ gqvk rFkk 7- rsy µ 3-88 3-45 1883 bZ- esa 13955 #- 3 vkuk] 2 iSlk dqy [kpZ gqvk FkkA Li"V gS fd uohu lkear 8- xqM+ µ 3-65 µ }kjk fnoaxr lkear dh 'kkafr ,oa riZ.k ds fy;s tks [kpZ fd;k tkrk Fkk] mlesa mlds 279 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 557 Lo;a dk Lrj o opZLo izfr"Bkfir djus dh Hkkouk vf/kd jgrh FkhA pwafd ;g [kpZ ^^jktdh; en** esa ls fd;k tkrk Fkk vr,o bldk jktdh; dks"k ls vf/kd Hkkj dkuksM+&lkear ds tkxhjnkjksa ,oa varr% tu&lkekU; ij iM+rk FkkA bl izdkj ls esokM+ jkT; dh lkeUrh;&O;oLFkk ds vraxZr lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa dks lwjtdaoj C;ko jh cgh & fo'ks"k lanHkZ tkuus ds fy, bl izdkj dh cfg;ka Hkh ,d vewY; lzksr gS ftudk mi;ksx djds (oSokfgd jhfr;k° vkSj ngst dk C;kSjk) uohu ifjizs{; esa vkykspukRed ,sfrgkfld v/;;u fd;k tk ldrk gSA MkW- vYiuk nqHkk"ks lUnHkZ 1- jktLFkku xtsfV;lZ] mn;iqj fMfLV™DV 1979] i`- 2&3] dkuksM+ mn;iqj ls 65 fdeh- nf{k.kh&iwoZ egkjktk Jh xtjktflag f}rh; ds 60osa jktfrydksRlo o"kZ ds miy{; esa esa 24040* 7400* iw- ij fLFkr gSA MkW- egsUnzflag uxj }kjk lEikfnr dh xbZ iqLrd lwjtdaoj C;ko jh cgh ,sfrgkfld 2- dkuksM+ laxzg (Jhefr lj;wnsoh vks>k laxzg esa lqjf{kr)] cLrk ua- 1 cgh ua- 30 ,] cM+k n`f"Vdks.k ls vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ nLrkost gSA esjk 'kks/k&i= o"kZ 1776 esa rRdkyhu gqtwj mEesnflagth nsoyksd i/kkjs mlds [kpZ dh cgh] i`- 1 cLrk ua- 2] cgh ua- 25] egkjktk vthrflag th dh ckbZthyky Jh lwjtdqaoj Jh cM+h HkVh;k.khth dh nku&iq.; dh cgh] i`- 05- 3- dkuksM+&laxzg] cLrk ua- 1] cgh ua- 1] cgh ua-30 , cM+k gqtwj mEesnflagth nsoyksd i/kkjs lqiq=h ds fookg dh cgh ij vk/kkfjr gSA lokZf/kd izkphu cfg;ksa esa ls ,d gSA fo- mlds [kpZ dh cgh] i`- 2&8] 24&26] cLrk ua- 2] cgh ua- nku&iq.; dh cgh] i`- 09- la-1776 dh T;s"B cnh dks 9 dks tks/kiqj ds egkjktk vthrflag dh jktdqekjh 4- oghA lwjtdaoj dk fookg vkesj ds egkjktk lokbZ t;flag ds lkFk lEiUu gksus esa ftu 5- dkuksM+&laxzg] cLrk ua- 2] cgh ua- 31] uqaxrk dh cgh] i`- 6&13 jhfr&fjoktksa] ijEijkvksa rFkk oSfnd fookg ijEijk esa laLdkjkFkZ fufeZr fd;s x;s 6- ogh] i`- 06 eaMi] osnh] rksj.k vkfn dk vk°[kksa ns[kk gky mYysf[kr gSA ;g cgh iqLrd izdk'ku 7- ogh] i`- 6&13- ÿekad 333 ds :i esa egkjktk ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k 'kks/k dsUnz] esgjkux<+ tks/kiqj 8- ogh] i`- 6&11- esa lqjf{kr gSA 9- dkuksM+&laxzg] cLrk ua- 2] cgh ua- 25] nku&iq.; dh cgh] i`- 7- 10- ts-ds- vks>k] esokM+ dk bfrgkl] fnYyh] 1980] i`- 287- cgh ds izkjfEHkd 'kh"kZd esa bls ^ckbZ th lwjdaojth js C;ko jh cgh* dgk 11- dkuksM+&laxzg] cLrk ua- 1] cgh ua- 30 , cM+k gqtwj mEesnflagth nsoyksd i/kkjs mlds [kpZ x;k gSA fookg dk;Zÿe esa gksus okys O;; ds vk°dM+s tkudkj e/;dkyhu Hkkjr ds dh cgh] i`- 6&9 oSHko ,oa jktdqyksa dh f'k"Vkpkj dh ijEijk ds fuokZg dk Kku rks gksrk gh gS lkFk gh 12- ogh] i`- 5&26- fookg laLdkjksa esa viukbZ tkus okyh iºfr o fof/k fo/kku dk gj igyw Li"V gksrk 13- ogh] cLrk ua- 2] cgh ua- 25] nku&iq.; dh cgh] i`- 7&10 gSA1 loZizFke lokbZ t;flag ds fuosnu ij jktk vthrflag us fookg dh ?kks"k.kk dh 14- ogh 15- ogh vkSj viuh iq=h ds fookg dh rkacwy ohfVdk (iku) lokbZ t;flag dks HksaV djus dh 16- ogh vkKk ^chfM;k* Qrsgpan dks nhA egkjktk vthrflag us lokbZ t;flag dks vkxzg 17- ogh izseiwoZd Lohdkj fd;k rFkk t;flag dks vius Msjs ls fonkbZ nhA 18- dkuksM+&laxzg] cLrk ua- 1 cgh ua- 30 ,] cM+k gqtwj mEesnflagth nsoyksd i/kkjs mlds [kpZ vius Msjs ij igq°p dj jktk t;flag us viuh izlUurk dk vkxkt] jkxjax dh cgh] i`- 3&10- vk;ksftr djds fd;kA vius osnKksa] fo}ku iafMrksa dh ea=.kk ls fookg dh frfFk vkSj 19- vkj-,y- lkej] dkWbUl vkWQ esokM+] okjk.klh] 1963] i`- 78- eqgwrZ fuf'pr dj ykSfdd O;ogkj ds vuqlkj [khaolh HkkVh ds iq= ekuflag vkSj O;kl Qrspan dks yxu nsdj fookg dh rS;kjh djus gsrq dgyk;kA rRi'pkr~ tukuk M~;ks<+h ij mifLFkr yksxksa dks ekaxfyd xqM+ forfjr fd;k vkSj iafMrska rFkk T;ksfrf"k;ksa dks nf{k.kk HksaV vkfn nhA i= la[;k 18 ls 20 rd oSokfgd jhfr&fjoktksa dk ÿe ls 280 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 559 560 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 o.kZu gSA izeq[k :i ls gkFk dke] fouk;d LFkkiuk] dkad.k MksjMk cka/kuk] ih<+h] e.Miksa dh yEckbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkSj ≈°pkbZ vkfn dk eku gkFk oS| rFkk vewy ls fn;s x;sA laikM+k] Luku] paojh esa igq°p dj nsorkvksa dh iwtk gFkysok] xBtksM+k ca/ku] lIrinh] bu e.Miksa esa yxkbZ tkus okys [kEcks dks etcwrh nsus ds fy;s vke] dsys rFkk ckl ds fookg ds mijkUr 'kdqu djuk vkfn dk lfoLrkj o.kZu gSA2 iRrksa dks yisV dj cka/kus latkus rFkk }kj ds fuekZ.k dk fo/kku ifjtkr uked gkFk dke esa jktdqekjh dks ikV ij fcBk dj M~;ksrk Fkk fd ekjokM+ esa mldh lŸkk] jktLFkku ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa Hkh QSy xbZA1 lEeku o 'kfDr dk vfLrRo fczfV'k leFkZu ij gh fuHkZj djrk gSA vr% mlus ,-th- tgk° rd ekjokM+ esa gq, 1857 ds fonzksg dk iz'u gS ;gk° ij gqvk fonzksg th- }kjk 23 ebZ] 1857 dks mDr ?kks"k.kk tkjh fd, tkus ls iwoZ gh 21 ebZ dks tks/kiqj vkmok ds Bkdqj dq'kkyflag pkaikor dh blesa jgh Hkwfedk ds dkj.k vR;f/kd esa fu;qDr fczfV'k iksfyVhdy ,tsUV dSIVu ekWd eSlu dks ,-th-th- jktiwrkuk duZy egŸoiw.kZ cu x;k FkkA izLrqr 'kks/k&i= dks rRlEcU/kh rF;ijd fo'ys"k.k ,oa ykWjsUl dks vxzsf"kr djus ds fy, ,d i= fn;k ftlesa egkjktk us ;g fy[kk Fkk fd] iqujkoyksdu ij dsfUnzr djrs gq, bl fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr dfri; u, fu"d"kZ ^^eSa vkidks fo'okl fnykrk gw° fd tks/kiqj dk jktk ‚n; vkSj vkRek ls vkidk vkns'k izfrikfnr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd vkmok] Lora=rk ls iwoZ feyrs gh vkidh lgk;rk djsxk] D;ksafd gekjs fgr leku gSaAfi9 egkjktk r[rflag us ds ^jkt&ekjokM+* (tks/kiqj jkT;) dk ,d egŸoiw.kZ fBdkuk Fkk] ftldk tkxhjnkj ekWd eslu ds 22 ebZ ds i= esa pkgh xbZ lqj{kk&O;oLFkkvksa dk izcU/k Hkh rRdky dj Bkdqj dq'kky flag pkaikor Fkk] tks ekjokM+ esa fczfV'k loksZPp lŸkk dks pqukSrh nsus ds fn;kA10 dq'kyjkt fla?koh ds usr`Ro esa tks/kiqj dh v'okjksgh lSU; VqdM+h vtesj dkj.k lelkef;d vkSj ijorhZ ppkZ dk dsUnz fcUnq cuk FkkA mYys[kuh; gS fd lu~ esxthu dh j{kk ds fy, Hksth xbZA ulhjkckn rFkk uhep ds fonzksgh lSfudksa dk ihNk 1818 bZ- esa fczfV'k loksZPp lŸkk ds lkFk tks/kiqj] chdkusj] t;iqj vkSj mn;iqj ds tks/kiqj lsuk ds }kjk fd;k x;k rFkk ,fjuiqjk fLFkr tks/kiqj dh ckxh gks xbZ ^tks/kiqj& 2 jkT;ksa us ^lrr fe=rk] xBca/ku] vkSj fgrksa dh ,drk* dh laaf/k;ka djds ,d izdkj yhft;u* dk neu djus ds fy, fdysnkj vukM+ flag ds usr`Ro esa tks/kiqjh njckjh ls fczfV'k lŸkk dh v/khurk Lohdkj dj yh FkhA izHkkoLo:i fczfV'k laj{k.k esa gh QkSt Hksth xbZA11 bl le; tks/kiqj ds egkjktk r[rflag us fljksgh esa vtesj&esjokM+k vius dks lqjf{kr ekuus okys bu jktkvksa ds vaxzstksa ds izfr fu"Bk&Hkko dk ifj.kke rd ds {ks= dh j{kk fonzksfg;ksa ls djus dk nkf;Ro lg"kZ Lohdkj fd;k FkkA12 ;gh ;g fudyk fd 1857 ds fonzksg ds le; jktLFkku ds vf/kdka'k jktkvksa us fonzksg dk ugha fonzksg dky esa tks/kiqj] fczfV'k&lsuk ds lapkj ek/;e dk egŸoiw.kZ dsUnz Hkh cu neu djus ds fy, fczfV'k ljdkj dks lg;ksx iznku fd;k FkkA lu~ 1857 ds fonzksg x;k FkkA13 ds le; jktiwrkuk esa duZy tkWtZ lsaV iSfV™d ykjsUl (twu ls fczxsfM;j tujy) jktLFkku esa fonzksg dh 'kq:vkr 28 ebZ] lu~ 1857 dks ulhjkckn Nkouh esa dk;Zokgd ,-th-th- (,tsUV Vw fn xouZj tujy) ds in ij fu;qDr FkkA blds gqbZ FkhA14 uhep Nkouh esa 3 twu dks fonzksg vfXu izTtofyr gqbZ FkhA ekjokM+ jkT; esa v/khu ml le; mn;iqj] tks/kiqj] dksVk] Hkjriqj rFkk t;iqj esa iksfyVhdy ,tsUV fonzksg dh 'kq:vkr ,fjuiqjk fLFkr tks/kiqj&yhft;u (tks/kiqj QkSt) ds fonzksg ds fu;qDr FksA tks/kiqj dk iksfyVhdy ,tsUV dSIVu ekWd eSlu FkkA3 vaxzst gqdwer us lkFk gqbZ FkhA 21 vxLr dks ekm.V vkcw ls 2 ehy nwjh ij fLFkr vuknjk esa jksgqok iz'kklfud vkSj lSU; fu;a=.k ds fy, jktLFkku esa vtesj] ulhjkckn] nsoyh vkSj 286 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 571 572 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 (fljksgh jkT;) ds Bkdqj dks nckus ds fy, ,fjuiqjk ls Hksth xbZ tks/kiqj yhft;u dh dks fy[kk rFkk mldh ,d izfrfyfi fdysnkj vukM+ flag dks Hkh HksthA26 blh le; ,d VqdM+h us vkSj ekm.V vkcw esa rSukr blh yhft;u dh ,d dEiuh esa ,d lkFk ,-th-th- us vukM+ flag dks lkefjd (;qº lEcU/kh) ijke'kZ nsus ds fy, ysf∂VusUV ekm.V vkcw esa vaxzst lSfudksa dh cSjdksa vkSj tks/kiqj yhft;u ds vaxzst vQlj ghFkdksV dks Hkh fcBkSM+k Hkst fn;kA27 bl i= dk vukM+ flag ij peRdkfjd izHkko dSIVu gky ds fuokl ij /kkok cksy fn;kA bl geys esa ,-th-th- ykjsUl dk iq= ,- gqvk vkSj mlus fonzksfg;ksa ij geyk cksy fn;kA ijUrq] nks fnu pys bl ;qº esa tks/kiqj ykjsUl ?kk;y gks x;kA15 ;|fi mDr vkÿe.k lQy ugha jgk fdUrq] bldh lwpuk njckj dh tcnZLr ijkt; gqbZ vkSj fdysnkj vukM+ flag Hkh ekjk x;kA dq'ky jkt tks/kiqj&yhft;u ds eq[;ky; ,fjuiqjk igq°p xbZ vkSj 22 vxLr dks ,fjuiqjk fLFkr fla?koh vkSj fot;ey esgrk j.k{ks= ls Hkkx x;s vkSj vaxzst vQlj ysf∂VusUV tks/kiqj yhft;u ds lSfudksa us fonzksg dk fcxqy ctk fn;kA16 blh fnu ekm.V vkcw ghFkdksV Hkh viuh tku cpkus ds fy, ogk° ls Hkkx NwVkA tks/kiqj njckj dh QkSt dh ls fonzksgh lSfud Hkh ,fjuiqjk igq°p x,A17 fonzksgh lSfudksa us LVs'ku vkSj Nkouh dks f'kfoj lkexzh] rksisa vkSj xksyk&ck:n vkmok Bkdqj ds vf/kdkj esa vk x,A28 bl ;qº ywVk rFkk vtesj dh vksj dwp fd;k] ijUrq ikyh ls viuk ekxZ cny dj vkmok esa ijkt; vkSj vius ;ksºkvksa ds ekjs tkus ls egkjktk dks fdruk vf/kd 'kksd gqvk igq°p x;sA vkmok dk Bkdqj dq'kky flag pkaikor dfri; dkj.kksa ls tks/kiqj egkjktk gksxk] bldk vuqeku rks ek= blls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd bl 'kksd esa jktizklkn esa 29 vkSj vaxzstksa ls vlarq"V rFkk #"V py jgk FkkA18 mlus bu fonzksgh lSfudksa dks viuh nksuksa le; ctus okyh ukSir esa ls ,d le; dh ukSir cUn j[kokbZ xbZA oLrqr% ;g lsok esa ys fy;kA19 ;gh ugha vkmok Bkdqj us vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ka eglwl dj vaxzstksa tks/kiqj njckj dh gh ugha vaxzst gqdwer dh Hkh ,d ,slh gkj Fkh] ftlls tks/kiqj ds fo#º fonzksg Hkh dj fn;kA20 fonzksgh tks/kiqj&yhft;u] 25 vxLr] 1857 dks njckj ,oa vaxzstksa dh la;qDr 'kfDr fryfeyk mBh Fkh vkSj vkmok Bkdqj dks usLrukcwn tc vkmok igq°ph Fkh] rc ogk° ds tkxhjnkj Bkdqj dq'kkyflag pkaikor us mUgsa iwjk djus dks d`rladYi gks xbZ FkhA vkJ; fn;k FkkA ml lSU; VqdM+h esa ml le; ,d gtkj flikgh vkSj N% lkS vkmok ij nwljk vkÿe.k vkSj ykjsUl dh gkj (18 flrEcj] 1857) ?kqM+lokj FksA vkmok Bkdqj us bl lsuk dk usr`Ro Lohdkj fd;kA21 fonzksgh tks/kiqj& vaxzst lŸkk lefFkZr tks/kiqj dh QkSt dks feyh f'kdLr ls fczfV'k Hkkjr dh yhft;u ds vykok vklksi Bkdqj f'koukFk flag dwaikor] xwyj Bkdqj fc'kuflag vaxzst lŸkk dh fLFkfr ij cqjk izHkko iM+sxk] ;g lksp dj ,-th-th- jktiwrkuk] esM+fr;k vkSj vkyfu;kokl Bkdqj vthrflag Hkh vius&vius lSU; cy ds lkFk fczxsfM;j ykjsUl C;koj ls ,d QkSt ysdj vkmok ij p<+kbZ djus ds fy, Lo;a gh vkmok igq°p x,A22 gesa ;g tkudkjh Hkh feyrh gS] fd vkmok Bkdqj ds vU; py iM+kA tks/kiqj ls ogk° dk fczfV'k iksfyVhdy ,tsUV ekWd eSlu rFkk ikyh ls lg;ksfx;ksa esa tks/kiqj jkT; ds ykfEc;k] ckark] Hkhaokfy;k] jM~Mkokl vkSj cktkokl dq'kyjkt fla?koh Hkh viuh&viuh lsuk,a ysdj ykjsUl ls vk feysA bu rhuksa dh rFkk esokM+ jkT; ds lywEcj] :iuxj] ylk.kh] vklhUn vkfn ds ljnkj Hkh FksA bl la;qDr lsuk us 18 flrEcj] 1857 dks vkmok ij /kkok cksy fn;kA ijUrq] ;qº esa ,- rjg mldh lSU; 'kfDr 6 gtkj ds yxHkx gks xbZ FkhA23 th-th- ykjsUl dh viekutud ijkt; gqbZA mldh lsuk dk lcls viekutud uqdlku ;g gqvk fd tks/kiqj dk iksfyVhdy ,tsUV dSIVj ekWd eSlu ekjk x;k vkSj vkmok ij izFke vkÿe.k ,oa tks/kiqj dh njckjh QkSt dh gkj (8&9 vkmok ds fonzksfg;ksa us mlds flj dks fdys dh izkphj ij yVdk fn;kA ml le; flrEcj] 1857) % turk dh fczfV'k fojks/kh Hkkouk,a fdruh vf/kd mxz gks pqdh Fkh] bldk vuqeku ek= ,fjuiqjk dh fonzksgh tks/kiqj&yhft;u QkSt dk ihNk djus ds fy, tks/kiqj blls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd] vaxzst HkDr tks/kiqj dk egkjktk mlds 'kksd esa ukSir egkjktk r[r flag us fdysnkj vukM+ flag] yks<+k jko jktey] esgrk N=ey vkSj ctkuk rd cUn ugha dj ldkA30 mn;iqj esa fu;qDr rRdkyhu fczfV'k iksfyVhdy uktj eq'rkd dks ,d gtkj flikgh rFkk pkj rksisa nsdj ikyh Hkstk ftlus ckn esa ,tsUV dSIVu 'kkWolZ ds vuqlkj] jktLFkku esa loksZPp lSfud ,oa jktuhfrd lŸkk ds vkmok ds fudV fcBkSM+k xk°o esa Msjk MkykA24 tks/kiqj njckj ds vkns'k ij dq'kyjkt /kuh fczxsfM;j tujy ykjsUl dh ijkt; ,d xEHkhj ?kVuk FkhA blls Hkh Hk;kog fla?koh rFkk fot;ey esgrk Hkh ik°p lkS ?kqM+lokj ysdj fdysnkj vukM+ flag dh ?kVuk dSIVu ekWd eSlu dk o/k vkSj mlds flj dks fdys dh izkphj ij fonzksfg;ksa ds enn ds fy, fcBkSM+k (fcBqM+k) igq°p x,A25 ijUrq] tks/kiqj dh bl QkSt ds }kjk }kjk Vkaxuk Fkk] tks muds mcyrs gq, tu vlarks"k dh vfHkO;fDr FkhA31 Hkkjr ds fonzksfg;ksa ij rRdky geyk ugha fd, tkus ij ,-th-th- fczxsfM;j tujy ykWjsUl xouZj tujy us Lo;a vkmok ds fo#º ,-th-th- ykjsUl ds bl vlQy vfHk;ku ds mf}Xu gks x;k vkSj mlus O;aX;kRed dBksj Hkk"kk esa ,d i= egkjktk tks/kiqj r[r flag izfr vizlUurk izdV dh FkhA32 287 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 573 574 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 mRlkfgr fonzksfg;ksa dk fnYyh dh vksj dwp (10 vDVwcj] 1857) fojks/k djds dSIVu ekWd eSlu dk o/k djok;kA vr% ;g lwpuk nh tkrh gS fd ;fn jktiwrkuk ds ,-th-th- fczxsfM;j tujy ykjsUl dh bl ijkt; us fonzksfg;ksa fdlh O;fDr us vkmok Bkdqj ;k mlds lg;ksxh dks enn ;k 'kj.k nh rks mls fczfV'k ds gkSlys cqyUn dj fn, FksA vkmok Bkdqj dq'kky flag pkaikor vkaXy fojks/kh eqfge ljdkj rFkk mlds fe= tks/kiqj egkjktk dk 'k=q le>k tk,xk vkSj mlds f[kykQ dk ,d uk;d cu dj mHkjrk gqvk n`f"Vxr gqvkA ekjokM+ dh 1857 dh ÿkafr ek= lSU; dkuwu ds varxZr dk;Zokgh dh tk,xhA43 vkmok rd gh lhfer ugha FkhA ÿkafr ds usr`RodrkZvksa dk lEidZ fnYyh ls rFkk vkmok ij rhljk vkÿe.k vkSj vaxzstksa dh lQyrk (tuojh] 1858) 33 lywEcj (esokM+) ds ckxh Bkdqj jkor dsljh flag ls Hkh FkkA dq'kky flag dk ,d fnYyh fot; ds ckn tkjh dh xbZ ?kks"k.kk ds i'pkr~ ,-th-th- jktiwrkuk] lg;ksxh xr nks o"kks± ls esokM+&ekjokM+ ds tkxhjnkjksa esa ,drk ds fy, iz;kl dj jgk fczxsfM;j tujy ykjsUl us esokM+ vkSj ekjokM+ ds fonzksgh Bkdqjksa dk neu djus rFkk Fkk] rkfd ekjokM+&esokM+ esa fczfV'k lŸkk rFkk ujs'kksa ds fo#º laxfBr :i ls fonzksg vkmok ij vf/kdkj djus ds fy, 'kh?kz lsuk Hksth tkus dk vuqjks/k fczfV'k ljdkj ls fd;k tk ldsA34 10 vDVwcj] 1857 dks vkmok ds lg;ksxh Bkdqjksa rFkk fonzksgh fd;kA44 bl ij tuojh] 1858 esa cEcbZ ls jktLFkku esa dqed vk xbZA bl ij duZy tks/kiqj yhft;u us ckn'kkg ls leFkZu vkSj lSU; lgk;rk izkIr djus ds fy, fnYyh gksEl dh deku esa cEcbZ dh lSU; VqdM+h vkSj ulhjkckn dh 12oha cEcbZ usfVo dh vksj dwp fd;kA35 fnYyh tkus okys Bkdqjksa ds uke fuEukafdr Fks36&vklksi ds bUQSUV™h us vkmok dh ?ksjscUnh dj yhA vaxzst QkSt esa 700 v'okjksgh lSfudksa ds f'koukFkflag] xwyj ds fc'ku flag] vkyfu;kokl ds vthr flag] cktkokl ds vykok 1100 inSy lSfud] rksi[kkuk] QkSt vkSj lSfud bathfu;j FksA45 m/kj fczfV'k tks/kflag] flukyh ds pkan flag vkSj vkmok ds izfrfuf/k igkM+ flag rFkk lywEcj ds i{k dh vksj ls yM+us okyh tks/kiqj jkT; dh QkSt esa fuekt vkSj jkl ds Bkdqj FksA46 izfrfuf/k r[r flagA fnYyh dh vksj dwp djus okys bu Bkdqjksa ds lkFk yxHkx pkj nksuksa i{kksa dh vksj ls ;qº esa Hkkx ysus okys lSfudksa dh la[;k dks ysdj dqN erHksn gtkj flikgh FksA buds fnYyh tkus dk mÌs'; Fkk & eqxy ckn'kkg ls lgk;rk ysdj vo'; gSaA47 20 tuojh dks ;qº vkjEHk gks x;kA vaxzst QkSt ij igyk geyk vkmok vtesj ij vf/kdkj dj esokM+ vkSj ekjokM+ esa fczfV'k lŸkk dks lekIr djukA37 xk°o ls rksi nkx dj fd;k x;kA48 ijUrq] lkefjd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh foo'krk dks vkmok ds Bk- dq'kky flag pkaikor us tks/kiqj egkjktk r[r flag dks vinLFk djds le>rs gq, vkmok Bkdqj dq'kky flag pkaikor] muds HkkbZ i`Fohflag vkSj ifjokj ds Lo- /kksady flag ds iq= dks tks/kiqj dh xÌh ij fcBkus dh ;kstuk Hkh cukbZ FkhA38 lnL;ksa us 23 tuojh dks rwQku vkSj va/ksjs dk ykHk mBk dj] fdys dh j{kk dk Hkkj ijUrq] fnYyh ij vaxzstksa dh fot; (14&20 flrEcj] 1857) vkSj 16 uoEcj] 'ks"k 700 lSfudksa ij NksM+ dj esokM+ dh vksj izLFkku dj fn;kA49 rnuUrj] vkmok esa 1857 dks fczfV'k dek.Mj fczxsfM;j xsjkMZ ds }kjk ukjuksy esa tks/kiqj&yhft;u dks fonzksfg;ksa dk usr`Ro ykfEc;k ds Bkdqj us lEHkky fy;kA50 ;|fi ukFkwjke [kM+xkor Hkh"k.k ijkt; ns fn;s tkus ls vkmok Bkdqj dh lkjh ;kstukvksa ij ikuh fQj x;kA39 dk er gS fd Bkdqj dq'kky flag vius HkkbZ i`Fohflag dks fdys dh j{kk dh ftEesnkjh fnYyh esa fonzksfg;ksa ds fo#º vkaXy lŸkk dks feyh bl lQyrk ls lewpk ifjn`'; gh lkSai dj Lo;a lSU; lgk;rk tqVkus ds fy, vkmok ls fudyk FkkA51 cny x;kA 21 vDVwcj] 1857 dks ,-th-th- us ?kks"k.kk tkjh dh] ftlesa jktiwrkuk ds ik°p fnuksa rd nksuksa i{kksa esa Hkh"k.k ;qº tkjh jgk vkSj xksykckjh gksrh jghA ,sls jkT;ksa dks ;g psrkouh nh xbZ fd os fdlh Hkh fonzksgh flikgh vFkok vkmok ds Bkdqj mYys[k feyrs gSa fd 24 tuojh dks j{kdksa us fj'or ds ykyp esa vkdj fdys ds }kj tSls ?kksfkr vijk/kh dks vius ;gk° 'kj.k ugha nsosaA40 tks/kiqj egkjktk r[r flag us [kksy fn,A52 vkmok ds fdys ij fczfV'k fu;a=.k LFkkfir gks x;kA blds i'pkr~ vaxzst gqdwer dks fnYyh esa ckfx;ksa ds fo#º feyh lQyrk dks 21 rksisa nkx dj duZy gksEl dh lsuk us vkmok dks cqjh rjg ls ywVkA fdyk] egy] ijdksVk vkSj lSyhczsV fd;kA41 1 vDVwcj] 1857 dks vkmok Bkdqj dq'kkyflag dh tkxhj tCr edku vkfn u"V dj fn, x,A yksxksa dks funZ;rkiwoZd ;kruk,a nh xbZa vkSj vkmok esa djds mls Jhpan ds uke fd, tkus ds vkns'k izlkfjr fd, x,A42 ;|fi tks/kiqj vekuqf"kd O;ogkj fd;k x;kA53 tujy ykjsUl ds vkns'k ij vkmok Bkdqj ds rhu egkjktk ds bl vkns'k ds ckotwn Jhpan dHkh Hkh vkmok tkus dk lkgl ugha tqVk izeq[k lg;ksfx;ksa & vklksi ds f'koukFk flag] xwyj ds fc'ku flag vkSj vkyfu;kokl ldkA 6 tuojh] 1858 dks vtesj esa ,-th-th- jktwirkuk] fczxsfM;j tujy ykWjsUl ds vthr flag ds x<+ksa dks u"V dj fn;k x;kA54 vkmok ds x<+ ls 6 ihry dh rFkk us vkmok Bkdqj fo"k;d ?kks"k.kk tkjh dh ftlesa ;g dgk x;k fd vkmok Bkdqj us 7 yksgs dh rksisa rFkk 3 Vu ck:n izkIr gqvkA blds vykok rhu gtkj jkm.M dk ekjokM+ ds vU; Bkdqjksa ds lg;ksx ls vius egkjktk ds fo#º fonzksg fd;k_ tks/kiqj xksyk&ck:n Hkh feykA55 vkmok ds fdys ls izkIr nl flj vkSj 54 gkFkksa okyh QkSt ds fonzksgh lSfudksa dks viuh lsok esa j[kk vkSj xr flrEcj esa fczfV'k lsuk dk egkdkyh (lqxkyh ekrk) dh izfrek vaxzst vius lkFk ekm.V vkcw ys x,A56 288 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 575 576 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vkmok ds la?k"kZ dh vuojrrk vkmok Bkdqj dq'kky flag pkaikor dh e`R;q ds lkFk gh ekjokM+ esa fczfV'k vkmok dk xk°o] fdyk vkSj egy vkfn u"V gks tkus ds ckotwn vkmok Bkdqj izHkqlŸkk rFkk tks/kiqj ujs'k egkjktk r[r flag dh fujadq'k lŸkk ds la;qDr ekspsZ dk dq'kky flag pkaikor dk gkSlyk cqyUn jgkA mlus izfrjks/k dks tkjh j[kkA ekjokM+ izfrjks/k djus okys Lora=rk izseh dh xkSjo xkFkk dk Hkh var gks x;kA ijUrq] mlds jkT; dh gdhdr cgh esa57 vafdr C;kSjs ls Kkr gksrk gS fd] dq'kky flag us iqu% fdys fonzksgh thou dh xkFkk ekjokM+ ds yksd xhrksa eas vej gks xbZA vusd bfrgklKksa us ij vf/kdkj dj fy;kA duZy gksEl dks nwljh ckj Bkdqj dq'kky flag ds fo#º mls 1857 ds izFke Lora=rk laxzke ds uk;dksa esa 'kqekj dj ns[kk vkSj mlds la?k"kks± dh 64 dk;Zokgh dj fdys ij iqu% vf/kdkj djuk iM+k FkkA ijUrq blds ckn Hkh vkmok eqDrd.B iz'kalk dhA ;|fi] ;g ckr lR; gS fd vkmok Bkdqj dq'kky flag >qdk ughaA gdhdr cgh ls gesa ;g Hkh fofnr gksrk gS fd tks/kiqj ujs'k] vkmok Bkdqj pkaikor vkSj mlds leFkZd lkearksa o tkxhjnkjksa ds }kjk ekjokM+ esa fd;k x;k fonzksg ds izfrjks/k dks lekIr djus ds fy, le;≤ ij ek/kksflag] fot;ey esgrk vkSj vius izkjfEHkd nkSj esa jk"V™™h; eqfDr laxzke ds ctk; vius lkearh vf/kdkjksa dh j{kkFkZ uktj eq'rkd vkfn ljnkjksa dks lSfudksa lfgr vkmok Hkstrs jgs fdUrq] muesa ls dksbZ Hkh gh FkkA fonzksgh Bkdqjksa vkSj tks/kiqj ds egkjktk r[r flag ds chp js[k] pkdjh] dq'kky flag dks ijkLr ugha dj ik;kA Bkdqj us xksM+okM+ dh igkfM+;ksa dks viuk dsUnz utjkuk] mŸkjkf/kdkj ëkqYd rFkk ijEijkxr lkearh vf/kdkjksa dks ysdj xEHkhj erHksn cuk fy;k vkSj Nkikekj dk;Zokfg;ksa ds }kjk tks/kiqj egkjktk dks izfrjks/k nsus dk ÿe rFkk Vdjko dh fLFkfr FkhA blds vykok vkmok Bkdqj dq'kky flag dk fcBqM+k xk°o ds mŸkjkf/kdkjh ds iz'u ij vizSy] lu~ 1857 esa tks/kiqj ujs'k r[rflag ls llSU; vuojr :i ls tkjh j[kkA lSU; dk;Zokgh ds vfrfjDr vkfFkZd n`f"V ls Hkh vkmok la?k"kZ Hkh gks pqdk FkkA65 bl n`f"Vdks.k dk izfriknu ds-,l- lDlsuk] tcj flag vkSj Bkdqj dh 'kfDr dks detksj djus ds fy, mlds lg;ksxh Bkdqjksa & vklksi Bkdqj vkj-ih- O;kl vkfn us vius 'kks/k izcU/kksa esa fd;k gS66 rFkk vius n`f"Vdks.k ds f'koukFk flag] xwyj Bkdqj fc'ku flag dh tkxhjksa ds iV~Vs Hkh tCr dj fy,] ijUrq izfriknu ds i{k esa dbZ rF; Hkh izLrqr fd, gSaA ijUrq] ;g iwjh rjg ls ,di{kh; vkSj fQj Hkh os la?k"kZ djrs jgsA58 ;g vo'; Fkk fd vc fonzksg dk Lo:i LFkkuh; ujs'k udkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k izrhr gksrk gSA blesa ekjokM+ ds vkaXy&fojks/kh tu vlarks"k dks rFkk tkxhjnkjksa ds >xM+s esa ifj.kr gks x;k FkkA59 fcYdqy gh vuns[kk dj fn;k x;k gS ftlus ckn esa bl fonzksg ds es:n.M dk Lo:i leiZ.k vf[r;kj dj fy;k FkkA ;g dguk xyr ugha gksxk fd vkmok rFkk mlds leFkZd igkM+ksa esa Nkikekj ;ksºk dk thou fcrk jgs vkmok Bkdqj dks dksBkfj;k fonzksgh Bkdqjksa us vaxzst fojks/kh lafpr tu vkÿks'k dks usr`Ro iznku fd;k FkkA (esokM+) ds tkxhjnkj jkor tks/kflag pkSgku us vius ;gk° 'kj.k iznku dhA60 le; tulk/kkj.k] lkearksa ds fgrksa vkSj LokFkksZa dh j{kkFkZ muls ugha tqM+k Fkk oju~ og vius dh ek°x vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh foo'krk ds dkj.k var esa 8 vxLr] 1860 dks uhep esa vkaXy&fojks/kh lksp ds pyrs] vkaXy lŸkk ds fo#º eqfDr laxzke dk fgLlk cuus ds fczfV'k ljdkj ds le{k vkReleiZ.k dj fn;kA fczfV'k ljdkj ds tk°p vk;ksx }kjk fy, bu lkearksa ls tqM+k FkkA funksZ"k ?kksf"kr fd, tkus ij xouZj tujy us mls 10 uoEcj] 1860 dks lifjokj fcuk vkmok Bkdqj vkSj mlds lg;ksfx;ksa us 1857 esa fczfV'k lŸkk dks l'kL= 'krZ {keknku ns fn;kA61 ;|fi] mldh tkxhj #i;s esa nl vkus (vFkkZr~ 60 izfr'kr) pqukSrh nsdj Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa dks Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke esa izsj.kk iznku djus dk tks tCr dj yh xbZA vkmok Bkdqj ds vU; lg;ksxh Bkdqjksa dh tkxhjksa ds vf/kdka'k dk;Z fd;k Fkk] og Hkh de egŸoiw.kZ ugha FkkA txnh'k flag xgyksr rFkk ukFkwjke fgLls Hkh tCr dj fy, x,A fczfV'k lSfud U;k;ky; ds }kjk bu fonzksfg;ksa dks [kM+xkor tSls bfrgkldkjksa us bl n`f"Vdks.k dk leFkZu Hkh fd;k gSA67 rRdkyhu {keknku fn;s tkus dk ewy dkj.k ;g Fkk fd bUgsa iwjh rjg dqpyk ugha tk ldk vkSj dforkvksa vkSj yksdxhrksa esa jktLFkku esa fczfV'k fojks/kh Hkkoukvksa dk foLQksV Li"V u gh budk izfrjks/k gh lekIr fd;k tk ldkA bUgksaus tks/kiqj ujs'k ds fy, ekjokM+ fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS vkSj bls usr`Ro iznku djus okys fonzksgh vkmok Bkdqj o mlds dk 'kklu pykuk vlEHko dj fn;k FkkA62 ;gk° ;g rF; Hkh /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd lg;ksfx;ksa dks uk;d ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA rRdkyhu pkj.kksa dh jpukvksa fczfV'k ljdkj ds }kjk eqDr dj fn, tkus ds ckotwn Hkh Bk- dq'kky flag pkaikor us esa rRlEcU/kh i;kZIr lkexzh ikbZ tkrh gSA dfojktk ckadhnkl] egMw ny th] vius LokfHkeku ds fo#º tks/kiqj esa jguk mfpr ugha le>k vkSj mldh e`R;q 25 ekuflag] ykyl ukFkwjke] pSuth] fxjojnku] ehl.k lwjtey] ckjgB fc'kunkl rFkk tqykbZ] 1864 dks mn;iqj esa gh gqbZ FkhA ,sls mYys[k feyrs gSa fd mudh e`R;q ds ckn ckjgB fryksdnku vkfn dks bl ÿe esa fo'ks"k :i ls mº`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkmok dh tkxhj mlds iq= nsohflag dks 1868 bZ- esa iqu% izkIr gqbZ FkhA63 vkmok lEcU/kh QqVdj nksgksa] yksd&xhrksa] dforkvksa vkfn ls Li"Vr% /ofur gksrk gS 289 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 577 578 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 fd vkmok Bkdqj dq'kkyflag dks fczfV'k lŸkk ds fo#º O;kid tu leFkZu izkIr FkkA 19- ukFkwjke [kM+xkor] iwoZ-] i`- 27 rF;ksa ds fu"i{k foospu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ulhjkckn] uhep vkSj ,fjuiqjk esa fonzksg 20- lh-,y- 'kkolZ] , feflax pSIVj vkWQ n bf.M;u E;wfVuh] i`- 84] yanu] 1888 dk dkj.k lSfud vlarks"k Fkk ijUrq vkmok dk fonzksg vaxzstksa ds fo#º tu vlarks"k 21- txnh'k flag xgyksr] jktLFkku ds jktoa'kksa dk bfrgkl & 'kks/kiw.kZ ys[kksa dk laxzg] i`- 112] dk foLQksV FkkA tgk° rd bl foIyo esa Hkkx ysus okyksa ds n`f"Vdks.k vkSj ml le; tks/kiqj] 1980 22- lun cgh la[;k 126] i`- 546] tks/kiqj LVsV fjdkWM~lZ] jk-jk-v-ch- dh tuHkkoukvksa dk iz'u Fkk ;g ckr fufoZokn :i ls izekf.kr gksrh gS fd foIyo esa 23- txnh'k flag xgyksr] iwoZ-] i`- 112 Hkkx ysus okyksa dk n`f"Vdks.k fczfV'k lŸkk fojks/kh Fkk vkSj tuHkkouk,a Hkh vkaXy 24- tks/kiqj jkT; dk nL=h fjdkMZ] gdhdr cgh la- 18] i`- 384] jk-jk-v-ch- fojks/kh Fkha ftls ekjokM+ esa vkmok Bkdqj tSls ckxh lkearksa us usr`Ro rFkk ,d fn'kk 25- txnh'k flag xgyksr] iwoZ-] i`- 112 iznku dhA 26- fizpkMZ] iwoZ-] i`- 236 lanHkZ 27- vkWfQf'k;y eseksj.Me fizis;MZ ckbZ ekWd eSlu] fn- 10 flrEcj] 1857 28- ghFkdksV~l fjiksVZ vkWQ fn izkslhfMaXl vxsaLV n E;wVhfu;lZ vkWQ tks/kiqj yhft;u] fn- 13 1- MkW- izdk'k O;kl] jktLFkku dk Lok/khurk laxzke] i`- 175] t;iqj] 1985 flrEcj] 1857 2- nz"VO;] lh-;w-,fplu] dySD'ku vkWQ V™hVht] ,axsstesaV~l ,.M lun~l] Hkkx&3] dydŸkk] 29- gdhdr cgh la- 18] i`- 384&85] tks/kiqj fjdkWM~lZ] jk-jk-v-ch- 1892 30- ukFkwjke [kMxkor] iwoZ-] ogh] i`- 387 3- ds-,l- lDlsuk] n iksfyVhdy ewoesaV~l ,.M vosdfuax bu jktLFkku (1857&1947)] i`- 31- dSIVu 'kkWolZ] iwoZ-] i`- 107&08 48] ubZ fnYyh 32- ds-,l- lDlsuk] iwoZ-] i`- 260 4- ukFkwjke [kM+xkor] jktLFkkUl jksy bu n LV™xy vkWQ 1857] i`- 16] t;iqj] 1857 33- ukFkwjke [kM+xkor] iwoZ-] i`- 155&158 5- ch-Mh- lkojdj] 1857 dk Hkkjrh; Lokra´; lej] i`- 96] 101] ubZ fnYyh] 1966 34- ogh] i`- 153&155 6- tkWtZ lsaV iSfV™d ykjsal] jksfefulUl vkWQ QksVhZ Fkzh bZ;lZ bu bf.M;k] i`- 278] yanu] 1874 35- ogh iwoZ-] i`- 159&60 7- jkT;ksa ds izfr ,-th-th- dh ?kks"k.kk] lSÿsVjh Vw n xouZesaV vkWQ bf.M;k dks fy[kk x;k i=] 36- ogh]i`- 156 ua- 462] fn- 23 ebZ] 1857 (ds-,e-lDlsuk] iwoZ-] i`- 50 ij ls mº`r) 37- ds-,l- lDlsuk] iwoZ-] i`- 61 8- r[rflag gsrq nz"VO; & fo'os'ojukFk jsm] ekjokM+ dk bfrgkl] f}rh; Hkkx] i`- 442&462] 38- tcj flag] iwoZ-] i`- 131 tks/kiqj] 1940 39- fot; dqekj of'k"B] jktiwrkuk ,tsUlh (1832&58 ,-Mh-)] i`- 273] t;iqj 9- tcj flag] n bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ,.M ekjokM+] i`- 113] t;iqj] 1973 40- izksDyses'ku b';wM ckb fn ,-th-th- QkWj jktiwrkuk LVsV~l] fn- 21 vDVwcj] 1857 10- bl nkSjku tks/kiqj egkjktk }kjk fczfV'k lŸkk dks iznku dh xbZ lSU; ,oa vU; enn gsrq 41- fiz;kMZ] iwoZ-] i`- 250 nz"VO; & tcjflag] iwoZ-] i`- 113&118 ,oa 124 42- gdhdr cgh la[;k 18] i`- 393] tks/kiqj LVsV fjdkM~lZ] jk-jk-v-ch- 11- ogh] i`- 115&116 rFkk 124 43- ukFkwjke [kM+xkor] iwoZ-] i`- 152&53 12- ogh] i`- 115 44- ds-,l- lDlsuk] iwoZ-] i`- 61 13- vkbZ-Vh- fizpkMZ] n E;wfVuht bu jktiwrkuk] , ilZuy ujsfVo (fczfV'k fizUV 1860] bf.M;u 45- fczxsfM;j tujy ykjsUl] ,-th-th- dk lSÿsVjh Vw fn xouZesaV vkWQ bf.M;k dks izsf"kr i= fizUV 1976)] i`- 192&194] vtesj] 1976 la[;k 160@1858 14- fjiksVZ vkWQ n ,-th-th- bu jktiwrkuk Vw nh lsÿsVjh] xouZesaV vkWQ bf.M;k 46- vkj-ih- O;kl] iwoZ-] i`- 138 15- fczxsfM;j tujy dks izsf"kr dSIVu gky dh fjiksVZ] fn- 28 vxLr] 1857 47- tks/kiqj fjdkM~lZ [k.M ds nL=h fjdkMZ] gdhdr cgh la[;k 18] i`- 411 esa vaxzsth QkSt dh 16- tks/kiqj yhft;u ds fonzksg ckcr ys- dksuksyh dh fczxsfM;j tujy ykjsUl dks izsf"kr fjiksVZ] la[;k 1500 crkbZ xbZ gS_ ukFkwjke [kM+xkor % iwoZ-] i`- 51 ds vuqlkj] ;g la[;k djhc 30 fn- 29 vxLr] 1857 (tcjflag] iwoZ-] i`- 121 ls mº`r) gtkj FkhA 17- ogh] i`- 122 48- nLrjh fjdkMZ] tks/kiqj gdhdr cgh la[;k 18] i`- 408] jk-jk-v-ch- 18- nz"VO; & vkj-ih- O;kl] jksy vkWQ uksfcfyVh bu ekjokM+ (1800&1873 ,-Mh-)] i`- 49- ogh_ jktiwrkuk ,tsalh fgLVksfjdy fjdkMZ] Qkby la[;k&84] tks/kiqj (vksYM)] Hkkx&1] 119&134] ubZ fnYyh] 1969 i`- 101 290 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 579 50- nLrjh fjdkMZ] tks/kiqj gdhdr cgh la[;k&18] i`- 409] jk-jk-v-ch- 51- ukFkwjke [kM+xkor] iwoZ-] i`- 45 52- nL=h fjdkMZ] tks/kiqj gdhdr cgh la[;k&18] i`- 409] jk-jk-v-ch- 53- ogh] i`- 411( vkj-ih- O;kl % iwoZ-] i`- 139) jktLFkku dh tu&tkx`fr esa vkjafEHkd i=&if=dkvksa 54- tcj flag] iwoZ-] i`- 134 55- vkj-ih- O;kl] iwoZ-] i`- 138 dk ;ksxnku (1849&1920 bZ- rd dh 56- txnh'k flag xgyksr] iwoZ-] i`- 122_ orZeku esa ;g ewfrZ ikyh ds laxzgky; esa gSA i=&if=dkvksa ds lUnHkZ esa) 57- nLrjh fjdkMZ] tks/kiqj gdhdr cgh la[;k&18] i`- 411] jk-jk-v-ch- 58- ukFkwjke [kM+xkor] iwoZ-] i`- 46 MkW- lqjs'k dqekj 59- xksihukFk 'kekZ] iwoZ-] i`- 153 60- txnh'k flag xgyksr] iwoZ-] i`- 114 Hkkjr esa lekpkj i= izdkf'kr gksus ds i'pkr jktLFkku esa 69 o"kksZa ckn rd 61- ukFkwjke [kM+xkor] iwoZ-] i`- 176&77 dksbZ lekpkj i= izdkf'kr ugh gks ik;k FkkA jktiwrkuk esa fudyus okys izkjfEHkd i= 62- ogh jkT; ds vkJ; esa izdkf'kr gksrs FksA loZizFke Hkjriqj ds 'kkld us jkT; dh vksj ls 63- txnh'k flag xgyksr] iwoZ-] i`- 114&15 mnwZ ,oa fgUnh esa f}Hkk"kh i= ^etg:y l:j* dk izdk'ku 1849 bZ- esa fd;kA 64- xksihukFk 'kekZ] iwoZ-] i`- 162] 63] 64 ysfdu ;g ekfld i= FkkA bls jktiwrkus dk loZizFke i= ekuk tkrk gSA ysfdu 65- vkj-ih- O;kl] iwoZ-] i`- 125&134 1 66- nz"VO; & bu ys[kdksa ds iwoZ of.kZr 'kks/k&izca/k (izdkf'kr) bldh dksbZ izfr miyC/k ugh gSA bl dky esa fgUnh Hkk"kh izns'k esa lekpkj i=ksa dk 67- txnh'k flag xgyksr] jktLFkku ds jktoa'kksa dk bfrgkl] tks/kiqj] 1980 vHkko Fkk vr% bl i= dk lekpkj i=ksa dh Js.kh esa mfpr LFkku ugha fey ldk ijUrq bl i= dk mYys[k ›aklhlh ys[kd rklh ds ^fMLdkslst* esa gSA t;iqj esa 1856 bZ ^jkst rqy rkyhe* ;k jktiwrkuk v[kckj iz/kkuk/;kid dUgS;kyky ds laiknu es 'kq: gqvk blesa fgUnh ,oa mnwZ nksuks Hkk"kk esa lkexzh izdkf'kr gksrh FkhA vtesj ls 1861 esa ^tx ykHk fprad* rFkk 1863 esa ^txfgr dkj* i=ksa dk izdk'ku 'kq: gqvkA ;s iw.kZr% fgUnh Hkk"kh i= FksA tks/kiqj njckj dh vksj ls 1864 bZ- esa ^tks/kiqj xouZesUV xtV* 'kq: gqvkA ;g lkIrkfgd i= FkkA ;g i= fgUnh o vxzasth nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa es fudyrk FkkA2 tks/kiqj ls gh 1866 bZ- esa ekjokM+ xtV dk izdk'ku izkjEHk gqvkA blh o"kZ tks/kiqj esa mnwZ esa ^eqfgcs ekjokM+*] fgUnh esa ^e#/kj fe=* dk Hkh izdk'ku izkjEHk gqvkA buesa lk/kkj.k lekpkj ,oa ys[k gksrs Fks] tcfd ekjokM+ xtV esa fgUnh ,oa mnwZ esa fj;klr dh vkKk ls jkT; ls ckgjh vkSj vkUrfjd lekpkj izdkf'kr gksrs FksA3 ekjokM+ xtV egkjktk r[rflag ds 'kklu dky esa izkjEHk gqvkA bl lekpkj i= ds izcU/kdrkZ ckcq ghjkyky FksA ekjokM+ xtV esa bl le; gkfdeksa dh cnyh] rSukrh vkfn [kcjsa Nirh FkhA dksbZ ys[k dHkh&dHkkj Ni tkrk FkkA vU; [kcjs fgUnh ,oa mnwZ i=ksa ls NkaVdj ns nh tkrh FkhA4 mn;iqj ls 1869 bZ- eas mn;iqj xtV dk izdk'ku gksus yxkA ;g fgUnh Hkk"kk dk i= FkkA ysfdu ;g lQy u gks ldkA 1879 bZ esa esokM+ 'kkld lTtuflag ds uke ls ;g i= ^lTtu dhfrZ lq/kkdj* ds uke ls fudyus yxkA ^t;iqj xtV* dk izdk'ku 1878 bZ- esa- t;iqj ls izkjEHk gqvkA 291 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 581 582 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 HkkjrsUnq gfj'kpUnz dh izsj.kk ls ukFk}kjk ls iafMr eksguyky fo".kqyky ikWM~;k us jktLFkku* 'kh"kZd ls izdkf'kr ys[k esa ,-th-th duZy iksysV }kjk uhekt ds Bkdqj dks 1881 bZ- es fo|kFkhZ lfEefyr gfj'kpUnz pafnzdk ,oa eksgupUnz pfUnzdk dk izdk'ku vius o`º dkenkj ls lEcU/k u j[kus dk funsZ'k nsus ds mYys[k fd;k rFkk lkFk gh ;g izkjEHk fd;kA5 vtesj ls 1882 bZ- esa ns'k fgrS"kh6 ukFk}kjk ls 1883 bZ- esa xksLokeh Hkh fy[kk x;k gS fd ;fn ekjokM+ ds ijs'kku lkear yksx ikWfyfVDy ,tsaV ds ikl xksoºZuyky ds laj{k.k esa oYyHk dqy lEiznk; dk ekfld ^lHkZ Lekjd&lHkZ eaf=eMay ds f[kykQ f'kdk;rsa ysdj tkrs gaS rks mUgsa gj ckj ;gh izfrmRrj feyrk gS] izpkjd rFkk 1884 bZ- esa t;iqj ls ekfld ^lekpkj ekrSM* ,oa blh o"kZ Qrgiqj ls fd fczfV'k ,tsUV jkt dk;ksZ esa n[kyUnkth djus ds lUnHkZ esa vf/kdkjghu gSA15 bl dk;LFk O;ogkj dk izdk'ku izkjEHk gqvkA7 vtesj ls 8 vxLr 1885 bZ- dks vaxzsth izdkj ^jktiwrkuk gsjkYM* us fczfV'k ,tsaV dh nksgjh uhfr dks mtkxj dj vke&tu lkIrkfgd jktLFkku VkbEl ,oa fgUnh esa jktLFkku if=dk ds uke ls izdk'ku izkjEHk dk tkxzr djus dk iz;kl fd;kA ^jktiwrkuk xtV* 1885 bZ- esa vtesj ls fudyuk gqvkA8 chdkusj ls 1887 bZ- esa ^chdkusj jkti=*] vtesj ls euh"kh leFkZnku ds 'kq: gqvkA blds laiknd ekSyoh eqjkn vyh chekj FksA16 ;g i= mnwZ esa Nirk FkkA lEiknu esa 1889 bZ- esa ^lkIrkfgd jktLFkku*] 1890 bZ- cwanh ls ^loZfgr* i= dk ;g ,d lkIrkfgd i= FkkA ckjg i`"B ds bl i= ds vkB i`"B mnwZ rFkk pkj i`"B izdk'ku 'kq: gqvkA9 fgUnh esa Nirs FksA bl i= dk mn~ns'; fj;klrh vR;kpkjksa dks turk ds le{k Lora= t;iqj ls 1889 bZ- esa ^Hkkjr ekrkSM+*] 1901 esa ^lekykspd* ,oa 11 Qjojh Hkko ls izdkf'kr djuk FkkA ekSyoh eqjkn vyh Loar= ys[ku okys O;fDr FksA 1905 dks i- ek/koizlkn 'kkL=h ds laiknu esa ekfld ^Hkkjr loZLo* fudysA 1901 dkuqu&dk;nksa ds fo"k; esa dqN ugh le>rs FksA muds ys[k oSpkfjd lR;rk ij 17 bZ- esa vtesj ls ekfld ^ijksidkjh* fudykA ;g vk;Z lekt dh ijksidkfj.kh lHkk vk/kkfjr FksA os xkS&j{kk ds dV~Vj leFkZd FksA vtesj esa 1885 esa vxzsth esa dk i= FkkA blls pkj o"kZ i'pkr vtesj ls ^HkkxZo if=dk* dk izdk'ku csfjLVj ^jktiwrkuk VkbZEl* ,oa ;gh i= fgUnh esa jktLFkku if=dk ds uke ls izdkf'kr gqvkA xkSjh'kadj HkkxZo ds laiknu esa 'kq: gqvkA vtesj ls gh 1902 esa ekfld ^vukFk ;g lkIrkfgd i= FkkA bl if=dk us iz'kklfud folaxfr;ksa ,oa ns'kh fj;klrksa ds j{kd* Jhen n;kuUn vukFkky; ls izdkf'kr gqvkA blds lEiknd lsB ekaxhyky vR;kpkjksa ds f[kykQ tu&tkx`fr QSykus esa egRrh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA jktiwrkuk VkbEl dfo fdadj FksA Hkjriqj ls 1911 esa ^Hkjriqj xtV* ,oa tks/kiqj ls blh o"kZ vf[ky us vius izos'kkad ds lEikndh; esa viuk mn~ns'; lekt ,oa iz'kklu esa O;kIr cqjkbZ;ksa Hkkjrh; nkfgek czk„.k egklHkk dh vksj ls iafMr xksfoUn ukjk;.k ds lEiknu esa dh vksj vke&tu dk /;ku vkd`"V djuk rFkk mu cqjkbZ;ksa ij izgkj djds lekIr ^nf/kerh*] 1914 esa /kkSyiqj ls ^/kkSyiqj xtV*11] 1915 esa vkcqjksM ls ekfld fgUnh djus dk iz;Ru djuk cryk;kA jktLFkku lekpkj dks 1889 bZ- esa eqa'kh leFkZnku us vtesj ls fudkykA ;g lkIrkfgd i= FkkA bldk izdk'ku lksyg i`"Bksa esa gksrk FkkA lkfgR; xzUFkkoyh ,oa Hkjriqj ls fucU/kekyk rFkk 1916 esa vtesj ls txUukFknkl ds leFkZnku Lokeh n;kuUn ds f'k"; FksA dqN le; ds fy, tc ;g i= lIrkg esa nks lEiknu esa jkekuqt lEiznk; ds ekfld i= ^Jh oS".ko* dk izdk'ku 'kq: gqvkA ckj Nius yxk] rc blds i`"B ckjg gks x;sA 1904 esa :l&tkiku ;qº ds le; ;g vtesj ls 1918 esa f=Hkk"kh ^esjokM+k xtV* fudykA blh o"kZ tks/kiqj ls ikf{kd nSfud gks x;kA rc blus jtokM+ksa ds ekeys es fdlh&fdlh ckr ij viuh vkokt ^;qxkUrj* rFkk ekfld ^ekjokM+h vksloky* ,oa ^vksloky* fudysA 1919 esa tks/kiqj cqyUn dj viuh Loar=rk dk ifjp; Hkh fn;kA18 jktLFkku lekpkj vk;Z lekt ls ekfld iq"dj.kk czk„.k iq"dj.kk czk„.kksidkjd] ^lSuh 'kqHk fpard* rFkk ^lSuh iz'kald FkkA fdUrq dqN le; i'pkr blus viuk joS;k cny fn;kA jktLFkku lekpkj* vkSj 1920 esa >kyjkikVu ls lkSjHk dk izdk'ku 'kq: gqvkA12 lekpkj us f'k{kk dh n`f"V ls fiNM+s jktiwrkus esa fgUnh dk izpkj djus dk iz;kl fd;k ekjokM+ dk ^ekjokM+ xtV* u dsoy ljdkjh lwpuk,Wa izdkf'kr djrk Fkk] rFkk jktiwrkus dh turk esa lekpkj i<+us dh #fp dks tkxzr fd;kA jktLFkku lekpkj vfirq dkaxzsl dh xfrfof/k;ksa ij Hkh Vhdk&fVIi.kh djrk FkkA ekjokM+ xtV esa esa eq[;r% jktiwrkuk dh fj;klrksa ds lekpkj] muds lEcU/k esa fVIif.k;ksa rFkk jktuhfrd fo"k;ksa ij Hkh ys[kksa dk izdk'ku gksrk FkkA ekjokM+ xtV us jktuhfrd jktuhfrd ys[k gksrs FksA iafMr jkeizrki 'kekZ ds lEiknu ls 20 Qjojh1890 bZ ls fo"k;ksa ij yksxksa dks lkspus ds foo'k vo'; fd;kA13 ekjokM+ xtV us lkekftd ikf{kd loZfgr if=dk cwanh fj;klr ls izdkf'kr gksus yxkA ;g i= jkT;kfJr gksrs dqjhfr;ksa ij izgkj vo'; fd;kA ekjokM+ esa ,d L=h dks Mk;u gksus ds lUnsg esa izFkk gq, Hkh dbZ ek;uksa esa fof'k"V FkkA loZfgr ;|fi jktdh; eqnz.kky; esa izdkf'kr gksrk ds vuqlkj dkaVksa esa tykdj ekj Mkyus dh [kcj tc ^ekjokM+ xtV* esa Nih rc Fkk] fQj Hkh og dsoy xtV ek= ugha FkkA mlesa lEikndh; fVIif.k;kWa] ns'k&fons'k lEiw.kZ izkar esa gMdEi ep x;kA ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i bldh tkWap ds vkns'k fn;s ds ,oa LFkkuh; lekpkj izdkf'kr gksrs FksA ;g i= ns'k HkfDr dh Hkkouk tkxzr djus x;sA14 jktiwrkuk gsjkYM ds 30 ekpZ 1885 ds vad esa ^, dkbZ vkWQ ,afXo'k ›Wke esa dfVcº Fkk loZfgr xkSjoe;h Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr dk leFkZd FkkA Hkkjr 292 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 583 584 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 dh orZeku n'kk ij f[kUurk trkrs gq, laikndh; esa fy[kk gS fd ;gkWa ds yksxksa dk izfrcfU/kr dj fn;k x;kA blh ds lkFk tgkWa vk;Z lekt ds lkfgR; ij Hkh jksd yxk ;'k :ih >aMk vkdk'k esa Qgjkrk FkkA ;gkWa ds fo}ku U;k;] ehekalk] xf.kr'kkL=] nh xbZ] ogha ckgj ds i=ksa ^deZ;ksxh* ^ve`r cktkj* if=dk ^jk"V™er* dky dsljh Hkwxksy] [kxksy] T;ksfr"k vkfn fo|kvksa esa ifjiw.kZ Fks ,oa vU; ns'kksa ds fo|kFkhZ ;gkWa dks t;iqj ,oa tks/kiqj esa izfrcfU/kr dj fn;kA22 bu fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ckotwn rkyhe ikus vkrs FksA ;g ogh ns'k gS] tgkWa fdlh le; esa vusd vk'p;ksZRiknd dk;Z lkearokn ds vU;k; ,oa Lora=rk ukxfjdrk ds guu ds fojks/k esa dqN lkglh yksx gksrs FksA ;s lHkh m|ksx ds Qy FksA tc ;gkWa ds oklh vkyL; ds o'k esa gks x;s rks] vkxs vk, ,oa mUgksaus i=dkfjrk ds ek/;e ls ml fn'kk esa tutkx`fr dk iz;kl fd;kA os dku fgykus rd esa vleFkZ gks x;sA bZ'oj ls ;gh izkFkZuk gS fd oks Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks bl le; i=&if=dkvksa dk fo"k; Lora=rk vkSj jktuhfrd tkx`fr ykuk FkkA blh Hkwys gq, ekxZ ij okil yk;sA loZfgr esa vius ,d laikndh; esa ns'k dh nfjnzkO;oLFkk dkj.k jktiwrkuk dk i=dkfjrk dk bfrgkl Lok/khurk vkUnksyu dk gh bfrgkl gSA ij f[kUurk izdV djrs gq, mldk gy kcjey 'kekZ] lUnHkZ fot;flag ifFkd tSlh izfrHkkoku i=dkjksa dks tUe nsdj Hkh jktiwrkus esa i=dkfjrk 1- HkVukxj vkj-vkj] jkbZt ,.M xzksFk vkWQ fgUnh tuZfyTe] i`-76 xfr u ik ldhA20 2- oktis;h] vafcdk izlkn] lekpkj i=ksa dk bfrgkl] i`- 126 3- oSfnd osnizrki] fgUnh i=dkfjrk ds fofHkUu vk;ke] i`- 164 chloha 'krkCnh ds 'kq: esa t;iqj ds czteksgu ds usr`Ro esa ^vfHkuo Hkkjr 4- oktis;h] vafcdk izlkn] lekpkj i=ksa dk bfrgkl] i`- 125 lfefr* uked ,d xqIr ÿkafrdkjh laLFkk dh jktLFkkuh 'kk[kk xfBr dh xbZA vtesj 5- oSfnd osnizrki] fgUnh i=dkfjrk ds fofHkUu vk;ke] i`- 165 esa jk"V™h; i= fudkyus ds nks ckj vlQy iz;kl fd;s x;sA ;g og le; Fkk] tc 6- izHkkdj euksgj] jktLFkku esa fgUnh i=dkfjrk] i`- 20 dkaxzsl dh dk;Zokgh dk ijks{k :i ls ns'kh jkT;ksa ij Hkh izHkko fn[kkbZ nsus yxk FkkA 7- oSfnd osnizrki] fgUnh i=dkfjrk ds fofHkUu vk;ke] i`- 165 vaxzsth ,oa fgUnh lekpkj i= jk"V™h; Hkkoukvksa ,oa mxz fopkjksa dk izpkj dj jgs FksA21 8- lDlSuk ds-,l] n ikWfyfVDy eqoesUVl ,.M vosdfuax bu jktLFkku i`- 18 blds izHkko ls jktiwrkuk vNwrk ugha FkkA fj;klrksa esa i=&if=dk,a fudkyus dh 9- HkVukxj vkj-vkj-] jkbt ,.M xzksFk vkWQ fgUnh tuZfyTe i`- 740 vuqefr u feyus dh fLFkfr esa jktuhfrd tkx:d dk;ZdrkZ ckgj ds i=ksa esa vius 10- oktis;h vafcdk izlkn] lekpkj i=ksa dk bfrgkl&i`- 240 ys[kksa dks Hkstus yxsA bl dk;Z esa os bruh lko/kkuh ls j[krs fd Mkd fj;klr ls u 11- oSfnd osnizrki] fgUnh i=dkfjrk ds fofHkUu vk;ke] i`- 166 12- izHkkdj euksgj] jktLFkku esa fgUnh i=dkfjrk&i`- 110 Hkstdj nwljs LFkku ls Mkd }kjk Hkstk tkrk FkkA blds fy, mUgsa 20&30 fdyksehVj 13- xqIr] ckyeqdqUn] xqIr fucU/kkoyh] i`- 361&65 iSny pyuk iM+rk FkkA 14- oktis;h vafcdk izlkn] lekpkj i=ksa dk bfrgkl&i`- 125 chloha 'krkCnh ds izkjEHk esa jktiwrkuk esa jktuhfrd tkxzfr dh i=dkfjrk 15- jktiwrkuk gsjkYM] 30 ekpZ 1885] jk-jk- v chdkusj dk lw=ikr djus okys fot;flag ifFkd us ml le; dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu djrs gq, 16- HkVukxj vkj-vkj-] jkbt ,.M xzksFk vkWQ fgUnh tuZfyTe] i`- 130 ^Lons'k* esa fy[kk& jktiwrkuk esa izkjEHk esa fLFkfr va/kdkje; FkhA dksbZ lekpkj i= 17- oktis;h vafcdk izlkn] lekpkj i=ksa dk bfrgkl] i`- 192 'kklu dk vkykspukRed ys[k ugha Nkirk FkkA ;fn Nkirk rks fHkUu&fHkUu dwVuhfr 18- oktis;h vafcdkizlkn] lekpkj i=ksa dk bfrgkl] i`- 204 mik;ksa ls mls izrkfM+r fd;k tkrkA chloha 'krkCnh ds izkjEHk ds nks n'kdksa esa 19- loZfgr] 1 vizSy 1894] jk-jk-v- chdkusj jktuhfrd&tkxzfr dh fn'kk esa iz;kl gksus ds lkFk gh fj;klrksa us mls nckus ds fy, 20- ehjk if=dk 18 tuojh 1947] vtesj neukRed dne mBkus 'kq: dj fn;sA blh neu uhfr ds ifj.kkeLo:i Vksad] 21- Lons'k] 29 tuojh 1920] jk-jk-v chdkusj 22- lDlSuk ds-,l-] ogh] i`- 124&125 fljksgh] /kkSyiqj] Mwaxjiwj] djkSyh] >kykokM+] 'kkgiqjk vkfn esa dkuwu ykxw dj 23- t;Hkwfe] t;iqj 1954] i`- 570 i=&if=dkvksa ds izdk'ku ij jksd yxkus ds lkFk gh lHkk,Wa rFkk Hkk"k.k nsuk Hkh 293 586 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 fo#º la?k"kZ ds fy, tksM+kA jktLFkku dsljh us ns'kh jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr ij lekpkjksa ,oa lEikndh; fVIif.k;ksa ds ek/;e ls 'kkldksa dks lq/kkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k viukus ,oa vke 5 jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzke esa i=&if=dkvksa dk izHkko turk esa vius vf/kdkjksa ds lkFk gh dŸkZO;ksa ds izfr tkx`r djus dk iz;kl fd;kA uohu jktLFkku % ns'kh jkT;ks dh rqyuk esa fczfV'k 'kkflr {ks=ksa esa vis{kkd`r (1920 bZ- esa 1947 bZ- rd) turk dks dqN Lora=rk FkhA vr% fj;klrh turk ij gks jgs vR;kpkjkas ds f[kykQ MkW- fnus'k jkBh la?k"kZ ds fy, ftu&ftu usrkvkssa us vtesj dks viuk dsUnz cuk;kA mUgksaus lekpkj i=ks dk izdk'ku dk Hkh fu'p; fd;kA vtesj esa jktLFkku lsok la?k dh LFkkiuk ds ckn jktiwrkus ds jktuhfrd tkxj.k ds :i esa ,oa lkekftd thou ds izfrfcEc blds 1922 esa lkIrkfgd uohu jktLFkku dk izdk'ku izkjEHk fd;kA6 blds laiknd ds :i esa lekpkj i=ksa dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgkA fd'kksjflag oekZ Fks rFkk okf"kZd ewY; rhu #i;s j[kk x;kA7 jktiwrkuk esa i=dkfjrk dk izkjEHk ,sls i=ksa ls gqvk ftuds laiknd eq[; :i uohu jktLFkku dk vkn'kZ okD;& ^;'k oSHko dh pkg ugha] ijokg ugha ls tu&vkanksyu dk usr`Ro djus okys FksA jktiwrkuk esa i=dkfjrk dk bfrgkl tu thou u jgs] ;fn bPNk gS rks ;g gS] tx esa LosPNkpkj neu u jgsA* vc bldh ,d lk/kkj.k dk bfrgkl dgk tk ldrk gSA 1920 ds i'pkr tks i=&if=dkvksa dk izfr chl&iPphl yksx i<+us yxsA8 bl i= us fctksfy;k fdlku vkanksyu] csxq rFkk izkjEHk gqvk os Lora=rk vkanksyu ls ifjiw.kZ FkhA mudk mn~ns'; lkekftd] /kkfeZd 1 fljksgh ds Hkhyksa ds vkUnksyuksa dk lEkFkZu fd;k rFkk egkjk.kk mn;iqj dks iz'kklfud rFkk jktuSfrd tkx`fr FkkA 1919 bZ- esa ewyHkwr vf/kdkjksa dk guu djus okys jksysV lq/kkj djus ds fy, ncko MkykA ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i dbZ lq/kkj dk;Z fd;s x;sA ,DV vkSj tfy;kokyk ckx gR;kdk.M ds fo#º jk"V™h; izfrfÿ;k us vtesj ,oa vkl&ikl dh fj;klrksa ds uo;qodksa dks >d>ksj dj j[k fn;k bu uo;qodksa us uohu jktLFkku us lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dks lekIr djus ds fy, e|fu"ks/k] fczfV'k ukSdj'kkgh ,oa lkear'kkgh dk izfrjks/k djus ds fy, lekpkj i=kas dk izdk'ku L=h lq/kkj] fons'kh i=ksa dh gksyh rFkk [kknh dk izpkj lEcU/kh ys[k izdkf'kr dj djus dk fu'p; fd;kA lkekftd dqjhfr;kas ij izgkj fd;kA 2 twu 1923 bZ- dks esokM+ ljdkj us uohu 1909&10 bZ- esa fj;klrksa esa fu"ks/kkK,a2 ykxq fd;s tkus ds dkj.k mUgksaus jktLFkku ij jksd yxk nh rFkk bldks i<+us okys ij vkfFkZd n.M nsus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA 9 10 vtesj dks izsl vkUnksyu dk dsUnz cuk;k tgka ls jktLFkku dsljh 1920] uohu ifFkd dks tsy esa can dj fn;kA jktLFkku lsok la?k dks izfrcaf/kr dj fn;kA jktLFkku 1922] r#.k jktLFkku 1924] jktLFkku 1925] jktLFkku lUns'k 1927] R;kx r#.k jktLFkku % uohu jktLFkku ij izfrca/k yxus ds dkj.k blds lEikndksa Hkwfe 1927] uoT;ksfr 1936] vkxhck.k 1937] uothou 1939 rFkk u;k jktLFkku us bldk uke cnydj r#.k jktLFkku dj fn;kA11 r#.k jktLFkku us fe'kujh 1945 bZ- vkfn izkjEHk fd, x,A i=dkfjrk dks vkxs c<+krs gq, vkanksyu dk leFkZu izkjEHk j[kk ,oa tutkx`fr dh fn'kk jktLFkku dsljh 1920 bZ % jktiwrkuk e/; Hkkjr lHkk fnlEcj 1919 bZ- esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhA r#.k jktLFkku us cawnh vkanksyu dk tksjnkj leFkZu ve`rlj vf/kos'ku esa ,d lkIrkfgd i= fudkyus dk izLrko ikfjr fd;k x;kA ekpZ fd;kA r#.k jktLFkku ds rh[ks rsoj ls ?kcjkdj esokM+ esa ml ij izfrca/k yxk fn;kA 1920 esa ;g fu.kZ; fy;k x;k fd blds fy, ,d dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr xfBr dh blds i'pkr vyoj] fljksgh ,oa cwanh fj;klrksa esa Hkh r#.k jktLFkku ds izos'k ij jksd tk; rFkk bl i= dk uke jktLFkku dsljh j[kk tk;A jktLFkku dsljh i= dk eq[; yxk nh xbZA12 mn~ns'; ns'kh jkT;ksa dh mUufr rFkk mlds fy, oS/kkfud mik;ksa dk izpkj djuk FkkA fctkSfy;k vkanksyu dh lQyrk esa tgka izrki ,oa uohu jktLFkku i=ksa dh ;g ns'kh jkT;ksa dh iztk dk igyk eq[k i= FkkA3 bl i= ds lEiknd fot;flag 4 eq[; Hkwfedk jgha ogha csaxq] cwanh vkSj Hkhy vkanksyu dks xfr iznku djus esa r#.k ifFkd rFkk izdk'kd ,oe~ lgk;d lEiknd jkeukjk;.k pkS/kjh cusA jktLFkku us lfÿ; ;ksxnku fn;kA cwanh vkUnksyu ds nkSjku i- u;uwjke 'kekZ dh dk;ZdrkZvksa ds mRlkg ,oa yXu ls dk;Z djus ds dkj.k i= dh tYnh gh fxj∂rkjh] mUgsa pkj lky dh dSn rFkk mu ij vR;kpkjksa dks izdkf'kr dj turk dks /kkd te xbZA jktLFkku dsljh i= us ns'kh fj;klrksa dh turk dks fczfV'k ljdkj ds tkx`r djus dk mYys[kuh; dk;Z fd;kA13 294 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 587 588 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 jktLFkku % 1923 bZ- esa C;koj ls rRi'pkr vtesj o cwanh ls izdkf'kr bl Hkkjrh;ksa esa Hkh ns'kHkfDr dk vadqj.k fd;kA fj;klrksa ds 'kkldksa }kjk tulk/kkj.k ds i= ds laiknd Ωf"knŸk esgrk FksA iwoZ esa vU; i= if=dkvksa ds lEiknu ls esgrk us iSlksa dks vius O;FkZ ds 'kkSd&ekSt esa mM+kus dh Hkh rhoz HkzRlZuk dhA dbZ ckj bu bl {ks= esa vR;f/kd [;kfr izkIr dj pqds FksA esgrk dk iwjk ifjokj ns'kHkfDr dh fo"k;ksa ij csckd fVIif.k;ksa dhA bl i= us ;qok 'kfDr dks tkx`r djus dk egRoiw.kZ Hkkoukvksa ls vksr&izksr FkkA vkids firk fuR;kuUn lkxj o iRuh Jherh lR;Hkkek us dk;Z fd;kA ^;ax jktLFkku* dk igyk vad 24 Qjojh 1929 dks fudyk vkSj vafre bl dk;Z esa c<+&p<+ dj Hkkx fy;kA esgrk us vius lEikndh; ys[kksa dh J`a[kyk vad 26 fnlEcj 1929 dks izdkf'kr gqvkA bl i= dk thou ek= ,d o"kZ gksus ds ^jktLFkku dh leL;k,a* ds ek/;e ls u dsoy yksxksa ds lkeus oLrqfLFkfr izLrqr dh ckotwn jktLFkku esa lkekftd&jktuhfrd tkx`fr esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jghA ^;ax oju~ muesa dkQh gn rd tkx`fr ykus esa Hkh lQy gq,A14 esgrk us ^jktLFkku* esa jktLFkku* can djus dk ys[k egkRek xka/kh us Lo;a ^vyfonk* 'kh"kZd ls fy[kk FkkA17 jktiwrkuk dh izeq[k fj;klrksa o vU; LFkkuksa ds Hkh tu vkanksyu dks cM+h gh fuMjrk xka/kh th Lo;a ds }kjk ys[k fy[kk tkuk gh bl i= dh egŸkk dks Lo;a gh LFkkfir dj iwoZd ys[kuh ds ek/;e ls izeq[k LFkku fn;kA bl if=dk esa lekpkj ds 'kh"kZd Hkh nsrk gSA brus rh{.k gksrs Fks fd vke turk dks Hkh eu rd >d>ksj nsrs FksA ^lhdj ds vk;Z ekrZ.M % vk;Z izfrfuf/k lHkk jktLFkku us 13 Qjojh 1923 ls fgUnh nqHkkZX;*] ^djkSyh 'kklu ij ,d n`f"V*] ^os mM+kbZ xbZ Fkh] ^/keZHkz"V dh tkus okyh Hkk"kk esa lkIrkfgd ^vk;Z ekrZ.M* uked i= izkjEHk fd;kA blds izFke lEiknd Fkh*] ^cwanh esa iksaxk iafFk;ksa dh mNy dwn* tSls 'kh"kZd ls oLrqfLFkfr dk cM+k gh if.Mr jkelgk; 'kekZ vkSj feB~Buyky HkkxZo FksA blds eq[; i`"B ij vafdr iafDr& ltho fp=.k fd;k tkrk FkkA bl izdkj ls ;g i= lkekftd&jktuhfrd tkx`fr esa ^n;kuUn vkfnR; ls ikdj T;ksfr izp.MA viuk vxz.; LFkku j[krk gSA /oal naHk ik[k.M dk djs ^vk;Z ekrZ.MAA jktLFkku lans'k % jktLFkku esa tutkx`fr ds egklej esa ^jktLFkku dsljh* bl i= dk mn~ns'; lkekftd&/kkfeZd :f<+;ksa ds fo#º vkUnksyu djuk FkkA viuh ikcafn;ksa dks >syrs gq, ^r#.k jktLFkku* ds :i esa lQj djrs gq, ^jktLFkku ued lR;kxzg 1930 bZ-] Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu 1942 bZ-] Hkkjr foHkktu 1947 bZ-] lans'k* ds :i esa izdkf'kr fd;k tkus yxkA bls Hkh vtesj ls lkIrkfgd :i esa jktLFkku ,dhdj.k 1948&50 bZ- vkfn jktuhfrd ?kVukÿe ds lekpkjksa dks Hkh bl fot;flag ifFkd us izkjEHk fd;kA15 bldk /;s; okD; vR;ar gh ekfeZd ,oe~ i= us le;≤ ij izdkf'kr fd;kA vk;Z ekrZ.M us lkekftd lq/kkj ds dk;Z esa lans'kkRed :i esa Fkk ^bPNk gks ;k fd vfuPNk gks] gks izse fd blls }s"k rqEgsa] gS thuk Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA vk;Z lekt ds jktiwrkuk esa fo/kok fookg ds fy, rks lquuk gksxk Ukwru ;qx dk lans'k rqEgsaA* bl if=dk dk lcls T;knk o xgjk izHkko tutkx`fr vfHk;ku esa ^vk;Z ekrZ.M* us egrh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA i= us tSu 'kkL= dks turk ij iM+k vkSj ;g bldh lQyrk dk gh iSekuk ekuk tk;sxk fd blds izHkko mº`r dj fo/kok fookg dh odkykr esa cgqr dqN fy[kkA18 Hkjriqj ,oe~ chdkusj Lo:i tu vkanksyuksa esa turk dk leFkZu vkSj Hkkxhnkjh dh ck<+ lh vk x;hA blh oS'; e.My us fo/kok ds fy, tks dk;Z fd,] mUgsa bl i= us cgqr izpkfjr fd;k dM+h esa ,d egRoiw.kZ mnkgj.k ;g vkrk gS fd bl if=dk esa tks/kiqj iqfyl rkfd vU; lekt ds yksx Hkh izsfjr gks ldsA bl i= us tgka fo/kok fookgksa dh lqifjUVsaMsUV dk t;ukjk;.k O;kl ds ckjs esa fn;k x;k tks c;ku izdkf'kr fd;k mlls lwpuk,a izdkf'kr dh] ogha ;qok fo/kokvksa ds oSokfgd foKkiu fu%'kqYd nsus ds lkFk tuer tqVkus ,oe~ tkx`fr ykus dh fn'kk esa cgqr enn feyhA gh yksxksa dk fo/kok fookg ds fy, vkxs vkus dk vkg~oku fd;kA ^vk;Z ekrZ.M* us ;ax jktLFkku % i=&if=dkvksa dk izHkko tuekul ij rks tcjnLr :i ls ekgs'ojh ;qok fo/kokvksa] xkSM+] czk„.k dU;k] vksloky fo/kok vkSj jktiwr fo/kok ds iM+ gh jgk FkkA fdarq blds lkFk gh lkFk vaxzst vf/kdkfj;ksa rd fj;klrksa dh turk fookg ds foKkiu izdkf'kr fd,A i= us bl nkSjku ftrus Hkh fo/kok fookg gq, muds dh fLFkfr o Hkkoksa dks igpkus dk dk;Z vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa izdkf'kr ^;ax jktLFkku* us lekpkj iz'kalkRed fVIif.k;ksa ds lkFk izdkf'kr djrs gq, ,sls lkglh yksxksa dks c/kkbZ cM+h gh dq'kyrk ls lEiUu fd;kA blh /;s; dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,s jkeukjk;.k pkS/kjh nh ,oe~ vU;ksa dks blls izsj.kk ysuk dk vkxzg fd;kA ,oe~ 'kksHkkyky xqIrk us 1929 bZ- esa vaxzsth lkIrkfgd i= fudkykA 'kh?kz gh ;g i= R;kxHkwfe % 1 uoEcj 1927 dks jktLFkku dh i=dkfjrk ds bfrgkl esa yksdfiz; gks x;k rFkk ljdkjh gydksa esa Hkh ;g i= cM+s pko ls i<+k tkus yxkA16 bl egŸoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA ^R;kxHkwfe* ekfld fgUnh i= dk izdk'ku blh fnu 'kq: i= ds lEikndh; ys[kksa ds }kjk tuekul ds lkFk gh lkFk vaxzsth i<+us fy[kus okys gqvk tks jktuhfrd okrkoj.k vkSj lkaLd`frd tkxj.k dk izrhd FkkA blds laiknd 295 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 589 590 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 iafMr gfjHkk≈ mik/;k; vkSj {ksekuUn jkgr FksA xka/khfopkj /kkjk dh ltZukRed ls 1945 bZ- esa Hkkjr NksMks vkanksyu esa nksuksa dh fxj∂rkjh gksus ds dkj.k ;g i= can jpukvksa ds izdk'ku ds fy, gfjHkk≈ mik/;k; us lLrk lkfgR; e.My] vtesj ls jgkA 1945 bZ- esa ;g i= iqu% izdkf'kr gksus yxkA 1936 ls 1942 bZ- ds e/; i= us izkjEHk fd;kA R;kxHkwfe dk izR;sd vad pkSlB i`"Bksa dk gksrk Fkk vkSj mlesa jktuhfrd] jktkvksa ds fujadq'k 'kklu dh T;knfr;ksa dk izfrjks/k djus dh izsj.kk nhA t;ukjk;.k lkekftd rFkk lkaLd`frd rhuksa gh fo"k;ksa ij Lrjh; lkexzh gksrh FkhA bl i= esa 16 O;kl us flrEcj 1935 bZ- esa eqEcbZ ls ^v[k.M&Hkkjr* uke ls ,d nSfud i= dk i`"B fL=;ksa esa lkekftd tkx`fr mRiUu djus ds fy, jf{kr fd, x, FksA bl if=dk izdk'ku 'kq: fd;kA ;g i= Hkh vU; i=ksa dh Hkkafr gh fj;klrksa esa fujadq'k 'kklu esa ,d vksj tgka 'kkldh; vR;kpkjksa ds f[kykQ lVhd ,oe~ fu"i{k laikndh; vkSj muds vR;kpkjiw.kZ dk;Z dks ns'k ds lkeus ykus dk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z dh vksj fVIif.k;ka gksrh Fkh] ogha nwljh vksj xka/khoknh fopkj/kkjk ls vksrizksr l`tukRed vxzlj FkkA jk"V™O;kih vkanksyuksa dh tuekul rd tkudkjh igqapkus esa yxk gqvk FkkA jpuk,a Hkh gksrh FkhA19 [kknh izpkj vkSj xka/kh lkfgR; dks izdkf'kr dj ftys esa i= us ijarq vkfFkZd ladV ds dkj.k 'kh?kz gh bldks can djuk iM+kA jpukRed dk;Z dks yksdfiz; cuk;kA 1930 bZ- ds ued lR;kxzg vkUnksyu esa Hkkx blh dM+h esa jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa ^vkxhok.k* ikf{kd i= dk Hkh izdk'ku ysus vkSj fczfV'k fojks/kh okrkoj.k rS;kj djus esa bl i= us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA gqvkA ftlds lEiknd t;ukjk;.k O;kl Fks] ftUgksaus 20 uoEcj 1937 bZ- esa 'kqHkkjEHk tks/kiqj (ekjokM+) ljdkj }kjk 1931 bZ- esa ekjokM+ fgrdkfj.kh lHkk ds neu vkSj fd;kA LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa gksus ds dkj.k ;g jktLFkku esa vR;f/kd yksdfiz; i= gqvk ekjokM+ ;wFk yhx }kjk jk"V™h; /ot Qgjkus ij yxk, x, izfrca/kkas ds fo#º bl i= FkkA LFkkuh; Hkk"kk ds dkj.k ;g i= vf/kd izHkkoh flº gqvkA bl i= ds ek/;e ls us jks"k izdV fd;kA20 tks/kiqj esa ^ekjokM+ ;wFk yhx* us tc LVsV dkSafly dh fu"ks/kkKk lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa o jktuhfrd nklrk ij izgkj fd;k x;kA tuekul esa jk"V™ ds dh vogsyuk djrs gq,s viuh cSBd esa ,d izLrko ds tfj, t;ukjk;.k O;kl dks fy, cfynku nsus dh izsj.kk esa ;g i= dkQh gn rd lQy jgkA 20 ebZ 1939 dks C;koj esa ekjokM+ LVsV ihiqYl dka›sal vk;ksftr djus ds fy, vf/kd`r fd;k rks t;ukjk;.k O;kl ds fxj∂rkj gksus ij ;g i= Hkh cUn gks x;kA24 chdkusj] t;iqj] ^R;kxHkwfe* us bldh dk;Zokgh dks foLrkj ds lkFk izdkf'kr fd;kA21 ;g dka›sal vyoj] Hkjriqj o vU; fBdkuksa esa jkT; vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk fd;s tk jgs nqO;Zogkjksa ds C;koj esa u gksdj iq"dj esa 25 uoEcj 1931 dks gqbZ vkSj mlesa mŸkjnk;h ljdkj dh fo#º lekpkj izdkf'kr fd;sA LFkkiuk] ukxfjd vf/kdkj rFkk f'k{kk ,oe~ LokLF; laca/kh tks izLrko ikfjr fd,] mu jktLFkku ds Lora=rk laxzke esa mijksDr of.kZr i=&if=dkvksa ds vykok lHkh dks R;kxHkwfe us izeq[krk ds lkFk izdkf'kr fd;kA vusdkusd vU; i=&if=dkvksa dk ;ksxnku Hkh vxz.; FkkA izrki] v[k.M Hkkjr] 01 tuojh 1930 dks txnh'k izlkn nhid us ukjh dsfUnzr ^ehjk* uked x.ks'k] lSfud] yhMj] fizalyh bafM;k] ckacs ÿkfudy] vtqZu vkokt] uothou] lkIrkfgd if=dk dk izdk'ku izkjEHk fd;kA i= us ukjh tkxj.k dk okrkoj.k rS;kj fgUnqLrku VkbEl] n VkbEl vkWQ bf.M;k ^vkt* bR;kfn vusd i=&if=dk,a Hkh blh djus esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA ukjh dks jk"V™h; tkxj.k o jk"V™ fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ / Js.kh esa j[ks tk ldrs gSaA bu i=ksa us le;≤ ij ;gka dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks rks kqjh ds :i esa bl i= esa js[kkafdr djus dk dk;Z fd;kA22 dbZ ikSjkf.kd o ,sfrgkfld izpkfjr fd;k gh gS] jktLFkku esa jktuhfrd psruk tkxzr djus esa Hkh egŸkh Hkwfedk vk[;kuksa }kjk lkekftd&jktuhfrd vkanksyuksa esa fL=;ksa dks Hkkx ysus dh izsj.kk nhA dk fuoZgu fd;kA ;g ,d lkfgfR;d if=dk gksrs gq,s Hkh fj;klrksa esa gks jgs neu vkSj vR;kpkj ds lanHkZ lekpkj Hkh izeq[krk ls izdkf'kr djrk FkkA blds lkFk gh L=h f'k{kk dk okrkoj.k 1- t;Hkwfe t;iqj 1954] i`- 57 rS;kj djus esa Hkh egŸkh Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA23 2- xks;y] lkSHkkX;] vtesj esa tu vkUnksyu] ifjf'k"B & 7] i`- 196 jktLFkku lsod e.My] ftldh LFkkiuk 1936 bZ- esa gqbZ] us 25 vDVwcj 3- dsyk Hkxoku nkl] ns'kh jkT;ksa dh tu tkx`fr] i`- 48 1936 bZ- dh ^uoT;ksfr* uked lkIrkfgd i= dks izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA fj;klrksa esa 4- jktLFkku dsljh fot;flag Le`fr xzaFk] i`- 73 5- pkS/kjh] jkeukjk;.k] orZeku jktLFkku] i`- 43 tu&tkx`fr ykus ds {ks= esa egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA blesa jktLFkku ds tu&thou dks 6- oSfnd osn izrki] fgUnh i=dkfjrk&fofo/k vk;ke] i`- 166 izfrfcfEcr djds vkSj fdlku&Hkhyksa ds vHkko&vfHk;ksxksa dks izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA 7- okt;is;h vfEcdk izlkn] lekpkj i=kas dk bfrgkl] i`- 300 blds laiknu dk dk;Z jkeukjk;.k pkS/kjh o nqxkZizlkn pkS/kjh }kjk fd;k x;kA 1942 8- jktLFkku dsljh fot;flag Le`fr xzaFk] i`- 211 296 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 591 9- xks;y] lkSHkkX;] ogh] i`- 155 10- pkS/kjh jkeukjk;.k] ogh] i`- 86&87 11- pkS/kjh jkeukjk;.k] ogh] i`- 86 12- pkS/kjh] jkeukjk;.k] ogh] i`- 80 jktLFkku esa Lok/khurk vkUnksyu % vtesj esjokM+k ds 13 iqjksfgr] izdk'k] jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzkedkyhu i=dkfjrk] i`- 69 eqfLye Lo=Urk lsukfu;ksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa 14- iqjksfgr] izdk'k] ogh] i`- 72 15- jktLFkku dsljh fot;flag Le`fr xzaFk] i`- 18 MkW- bdcky Qkfrek 16- pkS/kjh jkeukjk;.k] ogh] i`- 108 17- ogh] i`- 136&137 jktLFkku dh fj;klrksa esa 19oha o 20oha 'krkCnh esa vusd vkUnksyu gq, Fks] 18- lDlsuk vkj-ds-] ,T;wds'ku ,.M lksf'k;y ,efyvksjs'ku vkWQ oweu] i`- 105 ftuesa eqfLye Lora=rk lsukfu;ksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA vtesj&esjokM+ }ks= 19- izHkkdj] euksgj] jktLFkku esa fgUnh i=dkfjrk] i`- 115 ds eqfLye Lora=rk lsukfu;ksa esa ls dqN dk ifjp; ,oa Lok/khurk la?k"kZ esa mudk 20- R;kxHkwfe] 19 twu 1931 bZ-] ;ksxnku fuEukuqlkj izLrqr gSA 21- ogh] 10 tqykbZ 1931 bZ- 22- ehjk] 10 tuojh 1930 ekSyoh eqjkn vyh & jktiwrkuk o vtesj&esjokM+k esa loZizFke vke yksxksa 23- ogh] 15 tqykbZ 1934 dh leL;kvksa ij fufHkZdrk ls fopkj izdV djus okys i=dkj&laiknd ekSyoh eqjkn 24- xks;y lkSHkkX;] ogh] i`- 158 vyh dk uke jktLFkku ds i=dkfjrk bfrgkl eas fo'ks"k LFkku j[krk gSA lu~ 1885 esa ekSyoh eqjkn vyh us vtesj ls loZizFke jktuhfrd lekpkj i= ^jktiqrkuk xtsfV;j* dk izdk'ku 'kq: fd;kA bleas jktiqrkuk dh fj;klrksa ds jktkvksa&tkxhjnkjksa }kjk turk ij fd;s tkus okys vU;k;] 'kks"k.k o vR;kpkjksa dh ?kVukvksa ij foLrkjiwoZd izdk'k Mkyk tkrk FkkA og bu fo"k;ksa ij fuHkhZd fVIif.k;ka fy[krs FksA blls ns'kh fj;klrksa dh turk esa fuMj vkSj Lora= fopkjksa dks izksRlkgu feyrk FkkA ;g lekpkj i= mnwZ esa Nirk Fkk ,oa lkIrkfgd FkkA ckyeqdUn xqIrk ds vuqlkj] ^jktiqrkuk&xtV* esa mnwZ ds lkFk fgUnh esa Hkh lekpkj izdkf'kr fd;s tkrs FksA 'kq: ds vkB i`"B mnwZ esa rFkk ckn ds pkj i`"B fgUnh esa eqfnzr gksrs FksA1 ekSyoh eqjkn vyh cM+s fuHkhZd O;fDr Fks] dkuwu&dk;nksa dh dqN Hkh ijokg ugha djrs FksA os fuMj gksdj izfrfÿ;koknh 'kfDr;ksa ds f[kykQ fy[krs FksA blh dkj.k vaxzsth iz'kklu o jtokM+ksa dh vka[kksa eas fdjdjh cus gq, FksA muds turk ds fgr o vf/kdkjksa ds lEcU/k esa fy[ks lekpkjksa ls tgka turk cgqr [kq'k Fkh] ogha ljdkj ukjkt FkhA blh dkj.k mUgsa ,dk/k&ckj ltk Hkh gqbZ FkhA os xkS&j{kk ds dV~Vj leFkZd FksA2 ^jktiqrkuk xtV* us rRdkyhu >kykokM+ ds 'kkld tkfyeflag >kyk ds ckjs esa fy[kk Fkk % ^^vaxzst ikWfyfVdy ,tsUV ds lkFk viuh iVjh fcBkus ds fy, ,d jktk dks pkfg, fd og izfrfnu mlds ?kj tkdj lyke djs vkSj ,d vPNk&[kklk ?kksM+k mldh gktjh eas rSukr djsA tc jktk chekj gks rks og ,tsUlh ds vaxzst ltZu dks gh cqyk, t:jh ugha og MkWDVj dh fy[kh nok fi;sA fdarq ikWfyfVdy ,tsUV dks [kq'k djus ds fy, mls [kjhnuk t:jh gSA vxj og ;g lc djrk gS rks ikWfyfVdy 297 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 593 594 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ,tsUV mlds ckjs esa vaxzst ok;ljk; dks vPNh fjiksVZ nsxk] Hkys gh mldk 'kklu dj fn, FksA yksd ifj"kn~ us blds f[kykQ 25 ekpZ] 1942 esa p.Mkoy vkSj fuekt fdruk gh cqjk D;ksa u gksA**3 lu~ 1896 esa vaxszt ljdkj ds i{kikriw.kZ joS;s ds dkj.k vkfn fBdkuksa eas vkUnksyu fd,A Bkdqjksa us yksd ifj"kn ds dk;ZdrkZvksa ij neukRed tkfyeflag dks >kykokM+ dh jktxn~nh ls mrkj fn;k x;k] blds fo#º vkokt mBkrs dk;Zokfg;ka dh rFkk mUgsa ^mŸkjnk;h 'kklu LFkkiuk fnol* ugha eukus fn;kA ekSykuk gq, ^jktiqrkuk xtV* us ekax mBkbZ fd >kykokM+ ds ekeys dks iwjh turk ds le{k vrgj eksgEen us tkxhjnkjksa ds fo#º fd, x;s bu vkUnksyuksa esa c<+&p<+ dj Hkkx j[kk tkuk pkfg, rFkk rF;ksa dh tkudkjh nh tkuh pkfg,A ;fn ,slk ugha fd;k x;k fy;k FkkA rks 'kkld oxZ ;g vuqHko djus yxsxk fd laf/k dk ikyu ugha gks jgk gSA4 bl izdkj ekjokM+ yksd ifj"kn }kjk mŸkjnk;h 'kklu dh LFkkiuk ds fy, 11 ebZ] 1942 og fczfV'k ljdkj dh xyr uhfr;ksa o fu.kZ;ksa dk tu&fgr esa fo'ys"k.k dj fojks/k dks nwljk lR;kxzg vkUnksyu 'kq: djus dk fu'p; fd;k x;kA t;ukjk;.k O;kl izdV djrs jgsA eqjknvyh us vkfFkZd o lkekftd leL;kvksa ij Hkh fy[kk rFkk blds izFke fMDVsVj fu;qDr fd;s x;sA 26 ebZ] 1942 dks O;kl th dks fxj∂rkj dj vukFkky;ksa dh cqjh O;oLFkk ds lkFk vtesj jsYos&yksdks ds deZpkfj;ksa dh n'kk o fy;k x;k rFkk vxys 2&3 fnu esa yksd ifj"kn ds vxz.kh usrkvksa o dk;ZdrkZvksa dks ekaxksa ij Hkh izk;% lEikndh; fy[krs Fks] tks lh/ks dsUnzh; fczfV'k ljdkj ds vUrxZr Hkh jkT; ljdkj }kjk fxj∂rkj dj fy;k x;kA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa yksd ifj"kn dk FksA5 ekSyoh eqjknvyh ds nsgkUr ds ckn Hkh mudh iRuh eksrh csxe us lu~ 1912 esa dsUnzh; dk;kZy; tks/kiqj ls C;koj LFkkukUrfjr fd;k x;k] rkfd ogka ls vkUnksyu dk viuh e`R;q rd jktiqrkuk xtV dk izdk'ku tkjh j[kk rFkk mlh csckdh ls leL;kvksa lapkyu lQyrkiwoZd fd;k tk lds vkSj tks/kiqj ljdkj ls lh/kk la?k"kZ u gksA rc ij fopkj rFkk lekpkj izdkf'kr fd;s tkrs jgsA6 ekSykuk vrgj eksgEen vktkn us C;koj esa jgdj yksd ifj"kn~ ds vkUnksyu dks ekSykuk vrgj eksgEen & budk tUe C;koj esa lu~ 1895 esa jaxjst Qrg lfÿ; lg;ksx fn;kA 9 twu] 1942 dks tks/kiqj esa tkdj mUgksaus vU; dk;ZdrkZvksa ds eksgEen ds ;gka gqvk FkkA ;qokoLFkk ls gh budk >qdko ns'k dks vktkn djkus dh vksj lkFk lR;kxzg vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro fd;kA ifj.kkeLo:i jk/kkd`".k cksgjk ^rkr*] jgkA ml le; C;koj 'kgj jk"V™h; Lok/khurk vkUnksyu dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk dsUnz FkkA j.kNksM+nkl xV~Vk.kh] ckyeqdqUn fcLlk] Hkaojyky ljkZQ o ekSykuk vrgj eksgEen fudVorhZ ns'kh fj;klrksa ds jktusrk Hkh ;gha vkdj vius vkUnksyuksa dh j.kuhfr;ka dks Hkkjr j{kk dkuwu fu;e 26 ch ds rgr utjcUn djds vfuf'pr dky ds fy, cukrs FksA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,d O;kikfjd ?kjkus esa tUe ysus ds ckotwn ekSykuk lsUV™y tsy] tks/kiqj eas cUn dj fn;k x;kA8 lkgc jk"V™h; vkUnksyu esa lfÿ; :i ls Hkkx ysus yxsA lu~ 1920 ds vlg;ksx tsy esa jktuhfrd cfUn;ksa ds lkFk ljdkj dk cjrko dSlk jgsxk\ bl iz'u vkUnksyu rFkk lu~ 1930 ds lfou; vkUnksyu esa lR;kxzgh ds :i eas vkidks dks ysdj ekSykuk vrgj eksgEen us lHkh cfUn;ksa ds lkFk 11 twu] 1942 ls Hkw[k fxj∂rkj dj tsy esa canh cuk;k x;kA gM+rky 'kq: dh] tks 20 twu 1942 dks lekIr gqbZA tsy esa bUgsa vusd dfBukb;ksa dk Jh t;ukjk;.k O;kl us ekjokM+ fj;klr esa 1938 bZ- esa ekjokM+ yksd ifj"kn~ lkeuk djuk iM+kA ysfdu ck/kk;sa mUgsa jk"V™izse ds ekxZ ls u fMxk ldhA jkT; ds uke ls ,d iz[kj jktuSfrd laxBu LFkkfir fd;kA yksd ifj"kn~ us viuh LFkkiuk ljdkj us lHkh 29 utjcfUn;ks dks fnlEcj] 1942 ds igys lIrkg eas lsUV™y tsy ls ds lkFk gh yksdfiz;rk izkIr djuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA mldh c<+rh yksdfiz;rk vkSj tks/kiqj ls 8 fd-eh- nwj r[rx<+ (ekfp;k) nqxZ esa Hkst fn;k FkkA bUgsa csfe;kn 'kfDr ls ?kcjk dj turk esa mldh izfr"Bk de djus ds mn~ns'; ls ljdkj us vusd utjcUn fd;k x;k vkSj vUr esa lu~ 1944 esa lcds lkFk mUgsa fjgk fd;k x;kA9 rjhds viuk,A t;ukjk;.k O;kl ds lkFk vCnqy jgeku valkjh vkSj ekSykuk vrgj vkius eqfLye yhx o ns'k foHkktu dk [kqydj fojks/k fd;kA tsy ls fjgk gksus ds eksgEen dks Hkh fxj∂rkj dj fy;k x;k FkkA tsy ls fjgk gksus ds ckn vCnqy jgeku ckn Hkh og jktuSfrd xfrfof/k;ksa ls tqM+s jgsA budh iRuh dk vkdfLed nsgkUr valkjh us rks lfÿ; jktuhfr ls gh lU;kl ys fy;k tcfd ekSykuk vrgj eksgEen us ;qokoLFkk esa gh gks x;k Fkk ,oa mudh dksbZ lUrku Hkh ugha FkhA fdUrq ifjokj okyksa ds tks/kiqj ds ctk; iqu% C;koj dks viuh xfrfof/k;ksa dk dsUnz cuk fy;kA fdUrq fQj ncko ds ckotwn Hkh mUgksaus iqufoZokg ugha fd;kA mudk dguk Fkk fd vc rks og Hkh os tks/kiqj dh jktuhfr ls vuojr vkSj lfÿ; :i ls tqM+s jgsA mUgksaus 1940 o viuk thou ns'k lsok dks lefiZr dj pqds FksA10 ns'k ds vktkn gksus ds ckn Hkh 1942 ds jk"V™h; vkanksyuksa esa C;koj ls tks/kiqj igqapdj fxj∂rkjh nhA7 ekjokM+ mUgkasus viuk thou lekt lsok esa yxk;kA mUgksaus Lok/khurk izkfIr ds ckn dksbZ in fj;klr dh ljdkj }kjk tkxhjnkjksa ds izfr i{kikriw.kZ uhfr viuk, tkus ds dkj.k Hkh xzg.k ugha fd;kA og fgUnw&eqfLye ln~Hkko vkSj jk"V™h; ,drk ds dV~Vj leFkZd tkxhjnkj cgqr mPN`a[ky gks x;s FksA mUgksaus turk ij [kqydj vR;kpkj djus vkjEHk FksA mudk vf/kdka'k le; vius fgUnw fe=ksa ds ;gha O;rhr gksrk FkkA ekSykuk vrgj 298 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 595 596 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 eksgEen dk nsgkUr lu~ 1951 eas C;koj eas gqvkA lu~ 1976 uxj ifj"kn] C;koj us yM+kbZ yM+hA fd'kux<+ esa tc dkafrpUnz pkSFkk.kh ds iz;Ruksa ls lu~ 1939 esa iztke.My loZlEefr ls izLrko ikfjr dj C;koj ds izeq[k Lora=rk lsukuh ds :i esa mudh dh LFkkiuk gqbZA rc mUgsa iztke.My dk v/;{k cuk;k x;kA iztke.My ds ek/;e ;knxkj cukus dk fu'p; fd;k FkkA mudh Le`fr esa Lekjd cuk;s tkus dk izLrko ls fj;klrh ljdkj ls bUgksaus mŸkjnk;h 'kklu dh ekax dhA ikfjr gqvkA 15 vxLr 2015 dks tks/kiqj ds ekfp;k nqxZ esa 1942&44 ds nkSjku dSn Jh egewn & ;s fd'kux<+ ds jgus okys FksA teky'kkg dh v/;{krk okys j[ks x;s LorU=rk lSukfu;ksa dh Le`fr esa muds fp=ksa dk vukoj.k fd;k x;k gSA mlh iztke.My esa bUgksaus ea=h dk dk;ZHkkj laHkky j[kk FkkA fnu ,d HkO; vfHkuUnu lekjksg dk vk;kstu Hkh fd;k x;kA ftlesa ekSykuk vrgj MkW- valkjh & vtesj esa ÿkafrdkfj;ksa us 'kq: ls gh fofo/k izdkj dh xfrfof/ eksgEen dh lqikS=h uljhu ckuks dk 'kky vkssyuh iM+h fn;kA fdUrq os vfMx jgs vkSj jk"V™ dh ewy /kkjk ls tqM+s jgsA egkjk"V™ dk cEcbZ 'kgj budk ekSykuk eksfg;qn~nhu fp'rh & vki vtesj ds fuoklh FksA mUgksaus MkW- valkjh] izeq[k dk;Z{ks= cukA rRdkyhu cEcbZ izkUr ds izFke dkaxszlh ea=he.My 1937&39 'ks[k vCckl vyh ds lkFk ekpZ] 1920 esa lsB teukyky ctkt dh v/;{krk esa gq, bZ- esa] os dSfcusV ea=h pqus x;s vkSj viuh dk;Z dq'kyrk ls lcdks izHkkfor fd;kA11 ^jktiwrkuk e/; Hkkjr lHkk* ds lEesyu eas Hkkx fy;k FkkA vtesj esa mUgha fnuksa 1942 esa tks/kiqj fj;klr esa 'kklu dh vksj ls py jgs neupÿ vkSj fueZe vR;kpkjksa f[kykQr lfefr dh cSBd gqbZ Fkh] blesa Hkh mUgksaus lfÿ; ;ksxnku fn;kA dkaxzsl ds ds fojks/k esa ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa izfrfÿ;k gks jgh Fkh blh lUnHkZ esa cEcbZ esa vlg;ksx vkUnksyu esa vkius lR;kxzgh ds :i esa fxj∂rkjh nhA HkwriwoZ ea=h eksgEen ;klhu uwjh dh v/;{krk eas ,d fojkV lkoZtfud lHkk dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k] ftlesa vej 'kghn ckyeqdqUn fcLlk dks HkkoHkhuh Jºkatfy 'ks[k vCckl vyh & ;g Hkh vtesj ds izeq[k O;olk;h FksA og ekSykuk nh x;h rFkk tks/kiqj dh ?kVukvksa dh fu"i{k vkSj foLr`r U;kf;d tkap dh ekax dh eksfg;qn~nhu ds lg;ksxh ,oa jk"V™h; Hkkouk ls vksrizksr dk;ZdrkZ FksA mUgksaus f[kykQr xbZA12 lfefr o jktiwrkuk e/; Hkkjr lHkk esa mYys[kuh; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA og lkEiznkf;d ln~Hkko ds Hkh dV~Vj leFkZd FksA lu~ 1947 esa ns'k foHkktu ds le; vtesj esa oruijLrh ds lkFk&lkFk budk f'k{kk ls Hkh xgjk yxko FkkA og Lo;a lkEiznkf;d naxs QSy x;s Fks] mlesa jsYos LVs'ku ds lkeus fLFkr vCckl vyh dh baXyS.M ls cSfjLVj dh fMxzh ysdj vk, FksA jktLFkku] vgenkckn o cEcbZ bR;kfn nqdkusa Hkh naxkb;ksa }kjk tyk nh xbZ FkhA blds ckotwn bUgksaus vtesj esa gh jgus dk fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij bUgksaus odkyr dh izSfDVl dh FkhA lu~ 1932 esa C;koj (vtesj) fu'p; fd;kA vktknh feyus ds ckn Hkh og jktuSfrd xfrfof/k;ksa ls tqM+s jgs vkSj esa eksgEen vyh eSeksfj;y gk;j lSd.Mjh Ldwy dh LFkkiuk] C;koj o vtesj ds vtesj 'kgj ls fo/kk;d Hkh pqus x;sA15 eqlyekuksa dh vuFkd dksf'k'kksa ls dh xbZ FkhA bldk mn~ns'; eqfLye fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa f'k{kk o Kku dk izlkj djuk FkkA 1932 esa ^jktiwrkuk V™LV lkslk;Vh* vtesj ds rgr eksgEen vCnqy xQwj & ;g vtesj ds fuoklh Fks lu~ 1935&1947 rd bl Ldwy dk iz'kklu pyk;k x;kA eksgEen ;klhu uwjh] bl laLFkk ds twfu;j okbl dkaxzsl dh fofHkUu jktuSfrd xfrfof/k;ksa eas lfÿ; jgsA blds lkFk gh mUgksaus vtesj izSlhMsUV FksA og bl le; vgenkckn esa ckj ,sV ykW FksA13 lu~ 1947 esa ns'k ds esjokM+k dh lkekftd leL;kvksa dk fujkdj.k djrs gq, ,d lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ dh foHkktu us Ldwy dh uhao dks fgyk fn;k FkkA rRdkyhu fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA eksgEen ;klhu uwjh dks Ldwy dk v/;{k vkSj laj{kd pquk x;kA og Hkkjrh; jk"V™h; ekSykuk vCnqy 'kdwj & ekSykuk vCnqy 'kdwj vtesj eas jk"V™h; fopkj&/kkjk dkaxzsl ds lnL; vkSj jktLFkku ds fxus pqus usrkvksa eas ls ,d FksA mUgksaus vius izHkko ds vfxze iafDr ds eqfLye usrk FksA mudk tUe vtesj esa lu~ 1912 esa gqvk FkkA os ls jktLFkku ljdkj ls lEidZ LFkkfir dj Ldwy dks ljdkjh lgk;rk fnyokbZA os mnwZ] vjch vkSj fgUnh Hkk"kk ds fo}ku FksA muds ≈ij egkRek xka/kh dh fopkj/kkjk dk 1947&1969 bZ- rd eksgEen vyh Ldwy ds lnj jgsA14 cgqr xgjk izHkko FkkA mUgksaus 'kq: ls Lons'kh dk ozr ys j[kk FkkA mUgksaus izsl vkSj Jh teky'kkg & ;s fd'kux<+ ds fuoklh FksA bUgksaus vkthou vktknh dh eap&nksuksa ls vaxzsth jkt dks lekIr djus ds fy, tuer dks txkus dk cgqr cM+k 299 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 597 598 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 dk;Z fd;k FkkA mUgksaus dbZ o"kksZa rd fnYyh ds mnwZ nSfud ^vytfe;r* uked izxfr'khy fopkjksa o ys[ku ds fy, vkidk lEeku fd;k tkrk gSA v[kckj ds lEikndh; foHkkx esa dk;Z fd;k FkkA jktiwrkus dh vusd fj;klrksa esa fu;kt eksgEen & fu;kt eksgEen 'ks[k dk tUe C;koj ds ikl jruiqjk esa vkUnksyu ds le; pquko ds le; Hkk"k.k nsus ds fy, mUgsa fo'ks"k :i ls vtesj ls gqvk Fkk A mUgksusa jk"V™firk egkRek xka/kh vkSj xqytkjh yky uUnk ds lkFk o"kZ 1942 cqyk;k tkrk FkkA 1942 dh vxLr ÿkafr ds Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu esa Hkkjr j{kk dkuwu esa vgenkckn esa etnqjksa ds lkFk vaxzstksa ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ fd;k Fkk A og egkRek dh /kkjk 27 (1) (ch) ds vUrxZr 9 vxLr 1942 dks 3 o"kZ dh ltk nh xbZ Fkh xka/kh ds lkFk lkcjerh tsy esa Hkh jgs FksA f}rh; fo'o ;qº esa vktkn fgUn QkSt dh ftleas ls 2 o"kZ 5 efgus dh ltk Hkqxr dj os 9 tuojh] 1945 dks tsy ls fjgk gq, vksj ls mUgkasus yM+kbZ yM+h FkhA 2014 eas 97 o"kZ dh vk;q esa tks/kiqj esa vkidk nsgkar FksA16 nsík dh vktknh ds ckn og jkT;lHkk ds fy, pqus x;s FksA gqvkA18 tekyqn~nhu ^e[ewj* & ;g vtesj&esjokM+k ds lfÿ; Jfed usrk ,oa lUnHkZ Lora=rk lsukuh FksA mUgksaus fczfV'k lŸkk ds fo#º jk"V™h; vkUnksyu esa c<+&p<+dj 1- ckyeqdan xqIrk % fucU/kkoyh] i`- 375 fgLlk fy;k FkkA ;g vtesj&dkaxszl desVh ds mik/;{k Hkh jgsA og vtesj esa 2- vafcdk izlkn oktis;h] lekpkj i=ksa dk bfrgkl] i`- 192 dsUnzh; ljdkj ds v/khu fo'kky jsYos yksdks ,oa dsfjt dkj[kkus ds gtkjksa etnwjksa ds 3- jktiwrkuk xtV] 8 Qjojh] 1896 fgrksa ds fy, fujUrj la?k"kZ djrs jgsA 4- mijksDr] 8 ekpZ] 1896 pk°n eksgEen ^vktkn* & jktLFkku ds Lok/khurk vkUnksyu ds izeq[k dsUnz 5- euksgj izHkkdj] jksy vkWQ izsl] iap'khy izdk'ku] 1981 i`- 15&16 C;koj 'kgj esa 12 vxLr] 1932 dks budk tUe gqvkA izflº Lora=rk lsukuh 6- jes'k tSu] Hkkjr esa fgUnh i=dkfjrk] i`- 172 ekSykuk vrgj eksgEen ^vktkn* muds lxs pkpk FksA Lok/khurk ds vfUre la?k"kZdky 7- euksgj dksBkjh] iwoksZDr] i`- 205&206 8- ckyd`".k Fkkuoh] ekjokM+ yksd ifj"kn ds tu vkUnksyu] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj 1993] tks/ esa vkSj ckn esa Hkh vki lfÿ; vfxze iafDr ds okeiaFkh Nk= usrk jgsA C;koj LVwMsUV kiqj] i`- 25 ;wfu;u ds ;g laLFkkid v/;{k jgsA 1942 bZ- ds Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ,oa 1945&46bZ- 9- mijksDr] ifjf'k"V la- 6] i`- 79 esa vktkn fgUn QkSt ds leFkZu esa NsM+s x;s vkUnksyu o tqywlksa eas bUgksaus lfÿ; Hkkx 10- ekSykuk vrgj eksgEen ds Hkrhts Jh pkan eksgEen }kjk nh xbZ tkudkjh ij vk/kkfjr fy;kA17 fczfV'k 'kklu dky esa C;koj uxj dh lukru /keZ Ldwy o dkWyst ds v/ 11- oUnsekrje~] iwoksZDr] i`- 89 ;kidksa o fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fczfV'k lRrk ds fo#º rhoz Hkkouk ik;h tkrh FkhA bl dkWyst 12- euksgj dksBkjh] iwoksZDr] i`- 226 eas esokM+ o ekjokM+ ds xkaoksa o 'kgjksa ds Nk= cM+h la[;k esa izos'k ysrs FksA Jh pkan 13- tkSgj Lekfjdk] Lo.kZ t;Urh fo'ks"kkad 1983] C;koj] i`- 20 eksgEen Lora=rk&izkfIr ls igys vksj mlds ckn Hkh lfÿ; Nk=&usrk ds :i esa 14- mijksDr] i`- 23 yksdfiz; jgsA 15- lqeus'k tks'kh] iwoksZDr] i`- 393 16- Jh pkan eksgEen }kjk fn;s x;s lk{kkRdkj ij vk/kkfjr] vizsy 2009 1963 bZ- ls ;g jktLFkku mPp U;k;ky; ds vf/koDrk gSaA l-/k- LukrdksRrj 17- mijksDr egkfo|ky;] C;koj esa vkius ,y-,y-ch- d{kkvksa esa v/;kiu djk;kA 1972 bZ- ls 18- jktLLFkku if=dk ls lkHkkj jk"V™h; ,drk if=dk dk laiknu ,oa izdk'ku vkids }kjk fd;k x;kA fiNys 50 o"kksZa esa fgUnh o vaxzsth esa fofHkUu fo/kkvksa ij 40 ls vf/kd iqLrdksa dh jpuk ,oa izdk'ku buds }kjk fd;k x;kA buesa ^Lokeh foosdkuUn % thou vkSj fopkj*_ ^egkRek xka/kh vkSj lkEiznkf;d ,drk*_ ^Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh fojklr*_ ^Hkkjrh; usrk vkSj lkEiznkf;d leL;k*_ ^Vhiw lqYrku* rFkk ^ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy % thou vkSj fopkj* fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSA jk"V™h; Lrj ds fofHkUu i=&if=dkvksa esa budh jpuk,a izdkf'kr gksrh jgh gSaA vkdk'kok.kh ds t;iqj dsUnz o t;iqj nwjn'kZu dsUnz ls viuh vusd okrkZ,a ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkef;d fo"k;kas ij izlkfjr gksrh jgh gSaA orZeku esa Hkh 300 600 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 laxfBr djus dk dk;Z fd;kA flgksV ds Bkdqj ekuflag ds vR;kpkj ds f[kykQ 'ks[kkokVh dh efgykvksa us ,d o`gn~ efgyk lEesyu dVjkFky (lhdj) 24 vizsy 1934 dks vk;ksftr fd;kA Lora=rk vkUnksyu ds nkSjku 'ks[kkokVh {ks= esa lEesyu dh la;ksftdk mŸkek nsoh FkhA tc efgyk lEesyu dh ?kks"k.kk gks pqdh Fkh tu&tkx`fr esa efgykvksa dh HkwfedkA rks lhdj fBdkus us lEesyu ugha gksus nsus ds vusd mik; fd;sA xkao ls efgykvksa dh ujsUnz dqekj lSuh fudklh ij jksd vkSj /kefd;ka nh xbZA dVjkFky esa nQk 144 ykxw dj nh xbZ vkSj ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd ;fn dksbZ efgyk ;k iq#"k Hkkx ysxk rks mls fxj∂rkj dj fy;k 'ks[kkokVh dh efgyk;sa vius 'kkS;Z] R;kx vkSj cfynku ds fy, lnSo gh tk;sxkA 'ks[kkokVh ds dksus&dksus ls efgykvksa ds tRFks dVjkFky igqapus yxsA bl vxz.kh jgh gSA tgk° ;gk° dh efgykvksa us iq#"kksa ls da/ks ls d°/kk feykdj [ksr lEesyu esa yxHkx 5000 efgykvksa us Hkkx fy;kA 'ks[kkokVh esa efgykvksa dk ;g [kfygku vkSj dkj[kkuksa esa dke fd;k gS ogha bUgksaus vkUnksyuksa esa vR;kpkjksa ds izFke o`gn~ lEesyu Fkk ftldh v/;{krk fd'kksjh nsoh us dhA efgykvksa ds tRFkksa dk f[kykQ iq#"kksa ds lkFk&lkFk la?k"kZ fd;k rFkk tsy x;h gSA 'ks[kkokVh dh vke usr`Ro ftu ohj efgykvksa us fd;k muesa nqxkZorh 'kekZ (ipsjh cM+h)] Qwyka nsoh xfy;ksa esa tkxzfr dk vadqj.k lu~ 1925 ls izLQqfVr gqvk tc mUgsa f'k{kk dh vksj (ekaMklh)] fd'kksjh nsoh (Hkkejokl)] jeknsoh (ewaMok) vkfn izeq[k FkhA dwnu] vkd`"V fd;k x;kA dksfyM+k] ikyM+h] iyFkkuk] chchiqj] lksfr;k ckl vkfn vusd xkaoksa ls efgykvksa ds lu~ 1932 tkV egklHkk] >qU>quw esa gtkjksa efgyk;sa lfEefyr gqbZ Fkh ftUgksaus tRFks lEesyu esa 'kkfey gq;sA 'ks[kkokVh bl efgyk lHkk esa bruk vkÿks'k Fkk fd os fo|kFkhZ Hkou cukus ds fy, iUusflag nsojksM+ ds vkg~oku ij lHkk LFky esa vius xgus fdlh Hkh izdkj ds vR;kpkj dk lkeuk djus ds rS;kj FkhA mŸkek nsoh ds tksf'kys mrkj fn;s Fks rFkk ckn esa lhdj esa iztkifr egk;K esa 1934 bZ- esa cM+h la[;k esa Hkkx Hkk"k.k us muesa vkSj tku Qwad nhA lEesyu esa r; fd;k fd fL=;ksa dks viekfur fy;kA ml le; vusd efgyk dk;ZdŸkkZ eSnku esa vk pqdh FkhA Jherh mŸkek nsoh djus okyksa dks drbZ ekQ ugha fd;k tk;sxkA mUgkasus izfrKk dh fd tc rd ds usr`Ro esa ,d l'kDr efgyk laxBu cu pqdk FkkA tks iq#"kksa dh Hkk°fr lekt lq/kkj fBdkusnkjksa dks fBdkus ugha yxk nsaxh] os pSu ls ugha cSBsaxhA vkSj vko';drk iM+us ij vR;kpkjksa ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ djus dks rS;kj FkhA izR;sd 1935 bZloh esa t;flagiqjk esa MwaMyksn Bkdqj ds NksVs HkkbZ bZ'oj flag }kjk xkao esa 'ks[kkokVh ds vfxze iafDr ds usrkvksa dh /keZ ifRu;ka LFkkuh; usr`Ro djus xksyhdk.M esa pkS- Vhdwjke dh e`R;q rFkk efgykvksa ij xksfy;ksa dh ckSNkj dks ysdj yxhA mUgksaus #f<+xzLr laLdkjksa dks frykatfy nsdj vk;Z laLdkjksa dks Lo;a xzg.k LFkku&LFkku ij efgykvksa us lHkk;sa dhA ikrwljh xkao esa cukjlh nsoh dh v/;{krk esa fd;k vkSj lekt esa mudk iwjk izpkj fd;kA ijEijkxr yksd xhrksa dh txg u;s yksd cM+h lHkk gqbZA ftlesa vkl&ikl dh gtkjksa efgykvksa us Hkkx fy;kA xhrksa dks viuk;kA efgykvksa ds mRFkku dks rhoz xfr iznku djus gsrq fo|kFkhZ Hkou] >qU>quwa esa ,d laHkzkr vkSj tkx:d efgykvksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls nqxkZnsoh] mŸkeknsoh] jkes'ojh o`gn efgyk lEesyu 11 ekpZ 1938 bZ- dks cqyk;k x;kA ftlesa 'ks[kkokVh ds nsoh 'kekZ (Jhek/kksiqj)] jek nsoh (lhdj)] fd'kksjh nsoh iRuh ljnkj gjyky flag] nwj&njkt ds bykdksa ls gtkjksa dh la[;k esa efgykvksa us Hkkx fy;kA bl lEesyu dh Qwyka nsoh (ekaMklh)] vuqlw;k nsoh (cXxM+)] foeyk nsoh (fpM+kok)] fl.kxkjh fo'ks"krk ;g Fkh fd ek° csVh vkSj iq=o/kq rhuksa us Hkkx fy;k bu fdlku efgykvksa esa nsoh (ijrkiiqjk)] Egksjh nsoh (ikrqljh)] xkSjka nsoh (guqekuiqjk)] fd'kksjh nsoh iRuh tkx`fr dk lans'k Qwaddj f'k{kk dh vksj izsfjr djuk rFkk vius vki dks iq#"kksa ls ghu [;kyhjke (>kejoklh)] jkeI;kjh nsoh] vatuk nsoh vkSj vuqlq;k cfgu th (v/ u le>us dh izsj.kk nsus ds mn~ns'; ls ;g lEesyu cqyk;k x;kA Lokxr Hkk"k.k esa ;kfidk,a) vkfn izeq[k FkhaA ftUgksaus efgykvksa dks laxfBr fd;k vkSj iq#"kksa dh Hkkafr dqekjh 'khry ckbZ us dgk&^igyk dŸkZO; gekjk ;gh gS fd ge f'kf{kr cus vkSj fdlh Hkh la?k"kZ dk eqdkcyk djus dks izsfjr djrh jgrh FkhA buds ,d vkg~oku ij viuh ckfydkvksa dks f'kf{kr cuk;sA cxSj f'kf{kr gq, gekjh gkyr gjfxt ugha gtkjksa efgyk;sa ,df=r gks tk;k djrh Fkh bUgksaus xkao&xkao vkSj ?kj&?kj tkdj lq/kj ldrhA eSa cy iwoZd dgrh gw° fd tc rd ns'k ;k lekt dh L=h tkfr f'kf{kr Lora=rk dh T;ksfr izTtofyr dh rFkk ukjh f'k{kk rFkk izR;sd dk;Z esa Hkkxhnkjh dk ugha gksxh rc rd dksbZ ns'k ;k lekt mUur ugha gks ldrk vkSj u gh gqvk gSA ftl ikB i<+k;k pkgs buesa ls dqN ,d efgyk;sa vui<+ jgh gks fQj Hkh bUgksaus efgykvksa dks ns'k dh ekr` 'kfDr detksj gks tkrh gS ml jk"V™ dk iq#"k lekt Hkh detksj jgrk 301 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 601 602 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 gSA** bl lEesyu ls efgykvksa esa cM+h tkx`fr vk;h vkSj cgqr lh efgykvksa us lHkk vkanksyu esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, izsfjr djrhA fczfV'k Hkkjr esa ;g dk;Z ns'knzksg dk LFky ij gh ?kwa?kV izFkk NksM+ nhA vijk/k ekuk tkrk Fkk ftls vatuk nsoh pkS/kjh us fd;kA dbZ ckj mudh ryk'kh yh >qU>quwa efgyk lEesyu ds ckn bl {ks= ls 11 Nk=kvksa dks 1938 bZ- esa xbZ lkexzh tCr dh xbZ rFkk tsy Hkh tkuk iM+kA fctksfy;k esa Hkh vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro ouLFkyh fo|kihB esa v/;;u ds fy, Hkstk x;k ftUgksaus f'k{kk mijkUr lekt dks fd;k ftl dkj.k tsy dh ;k=k,a djuh iM+hA ,d ubZ fn'kk gh ugha nh cfYd lqn`<+ usr`Ro Hkh iznku fd;k vkSj vkt Hkh dj jgh gaSA iztke.My dk okf"kZd mRlo >qU>quw esa 4 vizSy 1941 dks gqvk Fkk mlesa mu izfrHkk'kkyh Nk=kvksa esa Fkh&lqfe=k dqekjh] euksjek dqekjh] deyk dqekjh] nsoh ouLFkyh dh Nk=kvksa us cktkj eas tqyql fudkykA bl bykds esa Nk=kvksa }kjk fudkyk lqfejk] lq/kk] dqekjh lqfHkjk] dqekjh ljLorh] dqekjh 'kkafr] ikoZrh dqekjh vkfn FkhA x;k og izFke tqyql Fkk ftls yksxksa us cM+s dkSrqgy ls ns[kk vkSj mlls f'k{kk xzg.k buesa ls vkxs pydj lqfe=k flag vkSj Jherh deyk us jktLFkku ds ea=heaMy esa dhA Jherh lqHknzk tks'kh dh v/;{krk esa >qU>quwa esa ,d efgyk lEesyu gqvk ftlesa 'kkfey gksdj lekt ,oa jkT; dk lQy lqn`<+ usr`Ro fd;k vkSj vius O;fDrRo dh nsgkr dh gtkjksa dh efgyk;sa vk;h FkhaA uoyx<+ ds lsB lhrkjke dh iRuh us bl vfeV Nki NkssM+hA lEesyu esa vkstLoh Hkk"k.k fn;k vkSj mlesa inkZ izFkk NksM+us] [kknh /kkj.k djus] xguksa t;iqj iztke.My dk lR;kxzg 1939 bZ- esa 'ks[kkokVh dh efgykvksa dk R;kx dk R;kx djuk vkSj f'k{kk ij cy fn;kA rRik'pkr~ ukjh f'k{kk 'ks[kkokVh esa fujUrj vkSj cfynku Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa fpjLej.kh; jgsxkA 15 ekpZ 1939 bZ- dks ljnkj c<+rh pyh xbZA gjyky flag dh fxj∂rkjh ds fnu ftl u`'kalrk ls t;iqj jkT; dh iqfyl us tc tc ns'k esa jk"V™h; vkUnksyu gq;s 'ks[kkokVh dh efgyk;sa muesa vfxze lR;kxzfg;ksa ij ykBh;ka cjlkbZ vkSj ?kksM+s nkSM+k;s] og ccZj vR;kpkj dh ÿwj dgkuh iafDr esa [kM+h gqbZA vlg;ksx vkUnksyu] ued lR;kxzg] Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ls gSA mlesa efgykvksa ds tRFkksa us iqfyl ds vR;kpkjksa dks lgu fd;kA t;iqj ds ysdj gSnjkckn fdlku lR;kxzg rd esa x;hA dydŸkk vkSj cEcbZ tSls fo'kky uxjksa tkSgjh cktkj esa efgykvksa ds tRFks ysdj fxj∂rkfj;k° nsus igq°phA nqxkZnsoh 'kekZ ds esa 'ks[kkokVh ds izoklh yksxksa dh fL=;ksa us Hkkx fy;kA vuqlw;k nsoh] T;kudh nsoh] usr`Ro esa izFke tRFkk 18 ekpZ 1939 dks igq°pkA iqfyl gSjku gks x;h ijUrq nqxkZnsoh] jek nsoh tks'kh] jkes'ojh nsoh] vatuk nsoh us fctksfy;k fdlku vkUnksyu esa usr`Ro Qwyknsoh vkSj mudh iq=o/kq jkedkSjh nsoh ftldh xksn esa 6 ekg dk ckyd Fkk] fd;k vkSj muesa jk"V™h;rk dh Hkkouk dks dwV&dwV dj Hkj fn;kA usr`Ro 'kfDr es fd'kksjh nsoh ftldk xksn esa 7 ekg ckfydk Fkh] xksjka nsoh] fl.kxkjh nsoh] Egksjh nsoh] 'ks[kkokVh dh efgykvksa dk eqdkcyk ugha] bUgksaus vk;Z lekt dh f'k{kkvksa dks jkes'ojh nsoh] jek nsoh vkfn us fxj∂rkjh nh vkSj 4 ekg rd dsanzh; dkjkx`g t;iqj ?kj&?kj rd igqapkus dh ftEesnkjh yhA tsy esa jghA buds vfrfjDr vU; vusd efgykvksa us fxj∂rkjh nh ftUgsa 3 ls 6 ekg rd dh ltk nh xbZA nwljs tRFks esa yxHkx 50 efgyk;sa Fkh] tks Jherh fd'kksjh nsoh jkes'ojh nsoh Jhek/kksiqj dh ,dek= efgyk ftlus L=h vkSj iq#"k nksuksa dk ds usr`Ro esa x;h Fkh] ijUrq le>kSrk gksus ds dkj.k bUgsa fxj∂rkj ugha fd;k x;kA usr`Ro fd;k t;iqj fj;klr dh Jhek/kksiqj uxjikfydk esa pquh gqbZ vdsyh efgyk t;iqj lR;kxzg 'ks[kkokVh dk efgykvksa dh fxj∂rkjh ds dkj.k loksZPp f'k[kj ij Fkh] ftlus vU; efgykvksa ds fy, lkoZtfud {ks= esa fuHkZ; gksdj dk;Z djus dk igq°p x;k FkkA ;fn ;g lR;kxzg 19 ekpZ 1939 dks lekIr ugha gksrk vkSj fxj∂rkfj;ksa ekxZ iz'kLr fd;kA t;iqj lR;kxzg esa Hkh jkes'ojh nsoh] fd'kksjh nsoh] nqxkZ nsoh us dk flyflyk tkjh jgrk rks gtkjksa efgyk;sa tsy tkus dks rS;kj FkhA efgykvksa dk usr`Ro fd;k rFkk pkj&pkj ekg ds dkjkokl dh ltk dkVh vatuk nsoh ,oa jek nsoh us 1931 bZloh esa fctksfy;k fdlku vkanksyu esa efgykvksa dk usr`Ro lhdj dh jeknsoh 10&11 o"kZ dh mez fo/kok gks xbZA blds mijkUr i<+uk fd;k Jherh jkeI;kjh dqekokl us vU; lR;kxzfg;ksa ds lkFk gSnjkckn lR;kxzg esa izkjaHk fd;k vkSj iwjh f'k{kk xzg.k djus ds ckn lhdj esa v/;kfidk cu x;hA 'kkfey gqbZ A dkykUrj esa jktLFkku lsok la?k esa Hkh dk;Z djus yxhA jeknsoh ,oa vatuk pkS/kjh (uhe dk Fkkuk) fctkSfy;k lR;kxzg esa Hkh lfEefyr gqbZA vatuk nsoh pkS/kjh izflº ;gk° ds jk"V™h; vkUnksyuksa esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk iq#"kksa ls de ugha jghA Lora=rk lsukuh jkeukjk;.k pkS/kjh dh iRuh FkhA ogk° ij os nksuksa fot; flag ifFkd ftl lkgl] fgEer vkSj n`<+ fu'p; ls vkUnksyuksa esa Hkkx fy;k bfrgkl esa mldk ds lEidZ esa Hkh vk;hA jk"V™h; vkanksyu ds nkSjku vatuk nsoh us vtesj ls uhe dk dksbZ lkuh ugha gSaA fuHkhZd] n`<+ vkSj Li"Vokfnrk ds xq.kksa ls nhf{kr 'ks[kkokVh dh ek°] Fkkuk lekpkj i= lwpuk,a] iksLVlZ vkfn ykdj yksxksa esa ckaVrh rFkk mUgsa jk"V™h; cgq&csfV;ksa us tks usr`Ro fd;k og vius vki esa ,d fe'kky gSA 302 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 603 lanHkZ 1- feJ] jruyky] 'ks[kkokVh dk bfrgkl] dqVhj izdk'ku] eaMkok] >qU>quwa] 1998 2- feJ] jruyky] 'ks[kkokVh ds Lora=rk lsukuh] dqVhj izdk'ku] eaMkok] >qU>quwa 3- vk;Z] MkW- gjQwy flag] 'ks[kkokVh dk jktuSfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd bfrgkl]iap'khy izdk'ku] xksok eqfDr laxzke esa >kykokM+ ds lR;kxzgh % t;iqj 2013 4- flag] eksgku] 'ks[kkokVh esa Lora=rk vkUnksyu dk bfrgkl] jfoUnz izdk'ku] >qa>quwa Jh NksVsyky oekZ 5- 'ks[kkor] j?kqukFk flag] 'ks[kkokVh izns'k dk jktuhfrd bfrgkl] Bkdqj eYywflag Le`fr MkW- vpZuk f}osnh xzaFkkxkj dkyh igkM+h] >qU>quwa 1998 6- esgj] tgwj [kk° ,oa xgyksr] lq[kohj flag] jktLFkku Lora=rk vkanksyu dk bfrgkl] Jh 1510 ls 1961 bZ- rd xksok] neu] }ho iqrZxkfy;ksa ds mifuosk jgsA txnh'k flag xgyksr 'kks/k laLFkku] tks/kiqj 1992 xksekrad izns'k ij 450 o"kZ dk iqrZxkyh lkezkT; dk bfrgkl jktuSfrd neu] vkfFkZd 7- 'kekZ] iafMr >kcjey] lhdj dk bfrgkl] jktLFkku ,tsalh] cMk cktkj] dydŸkk 'kks"k.k vkSj /kkfeZd og'khiu dh Hk;adj dkfyekiw.kZ dgkuh gSA xksok ij iqrZxkfy;kas dk vf/kdkj fu%lgk; xksok fuokfl;ksa ds fy, gR;k vkSj ekSr dk iSxke Fkk] 'kfDr ds en esa pwj lkezkT;oknh yqVsjkas us tks dqN fd;k og vdFkuh; gSA rRdkyhu iqrZxkyh ok;ljk; fcu vcqYddZ Loa; dgrs gaS& ^^eSaus cLrh eas vkx yxk nh gj euq"; dks viuh ryokj dk f'kdkj cuk;k] tks yksx tgk° dgha Hkh feys mUgsa ekSr ds ?kkV mrkj fn;kA**1 ftl le; Hkkjr eas vaxzstks ds f[kykQ Lok/khurk la?k"kZ viuh pje lhek esa Fkk ml le; xksok {ks= dh turk Hkh iqrZxkfy;kas ls vktknh dh vk'kk yxk;s cSBh FkhA 1946 ls 1953 bZ- rd xk°/kh th ds flºkar ds vuq:i vkarfjd lR;kxzg ds nkSj pyrs jgsA bu lR;kxzg ds fofHkUu nkSjksa esa ns'k ds dksus&dksus ls lR;kxzgh vkrs jgsA ,sls lR;kxzfg;kas esa >kykokM+ ftys ds lR;kxzfg;ksa us Hkh mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku fn;kA izLrqr 'kks/ki= esa >kykokM+ ftys ds pkj lR;kxzfg;ksa esa ls ,d Jheku~ NksVsyky oekZ ds O;fDrRo ,oa œfrRo dh ppkZ dh tk jgh gSA iqrZxkyh 'kklu }kjk lR;kxzfg;kas ds lkFk fd, vR;kpkjkas ls xksokokfl;ksa eas tks vkrad vkSj fujk'kk iSnk gqbZ] mlls Hkkjrh; tuekul bl 'kklu ds fo#º mB [kM+k gqvkA xksok dks iqrZxkyh 'kklu ls eqDr djkdj Hkkjrh; x.kjkT; eas 'kkfey fd;k tk;s] blh y{; ds fy, iwuk eas ^xksok foekspu lgk;d lfefr* 1954 bZ- esa cukbZ xbZA bl lfefr us ns'kokfl;kas ls xksok eqfDr laxzke eas Hkkx ysus dh vihy dhA bl vihy dk ns'k dh turk ij vuqdwy izHkko iM+kA2 izkjEHk esa NksVs&NksVs tRFks xksok dh lhek eas izos'k dj vfgald lR;kxzg djrs jgsA iqrZxkyh lsuk dk vekuoh; O;ogkj vkSj ccZjrkiw.kZ dk;Zokgh ls lfefr dks iquZfopkj djus ds fy, etcwj gksuk iM+k vkSj 15 vxLr 1955 bZ- ds fnu O;kid iSekus ij lkewfgd lR;kxzg fd, tkus dk fu'p; fd;k x;kA ns'k ds dksus&dksus ls xksok dks eqDr djkus ds fy, lR;kxzfg;ksa ds tRFks bl lkewfgd lR;kxzg eas Hkkx ysus ds fy, iwuk igq°pus yxsA3 LokfHkekuh 303 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 605 606 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ns'kHkDr ,oa viuh ekr`Hkwfe ij vius izk.kkas dks U;kSNkoj djus okys j.kckadqjksa ds jDr vkius laHkkyhA pkj HkkbZ vkSj ,d cgu dks firk dh deh eglwl ugh gksus nhA ls jaftr izns'k jktLFkku ls Hkh cM+h la[;k eas yksxksa us bl ,sfrgkfld lR;kxzg esa Hkkx vkidh iRuh ikoZrh nsoh dgrh gS & Jh oekZ lk xka/kh Mk;jh eas vius izksxzkeksa fy;k vkSj iqrZxkfy;ksa }kjk nh xbZ dBksj ;krukvksa dks lgkA vusd lR;kxzgh 'kghn gq, dks uksV djrs FksA jkstukepk fy[kuk mudh vknr esa FkkA mueas ,d vkSj vknr Fkh fd vkSj vusd vkthou viaxA ckn eas lSfud dk;Zokgh dj Hkkjr ljdkj us xksok ij ;fn mUgas dksbZ Hkh lkeku ?kj ls eaxokuk gksrk rks viuh fu'kkuh isu] ?kM+h ;k vius }kjk vf/kdkj fd;kA xksok dks iqrZxkyh 'kklu ls eqDr djkus ds fy, py jgs bl fy[kk gqvk dkxt nsdj fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks ?kj Hkstrs FksA Jh oekZ lk ,d vkn'kZ] lR;kxzgh egklaxzke eas >kykokM+ ds Hkh ohj liwrksa us viuh tku dh ijokg fd, fcuk dŸkZO;ijk;.k] fuHkhZd i=dkj FksA ru&eu&/ku lHkh ls ns'k o etnwjksa dh lsok eas xksok lR;kxzg vkUnksyu eas Hkkx fy;kA dIrku Jh NkssVsyky oekZ] Jh iUuk yky vkthou lefiZr jgsA xksok tkus dh ckr tc vkius dgh rks eSaus mUgsa lg"kZ fonk ;kno] Jh jruyky fgUnqLrkuh ,oa Jh izrkiukjk;.k frokjh us xksok lR;kxzg eas Hkkx fd;kA** ekrk th ls fot; fryd yxokdj] vk'khokZn ysdj vki xksok eqfDr fy;kA 11 vxLr 1955 bZ- dks dksVk ls 41 lR;kxzfg;ksa dk ,d tRFkk nsgjknwu lR;kxzg esa dwn iM+sA 11 vxLr 1955 dh lqcg 41 lR;kxzgh dksVk ls nsgjknwu ,Dlizsl ls xksok dks eqDr djkus ds fy, jokuk gqvkA ftleas e.Mkoj ds Jh ,Dlizsl esa lokj gksdj py fn,A Qwy&ekykvksa vkSj xqykc ls gj LVs'ku ij yksxksa us iUukyky ;kno 'kghn gq,A mRlkgh ,oa ekr`Hkwfe ds fy, ej feVus okys bl lR;kxzgh Lokxr fd;kA 12 vxLr dks iwuk vkSj 13 vxLr dks csyxke igq°psA 14 vxLr dks us xksok ds ^fFk,* uked xkao eas cjlrs ikuh eas vius ny ds lkFk jkf= foJke fd;kA vkidk tRFkk lkeUrokM+h igq°pk] fQj ogk° ls vkjksUnkA vkjksUnk ls dqN nwjh ij gh izkr% 6%00 cts xkao ds ,d lkoZtfud efUnj ds f'k[kj ij bl ny us Hkkjr dk Hkkjr xksok lhek feyrh FkhA vc vkxs dh dgkuh lR;kxzgh dh tqckuh crkrh jk"V™h; /ot ygjk;k] blesa Jh iUukyky lcls vkxs FksA gw°µ^^Hkknz ekg ds œ".k i{k ds ?kqIi v°/ksjs vkSj cjlrs ikuh eas xksokuh ekxZn'kZdksa dks iqrZxkfy;kas xksok NksM+ksa tSls tks'khys ukjksa ls ccZj iqrZxkfy;ksa vkSj muds lkFk gekjk tRFkk jkf= 11%00 cts py iM+kA rksjk[kksy [kkM+h ikj djds dbZ ehy lSfudksa dh uhansa mM+ xbZ vkSj lR;kxzgh ny dks lko/kku ('kV&vi) gksus dk vkns'k pydj jkf= 3%30 ij tRFkk fufnZ"V LFkku ij igq°pkA vafglk eas gekjh vkLFkk vkSj fn;kA vkns'k u ekuus ij iqrZxkyh lSfudkas dh vkx mxyrh xksyh pyh] tks ghjkyky gekjk fugRFkkiu ml jksekapdrk eas o`fº gh djrs FksA >.Mk vfHkoknu ds fy, ge tSu vkSj iUukyky th ds chp ls fudyhA rc Hkh fugRFks iUukyky th us /kS;Z ugh xkao ds ,d ljdkjh Ldwy esa [kM+s FksA >.Mkjksg.k ds ckn mRlkg tks'khys ukjksa ds :i [kks;k vkSj vius ny dks tks'k fnykdj vius frjaaxs dh j{kk ds ukjs yxk,sa vkSj xksok eas QwV iM+k& ds fy, vius izk.kkas dh cfy nsdj vej 'kghn dgyk,sA Jh iUukyky ;kno th dk vktkn xksok ftUnkckn] ^ugha&ugha dHkh&ugha Hkkjr&xksok vyx ugha* iqrZxkyh jkexate.Mh esa Lekjd cuk gqvk gS (Jh ;kno th jkexate.Mh eas jgus yxs Fks)A lSfud dh xksyh ls lkFkh iUukyky ;kno ukjs yxkrs gq, Hkwfe ij fxj iM+s vkSj 'kghn >kykokM+ ds eaxyiqjk fuoklh Jh izrkiukjk;.k frokjh] cpiu ls gh fuHkhZd vkSj gks x,A 'ko efUnj eas j[kok fn;k vkSj igjk cSBk fn;kA 'ko ijh{k.k gqvk vkSj dqN es/kkoh jgsA vkius ns'k dh LorU=rk ds fy, vkUnksyuksa eas Hkkx fy;kA xksok eqfDr le; ckn vejhdh i=dkj gksej tSd vius QksVksxzkQj ds lkFk ogka vk x,A fQj laxzke esa vki vius tRFks dh gkSlyk vQtkbZ djrs jgsA vkidk fu/ku mTtSu esa gels lSfudksa us dgk x;k fd vki yksxksa dks tsy fHktokus ds iwoZ MkWDVjh eqvk;uk gqvkA djokuk gS vkSj ,d&,d djds ,d rax dksBjh esa 37 yksxksa dks HksM+ksa dh rjg Hkjdj Jh NksVsyky oekZ ;g uke gS xksok eqfDr laxzke eas Hkkx ysus okys >kykokM+ ds rkyk yxk fn;k xk;A djhc vk/ks ?k.Vs ds ckn gesa mlls ckgj djds cSBk fn;kA lkjk lR;kxzgh dkA >kykokM+ esa 7 Qjojh 1923 dks tUesa NksVsyky oekZ ckY;dky ls gh fnu ccZj iqrZxkfy;kas dh utjcUnh esa ekj [kkrs xqtj x;kA gaVjksa vkSj M.Mksa ls gksugkj vkSj dq'kkxz cqfº okys FksA vkius vkRefuHkZjrk ds flºkUr dks Lohdkjrs gq, ihV&ihVdj HksM+&cdfj;ksa ls Hkh xqtjh gkyr esa gesa cl esa Hkj fn;k x;k vkSj d{kk 4 eas i<+rs gq, d{kk 5 dh V~;w'ku dhA 11&12 o"kZ dh mez eas gh jktnjckj esa rsjk[kksy [kkM+h ds fdukjs fLFkr dSj dh dLVe pkSdh ij ys vk,A ,d Vkijh eas geas ulZjh] txkr] ukdsnkj] QhYMesu dh ukSdjh dhA vkius fgUnh eas ch-,- Hkk"kk jRu dh cSBk fn;k x;kA ge ^iSdvi* gS u fgy ldrs gSa u Mksy ldrs gaS] rstxehZ vkSj ne f'k{kk izFke Js.kh esa eqEcbZ ls izkIr dhA 21 o"kZ dh mez esa vkidk fookg N=iqjk ?kqVrk tk jgkA lkjh jkr xqtj xbZ] gesa ekjrs&ekjrs csne dj fn;kA ,d cts VsyhQksu (>kykokM+ jksM+) fuoklh Jh vkSadkjyky dh lqiq=h ikoZrh nsoh ds lkFk gqvkA vk;kA lSfudksa esa dqN dkukQwlh gqbZ vkSj ckgj iqrZxkyh lSfudksa esa HkxnM+ ep xbZA vkids pkj iqf=;k° ,oa iq= gq,A firk dh e`R;q ds ckn ifjokj dh ckxMksj cMs+ HkkbZ o lqcg gks xbZ] gesa 'kkSpkfn ls fuo`Ÿk gksuk gS] ijUrq ;gk° dkSu gS tks gekjh lqusA 8%00 304 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 607 608 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 cts gksaxs] iqrZxkyh flikfg;ksa us uk dqN dgk] uk dqN lqukA cl gaVj] M.Mksa vkSj LFkkiuk dh] tks ilhuk lekpkj i= fudkyrh FkhA ;g i= igys ikf{kd fQj ykfB;ksa ls ekj&ekj dj cstku dj fn;kA lSfud pys x,A xkMZ ij cl ,d xksokuh lkIrkfgd vkSj Ms<+ n'kd rd nSfud Hkh jgkA6 bl lekpkj i= us lu~ 1972&95 bZ- lSfudA mldk ‚n; vkf[kj fi?ky x;kA mlus gekjs fy, ihus dk ikuh eaxok;kA rd esgurd'k yksxksa dh vkokt dks cqyUn fd;kA mUgksaus vius lEikndh; eas turk 10%00 cts ,d LVhe cksV ij gesa p<+k;k tk jgk gSA ykp ij lokj gksus ds fy, ,d dh leL;kvksa dks turk dh Hkk"kk esa okLrfod :i eas izLrqr fd;kA le; dh thuk mrjuk iM+rk Fkk] tSls gh ogk° igq°prs ykBh gaVjksa dh ekj 'kq: gks tkrh vkSj rc ikcUnh oekZ th ds thou dk ewy ea= FkhA ilhuk ikf{kd dh ;g dfork muds rd pyrh jgrh tc rd fd ykp ij lokj ugha gks tkrsA LVhej fdukjs ls FkksM+k nwj mÌs'; dks c[kwch O;Dr djrh gS7& gS chp esa ikuh dks ikj djuk iM+ jgk gSA ikuh esa yksgs dh ifŸk;k° vkSj dhys x<+h gqbZ esgur dk xeZ [kwu gh curk gS ilhukA Fkh] ftuls gekjs ikao ygwyqgku gks x,A geas tcju Hkkjrh; lhek dh vksj /kdsy fn;k lksus esa [kkds eqYd cnyrk gS ilhukAA x;kA vc ge Hkkjrh; lhek esa vk x, FksA ukxiqj esfMdy lgk;rk f'kfoj ds Lo;a mBrk gS nnZ&, teha tc ftxj dks phjA lsod izkFkfed fpfdRlk ds fy, rRij FksA mUgksaus gekjh ejge iV~Vh dh vkSj [kkus v'ds Qyd jks jks ds cjlrk gS ilhukAA dks jksVh] pk; vkSj ikuh fn;kA bl rjg 38 ?k.Vs i'pkr~ ,d cfynkuh lkFkh dh feV~Vh esa feyds eqLdjk nsrk gS csfxykA ;knxkj vkSj Hk;kud ;krukvksa eas VwVs ru eu dh gkyr esa xksok foekspu lfefr ds gjlw cks Qwy cu ds egdrk gS ilhukAA lR;kxzgh vkjksank dSEi eas igq°p x,A ;gk° ij lSdM+ksa lR;kxzgh ?kk;y voLFkk esa iM+s eSa xqy'kus oru esa cgkj ykds jgw°xkA gq, Fks] ftUgsa lgk;rk nh tk jgh FkhA**4 gljr ;gh rks ysds fudyrk gS ilhukAA tufgr la?k"kZ ds fgrS"kh Jh NksVsyky oekZ us 1945 bZ- eas chM+h etnwjkas dh yEch chekjh ds ckn 9 vDVwcj 2002 esa vkidk fu/ku gks x;kA thouHkj lgdkjh lfefr dk xBu djds mUgsa 'kks"k.k ls eqfDr izkIr djus dh jkg fn[kkbZA ns'k etnwjksa ds ljdkjh o lsfB;k 'kks"k.k ds fo#º yM+kbZ;ka yM+h vkSj mUgas mudk gd dh vktknh yM+rs&yM+rs vkius Jfed oxZ ds 'kks"k.k ds f[kykQ ekspkZ [kksydj fnyk;kA cwUnh esa tujy etnwj ;wfu;u ds tfj;s dbZ etwnjksa dks vf/kdkj fnyk;kA12 vius lkekftd nkf;Rokas dks e`R;qi;ZUr fuHkk;kA lu~ 1946&47 bZ- tc lks'kfyLV ^ekjsaxs ugh ekusaxs ugh* ,slh cst yxh vuks[kh [kkdh onhZ /kkj.k djus okys Jh oekZ ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk gqbZ rks os mlls tqM+ x;s vkSj etnwjksa }kjk NsM+s x, la?k"kksZ eas th dks jktLFkku LFkkiuk dh Lo.kZ t;Urh ij jkT; dh vksj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA c<+&p<+dj fgLlk ysrs jgsA lu~ 1953 bZ- esa flapkbZ nj esa voS/kkfud o`fº ds ogha 2001 eas LorU=rk lsukuh lEeku vkidks fn;k x;kA f[kykQ lektoknh usrk MkW- jke euksgj yksfg;k }kjk mŸkj&izns'k ds Q:Z[kkckn eas lUnHkZ pyk;s ^ugj jsV o`fº fojks/kh vkUnksyu* eas Hkh Jh oekZ th us Hkkx fy;k vkSj fxj∂rkj 1- deZohj] lekpkj i=] ([k.Mok) 18 fnlEcj 1998 gq,A 01 fnlEcj 1958 bZ- ls jktLFkku lks'kfyLV ikVhZ us viuh 21 lw=h ekaxks dks 2- vkuUn y{e.k [kk.Msdj] xksok eqfDr la?k"kZ] flagkoyksdu] vf[ky Hkkjrh; xksok lR;kxzgh ysdj ns'k O;kih vkUnksyu 'kq: fd;kA blh nkSjku eq[;ea=h eksguyky lq[kfM+;k dk vf/kos'ku] iq.ks&Lejf.kdk] 2006] i`- 104 dksVk esa lkoZtfud dk;Zÿe FkkA mu ij ukFk}kjk] lknM+h] lksukdkaM rFkk cwUnh eas 3- vkj-,u- JhokLor (la-)] xksok eqfDr laxzke vkSj e/;izns'k ds lR;kxzgh] 'kkldh; ekudq°oj tehu gM+ius ds vkjksi yxs FksA blh dks ysdj lR;kxzfg;ksa us mUgas fxj∂rkj djus dk ckbZ dyk ,oa okf.kT; Lo'kklh efgyk egkfo|ky; tcyiqj] 2012] i`- 5 fu'p; fd;kA fxj∂rkj djus okys lR;kxzgh tRFks ds yhMj Fks Jh NksVsyky oekZA 4- xksok lR;kxzg eqfDr ny iqLrd ls fy;s lEikfnr va'k] nz"VO; Lekfjdk% xksok eqf‰ iqfyl dIrku tSlh [kkdh onhZ igudj] gFkdM+h ysdj lkoZtfud dk;Zÿe ds LorU=rk lsukuh Lo- NksVsyky oekZ] 2009] i`- 14 5- gjh'k [kyksjk (ofj"B i=dkj] nSfud HkkLdj) jkexate.Mh] dk vkys[k nz"VO; Lekfjdk% nkSjku lq[kkfM+;k th dks fxj∂rkj djus igq°ps vkSj fxj∂rkj fd;kA rc ls [kkdh onhZ xksok eqf‰ LorU=rk lsukuh Lo- NksVsyky oekZ] 2009] i`- 55 5 ,oa dIrku lk uke vkidh igpku cu xbZA xksok dks vktkn djkdj ykSVs lR;kxzgh 6- Lekfjdk] xksok eqf‰ LorU=rk lsukuh Lo- NksVsyky oekZ] 2009] esa i=dkj Jh ine tSu JhoekZ esa nfyr ,oa 'kksf"kr oxksZ ds izfr lgkuqHkwfr ,oa lkgp;Z dk tks Hkko Fkk] og eaxyiqjk] >kykokM+ dk vkys[k] i`- 59 vc eq[kfjr gksus yxkA mUgksaus vius vkidks etnwj ,oa esgurd'k yksxkas ds lkFk 7- ilhuk ikf{kd] o"kZ 4] vad 32] lu~ 1975 eas izdkf'kr tqM+dj LFkkuh; Jfed la?k dh vkokt cqyUn djus ds fy, ^ilhuk izsl* dh 8- nSfud vaxn] 11 flrEcj 2002] dksVk 305 610 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 5 vxLr 1915 dks feLVj oqM ikWfyfVdy lsdsV™h] fczfV'k&ljdkj ds mn;iqj vkxeu ds volj ij Hkkst esa egkjk.kk us vius Lokxr Hkk"k.k esa fo'o&;qº esa fczzfV'k&ljdkj dh fot; dh dkeuk djrs gq, iqu% fczfV'k&ljdkj dks gj lEHko izFke fo'o;qº esa esokM+ dk ;ksxnku lgk;rk miyC/k djokus dk opu fn;k] rn~uqlkj feLVj oqM us egkjk.kk dk /kU;okn MkW- jktsUnzukFk iqjksfgr Kkfir djrs gq, dgk fd vkt esokM+ ds lkFk fe=rk dh ijEijk dk iquZohuhdj.k gks x;k gS rFkk vHkh gky gh esa egkjk.kk }kjk ,d yk[k #i;kas dh dh xbZ vfrfjDr 20oha 'krkCnh ds nwljs n'kd esa teZuh ds lezkV dslj fofy;e f}rh; dh lgk;rk ds fy, Hkh vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gwaA10 lkezkT;oknh uhfr ds QyLo:i lEiw.kZ ;wjksi nks xqVksa esa foHkkftr gks x;k FkkA ,d ;qº izkjEHk gksus ds ckn fczfV'k&ljdkj us ,d rkj }kjk egkjk.kk us xqV esa fczVsu] ›kal] :l rFkk tkiku Fks] nwljs xqV esa teZuh] vkfLV™;k] gaxjh rFkk bVyh lSfud&lgk;rk dk vuqjks/k fd;kA11 rn~uqlkj egkjk.kk us 500 jax:V izf'k{k.k gsrq FksA nksuksa xqVksa ds chp foLrkjoknh izfrLi/kkZ ds dkj.k 28 tqykbZ 1914 dks izFke 12 1 nsoyh Nkouh HkstsA blds vfrfjDr v'olSfudksa (esokM+ ykUllZ) ds ,d ny esa fo'o ;qº izkjEHk gks x;kA Hkkjrh; jk"V™h; dkaxzsl us ;qº esa fczfV'k&ljdkj dks ,d Hkkjrh; vQlj] 3 nQsnkj] 4 ykUl nQsnkj] ,d lsY;wVjh] ,d QSjh;j vkSj 43 lg;ksx nsus dk fu.kZ; fy;k] rn~uqlkj jk"V™oknh usrk egkRek xak/kh us Hkh fczfV'k 13 2 ?kqM+lokj fczfV'k&ljdkj dh lgk;rk gsrq ;wjksi Hksts x;sA fczfV'k&ljdkj ds ljdkj dks lgk;rk nsus dk vketu ls vkg~oku fd;kA vuqjks/k ij egkjk.kk us mnkj rFkk lEekutud 'krks± ij mUgsa ?kqM+lokj miyC/k djokus jktiqrkuk dh fj;klrksa Hkh fczfV'k lkezkT; dk ,d vax Fkh] vr% bu fj;klrksa dk vk'oklu fn;k] rn~uqlkj bl dk;Z gsrq vaxsztksa us estj ,UMjlu dks mn;qij Hkstk] }kjk fczfV'k&ljdkj dks lg;ksx djuk mudk uSfrd nkf;Ro FkkA jktLFkku dh t;iqj] ,UMjlu us egkjk.kk ds lSU;ny ds 47 ?kksM+ksa dk p;u fd;k] ftudks fczfV'k ;qº tks/kiqj fj;klrs bl dk;Z esa vxz.kh jgh] fdUrq esokM+&jkT; Hkh bl volj ij fczfV'k foHkkx us vf/kx`fgr dj fy;kA egkjk.kk dh bl lgk;rk dh iz'kalk Lo:i lg;ksx esa ihNs ugha jgkA esokM+ us Hkh ;FkklkeFkZ lSU; lgk;rk vkSj /kujkf'k miyC/k fczfV'k&ljdkj us mUgsa fyf[kr /kU;okn izsf"kr fd;kA14 djok dj fczfV'k&ljdkj dks miœr fd;kA 7 vxLr 1914 dks egkjk.kk Qtg flag ladV ds le; egkjk.kk us iqu% fczfV'k&ljdkj dh vko';drk dks ns[krs gq, us jktiqrkuk ds ,-th-th- dksyohu dks mn;iqj jktegy fLFkr 'kaHkqfuokl esa Hkkst ij ljdkj dks 60 izf'kf{kr ?kksM+s nsus vkSj muds cnys esa vizf'kf{kr ?kksM+s ysus dks izLrko vkaef=r fd;kA3 egkjk.kk us Lokxr Hkk"k.k esa fo'o ;qº dh ?kVuk ij vQlksl Hkstk] blds mŸkj esa vaxzstksa us egkjk.kk ds bl ;ksxnku dh iz'kalk djrs gq, mUgsa tkfgj djrs gq, fczfV'k&ljdkj dks Hkjkslk fnyk;k fd ;qº esa vko';drk iM+us ij /kU;okn HkstkA15 ladV dh bl ?kM+h esa fczfV'k&ljdkj dks vkfFkZd lg;ksx djus esa esokM+ vius fe= baXySaM dh gj lEHko lgk;rk djsxkA baXySaM dks vius fe=ksa vkSj lg;ksfx;ksa ij iw.kZ fo'okl j[kuk pkfg,A4 izR;qŸkj esa ,-th-th- us egkjk.kk dk / Hkh esokM+ vxz.kh jgkA jsMÿkl ,lksfl;s'ku laLFkk rFkk ,;jÿk∂V vkfn ;qº laca/kh kU;okn Kkfir djrs gq, dgk fd vkids bl vk'oklu dh lwpuk xouZj tujy dks dbZ lgk;rk QaMksa esa egkjk.kk us fofHkUu voljksa ij 1000000 (nl yk[k) #i;s dh Hksth tk,xh] ftlls mUgsa vfrizlUurk gksxhA5 lgk;rk dh rFkk ,;jÿk∂V fuekZ.k esa iz;qDr gksus okyk [kfut vHkzd esokM+ dh [kkuksa ls Hkstk x;kA16 dksyohu dh bl eqykdkr ds ckn egkjk.kk us ;qº lgk;rk dks"k esa 100000 (,d Ykk[k) #i;s HkstsA6 9 vDVqEcj 1914 dks foDVksfj;k gkWy esa esokM+ ds ljnkjksa esokM+ jkT; us fczfV'kµljdkj 1300000 (rsjg yk[k) #i;s mnkj C;kt nj rFkk iklokuksa dh ,d lHkk vk;ksftr gqbZ ftlesa lHkh mifLFkr O;fDr;ksa us ;FkklkeFkZ ij Ω.kLo:i miyC/k djok;sA 'kaHkwfuokl esa 7 ebZ 1917 dks egkjkt dqekj Hkwiky pUnk ,df=r dj fczfV'k ljdkj dh lgk;rkFkZ HkstkA7 blh fnu mn;iqj bZEihfj;y flag ,oe~ jsftMsaV ds e/; ea=.kk gqbZ] ftlesa esokM+ dh vksj ls fczfV'k&ljdkj dks lfoZl fjlkyk ds estj oscj rFkk teknkj Hks: flag HkkVh dks fo'o&;qº esa Hkkx ysus dtZ ds :i esa Hksth xbZ jkf'k 277000 (nks yk[k lrgRrj gtkj) #i;s dh lwph 17 gsrq egkjk.kk us mn;iqj ls fonk fd;kA8 blh rjg 31 vDVqcj 1914 dks jsftMsalh rS;kj dh xbZA egkjk.kk us 15 yk[k #i;s pkanh ds cnys Ω.k ds :i esa fczfV'k&ljdkj 18 ltZu MkDVj csVh dks egkjk.kk us ;qº{ks= (›kal) esa viuh lsok,a nsus gsrq fonk dks HkstsA fd;kA9 lu~ 1918 bZ- esa egkjk.kk us vius iq= egkjkt dqekj Hkwiky flag ds uke ls 306 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 611 612 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ;qº esa lgk;rkFkZ 5 yk[k #i;s dh /kujkf'k lkk] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&2] i`- 856 jk"V™h; lqj{kk ij [kpZ djus ds fufeŸk iqu% fczfV'k&ljdkj dks ykSVk nh vkSj bPNk 13- y{eh vxzoky] mi;qZDr] i`- 68 O;Dr dh fd jkf'k egkjkt dqekj Hkwiky flag ds uke ij fdlh Hkh dks"k esa Mky nh 14- ogh] i`- 68 tkosA20 rn~uqlkj fczfV'k&ljdkj us ;g fu.kZ; fy;k fd C;kt dh ;g jkf'k Hkkjr esa 15- ogh] i`- 68 lqj{kk ;krk;kr ds fy, QksMZ eksVj xkfM+;ka [kjhnus esa mi;ksx dh tkos rFkk eksVjksa ij 16- ogh] i`- 856 ;g vafdr fd;k tkos fd ;g okgu esokM+ egjktkdqekj Hkwiky flag dh HksaV gSA vf/ 17- ogh] i`- 856 k'ks"k jkf'k dk mi;ksx lqj{kk ds dk;ksZ esa fd;k tk;sA21 18- nsoukFk iqjksfgr] esokM+ dk laf{kIr bfrgkl] i`- 200 19- y{eh vxzoky] mi;qZDr] i`-69 egkjk.kk }kjk jktiqrkuk ok;q lsuk vkSj e'khuxu Q.M ds fy, ,d yk[k #i;s 20- ogh] i`- 69 22 rFkk nks yk[k :i;s Hkkjrh; jkgr dks"k esa vuqnku Lo:i iznku fd;s x;sA 21- ogh] i`- 69 fczfV'k&ljdkj dh ekax ij 1300 e.k ccwy dh Nky ;qº dk;Z esa iz;qDr gsrq Hksth 22- ogh] i`- 69 xbZA23 23- nsohyky ikyhoky] esokM+ ,.M nh fczfV'k] i`- 242 ;|fi fczfV'k&ljdkj ,oe~ esokM+ jkT; ds e/; dbZ elyksa ij fLFkfr 24- y{eh vxzoky] mi;qZDr] i`- 70 25- ogh rukoiw.kZ Fkh] fQj Hkh jk"V™h; ladV dky esa egkjk.kk us esokM+ jktoa'k dh lukru / 26- txnh'kflag xgyksr] jktiqrkus dk bfrgkl i`- 294 keZuhfr ds vuqlkj ekuo lekt dh thou j{kk gsrq fczfV'k&ljdkj gks gj lEHko lgk;rk iznku dhA egkjk.kk Jh Qrg flag dh bu lsokvksa ds miy{k esa fczfV'k&lezkV us mUgsa tuojh lu~ 1918 esa th-lh-oh-vks- dh mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr fd;k rFkk esokM+ dh rksi&lykeh dk lEeku 19 ls cM+kdj 21 dj fn;k x;kA24 egkjkt dqekj Hkwikyflag dks Hkh ;qº esa mYys[kuh; lg;ksx dh iz'kalk Lo:i ds-lh-vkbZ-bZ- dh mikf/k ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA25 jktLFkku ds bfrgkl esa ;g igyk mnkgj.k Fkk fd fczfV'k&lezkV us ,d 'kkld ds thoudky es muds iq= dks Hkh mPp mikf/k ls vyaœr fd;kA26 lUnHkZ 1- y{eh vxzoky] egkjk.kk Qrgflag th vkSj mudk dky i`- 67 2- vkj-ih-O;kl] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk o`gr~ bfrgkl Hkkx&2] i`- 308 3- iqjksfgr laxzg] cgh la- 14] 1914-16 bZ-] i`- 12 4- ogh] i`- 12 5- ogh] i`- 12 6- jktegy esokM+ vuqla/kku dsUnz] jktegy] izdkf'kr gdhdr cghM+k] 27&37 9 vDVqcj 1914] i`- 179 7- iqjksfgr laxzg] mi;qZDr] i`- 32 307 614 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 cPpksa dks e`R;q ds eq[k esa er ys tkukA* vFkkZr~ mldks vius dksikHkktu dk f'kdkj u cukrs gq, vkvks vkSj fcuk dksbZ uqdlku fd;s pyh tkvksA9 bl chekjh dk fczfV'k dky esa leqfpr bykt u gksus ds dkj.k ;gka ij vusd ekSrsa gksrh jgrh FkhaA tks bl tSlyesj jkT; esa ijEijkxr fpfdRlk lqfo/kk % chekjh ls cp Hkh tkrs Fks muds psgjs ,dne fcxM+ tkrs FksA vka[kksa esa vxj pspd ds ,d v/;;u (1818&1900 bZ-) nkus vk tkrs rks yksx dkus ;k ,dne va/ks gks tkrs FksA10 vkyksP; dky esa tSlyesj jkT; esa gStk Hkh ,d egkekjh ds :i esa QSyrk FkkA11 bl chekjh ds ejht dks MkW- ,e-vkj- xk ysrs FksA ifjokj Vh-ch- jksx ls xzflr gksdj e`R;q dks izkIr gks x;sA13 bl laÿked jksx dk {ks= fpfdRlk ds :i esa muds iz;klksa esa tM+h&cawVh] >kM+&Qwad] >ksad yxkuk] rkcht esa cgqr vkrad FkkA ftl ?kj esa Vh-ch- dk izos'k gks tkrk Fkk] ml ifjokj dh fLFkfr cka/kuk bR;kfn VksVds gqvk djrs FksA v/;;u dky esa bl {ks= ds tu&leqnk; esa cM+h nwHkj gks tkrh FkhA ;gka ds eqfLye lekt esa ;g chekjh T;knk gksrh FkhA blds 2 vaxzsth nokb;ksa ds izfr #fp mRiUu gks xbZ FkhA ihN ewy dkj.k ;g Fkk fd bl lekt esa ,d gh Fkkyh esa 4&5 O;fDr;ksa ds lewg ds chekfj;ksa ,oa egkekfj;ksa dk izdksi :i esa cSBdj [kkus dh izFkk vf/kd izpfyr FkhA14 vr% laÿked gksus ds dkj.k Vh- tSlyesj {ks= esa vdky ds lkFk lkFk Hk;adj chekfj;ksa dk izdksi Hkh 'kq: gks ch- lekt esa T;kn QSy x;hA yksx bl chekjh ds dhVk.kqvksa ls brus ?kcjkrs Fks fd tkrk Fkk] v/;;u dky esa pspd] NksVh pspd] Vh-ch-] eysfj;k] gStk vkSj nek dh os vU; lkekU; vfFkZ;ksa dh rjg Vh-ch- ls ejus okyksa dk vfUre laLdkj Hkh ugha 3 djrs FksA fgUnw rFkk eqlyeku nksuksa gh tykus ;k nQukus ds LFkku ij bl jksx ls e`r chekfj;ka lkekU; :i ls ikbZ tkrh FkhA jkT; dh iz'kklfud fjiksVks± ls Kkr gksrk gS 15 fd pspd vkSj gStk dh chekfj;ka dHkh&dHkh Hk;adj egkekjh dk :i /kkj.k dj O;fDr;ksa ds 'ko o`{kksa ij QSad nsrs FksA blds ihNs ekU;rk ;g Fkh fd rst /kwi esa Vh- ch- ds dhVk.kq tydj ej tk;saxs vkSj dqN gn rd jksx ds QSyko ls cpk tk ldrk ysrh Fkha] ftls LFkkuh cksyh esa ^ywl* ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrkA4 tSlyesj jkT; dh gSA bu egkekfj;ksa ds vfrfjDr Vk;QkbM Hkh ,d Hk;kud chekjh Fkh] ftls LFkkuh tux.kuk fjiksVks± esa yxkrkj c<+rh gqbZ e`R;q nj5 dh lquh lqukbZ ckrksa ds vk/kkj ij cksyh esa ^usdkˇks* ;k ^ik.kh>jk* ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk FkkA16 vakrksa dh bl chekjh ls egkekfj;ksa ds izdksi dk vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA ,slh Hk;kog ?kVukvksa dks ;gka 6 cpko djus gsrq tSlyesj ds {ks=oklh 21 fnu rd Hkkstu u djds ek= ≈aVuh ds nw/ ds fuoklh ^byker* ds uke ls iqdkj dj vkt Hkh flgj mBrs gSaA eysfj;k ls tks k dk lsou djds bl chekjh dk mipkj fd;k djrs FksA bu chekfj;ksa ds vfrfjDr yEcs le; rd cq[kkj vkrk gS vkSj lkekU;r;k ,d fnu NksM+dj nwljs fnu vkrk gS] dqDdj [kkalh] f[kzjVh;k] jrkSa/kh bR;kfn chekfj;ksa dk bl le; tSlyesj jkT; esa 7 bls ;gka dh cksyh esa ^lhvks&ri* dgk tkrk Fkk] vFkkZr~ lnhZ yxdj cq[kkj vkukA izpyu FkkA17 pspd dh chekjh ls yksx cM+s ?kcjkrs FksA bls nsoh&izdksi le> dj ^ekrk* ds uke bl {ks= esa chekfj;ksa ls yM+us gsrq yksxksa ds ikl dksbZ mik; ugha FksA fpfdRlk ls iqdkjrs rFkk cpko gsrq /kkfeZd iwtk] vpZuk dk lgkjk fy;k djrs FksA 'khryk dh dksbZ leqfpr O;oLFkk ugha FkhA vkfFkZd n`f"V ls fiNM+s bl jsfxLrkuh {ks= esa lIreh dk R;ksgkj pspd dh chekjh ls vius ifjokj vkSj cPpksa ds dq'ky{kse gsrq vk/kqfud fpfdRlk iz.kkyh cM+h nsj ls vkbZA18 yksx chekjh dks ,d izkœfrd izdksi] euk;k tkrk FkkA bl fnu nsoh dh iwtk vkjk/kuk esa fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k iwoZ deks± dk Qy ;k byker le>dj tks ifj.kke gksrk] mls Lohdkj dj fy;k djrs 8 tkrk FkkA FksA Mwcrs dks fruds dk lgkjk ds :i esa {ks= esa ikbZ tkus okyh tM+h&cwfV;ksa ls dqN nsoh ekrk B.Mk yksMk nsA 'kh;M+ ek≈M+h B.Mk >ksyk nsAA bykt fd;k tkrk FkkA19 dqN vk;qosZfnd uqL[kksa dk Hkh mi;ksx gksrk FkkA ,yksiSfFkd blds cpko gsrq ekrk,a vius cPps dks xksn esa ysdj [kstM+h ds isM+ ds uhps nokbZ dk mi;ksx tSlyesj uxj ds laHkzkar yksxksa rd gh lhfer FkkA xzkeh.k thou eas pspd dh vkjk/kuk djrh gqbZ dgrh gSa fd ^'khryk ekrk vk rks tkvksxh] ysfdu esjs bldk izkjEHk cgqr ckn esa gqvkA20 308 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 615 616 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 tM+h&cwVh ls fpfdRlk cM+h izkœfrd nsu ekuh tk ldrh gSA28 ^rwEck* Hkh ,d rjg dk ykHknk;d ikS/k ekuk Hkkjr esa tM+h&cwfV;ksa ls fpfdRlk fof/k dh ijEijk iqjkrudky ls pyh vk x;k gSA bl {ks= esa xyxaB dh chekjh T;knk gksrh gSA rwEcs dh csy dks tykdj jgh gSA21 Jh jkepUnz Hkxoku }kjk Jhyadk ds ;qº esa y{e.k dk ?kk;y gksdj ewfNZr eyge cukdj QksM+s&Qqafl;ksa ij yxkus ls QksM+s&Qqalh Bhd gks tkrs gSaA cxjk vkSj gks tkuk vkSj ohj guqeku }kjk muds mipkj gsrq lathouh cwVh gsrq iwjk ioZr mBkdj HkjhM+k uked ikS/kksa dh lCth cukdj f[kykus ls jrkSa/kh jksx lekIr gks tkrk FkkA ykus ds o`ŸkkUr ls tM+h&cwfV;ksa ds iz;ksx dk mnkgj.k feyrk gSA tSlyesj jkT; ds ^cxjk* uked ikS/ks dh lCth ls isV nnZ vkSj dCt Hkh lekIr gks tkrh gSA29 bl fuoklh Hkh dqN chekfj;ksa dk bykt {ks= esa ikbZ tkus okyh tM+h&cwfV;ksa vkSj isM+& ikS/ks ls foVkfeu ^,* i;kZIr ek=k esa miyC/k gksrk gS vr% vka[kksa dh chekfj;ksa ds fy, ikS/kksa ds }kjk fd;k djrs FksA22 tSlyesj esa isM+&ikS/kksa esa uhe dk o`{k fofHkUu jksxksa dh ;g fo'ks"k :i ls ykHknk;d ekuk tkrk gSA jsfxLrku dh izkœfrd fpfdRlk ds {ks= jksdFkke dh n`f"V ls cM+k gh ykHknk;d flº gqvk gSA uhe ds iŸkksa dks xeZ djds esa vkd dk ikS/kk Hkh Js"B ekuk tkrk gSA vkd ds iŸkksa dks xeZ djds 'kjhj ij cka/kus ihB ij cka/kdj lksus ls nnZ esa vkjke fey tkrk FkkA ifŸk;ksa dks fcLrj ij fcNkdj ls 'kjhj dk nnZ lekIr gks tkrk gSA flj ij cka/kdj lksus ls flj nnZ ls Hkh jkgr lksus ls Hkh jksxh dks eysfj;k ls dqN gn rd vkjke feyrk FkkA bl isM+ dh Nky dks feyrh gSA tSlyesj {ks= esa ehaly uke dk ikS/kk cgqrk;r ls ik;k tkrk gS ;g ek= ihldj vkSj ysi dj yxkus ls QksM+s&Qqalh Bhd gks tkrs FksA23 uhe ds cht ,d QhV gh ≈apk c<+rk gSA ehaly dh tM+ksa dks ikuh esa mcky dj fiykus ls vLFkek 30 ^fuEcksfy;ksa* dks ihldj mlds jl dks flj ds ckyksa esa yxkuk bl {ks= dh vkSjrksa esa jksx dk izHkko de gksus yxrk gSA vktdy dsj dh lCth dk lsou cM+s&cM+s 'kgjksa vke ijEijk jgh gSA blls ckyksa dh LoLFkrk cuh jgrh gS vkSj lkFk gh flj esa tq,a Hkh esa Hkh gksus yxk gSA erhjs dh csy dks ihldj eyge ds :i esa yxkus ls QksM+s&Qqafl;ka 31 32 ej tkrh gSaA uhe dk nkrqu djus dh ijEijk ;gka ij izkphu dky ls gh jgh gS blls feV tkrh gSA jrutksr uked ikS/ks ds lsou ls jrkSa/kh uked jksx [kRe gks tkrk FkkA nkar lkQ jgrs gSa vkSj dhM+s Hkh ej tkrs gSaA dweV ds rus ls fudyus okys jl ls cuk >kM+&Qwad vkSj tknw&Vksuk ls bykt xksan dks lnhZ esa [kkus ls [kwu dh lQkbZ gksrh gSA xwan dk ihB ij ysi djds lksus ls tSlyesj ds xzkeh.k lekt esa Hkksik&Hkksih vkSj >kM+&Qwad dk fo'ks"k :i ls ihB nnZ ls eqfDr feyrh gSA24 'kjhj ds tksM+ksa ds nnZ dks jksdus gsrq xwan dk mi;ksx T;knk cksyckyk FkkA Hkksiksa }kjk >kM+&Qwad esa dbZ izdkj dh eukSrh ekaxh tkrh Fkh vkSj fd;k tkrk FkkA izlo okyh vkSjrksa dks xwan fofHkUu O;atuksa esa feykdj f[kyk;k tkrk /kwi&/;ku gsrq lkexzh eaxokbZ tkrh FkhA bl lkexzh dks LFkkuh cksyh esa ^d<+.kk* ds FkkA blls izlo tfur jksxksa ls eqfDr fey tkrh gSA dej nnZ dks jksdus gsrq vkS"kf/k ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA33 vkyksP; dky esa vLirky vkSj nokbZ dh bl fiNM+s jkT; esa :i esa xwan vfr mŸke ekuk tkrk gSA ;gka ds gM~Mh tksM+ fo'ks"kK rUnq#Lrh gsrq jksxh mfpr O;oLFkk ugha FkhA vr% tM+h&cwVh ds }kjk bykt djus ds lkFk yksxksa dks FkksM+h dks xwan ds lsou dh jk; nsrs FksA cgqr vk'kk dh fdj.k blh >kM+&Qwad dh iºfr esa fn[kkbZ nsrh FkhA >kM+&Qwad djus jsfxLrku esa cgqrk;r ek=k esa miyC/k [kstM+h dk o`{k Hkh LokLF; dh n`f"V ls okys dks ^>kM+kSrh* dgk tkrk FkkA34 liZna'k esa >kM+&Qwad dk T;knk mi;ksx fd;k vfr mŸke ekuk tkrk gSA jsfxLrku esa bl isM+ ds laj{k.k vkSj laoºZu gsrq ^[kstM+yh tkrk FkkA {ks= esa dgha&dgha rks >kM+&Qwad gsrq iwjs lewg ds :i esa yksx jgrs FksA ,d dk esyk* cM+h /kwe/kke ls euk;k tkrk gSA25 bl isM+ dk Qy ^lkaxjh* LokLF; ds iwjh Hktu e.Myh gksrh Fkh ftlesa dqN rEcwjk ctkrs Fks] dqN kM+&Qwad 35 esa dke vkrh gSA bldh ifŸk;ksa dks mckydj] mlds xeZ ikuh dks fiykus ls tqdke vkSj tknw&Vksuk dh fof/k ls jksxh dk bykt djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk FkkA jksxh dks Bhd gks tkrk FkkA26 csj ds isM+ dh ifŸk;ksa dks mckydj Luku djus ls QksM+s Qqafl;ka >ksad vkSj ni yxkdj mlesa vkRefo'okl iSnk fd;k tkrk FkkA feV tkrh FkhA lso.k dh ?kkl dks tykdj vkSj mldh jk[k dks ikuh esa feykdj nsoh&nsork ds le{k eukSrh Hkko Luku djus ls mYVh&nLr dh chekjh nwj gks tkrh FkhA izk;% cPpksa esa mYVh&nLr dks ;gka ds vkjk/; nso jkenso ihj dh lk/kuk vkSj efgek ds :i esa xk;s x;s jksdus gsrq bl izdkj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA27 tSlyesj {ks= esa lso.k dh ?kkl xhrksa ls bl dFku dh iqf"V gksrh gSA tSlyesj jkT; ds izR;sd ?kj esa fdlh u fdlh vf/kd ek=k esa gksrh gS vkSj bl ikS/ks ls ,slh fpfdRlk dh fof/k izkIr gksuk ,d cgqr nsoh nsork ds nsoy ;k Fkku cus gq, gSa] buesa ls dqN fo'ks"k jksxksa ls fuo`fŸk gsrq fo'ks"k 309 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 617 618 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 nsoh&nsorkvksa dh eukSrh dh tkrh FkhA liZna'k ds jksxh ds cpko gsrq xksxkth dh] vtokbu dk lka/kk.kk Hkh Js"B lka/kk.kksa esa ekuk tkrk gSA bl izdkj dk lka/kk.k dks<+ ds jksx ls eqfDr gsrq jkensoth dh] ihfy;k jksx ds cpko gsrq papyukFkth dh lkekU;r;k xHkZorh fL=;ka gh [kk;k djrh FkhA42 lksaB dk lka/kk.kk fo'ks"kdj izlo vkSj pspd ds jksx ls cpko gsrq 'khryk ekrk dh iwtk dh tkrh FkhA36 QksM+s&Qaqlh ls dky ds i'pkr~ f[kyk;k tkrk FkkA blesa ukjh ds 'kjhj dk Hkkjhiu nwj gksrk Fkk vkSj cpko gsrq tSlyesj ds fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij cuh ihjksa&Qdhjksa dh njxkgksa ij tkdj jDr dh 'kqºrk vkus ls 'kkjhfjd LQwfrZ mRiUu gksrh FkhA ^/kk.kk dk lka/kk.kk* xehZ ds yksx eukSfr;ka djrs gSaA eukSfr;ksa ds :i esa izlknh] /keZHkkst vkSj i'kqcfy dk p<+k;k ekSle esa cuk;k tkrk FkkA 'kjhj esa xehZ dks nwj djus vkSj B.Md mRiUu djus gssrq fd;k tkrk FkkA 'kkdkgkjh Hkkstu djus dk T;knk izpyu Fkk] ftlesa ^ykilh* O;atu /kk.kksa dk lka/kk.kk f[kyk;k tkrk FkkA ykSnj uked tM+h&cwVh dks ihldj bldk T;knk curk FkkA37 ,slh eukSfr;ksa esa eqfLye lUrksa vkSj Qdhjksa dh dczkas ij lkr lka/kk.kk cukus dk fjokt FkkA43 ;g vR;f/kd B.Mh gksrh gS] blls 'kjhj dh xehZ lkseokj dks 7 ckj vkdj nqvk ekaxuk ,d izdkj dh eukSrh Fkh] bls ^lkrlkgklkse lekIr gksrh gSA tSlyesj esa ;s lka/kk.ks uo&fookfgrk ds ek;ds ls Hkh HksaV ds :i esa HksUVuk* dgk tkrk FkkA38 Hksts tkrs FksA lkl vkSj lkfy;ka vius thtk dks Hkh cukdj Hkstk djrh FkhA bl izdkj izlo tfur chekfj;ka ,oa mipkj ds O;atuksa dh efgek esa vusd izdkj ds xhr bl {ks= esa xk;s tkrs gSaA ukjh dh dqN chekfj;ksa esa izlo tfur chekfj;ka izeq[k ekuh tkrh gSaA izlo [kM+d nsuk tfur chekfj;ksa dks LFkkuh cksyh esa ^lwvkM+* ds jksx Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blesa T;knk fpfdRlk ds lkekU; iz;kl djus ds lkFk&lkFk jksxh dks ,dkfUrd LFkku ij jDr{kh.krk ls ykSg jDr dh deh vkrh gSA ;gh detksjh le; ij lko/kkuh ugha insZ esa j[kk tkrk FkkA ;g izfÿ;k pspd ds jksx vkSj liZna'k ds f'kdkj O;fDr ds fy, j[kus ls e`R;q dk dkj.k Hkh cu tkrh gSA vkyksP; dky esa bl {ks= esa lqvkM+ (izlo) T;knk viukbZ tkrh FkhA jksxh dks ckgj ds okrkoj.k ls nwj j[kus gsrq ,dkfUrd LFkku gksrs gh ukjh dks lkSaQ ds yM~Mw cukdj f[kyk;s tkrs FksA39 vtokbu] lwaB] lhaxksM+k] ij j[kk tkrk FkkA44 ;g ejht lkr fnu ls ysdj nl fnu rd dejs ds vUnj gh jgrk pwjh dk HkkVk] xksan bR;kfn dks ?kh ds lkFk feykdj f[kyk;k tkrk FkkA blls izlo FkkA bl lEcU/k esa ,d yksd dgkor gS fdµ tfur chekfj;ksa vkSj fofHkUu izdkj dh detksfj;ksa ls eqfDr fey tkrh FkhA izlodky vkB fnu vBksj ltls] esa lka/kk.ks dk T;knk izpyu gksrk FkkA ;gka ds ukjh lekt esa dgkor gS40µ ues fnu uels vkSj] lka/kk.kh ys u] lkaeh cSBh [kkosA nlosa fnu kM+&Qwad] ni yxkuk bR;kfn 14- Lora=rk lsukuh rstwjke ls HksaVokrkZ] fn- 4-8-97 vU/kfo'okl viuk LFkku n`<+ cuk pqds Fks ogka ij ,yksiSfFkd fpfdRlk us yksxksa dks 15- ogh tkx:d cuk fn;kA bl fof/k ls izHkkodkjh vkSj ldkjkRed ifj.kke Rofjr xfr ls 16- fjdkMZ egdek [kkl tSlyesj] QkbZy ua- 417@346] 1913] i`- 27] jk-jk-v-ch- lkeus vk;s ftlls yksxksa dh ekufldrk Hkh cnyus yxhA yksxksa dk >qdko vU; {ks=ksa 17- ogh] i`- 28 18- ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ vkWQ tSlyesj LVsV] 1902] i`- 21 esa Hkh vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vksj c<+us yxkA e`R;q nj esa deh vkbZA {ks= esa Vhdkdj.k 19- HkkV ohjpUn ls HksaVokrkZ gksus ls chekjh dk izHkko Hkh de gqvk] blls yksx fuf'pr gksdj vU; izxfr'khy 20- y{ehpUn] iwoksZDr] i`- 25 xfrfof/k;ksa ls tqM+ x;sA lekt esa rkfdZd vkSj oSKkfud 'kSyh esa thou ;kiu gksus 21- ds'kjhey ds'kjh ls HksaVokrkZ yxkA LokLF; ds izfr yksxksa dk u;s rjg ls n`f"Vdks.k cuus yxkA jksx funku ds 22- ogh lkFk&lkFk] jksx u gksus dh lko/kkfu;ksa ij Hkh /;ku fn;k tkus yxkA vLoPNrk vkSj 23- y{ehpUn] rokjh[k] i`- 85 xUnxh ds okrkoj.k dks fofHkUu chekfj;ksa dh tM+ ekurs gq, lQkbZ ij /;ku nsus dk 24- VkWM] ,ukYl] Hkkx f}rh;] i`- 436 iz;kl fd;k tkus yxkA ^,d LoPN vkSj etcwr fnekx gsrq ,d etcwr 'kjhj dh 25- [kstM+yh dk esyk] QykSnh tks/kiqj vko';drk gksrh gSA* bl izdkj dh /kkj.kk dk yksxksa ds thou esa izos'k gqvkA 26- fjdkMZ egdek [kkl tSlyesj] QkbZy ua- 94@1927] i`- 15] jk-jk-v-ch- ,yksiSfFkd fpfdRlk iºfr us ek= fpfdRlk txr esa gh ifjorZu ugha fd;k cfYd 27- HkkV ohjpUn ls HksaVokrkZ lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd i{k dks Hkh vk/kqfud :i ls ltkus vkSj laokjus dk dk;Z 28- MkW- ds'kjhey ds'kjh ls HksaVokrkZ fd;kA [kku&iku] igukos vkSj vU; jhfr&fjoktksa esa ik'pkR; 'kSyh dk izHkko izfrfnu 29- VkWM] iwoksZDr] Hkkx 2] i`- 41 30- HkkV ohjpUn ls HksaVokrkZ c<+us yxkA f'k{kk dks lexz :i ls fodflr djus esa Hkh vk/kqfud fpfdRlk iºfr 31- y{ehpUn] rokjh[k] i`- 85 dk izR;{k ,oa ijks{k :i ls ;ksxnku jgk gSA 32- ogh] i`- 86 lUnHkZ 33- xM+iksa feyrk gSA1 1776 ls 1785 bZ- ds nkSjku jkT; ds rRdkyhu 'kkld dh vksj ls fn, esa jkT; ds jktdks"k dk Hkjiwj nq#i;ksx gqvkA9 ftldh iwfrZ ds fy, lwjrflag dh tkus okys ijokuksa ls ;g iqf"V gksrh gS fd bl vof/k esa fd'kux<+ ds eqg.kksr pw: ds lsB fetkZey iksrnkj ,oa iqjksfgr gjyky ls 4 yk[k #i;s dtZ ysus iM+sA Qdhjnkl] cqºjke] Fkkuflag] lkaHkkflag rFkk eqa'kh f'konkl dks jkT; esa viuk O;kikj egkjkt us bu #i;ksa ds ,sot esa gq.Mh fy[kdj nh ftlds vuqlkj jkT; dh vk; ds djus gsrq txkrk 'kqYd esa vk/kh NwV iznku dh xbZA2 blh Hkkafr dkxn~ cgh&chdkusj ls dqN izeq[k L=ksr bu O;kikfj;ksa ds ukfer dj fn, x,A10 dkxn~ cgh] chdkusj ls fofnr gksrk gS fd lu~ 1820 bZ- esa rRdkyhu 'kkld egkjktk lwjrflag us fnYyh ds fofnr gksrk gS fd lwjrflag ds i'pkr~ egkjktk jruflag us Hkh tSlyesj ds ,d iVos lsB gjukjk;.k txUukFk dks chdkusj esa viuk dkjksckj djus ds fy, vusd izdkj dh lkgqdkj ls rhu yk[k #i;s rFkk js.kh ds lsB f'kothjke pkpk.k ls nl gtkj vkB lkS NwV ,oa lqfo/kk,a iznku dhA3 #i;s m/kkj fy;s FksA11 jktdh; lkgqdkjksa ds :i esa O;kikj&jkT; dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks lqfuf'pr egkjktk jruflag ds i'pkr~ ds 'kkldksa us Hkh O;kikfjd lg;ksx ysus dk ÿe djus ds lanHkZ esa rRdkyhu chdkusj 'kkldksa us uohu iz;ksxkRed 'kSyh dks Hkh rjght tkjh j[kkA egkjkt ljnkjflag us jkT; ds gh izflº O;kikjh vxjpUn xksysPNk ls iznku dh] mnkgj.k ds fy, vusd ckj 'kkldksa }kjk] u, uxjksa vFkok dLcksa dh chl gtkj #i;s m/kkj fy,A12 ljnkjflag ds ckn tc Mwaxjflag 'kkld rks bl le; LFkkiuk ds i'pkr~ bu uxjksa dh clkoV ,oa ;gka dh vkfFkZd :i js[kk o O;kolkf;d jkT; ij vkfFkZd Ω.k dk Hkkj vk pqdk FkkA bl dky esa jkT; ij 39]63]987 #i;s rs œf"k Hkwfe ijokuk feys&vxzoky iwj.k txh ldykuh ds uke ijokuk laor~ 1823 ferh gq, Lo;a igy dhA bl le; lsB dLrwjpUn Mkxk igys ,sls O;fDr Fks] ftUgksaus vkxs Qkx.k lqn&8 (jk-jk-v-) 15 6- cgh ijokuk ljnkju] chdkusj] 1800&1900] i`- 226 (jk-jk-v-) vkdj egkjktk dks rhu yk[k fN;kyhl gtkj #i;s Ω.k ds :i esa fn,A 7- ogh] i`- 226&227 egkjktk xaxkflag ds }kjk jkT; esa vk/kqfud fodkl dks vkRelkr djus ds 8- Hk.Mkjh lq[k lEifr jk;] vksloky tkfr dk bfrgkl] i`- 565 fy, vusd dk;Zÿe rS;kj fd, x, ftuesa ^chdkusj xoZesaV yksu* ,d izeq[k 9- flag] MkW- dj.kh] chdkusj jkt?kjkus ds dsUnzh; lŸkk ls lEcU/k] i`- 145&148 dk;Zÿe Fkk] ftlesa jkT; ds O;kikjh jktdh; ;kstukvksa esa fu% ladksp gksdj /ku yxk 10- egkjktk lwjrflag dh vksj ls lsB fetkZey o iqjksfgr gjyky ds uke fy[kh gq.Mh] laor~ ldrs FksA bl fofu;ksx esa O;kikfj;ksa ds fy, ukeek= Hkh tksf[ke ugha FkkA bl 1884] ferh Hkkno onh&2 (uxj Jh pw:)] dkxn cgh] chdkusj laor~ 1884 ua-&33@2 dk;Zÿe esa O;kikfj;ksa us 18]96]850 #- rhu o"kZ ds fy, yxk,A bl ;kstuk dks 11- dkxn cgh] 1871 ua- 20] i`- 31 (jk-jk-v-) vk'krhr lQyrk feyhA16 rRi'pkr~ 1929 bZ- esa tc chdkusj LVsV ifCyd yksu 12- fjiksVZ vkWu n isfyfVdy ,MfefuLV™s'ku vkWQ nh jktiwrkuk LVsV] i`- 10 (jk-jk-v-ch-) 13- vks>k] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn] chdkusj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&f}rh; i`- 489 uked dk;Zÿe iqu% izkjEHk fd;k x;k rks blesa O;kikfj;ksa us vkSj Hkh c<+ p<+ dj 14- fjiksVZ vkWu nh iksysfVdy ,MfefuLV™s'ku vkWQ nh jktiwrkuk LVsV] 1898&89 bZ- i`- 93 fgLlk fy;kA jkT; ds le`º O;kikfj;ksa o m|fe;ksa us 25]63]000 #i;ska ds ckW.M 15- egdek [kkl] ogh 17 [kjhn dj jkT; dh vkfFkZd enn dhA 16- Qkbusal fMikVZesaV] chdkusj 1926 ua- &,&204&210] i`- 22 (jk-jk-v-) og Hkh fooj.k feyrk gS fd tc izFke fo'o;qº dk lw=ikr gqvk rks vaxzsth 17- Qkbusal fMikVZesaV] chdkusj 1929 ua- ch&658&690] i`- 22 (jk-jk-v-) ncko ds pyrs chdkusj jkT; dks Hkh lSfud lsok,a miyC/k djokuh iM+hA ,sls esa jkT; dh vkfFkZd enn djus ij egkjkt xaxkflag }kjk iznŸk lsfB;k HkS:nku dks [kkl #Ddk iqu% vFkZ dh leL;k mRiUu gqbZ] QyLo:i egkjkt xaxkflag us ^okj yksu ckW.M* laor~&1984 fefr vklkst lqnh&10 (lsfB;k ykbczsjh] chdkusj) ;kstuk dk izkjEHk fd;kA egkjktk us chdkusj ds le`º O;kikfj;ksa dks bu ckW.Mksa esa 18- jsosU;w fMikVZesaV] chdkusj lu~ 1923] u- ch- 558&562] i`- 7&8 (jk-jk-v-) 19- ljnkj'kgj ds pSu:i lEirjke nqxM+] chdkusj ls t;ukjk;.k Mkxk] lqtkux<+ ds Fkkuey fuos'k djus o jkT; ds vfLrRo dh j{kk gsrq lg;ksx dk vkxzg fd;kA Qyr% jkT; jkeiqfy;k rFkk pw: ds ds'kjhpUn dksBkjh] lkxjey oSn us jkT; dh fodkl ;kstukvksa esa 18 ds lHkh NksVs&cM+s O;kikfj;ksa us bu ckW.Mksa esa fuos'k fd;kA bl rjg jkT; ds /kuh lokZf/kd /ku [kpZ fd;kA lq[k lEifrjk;] vksloky tkfr dk bfrgkl i`- 240 ,oa le`º O;kikfj;ksa }kjk iznr ;g vkfFkZd lg;ksx fuf"ÿ; iM+ jgh fodkl ;kstukvksa 20- ih-,e- vkWfQl] chdkusj] 1941] Qkby ua- 7 i`- 71&72 (jk-jk-v-) ds fy, thounku flº gqvkA19 jkT; ds izcqº O;kikfj;ksa us u dsoy jkT; dks vkfFkZd enn nh cfYd jktdh; dk;ks± ds lkFk&lkFk tu dY;k.k ds dk;ks± esa Hkh vrqfyr /ku [kpZ fd;kA chdkusj iz'kklu dks fujUrj vkfFkZd lg;ksx nsus ds 313 626 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 t;iqj jkT; ds 'kkldksa ds Hkh lkgwdkjksa ls ?kfu"B lEcU/k gks x;sA lkgwdkj ejkBksa dh ekaxksa dh iwfrZ gq.Mh ds ek/;e ls djrs FksA og ejkBk ljnkjksa ds i{k esa gq.Mh tkjh djrs FksA t;iqj jkT; ds lkgwdkj eulkjke lwjrjke us 1810 bZ-] 1811 bZ- jktLFkku dh cSafdax O;oLFkk esa mHkjrh uohu esa t;iqj jkT; dh vksj ls ejkBk ljnkjksa dks gq.Mh ds ek/;e ls /ku fHktok;kA blesa izo`fŸk;k° (18oha ls 19oha 'krkCnh rd) 70]000] 71]000] 30]000 ,oa 20]000 :i;s dh gqf.M;k° nkSyrjko flaf/k;k ,oa 3 MkW- dqyoUr flag 'ks[kkor c[rkojey jk;pan ds i{k esa tkjh dh FkhA jktiwr jktkvksa ls lkgwdkjksa ds ?kfu"B lEcU/k LFkkfir gks x;s og mudh Ω.k dh vnk;xh ds fy, Hkh xaHkhj FksA blds fy, jkT; viuh vk; ds lzksrksa dks muds i{k esa vkjf{kr dj nsrs FksA 19oha 'krkCnh ds eqxy lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk gh jktLFkku ds jktiwr jktkvksa us ÿe'k% izkjEHk esa lkgwdkj deZpkjh jkT; ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lg;ksx ls lEcfU/kr {ks= esa tkrs v/khurk Lohdkj djus yxsA ifj.kker% mudk /;ku viuh fj;klrksa ls gVdj dsUnzh; Fks ,oa vk; dh olwyh djrs FksA ftlds fy, lsB ds deZpkfj;ksa dks lqfo/kk,° lŸkk dks izlUu ,oa iksf"kr djus esa yx x;kA vBkjgoha 'krkCnh esa eqxy lkezkT; ds miyC/k djokbZ tkrh FkhA vr% vkjf{kr {ks= esa olwyh ds fy, lkgwdkjksa ds xqek'rksa {kh.k gksus ds lkFk dbZ uohu izo`fŸk;ksa dk vkfoHkkZo gqvkA v;ksX; usr`Ro lEiw.kZ jk"V™ ds }kjk dk;Zokgh djuk jkT; ds iz'kklu esa gLr{ksi tSlk Fkk tks iz'kklfud O;oLFkk dks ,d iz'kklfud ra= esa cka/kus esa vl{ke flº gqvkA vUrr% fj;klrksa ds 'kkld esa lkgwdkjksa dk fu;a=.k Fkk ftlds fy, 'kkld vius vf/kdkfj;ksa dks Li"V funsZ'k nsrs vius ewy jkT;ksa dh vksj mUeq[k gq, rks ,d vksj 'kkld eqxy lsok ls fy, u, Fks fd lsB ds deZpkfj;ksa dh lgk;rk djsA ;g O;oLFkk Ω.k dh olwyh ds fy, vuqHko vius esa lesV yk, Fks lkFk gh ns'kh jkT;ksa ds izfr mudk izse uohu mRlkg fn[k dkjxj FkhA4 jgk FkkA ,slh uohu ,oa cnyrh jktuSfrd ifjn`'; dk jktLFkku dh vkfFkZd foŸkh; jkT;ksa dh Ω.kxzLrk dk jkT;ksa dh foŸkh; {kerk ij udkjkRed izHkko iM+kA O;oLFkk ij Hkh izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA vFkZO;oLFkk dh fLFkfr 'kkspuh; FkhA chdkusj jkT; dk 1699 esa dqy vk; esa Ω.k jktLFkku dh izeq[k jktiwr fj;klrksa ds }kjk vius jkT;ksa ds fuekZ.k ,oa dk 19-15 izfr'kr tks 1795 esa c<+dj 30-16 izfr'kr gks x;kA5 ;g Li"V gS fd lqn`<+hdj.k djus dh izfÿ;k ds fy, lSfud iz'kklfud ,oa Hkouksa ds fuekZ.k esa rsth 18oha&19oha 'krkCnh ds e/; jktiwr jkT;ksa dh foŸkh; O;oLFkk iw.kZr;k lkgwdkjksa ds vkbZA eqxfy;k oSHko dh izfrNk;k jktiwr fj;klrksa esa Hkh fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA Ω.k ls lapkfyr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA jktiwr jkT;ksa dh HkO;rk ds Lo:i ds fy, vR;f/kd /kujkf'k dh vko';drk jkT;ksa ds 'kkldksa dk lkgwdkjks] cksgjksa ,oa egktuksa ls izxk<+ lEcU/kksa dk izHkko FkhA lhfer jktLo lzksrksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i lkgwdkjksa ds Ω.k ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk vFkZO;oLFkk esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSaA lkgwdkj ,oa egktu dsoy foŸkh; ysu&nsu gh ugha FkkA 18oha 'krkCnh esa jktiwr jkT;ksa ds mŸkjkf/kdkjh fooknksa ds dkj.k ejkBksa vkÿe.kksa oju~ vukt O;kikj ,oa eqdkrsnkjh O;oLFkk esa Hkh layXu gks x;sA dh rhozrk vkbZ mudh /kujkf'k dh ekax jktiwr jkT;ksa dks Ω.kxzLr cuk fn;kA jktiwr lkgwdkj ,oa egktu œf"kxr vFkZO;oLFkk ls ?kfu"B :i ls layXu FksA ftlls 'kkldksa dh Ω.kxzLrk ls LFkkuh; lkgwdkjksa ls Ω.k lEcU/k fujUrj] yEcs LFkkfir gks og vuk;kl vukt O;kikjh ds :i ls izfrf"Br gks x;sA œ"kd ds }kjk Hkw jktLo x;sA chdkusj ds 'kkld lwjrflag (1787&1827 bZ-) us pw: ds izflº lsB fetkZey vnk;xh ,oa œf"kxr vko';drkvksa ds fy, egktu ls Ω.k ysrs Fks ftldh vnk;xh iksÌkj ls 1827 bZ- esa 4 yk[k #i;s dk Ω.k fy;kA1 chdkusj ds 'kkldksa dk iksÌkj lsBksa rS;kj Qly ls djrs FksA lkgwdkj ds ikl fxjoh j[ks [ksr dh Qly ij Hkh lkgwdkj ls fujUrj ysu&nsu pyrk jgkA t;iqj] tks/kiqj] dksVk jkT;ksa dks ejkBk vkÿe.k ds dk vf/kdkj FkkA6 jkT; viuh Hkw jktLo fgLlsnkjh ds vukt dh fcÿh bUgha egktuksa dkj.k /kujkf'k dh vko';drk iM+h ftldh iwfrZ lkgwdkjksa ,oa cksgjksa ds Ω.k ls gksrh dks djrs FksA jkT; ds funsZ'k ij egktu Ω.k miyC/k djokrs FksA jkT; mUgsa jkT; dh FkhA dbZ ckj jkT; dh vksj ls lkgwdkj lh/ks ejkBksa dh /kujkf'k ekax ds fy, muds Qlyksa dh [kjhn dk vf/kdkj nsrk FkkA7 i{k esa gq.Mh tkjh djrs FksA 1790 bZ- ekjokM+ jkT; esa esM+rk ;qº ds i'pkr~ egkjktk 18&19oha 'krkCnh esa lkgwdkj ,oa egktu oxZ eqdkrsnkjh (btkjsnkjh) O;oLFkk fot;flag us egknth flaf/k;k dks 310079 #i;s 12 vkuk gq.Mh ds ek/;e ls vnk esa izHkko'kkyh oxZ ds :i esa mHkjk ,oa bl O;oLFkk ij iw.kZ fu;a=.k LFkkfir dj fd;s FksA2 fy;kA bl O;oLFkk esa jkT; dh jktLo lzksrksa dh olwyh dk vf/kdkj lhfer volj 314 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 627 628 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ds fy, fuf'pr /kujkf'k nsdj izkIr dj ysrs FksA izks- fnyckx flag] e/kq VaMu lsfB;k FkhA ,slh fLFkfr esa eqnzk dh tk°p ,oa mldks cnyus dk dk;Z egRoiw.kZ gks x;kA us 'kks/kiw.kZ v/;;u esa ik;k fd btkjsnkjksa ds lkekftd lajpuk esa lkgwdkjksa&cksgjksa dh jktLFkku esa LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa bl dk;Z dks ^ij[kkbZ* dgk tkrk FkkA ij[kkbZ dk dk;Z vPNh la[;k FkhA iwohZ jktLFkku esa 1498 btkjsnkjksa esa 321 lkgwdkj btkjsnkj FksA8 Lora= :i ls ljkZQkvksa }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA tgk° ljkZQkvksa dh miyC/krk ugha gksus 18oha&19oha 'krkCnh esa lkgwdkj] egktu ,oa cksgjs foŸkh; ysu&nsus ds lkFk vU; ij jkT; ds }kjk eqnzk dh ij[kkbZ ds fy, dne mBkuk ,d fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr dk vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkwfedk fuHkkus yxs ftlls og vFkZO;oLFkk ds fu;ked izrhr ifjpk;d gSaA tks/kiqj jkT; dh lun&ijokuk cgh ua- 55 fo-la- 1858 (1801 bZ-) gksus yx x;sA jkT; muij iw.kZr;k fuHkZj FkkA ds ,d nLrkost ls jkspd tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSa fd jkT; us turk ds fy, eqnzk dh 'kkldksa dh Ω.kxzLrk ds ifj.kkeLo:i jkT;ksa dks Ω.k nsus okys oxZ dk mn; ij[kkbZ (tk°p) ds fy, ,d lqukj dks eqdjZj fd;k tks 20 xk°oksa dh eqnzk dh ij[kkbZ 11 fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA chdkusj jkT; ds 'kkldksa ds }kjk vYikof/k ds fy, de jkf'k ds djsxk ftlds cnys esa mls lok #i;k deh'ku feysxkA jkT; ds }kjk eqnzk dh tk°p ≈°ph C;kt njksa ij Ω.k ysus ds dkj.k xqalkbZ] iqjksfgr] O;kl] pkSfV;k] ,oa cSjkxh dh O;oLFkk djokuk ,d uohu ifjorZu dk |ksrd gSA lkFk gh jktdh; Vdlkyksa leqnk;ksa dk jkT; dks Ω.k nsus okys oxZ ds :i esa mn; fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA budk dh la[;k esa o`fº ls eqnzk kM+'kkgh flDdk] 1759 bZ- esa chdkusj ds 'kkld us xt'kkgh] dksVk dk xqek'k'kkgh] bZ-) yksd laLd`fr 'kks/k laLFkku] uxj&Jh pw:] xksfoUn vxzzoky% pw: eaMy dk 'kks/kiw.kZ tSlsyesj dk v[kS'kkgh] esokM+ ds pk°nsMh] fpŸkkSM+h ,oa cw°nh dk k ,oa d`".k eksgu Jhekyh] izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZUo;u funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] 2001] 100 3- ineJh ls vyad`r] Cyw ikWVjh ds ofj"Bre dykdkj Jh d`ikyflag 'ks[kkor ls fnukad 08- 09-2006 dks lk{kkRdkj ls KkrO; 318 636 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 fy[kk gS fd ^^viuh iwohZ lhek ij edjkuk dh laxejej dh [kkusa gSa] lHkh jkt/kkuh uxjksa ds Hkouksa esa bldk oSHko >ydrk gSA fnYyh] vkxjk ds egyksa] efLtnksa ,oa edcjksa esa iz;qDr lkexzh ekjokM+ ls Hksth xbZ FkhA fiNys o"kksZa rd ;s [kkusa mYys[kuh; t;iqj dh laxejej dyk ,oa m|ksx % jktLo nsrh FkhA fdUrq bu {ks=ksa esa egy&Hkouksa dk ;qx lekIr gks x;k gS ,oa Hkkoh lelkef;d leL;k ,oa lek/kku ihf<+;k° bl foykl ds lzksrksa ds ckjs esa dkSrqgy ls iwNsxhA**4 MkW- vk'kk dqekjh flag oLrqr% vaxzstksa ds 'kkludky esa LFkkiR;dyk izk;% fLFkj gks xbZ FkhA vaxzstksa us LFkkiR; fuekZ.k esa dksbZ #fp ugha fn[kkbZA blds dkj.k laxejej [kku dk fonksgu izkUrh; Lrj ij fo'ks"kdj jktLFkku esa LFkkiR;dyk esa laxejej dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k x;k vkSj u gh [kku [kuu esa fdlh ubZ rduhd dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k] cnLrwj tkjh jgk gSA LFkkiR; esa laxejej ds c<+rs egŸo ds eÌssutj vkesj&t;iqj ftlls [kuu dks izksRlkgu izkIr gks ldsaA ftu jkT;ksa esa [kkusa Fkh] ogk° ds jkT;ksa ds uxj ds ,sfrgkfld Hkouksa esa Hkh laxejej dk vR;f/kd mi;ksx fd;k x;k mnkgj.kkFkZ jktLo dk ,d egŸoiw.kZ tfj;k lekIr gks x;k Fkk ftlls lacaf/kr jkT;ksa dks Hkkjh vkesj dk fdyk] txr f'kjksef.k eafnj] xSVksj dh Nrjh] flVh iSysl] fcM+yk eafnj vkfFkZd uqdlku gqvkA jktLFkku ds [kfut mRiknu esa fodkl vaxzsth /kkrqvksa ds fy, vkfnA LFkkiR;dyk ds lkFk&lkFk laxejej dk mi;ksx ewfrZdyk esa izkphudky ls cktkj rks miyC/k ugha djk ldrk FkkA vr% jktLFkku ds [kfut mRiknuksa dk can gksuk gh gqvk gSA eqxydkyhu jktLFkku eas vkesj ewfrZdyk dk izflº dsUnz FkkA jktk gh vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa ds fgr esa FkkA vaxzstksa us vius izHkko dk mi;ksx djrs gq, ekuflag us ns'k ds vU; Hkkxksa ls ftu f'kYi dykdkjksa dks vkeaf=r dj vkesj jkT; esa [kfudksa ;k [kku Lokfe;ksa ls fy, tkus okyh jktLo jkf'k dks Hkh bruk vf/kd c<+k LFkkfir fd;k] muesa ewfrZdkj Hkh FksA ;s nf{k.k esa ek.Mw] mŸkj esa ukjukSy vkSj iwoZ esa fn;k Fkk fd dksbZ tksf[ke mBkus okys lkglh gh bl dk;Z esa gkFk Mky ldrs FksA5 c<+h e.Mkoj rFkk Mhx ds vklikl ds xzkeksa ls vkesj vk, FksA 1728 bZloh esa lokbZ gqbZ jktLo dh njksa ds dkj.k ijEijkxr [kfut ;k [kku Lokeh bu [kkuksa dks ysus esa t;flag f}rh; us t;iqj dh ubZ jkt/kkuh esa inkiZ.k fd;kA mlh le; ewfrZdkj vleFkZ FksA Lora= Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds izkjEHk ds i'pkr~ laxejej m|ksx Hkh ifjokj Hkh vkesj dks NksM+dj t;iqj miuxj esa LFkkukUrfjr gq,A bu ewfrZdkjksa ds fy, iqu% rhoz xfr ls 'kq: gqvkA 1 jktk t;flag us ,d okMZ lqjf{kr j[kk] ftls ^flykoVksa dk eqgYyk* dgk x;kA laxejej ek/;e ds dyk ls m|ksx :i esa ifjofrZr gksus esa vk/kqfud e'khuksa t;iqjh Hkk"kk esa bu ewfrZdkjksa dks ^flykoV* dgk tkrk FkkA fdUrq bl 'kCn ls rkRi;Z dk mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku jgk gSA bVyh ls vk;kfrr vkjk&e'khuksa us bl [kfut iRFkj ^flyk* ,oa ^yks<+h* cukus okyksa ls FkkA vf'k{kk ds dkj.k ;g 'kCn o"kksZa rd bu dh fdLer gh cny MkyhA buds }kjk laxejej ds cM+s&cM+s VqdM+ksa dks dqN gh 2 ewfrZdkjksa ds fy, mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk jgkA oLrqr% ;g f'kYidkj dk viHkza'k gSA ?k.Vksa esa phjdj vyx&vyx dkryksa esa foHkkftr dj fn;k tkrk gSA6 bl rduhdh vkt Hkh mDr eqgYyk ewfrZdkjksa ls ifjiw.kZ gSA ewfrZdyk ds iYyou esa t;iqj dk izfÿ;k dh [kwch ;g jgh fd izR;sd dkrys dh eksVkbZ leku vkus yxh vkSj ml ij egŸoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gSA fdUrq vk/kqfud dky esa vaxzsth loksZPprk ds foLrkj ds ikWfy'k djuk dgha T;knk vklku gks x;kA LFkkuh; n{k fefL=;ksa ,oa dqN m|fe;ksa us lkFk&lkFk [kku ,oa m|ksx O;olk; esa fxjkoV vkbZA Hkkjr esa vaxzsth lŸkk egt ,d bl rduhd dks ns'kh tkek iguk fn;kA ifj.kkeLo:i oSlh dh oSlh vkjk&e'khusa jktuhfrd lŸkk ugha Fkh cfYd og ,d vkfFkZd lŸkk Hkh Fkh] ftldk mn~ns'; Hkkjr t;iqj vkSj tks/kiqj fufeZr dh tkus yxh ftlls laxejej dk mRiknu vR;f/kd ek=k dh izkd`frd lEink ,oa mRiknu lalk/kuksa dk nksgu vius vkSifuosf'kd fgrksa esa djuk esa fd;k tkus yxkA FkkA3 vaxzsth mifuos'kokn dk Lo:i Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k ij fuHkZj djrk FkkA vly esa vaxzstksa dh #fp Hkkjr ds mlh dPps eky ,oa izkd`frd lEink esa Fkh tks laxejej laca/kh vif'k"V inkFkZ dh leL;k muds baXyS.M fLFkr m|ksxksa ds fy, dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ dk lzksr cu ldsaA laxejej m|ksx ds vR;f/kd fodkl ls tgka jkstxkj dh izkfIr o vkfFkZd vaxzsth vkSifuosf'kd izHkko esa [kfutksa ds nksgu ,oa bl ij vk/kkfjr mRiknuksa fodkl gqvk gS ogha bl m|ksx ls lacaf/kr i;kZoj.kh; leL;k;sa Hkh mRiUu gqgZ gSA bl esa fxjkoV dh iqf"V vusd lk{;ksa ls gksrh gSA tSls fd 1927 esa izdkf'kr jktiwrkuk ds m|ksx esa lcls cM+h leL;k Lyjh dh gSA [kku ls [kuu ds ckn laxejej ds CykWd bfrgkl dh ftYn esa ekjokM+ ds izkd`frd mRiknuksa dk fooj.k fy[krs gq, VkWM us dks dkj[kkuksa esa ys tk;k tkrk gS tgk° M™Sflax e'khu esa lkbZt fQV djds iRFkj dh 319 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 637 638 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 fpjkbZ dh tkrh gSA iRFkj dh fpjkbZ ds le; ikuh dh vf/kd ek=k esa vko';drk ysfdu nks lky dh dksf'k'k ls vc ipkl Vu rd dk ncko >sy ldus okyh VkbYl gksrh gSA bl izfÿ;k esa tks vif'k"V inkFkZ fudyrk gS mls Lyjh ds uke ls tkuk tkrk cuk yh gSA 'kq:vkrh VkbYl dh lrg [kqjnjh Fkh] ysfdu VkbYl eSVsfj;y esa tc gSA7 bl vif'k"V inkFkZ dks pjkxkgksa] igkM+ksa ds ryksa] unh ds fdukjs rFkk ty lzksrksa Lyjh dh ek=k c<+kbZ xbZ rks laxejej dh rjg fpduh VkbYl cukus esa lQyrk ds fudV Mkyus ls xaHkhj i;kZoj.kh; ladV mRiUu gksrs gaSA bldk ,d ifj.kke d`f"k feyhA mRiknu'khyrk esa dVkSrh gSA MLV ls u flQZ mitk≈ Hkwfe cfYd [kM+h Qly Hkh fu"d"kZ izfrdwy :i ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA i;kZoj.kfon~ksa ds }kjk jkT; ljdkj dks le;& le; bl izdkj ds iz;ksxksa ls laxejej m|ksx ,oa ml ij vk/kkfjr vU; m|ksxksa ds ij jsfxLrku ds izlkj laca/kh [krjs ls voxr djk;k tkrk jgk gSA vusd Hkkxksa esa u fodkl dh laHkkouk fujUrj fodflr gksrh gSA vr% bl izdkj ds bdks&›saMyh eosf'k;ksa ds fy, pjkxkg cps gSa] u tksrus ds fy, mitk≈ {ks= gSA ekulwu ds le; iz;ksx ds }kjk izkphu laxejej f'kYi ,oa ledkyhu m|ksx dh ijEijkvksa dks lqjf{kr Lyjh ufn;ksa] ukyksa ,oa ty lzksrksa esa izokfgr gksrh gS ftlls ty dh xq.koŸkk ds vkSj fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkFk&lkFk tyh; thoksa ds fy, vfLrRo dk ladV mifLFkr gks tkrk gSA ;|fi bl m|ksx ij izfrca/k yxkuk leL;k dk ,dek= vFkok mi;qDr lek/kku ugha gSA lUnHkZ 1- jk/kkyky eqa'kh (DydZ nhokuh gtwjh)] bfrgkl t;iqj (gLrfyf[kr)] fo-la- 2004] jktLFkku lek/kku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj bl leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, [kuu ,oa Hkw&foKku foHkkx] jktLFkku 2. B. Klavania and D.K. Samanta, (Ed.), People of India-Rajasthan, Vol. XXXVIII, ljdkj ds }kjk vusd lqj{kkRed izko/kkuksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k gS ftlls mR[kuu Part-II, Anthropological Survey of India, Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, 1998, p.914 izfÿ;k ds i;kZoj.kh; ij U;wure izfrdwy izHkko iM+s rFkk jkT; esa bdks&›saMyh [kuu 3- cztfd'kksj 'kekZ] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk vkfFkZd bfrgkl 1818&1949] ifCyds'kUl~ Ldhe] laHko gks ldsA bu izko/kkuksa ds vfrfjDr dkj[kkuksa esa laxejej dh dVkbZ&N°VkbZ dh t;iqj] 1993] i`- 290 izfÿ;k ds ckn tks vif'k"V inkFkZ (Lyjh) jg tkrs gSa rks mudks 'kgj ;k xk°o ls nwj 4- duZy tsEl VkWM] ,ukYl ,.M ,UVhD;wVht vkWQ jktLFkku] okWY;we&izFke] :ik izdk'ku] igkM+h] jsfxLrkuh bykdksa esa Qsadus dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg, ;k bl Lyjh dk mi;ksx ubZ fnYyh] i`- 584 vU; dk;ksZa ds fy, djuk pkfg,A tSls lM+d fuekZ.k] x`g fuekZ.k ,oa iqjkus [kM~Mkas 5- cztfd'kksj 'kekZ] i`- 290 dks Hkjus ds fy, Hkh bldk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA 6- vk'kqrks"k xqIrk] jktLFkku lqtl lap;] lwpuk ,oa tulEidZ funs'kky;] 1998] i`- 66 7- Jh ftrsUnz xqIrk] Bsdsnkj] vxzoky ekcZy izk- fyfeVsM] t;iqj lk{kkRdkj }kjk] 13-09-2014 rduhdh mi;ksx }kjk vif'k"V Lyjh dk lek/kku 8- jktLFkku if=dk] 23 vDVwcj] 2015] i`- 7 ds ys[k esa izdkf'kr orZeku le; esa Lyjh vif'k"V inkFkZ ds lek/kku gsrq ;g iz;ksx egŸoiw.kZ gSA 9- ogh o"kksZa ls ftl LVksu Lyjh dks vuqi;ksxh le>dj Qsadk tk jgk Fkk] og vR;Ur mi;ksxh flº gks jgh gSA dksVk fo'ofo|ky; ds f'k{kdksa us LVksu Lyjh ls ekcZy tSlh [kwcjlwjr o etcwr VkbYl cukus esa lQyrk gkfly dh gSA8 fo'ofo|ky; bl rduhd ds O;kolkf;d mi;ksx dh ;kstuk Hkh cuk jgk gSA dksVk esa 300 ls T;knk iRFkj dkj[kkus gS] tgka iRFkjksa dh dVkbZ&f?klkbZ ds ckn fudyus okyh Lyjh dks vuqi;ksxh le>dj Qsad fn;k tkrk gSA blls fuiVus ds fy, tgka jk"V™h; gfjr U;k;kf/kdj.k (,uthVh) Mafiax xzkm.M cukus ij tksj ns jgk gS] ogha dksVk fo'ofo|ky; ds f'k{kd vkSj 'kks/kkFkhZ blls VkbYl cukus esa tqVs gSaA foHkkxk/;{k izks- vk'kqjkuh us jktLFkku if=dk dks crk;k fd Lyjh esa FkksM+h lh ∂ykbZ,'k vkSj dqN vU; dsfedy feykdj izs'kj e'khu ds tfj, VkbYl cukbZ xbZA9 'kq:vkr esa vkaf'kd lQyrk feyh 320 640 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 3- fljksgh eq[;ky; ds lehi ekrj ekrk igkM+h ij ,CcksV VSad 1897 bZ- ls cuok;k x;kA bls osLVuZ jktiqrkuk LVsV~l ds jsftMsUV duZy ,p-ch- ,CcksV ds lEeku esa cuok;k x;kA blds fuekZ.k esa 17]000 :i;s dh ykxr vk;hA3 bl rkykc fljksgh fj;klr esa Fkh i;kZoj.k izca/ku ls lhfer flapkbZ dh tkrh FkhA dh vk/kqfud lksp 4- fczVsu dh fnaoxr egkjkuh foDVksfj;k dh Le`fr esa Mk;e.M tqcyh VSad MkW- deyk ca/kq fi.MokM+k ds fudV cuok;k x;kA4 bls 1897 bZ- esa cuok;k x;k vkSj blds fuekZ.k ij 47000 #- [kpZ gq;sA ml le; blls 560 ,dM+ Hkwfe ij flapkbZ gksrh FkhA5 fljksgh fj;klr rRdkyhu fczfV'k jktiqrkuk dk fgLlk FkhA ;g ,d NksVh 5- 1898&99 esa ,d rkykc vkcwjksM+ dLcs ds fudV djhc 27]000 #i;s fj;klr Fkh tks vkt ds jktLFkku jkT; esa nf{k.k&if'pe esa flj.kok igkM+h (vjkoyh dh ykxr6 ls cuok;k x;kA bls pansyk rkykc dgk tkrk gSA oLrqr% bls ,d iqjkus ioZr) dh kM+kSyh NksVs&NksVs œf=e rkykcksa dh ‹k`a[kyk fodflr djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA oLrqr% xkao ds fudV 12]0000 #i;s ls f'kosjk rkykc cuok;k x;kA blds lkFk vkcwjksM+ ds 9 igkM+ksa dh hy dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA blds dks dkV dj d`f"k ds fy;s Hkwfe izkIr dj jgs FksA11 rRdkyhu egkjko dsljhflag dk ty dk mi;ksx flapkbZ ds fy;s ugha fd;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu bldh otg ls ekm.V /;ku tc bl vksj x;k] rks mUgksaus 1878 bZ- esa isM+ksa dh va/kk/kqa/k dVkbZ ij izfrca/k vkcw esa lqanj Hkwn`'; dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS rFkk ogk° ds okrkoj.k esa ueh c<+us ls lw{e yxk fn;kA12 taxykr ij pkSdlh ds fy;s deZpkjh yxk;s x;sA l?ku ou {ks=ksa dk tyok;q n'kkvksa esa lq/kkj gksrk gSA lhekadu fd;k x;k rFkk egkjko us bUgsa vkjf{kr ou ?kksf"kr fd;kA13 1890&91 bZ- esa 2- 1894&95 esa ekm.V vkcw esa duZy V™soj tks fd jktiqrkuk ds xouZj&tujy ou foHkkx dks ekU;rk nh x;hA ouksa ds fujh{k.k ds fy;s dsj'kka dks fu;qDr fd;k ds ,sts.V Fks] ds lEeku esa V™soj VSad rkykc cuok;k x;kA bl ij 34]769 #i;s O;; x;k rFkk csgrj ou lja{k.k ds fy;s mls vko';d lq>ko nsus ds fy;s dgk x;kA gq;sA2 dsj'kka us lcls igys igys ,d ;ksX; ou jsatj dh fu;qfDr dh flQkfj'k dh blds 321 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 641 642 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 lkFk mUgksaus ou fodkl o laj{k.k ds fy;s dbZ rduhds lq>kbZA14 1906 bZ- esa Lora= if{k;ksa fo'ks"kdj eksj o dcwrj ds f'kdkj dh l[r eukgh FkhA if{k;ksa }kjk v.Ms ou foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh x;h] ftlesa ,d jsatj dks fu;qDr fd;k x;kA bldk fn;s tkus dh Ωrq (ekpZ ls vxLr ekg rd) esa lHkh izdkj ds if{k;ksa dk f'kdkj eq[;ky; ekm.V vkcq j[kk x;kA eSnkuh ou {ks=ksa ds fy, ,d fMIVh jsatj dh oftZr FkkA blds vykok eknk fgj.k] eknk lkaHkj o taxyh lqvjksa ds ekjus ij ikcanh fu;qfDr dh x;hA blds lkFk fj;klr esa vyx&vyx {ks=ksa ds fy, pkj QksjsLVlZ Hkh FkhA19 vkt ls djhc lkS lky igys oU; thoksa dks bl izdkj laj{k.k nsuk vkSj og Hkh fu;qDr fd;sA15 igkM+h o eSnkuh bu nks izeq[k oxksZ esa fj;klr ds ouksa dks ckaVk x;k ,d jktk }kjk vk'p;Z gksrk gSA fljksgh fj;klr ds 'kkld dsljh flag Hkfo";n`"Vk vkSj izR;sd oxZ ds ouksa dks vkxs vkSj rhu miizdkjksa esa ckaVk x;k & 1- vkjf{kr 2- FksA mUgksaus ,sls dbZ fu.kZ; vkt ls 100 lky igys fy;s ftudh oSKkfud izekf.kdrk lqjf{kr 3 [kqys ouA vkt flº gq;h gSA dsljhflag ,d /keZfu"B O;fDr Fks ftudh fgUnw /keZ xgjh vkLFkk 1899&1900 bZ- ds Hkh"k.k vdky (NIifu;ka dky) ds le; fj;klr }kjk FkhA oU; thoksa dk laj{k.k mUgksaus laHkor% fgUnqvksa dh thoksa ij n;k ds Hkko ls izsfjr vkfnokfl;ksa dks ou{ks=ksa ls ydM+h] ?kkl o vU; oU; mRiknksa dks fu%'kqYd ,df=r gksdj fd;k izrhr gksrk gSA ogha ou foHkkx dh LFkkiuk vkSj mlesa ou fo'ks"kKksa dh djus dh NwV nh x;h FkhA16 1901&1902 esa iqu% vdky iM+us ls cM+h la[;k esa fu;qfDr mudh i;kZoj.k ds ckjs esa xgjh le> dks bafxr djrh gSA ewY;oku isM+ dkVs tkus ls ou lalk/kuksa dks Hkkjh uqdlku gqvkA17 gkykafd fj;klr us lUnHkZ ouksa ds laj{k.k o lqj{kk ds fy;s yxkrkj iz;kl tkjh j[ks o ikS/kkjksi.k le;≤ 1. K.D. Erskine PP. 231-232 ij fd;k x;kA ouksa dh ns[kHkky ds fy;s i;kZIr la[;k esa ouj{kdksa dks fu;qDr fd;k 2. Summary of Events of the Adm. of the Sirohi State for the Samvat year 1950, 18 1951 and part of 1952 (i.e.1893-1894 and 1895) P. 8 x;kA dsljh flag dks vkt ls 100 o"kZ igys ;g irk py x;k Fkk fd ou o"kkZ dks 3. Summary of Events of the Adm. of the Sirohi State for 1896-1897. PP 14-15 vkdf"kZr djrs gSa] o"kkZ ty dk fu;eu djrs gS rFkk ihus o flapkbZ ds fy;s o"kZHkj 4. Ibid 5. Ibid ty iznku djrs gSA bUgha dkj.kksa ls mUgksaus ouksa dk dq'ky izca/ku fd;kA 6. Ibid dsljhflag ;gha ugha #ds] mUgksaus u;k HkwcankscLr (Hkwfe laca/kh uhfr) ykxw 7. K.D. Erskine. P. 262 8. Summary of Events of the Adm. of the Sirohi State 1896-1897. P. 7 Para 24 fd;kA blds }kjk vkfnokfl;ksa dks ouksa ls ydM+h o vU; oU; mRikn gkfly djus 9. Sita Ram P. 302 ds ijEijkxr vf/kdkj dks Nhu fy;k rFkk mu ij fuxjkuh ds fy, rykrh'k (iVokjh) 10. i. The Report of Irrigator in Sirohi State 1903-04, ii. K.D. Erskine P. 263 dh fu;qfDr dh x;hA gkykafd vkfnokfl;ksa ds ,dh vkanksyu ds ckn mUgsa >ksiM+h 11. K.D. Erskine P. 264 12. The Report of the Pol. Adm. of Rajputana, Sirohi Agency Report 1877-78 Vol cukus ds fy, ouksa ls [kyh&NhfFkl ysus dh NwV nh x;h ysfdu blds fy, xkao ds CLI. P. 232 Para 16 Fkkusnkj ;k ukdsnkj ls vuqefr dks vfuok;Z dj fn;k x;kA vkfnokfl;ksa dh okyj 13. Ibid (LFkkukUrjh) dks u;s HkwcankscLr esa izfrcaf/kr dj fn;k x;kA 14. Sita Ram P. 304 15. K.D. Erskine oU; thoksa dk laj{k.k o vk[ksV ij izfrca/k&vkt ge oU; thoksa dk 16. K.D. Erskine, Rajputana Gazetteers Part III, Chapter IV, P. 270 17. Summary of Events of the Adm. of the Sirohi State 1902, P.4 i;kZoj.kh; egRo le> ik;s gS tcfd fljksgh fj;klr esa vkt ls djhc 100 lky 18. Ibid igys oU; thoksa dks lajf{kr djus dk chM+k mBk;k FkkA oU; thoksa dk vkokl ou{ks= 19. Sita Ram PP. 286-287 gksrs gS] blh dkj.k fj;klr esa ouksa ds lja{k.k o lao/kZu ij dkQh tksj fn;k x;kA 1897 bZ- esa egkjko us f'k[kj ij fu;e dkuwu cuk dj mls lhfer ,oa fu;af=r dj fn;kA nhoku dh vuqefr ds fcuk oU; i'kq&if{k;ksa ds f'kdkj dks xSj dkuwuh cuk fn;k x;kA blh izdkj vc vf/kdkfj;ksa dks vk[ksV dk 'kkSd iwjk djus ds fy;s jsftMsaaV] osLVuZ jktiqrkuk LVsV ls fyf[kr vuqefr izkIr djuh gksrh Fkh tcfd blh le; vU; fj;klrksa esa euksjatu ds fy;s csedln oU; thoksa dk f'kdkj vke ckr Fkh vkSj blesa jktk vf/kdkjh o mlds esgeku cM+s xoZ ls Hkkx ysrs FksA fljksgh fj;klr esa 322 644 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 rd tsy esa HkkSfrd lalk/ku miyC/k djok, rFkk dSfn;ksa ds LokLF;] Hkkstu] jkstxkj vkfn dh Hkh mfpr O;oLFkk dhA11 chdkusj ds egkjktk xaxk flag ds tsy esa fuekZ.k o vkokl O;oLFkk mPp oxZ ds vijkf/k;ksa dks fdys esa fLFkr ^usrklj* tsy esa can j[kk tkrk Fkk 'kkludky esa tsy iz'kklu ysfdu ogk° ugkus] Hkkstu] diM+s /kksus o vU; lkekU; lQkbZ dh O;oLFkk nks"kiw.kZ FkhA eksgEen Qk:d pkSgku ,oa MkW- 'kkjnk 'kekZ vr% uoEcj] 1887 bZ- esa dSnh eq[; :i ls jkBkSM+] HkkfV;ksa dks usrklj ls gVkdj dsUnzh; dkjkx`g esa j[kus dk izLrko fn;k x;kA ml le; chdkusj esa iksfyVhdy egkjktk xaxkflag chdkusj jkT; ds 21osa 'kkld FksA os 31 vxLr] 1887 bZ- ,tsUV duZy ykW ds }kjk izLrko Lohdkj dj nks vfrfjDr cSjd ftlesa 42 dSnh jg (fo-la- 1944 Hkknzin lqfn 13] cq/kokj dks chdkusj ds jktflagklu ij cSBs ysfdu ldrs Fks] cukus dh Lohd`fr iznku dh xbZA 1887 bZ- esa tsy esa vkSj fuekZ.k dk;Z vYi o;Ld gksus ds dkj.k 'kklu dk;Z jhtsUlh dkSafly }kjk lapkfyr gksrk jgkA1 18 djok, x,A ;Fkk 'kks&:e] nks LVksj ds dejs (Hk.Mkj x`g)] fizafVax 'kksi o izsl] o"kZ dh vk;q iw.kZ gksus ij 16 fnlEcj] 1898 bZ- (fo-la- 1955] ekxZ'kh"kZ lqfn 3) VsylZ 'kkWi] xyhpk QSDV™h] DyksFk QSDV™h] pkj vkSj 'kkSpky;] pkj vkSj cSjd] N% vkSj dks jktiwrkuk ds ,tsUV xouZj tujy lj vkFkZj ekfVZMsy us chdkusj tkdj vaxzst ,dkUr dejs12 cuok, x,A varr% 1889 bZ- esa dk;Z vkjEHk gqvk rFkk ekpZ] 1890 bZ- ljdkj dh rjQ ls chdkusj jkT; ds lEiw.kZ vf/kdkj egkjktk xaxkflag dks lkSaisA2 esa iwjk gqvkA bl rjg ds fuekZ.k dk;Z ls rnUrj tsy esa 262 dSfn;ksa rd ds fy, vizSy] 1949 bZ- esa chdkusj fj;klr ds jktLFkku la?k esa foy; ls iwoZ lqfo/kk miyC/k gqbZA 21 ekpZ] 1890 bZ- dks ^usrklj* ls dsUnzh; tsy esa fLFkr DokVZlZ chdkusj jkT; jkBkSM+ jkT; ds uke ls fo[;kr FkkA3 jkBkSM+ ljnkjksa ds vkÿe.k ls iwoZ esa dSfn;ksa dks yk;k x;kA13 ;g {ks= ^tkaxy ns'k* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA4 chdkusj jkT; 27012* ls 30012* 1889 bZ- esa tsy dh O;oLFkk ds fy, fu;e tks fd fczfV'k tsy ds leku gh mŸkjh v{kka'k vkSj 72012* ls 75041* iwohZ ns'kkarj ds chp QSyk gqvk FkkA5 jktLFkku Fks] ltZu MCY;w-MCY;w- oSc }kjk j[ks x, tks ml le; flfoy ltZu FksA os fu;e jkT; esa foyhuhdj.k ls iwoZ chdkusj jkT; ds mŸkj o if'pe esa Hkkoyiqj fj;klr] izHkko esa yk, x,A14 jktiwrkuk ds xouZj tujy ds ,tsUV duZy V™soj 1890 bZ- esa nf{k.k&if'pe esa tSlyesj fj;klr] nf{k.k esa tks/kiqj fj;klr] nf{k.k&iwoZ esa t;iqj chdkusj ds nkSjs ij vk,A mUgksaus tsy esa ,d u;k vLirky vkSj vkSjrksa ds fy, okMZ fj;klr] iwoZ esa yksgk: fj;klr o fglkj ds ijxus ,oa mŸkj&iwoZ esa fQjkstiqj ftys cukus dh lykg nh tks fd 1891 bZ- esa iwjh dj yh xbZA15 FksA6 bldk {ks=Qy 23317 oxZ ehy FkkA7 {ks= dh n`f"V ls ;g Hkkjr dh leLr tqykbZ] 1891 bZ- esa dSfn;ksa dh la[;k esa vR;f/kd o`fº gqbZ ftlls tsy esa fj;klrksa esa NBh8 vkSj jktiwrkus esa nwljh lcls cM+h fj;klr FkhA9 HkhM+ tSlk okrkoj.k cu x;kA vr% de vof/k ltk okys 166 dSfn;ksa dks NksM+k x;k egkjktk xaxkflag dq'kkxz cqfº] nwjn'khZ vkSj vk/kqfud fopkjksa ds O;fDr FksA ,oa 300 vkSj dSfn;ksa ds vkokl ds fy, N% u, cSjd] ,d jlksbZ?kj o QSDV™h dh mUgksaus chdkusj jkT; dks vk/kqfudhdj.k dh fn'kk dh vksj c<+kus ds fy, vFkd bekjr cukus gsrq izLrko fn;k x;k ftls Lohd`r dj 15 vDVwcj] 1893 bZ- dks iwjk iz;kl fd, vkSj iz'kklu esa vaxzstksa dh vk/kqfud fopkj/kkjk dk lekos'k dj vusd fd;k x;kA16 bl foLrkj ls 590 dSfn;ksa (557 iq#"k o 33 fL=;ka) gsrq vkokl lq/kkjkRed dne mBk,A blh ÿe esa mUgksaus tsy iz'kklu esa Hkh vusd lq/kkj fd,A lqfo/kk miyC/k gqbZA17 tsy dh bekjr 'kgj esa Fkh vr% tsy ds pkjksa vksj ≈°ph nhokj 1872 bZ- ls igys chdkusj jkT; esa tsy ds fy, dksbZ ;Fkksfpr bekjr ugha cukbZ xbZA tsy bekjr goknkj Fkh] gok fudklh dk vPNk izcU/k Fkk rFkk cgqr cM+k FkhA dSfn;ksa dks dksrokyh esa j[kk tkrk Fkk rFkk mPp dqyhu] tehankj] Bkdqj] mPp eSnku FkkA bu lqfo/kkvksa ls 1893 bZ- rd tsy esa vR;f/kd HkhM+ ugha jg xbZ FkhA18 inkf/kdkjh vkfn yksxksa dks fdys esa fLFkr tsy LFkku ^usrklj* esa j[kk tkrk FkkA 1873 1887 bZ- ls fo'ks"k tsy xkMZ yxk;k x;kA blls igys LFkkuh; lsuk esa ls xkMZ bZ- esa ^/keZiqjk* dks dsUnzh; tsy cuk;k x;k] tks fd ewy :i ls xk;ksa vkSj cdfj;ksa ds yxk;k tkrk FkkA ckn esa tsy ds eq[; }kj ds lkeus dh rjQ ikxy[kkuk cuk;k fy, chdkusj ds lsBksa }kjk cuokbZ xbZ FkhA10 blesa nks cM+s ,oa yEcs 'kSM cuok, x, x;kA chdkusj jkT; dh dsUnzh; tsy txg vkSj lqfo/kk ds fygkt ls lEHkor% ftlesa 75 dSfn;ksa dks j[kus dh lqfo/kk FkhA egkjktk Mwaxjflag us 1872&1887 bZ- jktiwrkuk esa lcls cM+h tsy FkhA 1897 bZ- rd tsy esa tks fuekZ.k dk;Z gq, mu ij 323 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 645 646 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 rdjhcu 1]18]000 #i, [kpZ gq,A19 dSfn;ksa dks j[kus dh txg FkhA30 lwjrx<+ esa fdys ds Hkhrj iqjkuh bekjr dks tsy ds 31 tsy esa jkstxkjksUeq[kh dk;Z :i esa dke esa fy;k x;kA ubZ bekjr ds fuekZ.k ds fy, izLrko Hksts x,A fopkjk/ khu dSnh dksrokyh esa j[ks tkrs FksA 1897 bZ- esa 18 dSfn;ksa dks NksM+dj lHkh yksx tsy esa jkstxkj dk dk;Z dj jgs FksA mUgsa tsy esa gh xyhpk] njh] ≈uh oL=] dEcy] yksbZ ('kkWy)] lwrh o js'keh ^lqtkux<+ tsy* 30 flrEcj] 1909 bZ- dks cUn dj nh xbZA dkj.k Fkk og diM+ksa dh cqukbZ] NikbZ] twrk fuekZ.k] cqd&ckbf.Max] flykbZ] cssfdax] lksMk okVj] txg LVsV jsyos dks ns nh xbZA dSfn;ksa dks chdkusj lsUV™y tsy esa Hkst fn;k x;kA ?kksM+s vkSj ≈°V ds lkt dh isVh vkfn ds fuekZ.k dk;Z esa yxk;k x;kA20 n∂rjksa ds fy, dsoy de ;k FkksM+h ltk vof/k okys dSnh LFkkuh; ukfte ds fujh{k.k eas j[ks x,A 32 lHkh izdkj ds uD'ks o dkxtkr fgUnh esa Nirs FksA ,d lkIrkfgd jkti= xtV Nirk 1901 bZ- esa ^lwjrx<+ tsy* LVsV jsyos [kqy tkus ds dkj.k cUn dj nh xbZ FkhA FkkA gj dk;Z ds fy, vyx&vyx dkj[kkus FksA21 blls ;g rks Li"V gksrk gS tsy esa lwjrx<+ o lqtkux<+ tsy dh rjg ^js.kh tsy* Hkh 1 vizSy] 1911 bZ- dks tks/kiqj& mijksDr mRiknd dk;Z xq.kkRed :i ls vPNh fdLe ds o O;ofLFkr :i ls gksrs FksA chdkusj jsyos dk Msxkuk&fglkj lsD'ku [kqy tkus ds dkj.k can dj fn;k x;kA 33 tsy ls NwVus ds ckn O;fDr jkstxkj ls tqM+ tkrk FkkA 1886 bZ- esa tc ls cSjdksa ij dSfn;ksa dks lsUV™y tsy] chdkusj Hkst fn;k x;kA njokts vkSj tkfy;ka yxk nh xbZa] rc ls jkr dks yEch yksgs dh lkadyksa dk iz;ksx tsy lq/kkj gsrq ,DV fu;fer ugha gksrk FkkA22 1927 bZ- dk ^,u,DVesUV vkWQ fiztu ,DV* tsy lq/kkj ds bfrgkl esa vfr tsy ds mRiknksa dh izn'kZfu;ksa esa lfÿ; Hkkxhnkjh iz/kku dne Fkk] ftlesa fd'kksj o izkS<+ dSfn;ksa dks vyx j[kus dh ;qfDr lfgr ckr chdkusj tsy ds mRikn xq.koŸkk o fMtkbZu dh n`f"V ls mŸke gksrs FksA bl fy[kh xbZ FkhA lHkh ls'ku tt] vfrfjDr lSlu tt ,oa izFke Js.kh eftLV™sV dks ;g otg ls fofHkUu izn'kZfu;ksa esa vusd ckj cgqr ls bZuke thrs x,A mRiknksa dh xq.koŸkk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k fd os ;qok o fd'kksj dSfn;ksa dks ^fd'kksj canhx`g* esa de ls de o mŸke fMtkbZu dh otg ls Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls gh ugha oju~ baXyS.M ls Hkh nks lky j[ksaA fMfLV™DV eftLV™sV dks ;g vf/kdkj Hkh fn;k x;k fd tsy v/kh{kd yxkrkj vkWMZj feyrs jgrs Fks vkSj iwjs lky bu mRiknksa dh ek°x cjkcj cuh jgrh FkhA23 dh izkFkZuk ij ;qok dks dBksj dkjkokl ls gVkdj fd'kksj canh x`g Hkstsa] tgk° mu ij 34 chdkusj tsy esa cus xyhps cgqr izflº Fks vkSj ;wjksi o vesfjdk rd dks fu;kZr fd, utj j[kh tkosA tkrs FksA24 ckcw ghjkflag] usfVo lqifjUVsUMsUV dh vf/kd Hkkxhnkjh dh otg ls iwjs jkT; ds pkj ftyk tsyksa lfgr lsUV™y tsy dk iz'kklu tsy ds baLiSDVj ns'k esa chdkusj lsUV™y tsy vPNh ekuh tkrh FkhA25 1908 esa isfjl esa vk;ksftr tujy ds fu;a=.k esa j[kk x;k Fkk tks lh/ks jkT; ds x`g foHkkx ds izfr mŸkjnk;h FkkA ›sadks&fczfV'k izn'kZuh esa tsy ds mRiknksa dks izn'kZu ds fy, Hkstk x;kA ogk° chdkusj chdkusj fiztu ,DV] 1927 bZ- ds vuqlkj chdkusj lsUV™y tsy v/kh{kd dSfn;ksa dh 35 tsy ds mRiknksa ds fy, ^xzkaM fizDl* vkSj flYoj eSMy ds lkFk ^fMIyksek vkWQ dq'ky O;oLFkk o lgh ns[kHkky ds izfr mŸkjnk;h FkkA vkWuj* iqjLdkj fn, x,A26 vkd dkWVu ls xyhps cukus ds iz;ksx fd, x,] ftlesa dSfn;ksa dks ltk esa NwV lQyrk izkIr gqbZA Hkkjr esa ;g viuh rjg dk ,d fof'k"V m|ksx FkkA27 fnlEcj] 'kkld ds tUefnu dh o"kZxkaB ij izfro"kZ dqN dSnh fjgk fd, tkrs FksA36 1940 bZ- esa fnYyh esa ^vkWy bf.M;k tsy b.MLV™ht ,Dthfc'ku* gqbZ ftlesa tsy ds egkjktk xaxkflag ds 'kklukof/k ds xksYMu tqfcyh ds volj ij 96 dSfn;ksa (2 mRiknksa dh vksj cgqr lkjs yksx vkdf"kZr gq,] ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjh ek=k esa fcÿh vkSjrksa vkSj 15 mezdSfn;ksa lfgr) dks fjgk fd;k x;kA blds vykok lHkh dSfn;ksa gqbZA28 dh ,d lky esa 51 fnu ltk de dh xbZ ;k ekQ dh xbZA ,d eghus esa 3 fnu dh 37 jkT; dh vU; tsysa txg 4 fnu dh ltk de djus dk fQj migkj fn;kA chdkusj jkT; esa vU; tsysa cukbZ xbZaA 1891 bZ- esa lqtkux<+ esa fdys ds Hkhrj vU; lq/kkjkRed mik; tsy cukuh vkjEHk dh xbZ vkSj 1 vizSy] 1892 bZ- dks dSfn;ksa ds fy, dke esa yh o"kZ 1937&38 bZ- esa cgqr ls lq/kkj yk, x, ftuesa dSfn;ksa dks rhu ekg ds tkus yxh] ftlesa 66 dSfn;ksa ds j[kus dh txg FkhA29 ^js.kh tsy* ih-MCY;w-Mh- }kjk varjky ij ?kj ij i= fy[kus ij eq∂r iksLVst lsok iznku dh xbZA izfrekg ftyk uxj ls ckgj cukbZ xbZ vkSj 23 ekpZ] 1895 bZ- ls dk;Z:i esa vkbZA bl tsy esa 86 eftLV™sV tsy dk fujh{k.k dj dSfn;ksa dh f'kdk;rksa dks lqurk FkkA dSfn;ksa dks vius 324 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 647 648 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 [kpsZ ij /kkfeZd iqLrdsa i<+us dh btktr nh xbZA dSnh ds tsy ls NwVus ds fnu vxj in o osru brokj vkrk rks mls ,d fnu iwoZ NksM+k tkrk FkkA38 vxys o"kZ vFkkZr~ 1938&39 bZ- esa lnj tsy esa egŸoiw.kZ in ^usfVo lqifjUVsUMsUV* dk gksrk FkkA 1886 bZ- esa vkSj lq/kkj fd, x, o lqfo/kk,a iznku dh xbZa os bl izdkj Fkha & yksgs ds di o IysVksa ckcw ghjkflag bl in ij dk;Zjr FksA budh ru[okg 150 #-] pank fial ls 6 #- o dh txg ihry ds yksVs o IysVsa nh xbZaA ;g lqfo/kk fczfV'k bf.M;u tsyksa dks vk/kkj lokjh [kpZ ds 15 #- izfr ekg feyrs FksA nwljk egŸoiw.kZ in ^njksxk tsy* dk gksrk ekudj dh xbZA fopkjk/khu o vknru dSfn;ksa ds okMksZa esa ikuh ds uy yxok, x,A FkkA 1894 bZ- esa eqa'kh lkgc flag dks 30 #- izfr ekg feyrs FksA blds ckn uk;c blh rjg xyhpk QSDV™h esa Hkh ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ rkfd dqf.M;ksa ls ckYVh Hkjdj nkjksxk gksrk FkkA 1894 bZ- esa dkyhpj.k bl in ij dk;Zjr Fks ftUgsa 22 #- izfr ekg 39 ykus dh ijs'kkuh ;k 'kkjhfjd Je ls cpk tk ldsA tsy esa fLFkr lksMk okVj QSDV™h feyrk FkkA43 blh rjg vU; tsyksa esa Hkh nkjksxk tsy bapktZ gksrs FksA lqtkux<+ esa 1892 dks 1941&42 bZ- esa can dj fn;k x;k rFkk bldh e'khusa o dPph lkexzh vkfn dks bZ- esa c['kh nsohnkl bl in ij dk;Zjr Fks ftUgsa 35 #- izfrekg feyrk FkkA44 blh bySfDV™d o eSdsfudy fMikVZesaV dks LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k x;kA40 chekjh dh gkyr rjg xkMZ o flikgh ds in gksrs Fks ftudk osru de gksrk FkkA esa dSfn;ksa dk bykt djk;k tkrk FkkA vkBosa jkst mudh gtker djokbZ tkrh FkhA41 lsUV™y tsy esa mPp in v/kh{kd (lqifjUVsUMsUV) dk gksrk FkkA 1 ekpZ] dSfn;ksa dh fLFkfr dk fooj.k 1936 bZ- dks lsUV™y tsy ds v/kh{kd in dk pktZ Bkdqj flag ds ikl FkkA buds ckn fuEu lkj.kh ls tsy esa dSfn;ksa dh fLFkfr dk irk pyrk gS & jk; lkgc c['kh ?ku';ke nkl oSn dks v/kh{kd in ij yxk;k x;kA45 jk; lkgc chdkusj lsUV™y tsy esa dSfn;ksa dh vkSlr la[;k] chekj o e`R;q dh fLFkfr42 c['kh ?ku';ke nkl oSn ds NqV~Vh pys tkus ij mudh vuqifLFkfr esa tsy mi& o"kZ tsy esa dSfn;ksa dh la[;k izfrfnu jksxh ejus okyksa izfr gtkj v/kh{kd ch-jkeflag dks v/kh{kd in dk dk;ZHkkj fn;k tks fd 1 uoEcj] 1936 bZ- izfrfnu fdlh ,d fnu dh la[;k dh la[;k ij ejus ls 31 ekpZ] 1937 bZ- rd bl in ij cus jgsA c['kh ?ku';ke nkl dh NqV~Vh [kRe vkSlr vf/kdre vkSlr okyksa dh nj gksus ij mUgksaus dk;ZHkkj ugha lEHkkyk] rc 1 vizsy] 1937 bZ- ls ykyk ykHkqjke dks 1885 237 260 11 5 21 tsy v/kh{kd cuk;k x;kA46 1891 445 515 3 19 43 ykyk ykHkwjke o"kZ 1939&40 bZ- rd tsy v/kh{kd FksA bl o"kZ muds 1895 384 419 2 4 10 bLrhQk nsus ij vflLVSUV lqifjUVsUMsUV if.Mr jk/kk d`".k prqosZnh dks mudh txg 1896 396 428 2 4 10 yxk;k x;kA47 1942&43 bZ- esa ljnkj lkfgc ljnkj izHkk flag HkYyk dks tsy v/ 1897 520 575 1 3 6 kh{kd ds in ij yxk;k x;k tks 11 vizSy] 1943 rd jgs] tc os lsokfuo`r gq,A rc 1898 489 538 3 2 4 if.Mr jk/kk d`".k prqosZnh tks vflLVSUV lqifjUVsUMsUV Fks] v/kh{kd ds in ij izksUur 1899 534 630 4 7 13 fd;k x;kA48 1900 633 704 5 12 19 1888 bZ- ls tsy dh fuxjkuh ds fy, flfoy ltZu fu;qDr gksrs FksA49 jkT; 1901 509 571 3 6 12 ds eq[; fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh oh-,l- gfj gju] ,Q-vkj-lh-,l- (baXyS.M) ds ikl 1902 507 561 2 3 6 tsy ds baLiSDVj tujy dk pktZ 5 Qjojh] 1936 bZ- rd jgkA gfj gju }kjk jkT; 1903 400 442 2 12 30 lsok NksM+us ij ,-,Q- ykljkMks ,Q-vkj-lh-,l- (baXyS.M) dks pktZ fn;k x;kA50 1904 310 315 1 2 6 eq[; fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh] MkW- vkj-,l- ewyxkodj dks baLiSDVj tujy dk pktZ 1905 296 328 0-4 3 10 fn;k x;k tks 28 fnlEcj] 1937 bZ- rd bl in ij jgsA ewyxkodj }kjk jkT; dh 1906 321 341 1 4 12 lsok NksM+us ij pktZ iqu% ,-,Q- ykljkMks dks fn;k x;k tks 16 tqykbZ]1938 bZ- rd 1907 330 358 1 2 6 bl in ij dk;Z djrs jgsA mlds ckn ;g in o"kZ 1942&43 bZ- rd fjDr jgkA51 325 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 649 650 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 dSfn;ksa dks nh tkus okyh lkexzh lanHkZ % lnj tsy esa dSfn;ksa dks iguus vkSj vks<+us ds fy, oL= fn, tkrs FksA [kkus ds 1- vks>k] th-,p-] chdkusj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&2] chdkusj] f}rh; laLdj.k] 2007 bZ-] i`- fy, lkexzh esa xsgwa dk vkVk ∑A] cktjs dk vkVk ∑Aæ] eksB dk vkVk ∑æ] ewax dh 110 nky ∑æ] ?kh iko NVkad] ued ,d rksyk] e'kkyk 3 ek'kk rFkk lIrkg esa nks ckj nky 2- ogh] i`- 115 dh txg gjh lfCt;ka nh tkrh FkhaA52 vQhe [kkus okys O;fDr;ksa dks vQhe Hkh nh 3- flag] dj.kh] chdkusj ds jkt?kjkus dk dsUnzh; lŸkk ls lEcU/k (1465&1949 bZ-)] chdkusj] 53 1968 bZ-] i`- 1 tkrh FkhA 4- 'kCndYinzqe] f}rh; Hkkx] i`- 529 tsy mRiknksa ls vk; 5- nh bEihfj;y xtsfV;j vkWQ bf.M;k] Hkkx&8] yanu] 1908 bZ-] i`- 202 o"kZ 1894&95 esa tsy mRiknksa ls 13935 #- o 6 iSls o o"kZ 1895&96 esa 6- Tokyk lgk;] odk, jktiwrkuk (mnwZ)] ftYn&3] Hkkx&8] vkxjk] 1879 bZ-] i`- 517 7- twnso] dUgS;k] chdkusj jkT; dk bfrgkl] cEcbZ] 1972 bZ-] ifjf'k"V jkT; dk Hkwxksy] i`- 9_ 18450 #- o 1 vkus dk ykHk gqvkA54 o"kZ 1907&08 bZ- esa 10519 #- 13 vkus o 6 uhylu] MCY;w-,p-] esfMdks VksiksxzkfQdy ,dkm.V vkWQ chdkusj] yanu] 1898 bZ-] i`- 1 iSls dk ykHk gqvk tcfd o"kZ 1908&09 bZ- esa 7281 #- 15 vkus o 9 iSls dk gh 8- nsoM+k] th-,l-,y-] jktLFkku dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk] chdkusj] 1981 bZ-] i`- 1 ykHk gqvkA vk; esa deh dk dkj.k dSfn;ksa dh la[;k esa deh gksuk rFkk ml o"kZ vf/ 9- lsall vkWQ bf.M;k] 1931 bZ-] chdkusj LVsV] oksY;we&2] y[ku≈] 1934 bZ-] i`- 1 kdka'k dSfn;ksa dks eysfj;k cq[kkj gks x;k Fkk ftlls izfrfnu dk dk;Z izHkkfor gqvkA55 10- jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j] chdkusj (laik- ds-ds- lgxy)] t;iqj] 1972 bZ-] i`- 300 1909&10 bZ- esa 7874 #- 8 vkus o 9 iSls dh vk; gqbZA56 11- uhylu] MCY;w- ,p-] iwoksZDr] i`- 25 o"kZ 1910&11 bZ- esa 8351 #- 2 vkus o 3 iSls dh vk; gqbZ rFkk o"kZ 12- ,sls NksVs o rax dejs ftuesa dSfn;ksa dks vdsyk j[kk tkrk FkkA 1911&12 bZ- esa rks vk; 3062 #- 2 vkus o 6 iSls gqbZA bruh de vk; dk dkj.k 13- uhylu] MCY;w- ,p-] iwoksZDr] i`- 25&26 14- ogh] i`- 26 dSfn;ksa dh la[;k dk de gksuk o dPps eky ds nkeksa dk c<+uk rFkk foŸk o"kZ 31 15- ogh 57 ekpZ ls igys 30 flrEcj j[kuk FkkA o"kZ 1914&15 esa 9456 #- 14 vkus o 3 iSls 16- ogh dh vk; gqbZ tcfd o"kZ 1915&16 bZ- esa 9231 #- 4 vkus o 3 iSls dh vk; gqbZA 17- jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j] chdkusj (laik- ds-ds- lgxy)] t;iqj] 1972 bZ-] i`- 300 vk; esa deh dk dkj.k dSfn;ksa dh la[;k de gksuk rks Fkk gh rFkk izFke fo'o;qº ds 18- uhylu] MCY;w- ,p-] iwoksZDr] i`- 26 dkj.k dPps eky ds nkeksa esa c<+ksrjh gksuk FkkA58 19- ogh] i`- 27 o"kZ 1917&18 bZ- esa 17637 #- 8 vkus o 4 iSls dh vk; gqbZ Fkh tcfd o"kZ 20- ogh] i`- 26&27 21- eqa'kh lksguyky] rokjh[k jktJh chdkusj] 1890 bZ-] i`- 282&283 1916&17 esa 10396 #- 1 vkuk o 6 iSls dh vk; gh gqbZ FkhA59 o"kZ 1935&36 esa 22- uhylu] MCY;w- ,p-] iwoksZDr] i`- 27 19979 #- 7 vkus o 4 iSls dh vk; gqbZ tcfd o"kZ 1934&35 esa 11265 #- 13 vkus 23- eqa'kh lksguyky] rokjh[k jktJh chdkusj] 1890 bZ-] i`- 282&283 o 4 iSls dh vk; gh gqbZ FkhA bl izdkj o"kZ 1935&36 esa vk; esa o`fº xr o"kZ dh 24- vlZfdu] ds-Mh-] jktiwrkuk xtsfV;lZ] osLVuZ jktiwrkuk LVsV~l] jsthMsalh ,.M n chdkusj rqyuk esa 1713 #- 10 vkus gqbZA60 ,tsalh] i`- 373 lkjka'kr% egkjktk xaxkflag ds 'kkludky esa tsy esa HkkSfrd lalk/ku tqVk, 25- uhylu] MCY;w- ,p-] iwoksZDr] i`- 27 x,A dSfn;ksa dks fn;k tkus okyk Hkkstu o vkokl O;oLFkk mŸke FkhA LokLF; dh 26- ,M- fjiksVZ chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1908&09] njckj fizafVx izsl] chdkusj] 1910 bZ- i`- 12 ns[kHkky dh tkrh FkhA dSfn;ksa dks jkstxkj ds fdlh ,d {ks= esa ikjaxr fd;k tkrk 27- ogh 28- ,M- fjiksVZ chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1939&40 ls 1941&42] xouZesaV izsl] chdkusj] i`- 88 Fkk rkfd dkjkx`g ls NwVus ds ckn Hkh jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa HkVduk u iM+sA vPNs 29- ogh vkpj.k okys dSfn;ksa dh ltk de dh tkrh FkhA egkjktk ds tUefnu dh o"kZxkaB ij 30- uhylu] MCY;w- ,p-] iwoksZDr] i`- 27 vPNs vkpj.k okys dSfn;ksa dks le; ls igys tsy ls fjgk Hkh dj fn;k tkrk FkkA tsy 31- ogh dk j[k&j[kko o lqfo/kk,a mŸke FkhaA 32- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1908&09 bZ-] njckj fizafVax izsl] chdkusj] 1910 bZ-] i`- 12 326 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 651 33- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1910&11 bZ-] i`- 39] jk-jk-v-ch- 34- jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;lZ chdkusj (laik- ds-ds- lgxy)] t;iqj] 1972 bZ-] i`- 301 35- ogh 36- uhylu] MCY;w- ,p-iwoksZDr] i`- 27 ABSTRACTS / lkjka'k 37- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1936&37 bZ-] i`- 57] jk-jk-v-ch- 38- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1937&38 bZ-] i`- 59] jk-jk-v-ch- 39- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1938&39 bZ-] i`- 53] jk-jk-v-ch- The Glimpses of Urban Growth, and Decay in 40- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1939&42 bZ-] i`- 88] jk-jk-v-ch- the North-West region; Ranthmbhore (The 41- eqa'kh lksguyky] rokjh[k jktJh chdkusj] 1890 bZ-] i`- 292 last strategic capital of the Chauhans) 42- vlZfdu] ds-Mh-] jktiwrkuk xtsfV;lZ] lkaf[;dh] iwoksZDr] i`- 97 Prof. Pushpa Sharma 43- 'k'kekgh mgng nkjku jktJh chdkusj] tsy izsl] chdkusj] 1895 bZ-] i`- 62&63 44- ogh The glimpses of urban growth, and decay of the cities and towns 45- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1935&36 bZ-] xouZesaV izsl] chdkusj] i`- 60] jk-jk-v-ch- of Rajasthan is among the central topics pursued by our top ranking 46- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1936&37 bZ-] xouZesaV izsl] chdkusj] i`- 56&57( o"kZ historians today, much attention is devoted to the survival of historical 1937&38] i`- 58( o"kZ 1938&39] i`- 52] jk-jk-v-ch- and antique cities and towns of the ancient, medieval and modern 47- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1939&40 ls o"kZ 1941&42 bZ-] xouZesaV izsl] chdkusj] i`-87 times. Our path-finders Prof. K.C. Jain (Cities and Towns of 48- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1942&43 bZ-] xouZesaV izsl] chdkusj] i`- 87 Rajasthan), Prof. R.P. Vyas (Presidential Addresses of Rajasthan 49- eqa'kh lksguyky] rokjh[k jktJh chdkusj] 1890 bZ-] i`- 283 History Congress Bikaner and Jodhpur sessions), Prof. G.N. Sharma 50- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1935&36 bZ-] xouZesaV izsl] chdkusj] i`- 60] o"kZ 1936&37] (Social Life in Medieval Rajasthan) besides significant contribution i`- 56] jk-jk-v-ch- made by Dr. Devendra Handa (Osian) Prof. A.I.S. Tirmizi (Ajmer) Prof. S.P. Vyas (Urbanization in Rajasthan), Prof. Vasant Shinde (Aahad 51- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1937&38 bZ-] xouZesaV izsl] chdkusj] i`- 58] o"kZ 1938&39] and Kalibanga, Prof. R.P. Vyas Memorial Lecture) and last but not the i`- 52( o"kZ 1939&40ls o"kZ 1941&42 bZ-] i`- 83] o"kZ 1942&43 bZ-] i`- 87] jk-jk-v-ch- least our literary jewels like Shri Govind Agarwal (Churu), Kishore 52- eqa'kh lksguyky] rokjh[k jktJh chdkusj] 1890 bZ-] i`- 293 Singh (Bikaner), Rao Ganpat Singh Chitalwana (), Kanwar 54- ,M- fjiksVZ chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1894&95 o o"kZ 1895&96 bZ-] lsUV™y tsy izsl] chdkusj] i`- Mahendra Singh Naggar (Jalore) made valuable contribution to the 50] jk-jk-v-ch- urban study which far too long has been neglected by the students of 55- ,M- fjiksVZ chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1908&09] njckj fizafVax izsl] chdkusj] 1910 bZ-] i`- 12] jk- urban studies. More over the complex state of urban growth, glimpses jk-v-ch- and decay of the Ranthambore region , particularly with regards to 56- ,M- fjiksVZ chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1909&10] njckj fizafVax izsl] chdkusj] i`- 21] jk-jk-v-ch the medieval period, yet to be summarized. Further more the urban 57- ,M- fjiksVZ chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1911&12] chdkusj] i`- 50] jk-jk-v-ch- glimpses and decay of Ranthambore in itself is one of the several least 58- ,M- fjiksVZ chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1915&16] chdkusj] i`- 34] jk-jk-v-ch- studied areas of early Mughal period which has a long history of urban 59- ,M- fjiksVZ chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1917&18] chdkusj] i`- 43] jk-jk-v-ch- growth and decay. This paper is a modest attempt to unearth few new 60- ,M- fjiksVZ chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1935&36] chdkusj] i`- 60] jk-jk-v-ch- points of the theme which will be based on Persian and Rajasthani Sources. An attempt is being made here to draw the kind attention to the architectural forms and literary presentation of the events leading to the urban growth as well as the causes of the decay in the Ranthambore region by focusing the certain main events. References shall also be presented about the urban cities, towns their masonry works, artists tic manorial buildings, temples, mosques, mansions, 327 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 653 654 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 forts, icons, sculptures, miniatures, irrigational works, talavs, Pokhars, Mathur and Dr. Brijmohan Jawalia. In this paper a small attempt is migration of population and few aspects of socio economic life of the being made to reapprase all the available primary sources related to region. the and after-math in the light of military point of The presentation is based on the following sources: Tarikh-i- view. Firozshahi, Miftah-ul-Futuh, Tarikh-i- Mubarakshahi, Khazain-ul- h h h Futuh, Deval Rani and Khizr Khan, Futuh-us-Salatin, Muntakhab-ut- Tawarikh, Ain-i- Akbari, Akbarnama, Wakiat-i- Ajmer wa Ranthambore, I.T. Prichard’s Narrative and 1857 Hammir Mahakavya, Hammirrayan, Hammir Raso, The Early Chauhan Dr. Sunita Kumari Dynasty, History of the Khaljis, Gazetteers of Ajmer, Jaipur, Udaipur and Bundi besides other useful works of the learned luminaries. A number of literary works with different perspective, h h h dimensions and interpretation we find with 1857. A lot of contemporary works and with its 100 years and then 150 years a new perspective Maharana Pratap] The Mughal and The emerges. There was categorization of scholars like imperialist, National, Battle of Haldighati : A Reappraisal (Based Marxist and the trend of subalterns. 1857 was defined as mutinies, Revolt and war of independence, rebellion etc. But when it comes in on Historical and Literary Sources) the context of Rajasthan we find something different by Lt. I.T. Prof. Ravindra Kumar Sharma Prichard’s who has given a personal narrative of the muting at Nusseearabad. The references ragarding Maharana Pratap occupy a special This paper goes with his observation during 1857-1858 in place in the Indian historiography. The various scholars who have Rajasthan to reduce materially our British force, and to hold India as concerned themselves with his works not only emphasized their great we held it before it is to induce rebellion. Whenever any scholar have value in terms of historical information, but also the lietrary style in a glimpse of Rajasthan during 1857-58. They surely quoted Prichard’s. which these works are written and composed. They are not simply His observation was not as an official but eye witness of the historical historical, but are also concerned with the contemporary war ethics, event which we cannot avoid. The first print of Prichard’s work we military art, chivalrous and matchless deeds of the continents of Mewar have in the year 1860 and Indian Print in 1976. under the dynamic leadership of Marahana Pratap aand other such Regional history of Rajpootana will always be glorified with various graphic detailed descriptions of the military movements prior Parichard’s narrative of 1857-58. In this paper we will only discuss to the battle of Haldighati and after-math and which, beyond that, his observation about the officer attitude, Natives expectation and the looks at the entire context of the Maharana Pratap-Mughal war, emotions of the people of India. specially about the history famous battles of Haldighati, Rakat Talai, Campgains in Chawand, Gogunda, Kumbhalgargh, Desuri and in the h h h other parts of the moutains of Arawali lasted up to the Sirohi and finally up to the village of Shergarh in the valley of Valley of Mount /kqvka/kksi ds 'kSykJ; esa fpf=r fo'ks"k ;ksºk Abu. MkW- rstflag ekobZ ,oa MkW- fot;flag ekobZ These events related to conflicts, reinforcement, preparations, assaults and counter assaults have been written, revised, edidted by jktLFkku dk xkSjo] ohj izlwrk esokM+ dh Hkwfe ds vafre Nksj ij lnkuhjk the doyens of history-especially by the historians of Mewar. Such as, peZ.;rh unh ds nkfgus fdukjs jkorHkkVk uxj ds ikl /kqvka/kksi ds 'kSyfp=ksa dh [kkst Kavi Raja Shyamal Das, Dr. Gori Shankar Hirachand Ojha, Prof. esjs }kjk (MkW- rstflag ekobZ) ds }kjk 2009 esa dh xbZ ftldk izdk'ku jktLFkku Gopinath Sharma, Prof. K.S. Gupta, Dr. Devi Lal Paliwal, Dr. L.P. if=dk1] nSfud HkkLdj esa gqvkA /kqvkW/kksi ds ukys esa yxHkx 110 'kSykJ; gSA ftuesa 328 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 655 656 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 27 'kSykJ; fpf=r gSA js[kkuqœfr ij vk/kkfjr izfrœfr esa /kuZq/kkjh ;ksºk dk fp=.k gSA njk ds gjukjks{kk ekuo ftKklk vkSj ekuorkoknh fopkj /kkjk ls lnk misf{kr vkfnoklh thou uked LFkku ds 'kSykJ; esa js[kkdau fof/k ls yky dRFkbZ jax esa vºZiwjd 'kSyh esa ,d vkSj yksdlkfgR; ds v/;;u dks xEHkhj izsj.kk iznku dh vkSj mlh ds ifj.kke Lo:i /kuqZ/kkjh ;ksºk dk fp=.k feyk gSA /kqvka/kksi ds ;ksºk dk fp= rkezik"kk.k dky dk gSA vkt xgu ouksa vkSj nqxZe igkfM+;ksa esa vKkr dky ls fNih xqQkvksa vkSj 'kSykJ; ij /kuqZ/kkjh ;ksºk ds fp= Hkkjr esa yxHkx lHkh 'kSykJ; LFkyksa ls feys gSA mŸkjh foU/ cus 'kSyfp=ksa dk rRijrk vkSj lgkuqHkwfr ds lkFk o.kZu fd;k tk jgk gS] ijUrq buds kk;py {ks= esa dbZ LFkkuksa ls /kuZq/kkjh ;ksºk ds fp= fey gSA Hkkjr esa izkxSfrgkfld v/;;u dks ftruk egRo feyuk pkfg, mruk ugha feyk gSA ,oa izLrj rkez;qxhu lH;rk ls /kuq"k ck.k ds vo'ks"k feys gSA jktLFkku esa 'kSyfp=ksa dh [kkst dk O;kid izpkj&izlkj vyfu;ka ds 'kSyfp=ksa h h h dh [kkst ls gqvkA bldh lwpuk lcls igys jktLFkku if=dk ds eq[; i`"B ij 15 esokM+ esa xqMY;k ijEijk vxLr] 1978 dks izdkf'kr gq, FkhA bl [kkst dk Js; bfrgkldkj MkW- txrukjk;.k MkW- iq"ik lq[koky dks gSA MkW- fxfjjkt dqekj] MkW- ,e-,y- eh.kk] vkse izdk'k dqdh] MkW- rstflag ekobZ vkfn jktLFkku esa 'kSyfp=ksa dh [kkst dk dk;Z dj jgs gSA esokM dh viuh fof'k"V lkaLd`frd ijEijk,° gSA ;gk° fofHkUu R;kSgkj vkSj /kqvka/kksi iqjk LFky ds 'kSykJ; esa ;ksºkvksa ds vusd fp= gS fdUrq ,d ;ksºk mRlo g"kksZYykl ds lkFk euk, tkrs gaSA ftuesa gksyh] fnikoyh] n'kgjk] j{kk cU/ku dk fp= vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA yky&dRFkbZ jax esa fpf=r ;g ;ksºk vR;Ur egRoiw.k vkfn izeq[k gSA lkFk gh 'khryk lIreh] n'kkekrk vkSj x.kxkSj ioZ Hkh /kwe&/kke ls gSA bl ;ksºk dh dej esa ,d xksy pÿ cU/kk gqvk gSA js[kkvksa ds ek/;e ls vºZ euk, tkrs gSaA bu R;kSgkjksa ds vkus ls dqN fnu iwoZ ls gh tu&thou esa mRlkg meax iwjd 'kSyh esa vafdr bl ;ksºk ds fp= esa dejcU/k ,oa vU; oL= dej esa cU/ks gq, dk lapkj gks tkrk gS vkSj ukpus xkus ds ÿe izkjEHk gks tkrs gSaA blh ÿe esa esokM+ esa gSA ;g ;ksºk rst xfr ls pyk;seku gSA pyus dh rst xfr ,oa rst gok ds osx ds fnikoyh ls iwoZ xqMY;k xkus dh ijEijk jgh gSa tks vkt Hkh xzzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa mRlkg dkj.k blds oL= ,oa xksy pÿ gok esa ygjk jgs gSA bl ;ksºk ds iSjks dh ixyrh] iwoZd eukbZ tkrh gSA ftlds ckjs esa dbZ ekU;rk,° gSaA xqMY;k ftls ?kMY;k Hkh dgk ?kqVuk] iSj] gkFk] 'kjhj vkfn vR;Ur lqUnj kcqvk esa HkkHkkjk tkdj pUnz'ks[kj vktkn dh eka ls vkus dh [kq'kh esa v;ks/;k oklh nhid tykrs gSa blh [kq'kh dks nhikoyh ds :i esa feydj fo|ky; esa ukSdjh dh lu~ 1931 esa vkfnokfl;ksa ds ^vUunkrk* lEcksf/kr euk;k tkrk gSA vkSj blh izlax esa xqMfy;k dk [ksy Hkh [ksyk tkrk gSA djrs gq, iqfyl }kjk tsy gqbZA blh le; mUgksaus ekyoh rFkk Hkhyh cksyh lh[kdj iwoZ esa ;g ijEijk mn;iqj 'kgj esa Hkh izpfyr FkhA ;gka Hkh ckyd&ckfydkvksa tutkxj.k dk dk;Z 'kq: fd;kA ds >q.M xqMfy;k ysdj xhr xkrs FksA ckfydkvksa }kjk xk;s tkus okys xhr xqMfy;k ekek ckys'oj n;ky us bl {ks=ksa ds vkfnokfl;ksa esa 'kSf{kd tkx`fr QSykus esa vkSj ckydksa }kjk xk;s tkus okys xhr gj.kh dgykrs FksA ?kj muds xqMfy;k ds nhid vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA muds Hkk"k.kksa esa Hkh vkfnokfl;ksa dks f'kf{kr gksus ds fy, esa rsy Mkyrs Fks vkSj mUgsa vukt ;k iSls nsrs Fks] ftuls izlkn vkSj vU; [kkn~; inkFkZ vkg~oku fd;k tkrk FkkA vkt Hkh ;fn fdlh vkfnoklh O;fDr ls iwNk tk, fd vki ysdj ekrkth dks Hkksx yxkrs FksA ekekth ds fdl dk;Z ls vf/kd izHkkfor gS rks mldk lh/kk tokc gksrk gS& f'k{kk o bl ijEijk dks tutkrh; {ks=ksa esa vkt Hkh mRlkg iwoZd euk;k tkrk gSA rFkk lekt lq/kkj Hkhykapy vkfnoklh ekek ckys'oj dks viuk usrk vkSj jguqek gh ugha] orZeku esa mn;iqj uxj ds cktkjksa esa Hkh bu fnuksa dgh&dgha tu tkrh ckfydkvksa dh cfYd xgjh vkLFkk ds lkFk ftudh eUurs yh tkrh gS] ,slk ekuo nsork ekurs jgs gSA Vksfy;ka flj ij xqMfy;k ysdj xhr xkrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gS ysfdu /khjs /khjs ;g d`f"k dk;Z ls tqM+s Hkhyksa ij ekekth dk izHkko bruk vf/kd iM+k gS fd os mUgsa nsork ijEijk ;gka yqIr izk;% gksrh tk jgh gS ftls lgtus dh egRrh vko';drk gSA yksd Lo:i iwtus yxsA Qly idus ds i'pkr~ ;gka ds vkfnoklh lSadM+ksa fdyksehVj Hkk"kk esa xk;s tkus okys bu xhrksa esa esokM+ dh laLd`fr vkSj ijEijkvksa dh >yd pydj ckefu;k vkJe esa HksaV djus tkrs gS vkSj ekekth dh ewfrZ ij HksaV p<+krs gSaA fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA blds i'pkr~ gh os vius ?kj esa mldk miHkksx djrs gSaA ;|fi vkt ekekth ugha jgs h h h fdUrq vkt Hkh pqukoh naxy esa muds uke dk c[kwch iz;ksx fd;k tkrk jgk gSA muds vuq;k;h ekekth ds ≈ij yksdxhrksa dh jpuk djds cM+s pko ls xkrs gSaA vkfnokfl;ksa esa lkekftd tu psruk ds fodkl esa h h h ekek ckys'oj n;ky dk ;ksxnku Hkhy lekt esa fookg laLdkj & dkfUr dVkjk ,d ,sfrgkfld v/;;u vfrizkphu dky ls gh jktLFkku dk Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ,d egŸoiw.kZ LFkku uhrw jktkor jgk gSA ;g ekr` Hkwfe ij izk.k U;kSNkoj djus okys ohjska ,oa izflº lk/kq larksa dh deZ Hkwfe jgk gSA nf{k.k jktLFkku] if'peh e/;izns'k] mŸkj xqtjkr ds vkfnokfl;ksa esa Hkhy Hkkjr dh vkfnoklh tkfr;ksa esa ls ,d gSA tula[;k dh n`f"V ls xksaM o lkekftd lq/kkj ,oa tu tkxzfr ykus esa lar ekoth egkjkt] xq# xksfoUn fxfj] laFkky ds ckn budk LFkku gSA Hkhy Hkkjr ds pkj jkT;ksa esa ik;s tkrs gSa egkjk"V™] eksrhyky rstkor] Hkksxhyky i.M~;k] ekf.kD; yky oekZ] lqjeynkl] ehjkckbZ] xojh xqtjkr] e/; izns'k ,oa jktLFkkuA jktLFkku ds nf{k.kkapy esa izkjEHk ls gh Hkhyksa dk ckbZ] dkyh ckbZ ,oa ekek ckys'oj n;ky dk egŸoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA ekek ckys'oj ckgqY; jgk gSA bl {ks= dks Hkhyksa dk ?kj dgk tk;s rks Hkh dksbZ vfr';ksfDr ugha n;ky us vkfnoklh lekt esa ubZ psruk tkx`r dh ,oa jktLFkku ds ckalokM+k] gksxhA jktLFkku ds nf{k.kksa ftyksa esa mn;iqj] Mwaxjiqj] ckalokM+k] fpŸkkSM+x<+ ,oa dq'kyx<+] izrkix<+] ?kkVksy] Mwaxjiqj] mn;iqj] dksVk] nsokl] Vksad] Hkjriqj ,oa e/; fljksgh esa budk ckgqY; gSA Hkhy mn;iqj ftys ds [ksjokM+k] dksVM+k] Qykfl;ka] izns'k esa jryke lSykuk] /kkj tksckV] bUnkSj] >kcqvk ,oa xqtjkr ds larjeiqj] yqukokM+k] lyqEcj] dkuksM+ esa cgqla[;d gSA iapegy] nkgksn vkfn {ks=ksa esa muds lkFk jgdj muds lq[k&nq[k ds lkFk [kM+s jgs o izkphudky esa fookg ,d lkekftd fjokt ekuk x;k gSA Hkhyksa ds thou esa 330 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 659 660 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 fookg dks vR;f/kd egŸo fn;k tkrk gS rFkk fookg dh ijEijk yM+ds dh 'kkjhfjd os'kHkw"kk vkSj jhfr&fjokt] lHkh esa jax viuk egŸo j[krs gSaA l'kDr js[kk,° o {kerk dh vk/kkj ij r; gksrh FkhA vr% 'kkjhfjd y{k.k gh fookg dh mez r; djrs pedhys jax jktLFkkuh laLd`fr dh vkst o thoUrrk ds ifjpk;d gSA FksA fookg izfÿ;k 13 izdkj ls rFkk fookg fof/k 19 izdkj dh Hkhy lekt esa gksrh h h h gSA Hkhy tkfr esa fookg djkus dk nkf;Ro ekrk&firk ij gksrk FkkA Hkhy ;qod&;qofr;k° fdlh esysa ;k gkV cktkj esa ijLij feyus rFkk ifjfpr gksus ds ckn viuk thou lkFkh esokM+ esa gosyh ijEijk % ,d voyksdu pquus dk fu.kZ; ysrs FksA blds i'pkr~ ekrk&firk ,oa vU; utnhdh yksxksa dh frfFk i.M~;k Hkwfedk egŸoiw.kZ gksrh FkhA mn;iqj {ks= tks bfrgkl v/;;u esa esokM+ uke ls vf/kd izpyu esa gS] ,d fgUnw lekt ds lEidZ esa vkus ds ckn xzkeh.k lektksa ds leku Hkh cky ohjHkwfe jgk gSA vius vrqyuh; 'kkS;Z] lkgl] leiZ.k Hkko] R;kx tSls xq.kksa ls u fookg rFkk ngst dk vuqlj.k djus yxs gSaA fdUrq ;g mUgha yksxksa esa tks xk°o ds dsoy Hkkjro"kZ esa vfirq lewps fo'o esa viuk LFkku j[krk gSA izkjfEHkd le; esa eqf[k;k vFkok lEiUu yksx gS rFkk fookg esa lc dqn O;; djus dk lkeF;Z j[krs gSaA f'kfo] izkXokV] vj.;] esnikr rFkk esokM+ vkfn ukeksa ls tkuk x;kA 16 ekpZ 1559 esa bl izdkj Hkhy tutkfr esa lkekftd lq/kkj vkUnksyu ds }kjk o/kw ewY; dks lekIr LFkkfir mn;iqj dks mn;iqj ukedj.k dh iqf"V ^fpŸkkSM+ & mn;iqj dk ikVukek*] djus ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k gSA Hkxr Hkhy fookg ds volj ij u rks o/kw ewY; pqdkrs ^jkt jRukxj*] ^panzkorksa dk ikVukek* vkfn ls gksrh gSA gSa vkSj u gh Lohdkj djrs gSaA fu'p; gh bl tutkfr dk ;g iz;kl izsj.kkLin gksuk ;fn dyk] LFkkiR; dh ckr dh tk;s rks gj le; dh viuh vyx fo'ks"krk pkfg,A jghA ;gka fuekZ.k {ks=h; vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i gqvk tks dHkh /keZ vk/kkfjr] dHkh h h h ykSfddrk ds fy,] rks dHkh foykflrk dk ifjpk;d jgkA mn;iqj uxj clus ds jktLFkkuh fp=dyk dk ifjp; ckn ls vyx&vyx egkjk.kkvksa }kjk viuh #fp rFkk vko';drk ds vuq:i egyksa] fdyksa] nqxks±] m|kuksa] lkoZtfud Hkouksa] eafnjksa vkfn dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk jgkA bu dq'kkxz tSu fuekZ.kksa esa ^gosyh* Hkh ize[k jgh tks eq[;r% esokM+ ds jktfld LFkkiR; dk fgLlk dyk thou dk lkdkj :i gSA ;g thou dh gj vk;ke esa ifjyf{kr gksrh dgh tk ldrh gSA gosfy;ka 17oha 'krkCnh esa ns[kh tkrh gSa] tks ljnkjksa] mejkoksa] gS] ftlls vUrl dh vfHkO;fDr dks ewrZ djrh gSA blh dkj.k dykfonksa us dyk dks fof'k"V O;fDr;ksa] iqjksfgrksa] mPp iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa vkfn ds fy, gksrh FkhA vfHkO;fDrewyd crk;k gSA bl izdkj dh dyk ;FkkFkZ ls Hkh vf/kd gS ftlus izd`fr vf/kdkj dh n`f"V ls gosyh nks izdkj dh gksrh Fkh&1- 'kkld }kjk nh xbZ tkxhj ij dh {k.k Hkaxqj dks de rFkk fujUrjrk o fuR;rk dks lgstk gSA ;gh Hkko Hkkjrh; dyk jkT; dh vksj ls fufeZr] ftl ij oa'kkuqxr gd jkT; dk gh jgrk Fkk ftls iqu% dHkh 'kSfy;ksa esa fo|eku gSA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa iUnzgoha 'krh dk nkSj lkaLd`frd iqu#RFkku Hkh vf/kxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk FkkA 2- Lo;a O;fDr }kjk cuokbZ x;h gosyh ftl ij dk jgk gS] ftlesa Hkkjrh; dyk lkfgR; esa uohu ≈tkZ dk lapkj gqvkA bl uotkxj.k mldk ekfydkuk vf/kdkj ekuk tkrk Fkk] fdUrq blesa Hkh ;g 'krZ rks Fkh gh fd ;fn us fp=dyk dks Hkh izHkkfor fd;kA bl le; fgUnw eqfLye jkT;ksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZ O;fDr jkT; fojks/kh dk;Z esa idM+k x;k rks gosyh tCr dj yh tkrh FkhA rFkk Hkkjrh; o bZjkuh vkfn rRoksa ds leUo; us fp=dyk dh uohu 'kSfy;ksa dks tUe esokM+ esa 16 izFke Js.kh ds rFkk 32 f}rh; Js.kh ds ljnkj Fks ftUgsa gosfy;ka fn;kA bu uohu 'kSfy;ksa esa jktLFkkuh 'kSyh Hkh ,d gSA nh x;h FkhA cukoV dh n`f"V ls bu gosfy;ksa esa eq[;r% nks eaftyk bekjr gksrh Fkh] mUuhloh lnh esa bZ-ch-gSosy] vkuUn dqekj Lokeh] vouh ckcw vkfn us ftlesa tukuk d{k] enkZuk d{k] xok{k] xks[kM+s] njh[kkuk] >jks[ks] nklksa ds d{k] Hkkjrh; dyk dks lEekutud LFkku fnyk;k] ogh jktLFkkuh fp=dyk ls vkuUn xkS'kkyk] ?kqM+'kkyk vkfn cuk gksrk FkkA gosfy;ka lqanj uDdk'kh] iPphdkjh ;qDr rFkk dqekj Lokeh us viuh iqLrd ^jktiwr isafVax* ds }kjk voxr djk;kA dkykarj esa vanj dh vksj ›sldks ?kqVkbZ fy;s gksrh FkhA dbZ gosfy;ksa esa fHkfŸk fp= Hkh ik, x, xks,V~t egksn;] dkyZ [k.Mkyokyk] jkexksiky fot;oxhZ; vkfn us oxhZdj.k esa gSaA dejksa ds fuekZ.k esa pwuk rFkk iRFkj dk iz;ksx gksrk Fkk rFkk Q'kZ ckal ;k iÍh dh #fp yhA jktLFkkuh thou jaxksa ls vksrizksr gSA ;gk° dh dyk gks LFkkiR; ;k fQj cuh gksrh FkhA ≈ijh eafty okyh Nr ij dsyq rFkk iDdk Q'kZ Hkh feyrk gSA 331 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 661 662 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 dgha&dgha ij Q'kZ ij ekaM.kk }kjk vyadj.k Hkh ns[kk x;k gSA gosyh dh HkO;rk o jktLFkku dh jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd psruk ds lkSUn;Z gosyhnkj ds in rFkk mlds vkfFkZd Lrj dk |ksrd FkhA ckn esa gosfy;ksa ij vaxzsth izHkko Hkh n`f"Vxkspj rFkk Nrksa esa ykSg iŸkjksa dk LFkku gSA esokM+ dh dqN fodkl esa vk;Z lekt dk ;ksxnku gosfy;ksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu bl izdkj gSµ MkW- Hkjr nsoM+k 1- ckxksj dh gosyh] bldk fuekZ.k Bkdqj vejpan cM+ok us 18oha 'krkCnh esa mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds mŸkjkºZ esa Hkkjrh; turk vkSj fo'ks"kdj jktLFkku dh djok;k FkkA ;g gosyh egkjk.kk laxzkeflag f}rh; ds iq= ukFkth ds oa'ktksa ds ikl turk esa lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd tkx`fr ykus esa vk;Z lekt ds laLFkkid n;kuUn jghA 1986 esa bls if'pe {ks= lkaLd`frd dsUnz dks gLrkarfjr dj fn;k x;k vkSj ;gka ljLorh dk uke fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSA Hkkjr esa loZizFke Lons'k] Lo/keZ] LojkT; laxzgky; Hkh cuk gqvk gSA tgka jtokM+h :i ns[kus dks feyrk gSA 2- dkuksM+ dh vkSj LoHkk"kk dk ukjk Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh us gh mn~?kksf"kr fd;k FkkA mudk dFku gosyh] ;g lkjaxnsoksr (fllksfn;k 'kk[kk) ds v/khu izFke Js.kh dh gosyh FkhA Fkk fd ns'k dh izxfr ds fy, LoHkk"kk] Lo/keZ vkSj Lo'kklu gksuk vko';d gSA izrkiflag ds csVs tksxs'ojflag bl oa'k ds orZeku gdnkj gSA mn;iqj fLFkr budh Lokehth us 1875 bZ- esa ued dj dh HkRlZuk dh FkhA mUgksaus turk rFkk ns'kh gosyh dks 1972 esa csp fn;k x;kA gosyh gsyks dh xokM+h esa fLFkr gSA 3- vkesV dh fj;klrksa ds 'kkldksa dks Lons'kh oL=ksa ds iz;ksx ds fy, mRizsfjr fd;k FkkA Lokehth gosyh] ;g tkxkor pqaMkorksa ds ikl jgh gSA iwoZ esa ;g ljnkjx<+ ds MksfM;k jktiwrksa us LojkT; ds ckjs esa ^lR;kFkZ izdk'k* uked vius xzaFk esa fy[kk gS fd vPNs ls vPNk ds vf/kdkj esa FkhA orZeku esa ;gka vkeqjkbZ gksVy lapkfyr gSA 4- ckalh dh gosyh] fons'kh jkT; Lons'kh jkT; dh rqyuk esa vLohdkj djus ;ksX; gSA mUgksaus bl ckr ij ;g vpynkl 'kDrkor dh tkxhjh esa ckalh dk fBdkuk jghA orZeku esa dkykth&xksjkth cy fn;k fd Hkkjr Hkkjrh;ksa ds fy, gSA Lokehth ds thou ds vafre o"kZ vf/kdrj esa (jkoth dk gkVk) fLFkr gSA 5- cnukSj dh gosyh] tks/kiqj ds jko tks/kk ds iq= nqnk jktLFkku esa gh O;rhr gq,A mUgksaus vius Hkk"k.k fgUnh esa fn;sA /kkSyiqj] djkSyh] ds oa'ktksa (esM+fr;k jkBkSM+) ds v/khu ;g gosyh jghA ;g jkoth ds gkVs esa fLFkr gS Hkjriqj] mn;iqj] tks/kiqj] t;iqj vkfn jkT;ksa esa jgdj mUgksaus u dsoy jkt ifjokj ds tgka orZeku esa fo|k fudsru fo|ky; lapkfyr gSA 6- lywEcj dh gosyh] ;g lnL;ksa esa cfYd vke turk esa tkx`fr mRiUu dhA esokM+ ds egkjk.kk lTtuflag] gosyh esokM+ esa Hkktx<+ dk dk;Z djus okys d`".kkor rFkk pqaMkorksa dh jgh FkhA 7- tks/kiqj ds lj izrki] vpjksy ds j.kthrflag vkSj tkscusj ds Bkdqj rFkk cusM+k ds jktk vklhan dh gosyh] ;g gosyh d`".kkor rFkk pqaMkorksa dh jgh gSA 8- :iuxj dh xksfoanflag Lokehth ds iz'kald ,oa HkDr FksA jktLFkku ds dLcksa o uxjksa esa vk;Z gosyh] buds ikl igys nslwjh dh tkxhj FkhA 9- M~;ksf<+;k jkBkSM+ksa dh gosyh lekt dh vusd 'kk[kk,a [kksyh xbZA buds ek/;e ls f'k{kk dk izlkj ,oa lkekftd (ekrkth dk [ksM+k)] esokM+ ds jkBkSM+ksa ds v/khu jgh tks orZeku essa jkoth ds gkVs esa lq/kkj dh fn'kk esa vusd iz;kl fd, x,A 'ks[kkokVh esa e.Mkok ds lsB nsohcDl fLFkr gSA 10- >hyokM+k dh gosyh] ;g lksyadh jktiwrksa ds v/khu jgh tks nslwjh ?kkVs ljkZQ }kjk ogka LFkkfir ^vk;Z lekt* dk LFkku tu&tkxj.k dh n`f"V ls loksZifj FkkA dk izca/k laHkkyrs FksA 11- /kkHkkbZ dh gosyh] ;g ckBsM+k fBdkus ds dkenkjksa Lokehth ds fu/ku (1883 bZ-) ds i'pkr~ vtesj esa LFkkfir ^ijksidkfj.kh lHkk* vksj (y{ehyky] fot;yky) ds gd esa Fkh ftls ckn esa pkaney Hkk.kkor }kjk [kjhnk ^vk;Z izfrfuf/k lHkk* (1888 bZ-) ds ek/;e ls n;kuUn ds vuq;k;h vk;Z lekt ds x;k FkkA 12- fctksfy;k gosyh] ;g iaokj jktiwrksa ds v/khu Fkh mlds i'pkr~ /kkHkkbZ vkUnksyu dks fujUrj xfr iznku djrs jgsA jktLFkku esa vk;Z lekt dh f'k{kkvksa ds Hkk.kkor ds gLrsA 13- cksgsM+k dh gosyh] ;g 'kDrkorksa dh gosyh jgh] buds }kjk Hkh izlkj.k esa pkUndj.k 'kkjnk] gjfoykl 'kkjnk ,oa ekudj.k 'kkjnk dh egrh Hkwfedk gksVy lapkfyr fd;k tk jgk gSA 14- :ik[ksM+h gosyh] ;g esM+fr;k jkBkSM+ rFkk [kksM+ jghA izsepan uked vk;Z lekt ds ,d mRlkgh dk;ZdrkZ us mn;iqj jkT; ds xkaoksa esa fBdkus ds HkkbZ&cka/koksa ds ikl jgh vkSj orZeku esa blesa vk;Z lekt Ldwy lapkfyr tkdj Hkhy cfLr;ksa esa vk;Z lekt dh f'k{kkvksa ,oa flºkUrksa dk izpkj fd;k FkkA gSa 15- ?kk.ksjko dh gosyh] esM+fr;k jkBkSM+ksa dhA 16- cM+h lknM+h dh gosyh] blus fgUnw laLd`fr dh j{kk ds fy, ^vk;Z izfrfu/k lHkk* jktLFkku rFkk >kykvksa ds {ks=k/khuA 17- ck?kiqjk gosyh] >kykvksa ds v/khuA 18- f'kojrh dh ^jktiwrku e/; Hkkjr lHkk* ds lkFk feydj jktLFkku esa 'kqfº vkUnksyu ds fy, gosyh] jk.kkorksa dh jghA ljnkjx<+] dkadjok rFkk [kseiqj dh gosfy;ka fojensoksr laxBu dk dk;Z fd;kA ^fgUnw lHkk* vk;Z izfrfuf/k lHkk ds ikl mlds izpkjdksa }kjk jk.kkor ds gd esa jgh gS tks orZeku esa ^jkoth dk gkVk* esa fLFkr gSA oSfnd /keZ ds lkFk fgUnw laxBu dk izpkj djokus ds fy, vk;Z izfrfuf/k lHkk dks h h h 250 #i;s ekfld tek djkrh FkhA bl izdkj vk;Z lekt jktLFkku esa 'kS{kf.kd ,oa 332 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 663 664 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 lkekftd lq/kkj vkUnksyu ds }kjk ;gka dh turk esa lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd psruk buesa ukxkSj dk ca'khokys dk eafnj] tks/kiqj j.kNksM+th dk eafnj] ?ku';keth dk QSyk jgk FkkA mUgksaus f'k{kk fo'ks"kr% ckfydk f'k{kk ij cy fn;k] fo/kok fookg dks eafnj] t;iqj dk dud o`ankou vkfn izeq[k gSaA ns'kh&fons'kh i;ZVdksa dks yqHkkus rFkk izksRlkgu fn;k rFkk cky fookg] inkZizFkk] ngst tSlh lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dk mUgksaus jktLFkku LFkkiR; dyk dks laj{k.k nsus ds fy, orZeku esa vusd gosfy;kas dk fojks/k fd;kA lkFk gh vk;Z lekt us LoHkk"kk] Lo/keZ] LojkT; ij cy ns ;gka dh th.kksZºkj fd;k tk jgk gSA turk dks muds 'kks"k.k ds izfr lpsr fd;kA vr% vk;Z lekt vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj h h h ij rRdkyhu fczfV'k pqukSrh ds f[kykQ izFke laxfBr lkekftd vkUnksyu FkkA jktLFkku esa Hkh LFkkuh; 'kk[kkvksa ds tfj;s laxBukRed rFkk laLFkkRed rjhds ls bfrgkl fuekZ.k ds lUnHkZ esa pkj.k lkfgR; ijEijk lkekftd lq/kkj gsrq iz;kl fd;s x;sA (fofHkUu fo/kk,a ,oa ekSf[kd ijEijk) h h h bZ'ojnku jktLFkku dk gosyh LFkkiR; bfrgkl ys[ku dh vk/kqfud izo`fŸk;ksa esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd o lkaLd`frd yfyr dqekj iaokj igyqvksa ds rgr fyax] i;kZoj.k ekufldrkvksa o vke tuksa ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu igyqvksa ij cy fn;k tkus yxkA bUgha izfÿ;kvksa ds lkis{k esa gh LFkkuh; bfrgkl ds jktLFkku esa cM+s&cM+s lsB lkgwdkjksa rFkk /kuh O;fDr;ksa us vius fuokl ds fy;s lUnHkZ esa pkj.k lkfgR; dk ,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA fo'kky gosfy;ksa dk fuekZ.k djok;kA ;s gosfy;ka dbZ eaftyk gksrh FkhA 'ks[kkokVh] jks[ks ij ckjhd uDdk'kh ds fy, izflº gSA mHkjh gSA oSls vusd xzaFk rks ,sls gSa ftuesa u dsoy ltho ;qº dk o.kZu feyrk gS tSlyesj dh gosfy;ka jktiwrkuk ds vkd"kZ.k dk dsUnz jgh gSA ;gka dh iVoksa cfYd 'kkldksa dh e`R;q ,oa ;qº dk le; vU; lzksrksa dh ctk; fcYdqy lgh dh gosyh viuh f'kYidyk] fo'kkyrk ,oa vn~Hkqr uDdk'kh ds dkj.k izflº gSA ;g miyC/k gksrk gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k xzUFkdkjksa dk izR;{kn'khZ gksuk Hkh gSA lsB xqekupUn ckQuk us cuokbZ FkhA ;g ikap eaftyk gosyh 'kgj ds e/; fLFkr gSA pkj.kh lkfgR; dh bu fo/kkvksa esa izR;sd fBdkus dh [;kr] foxr] rokjh[k o bl gosyh ds tkyh&>jks[ks cjcl gh i;ZVd dks vkdf"kZr djrs gSaA iVoksa dh gosyh okrkZ ds vfrfjDr i| :i esa fy[kh lkexzh ;Fkk foykl] :id] opfudk] csfy] ds vfrfjDr tSlyesj esa fLFkr lkfyeflag dh gosyh dk f'kYi&lkSUn;Z Hkh cstksM+ jktLFkku x| lkfgR; ds fodkl esa [;krksa dk dkQh egRo gSA lkfgfR;d n`f"V ds gSA bl ukS [k.Mh gosyh ds izFke lkr [k.M iRFkj ds vkSj ≈ijh nks [k.M ydM+h ds vfrfjDr budk ,sfrgkfld egRo Hkh gSA jktLFkkuh esa [;kr 'kCn izk;% bfrgkl ds cus gq, FksA ckn esa ydM+h ds nksuksa [k.M mrkj fy;s x;sA tSlyesj dh uFkey dh i;kZ; :i esa gh iz;qDr gksrk gSA 18oha lnh esa dbZ [;krsa fy[kh xbZA [;krsa izk;% nks gosyh Hkh f'kYidyk dh n`f"V ls viuk vuwBk LFkku j[krh gSA bl gosyh dk kejh] f[kjuh] mej vkfn >kfM+;ksa dh iztkfr;ka gSaA izkd`frd laink ls jRus'oj egknso eafnj] HkwrukFk eafnj bR;kfn esa /keZ lHkk] HkfDr&ikB] tkxj.k] bZ'oj ifjiw.kZ bl ou {ks= esa nqyZHk ouks"kf/k;ka Hkh miyC/k gSa ftlesa lQsn ewlyh] fcnkjh oUnuk dh /kwe gksrh gSA dfiy eqfu eq[; eafnj esa nks ckj vkjrh ,oa mlds ckn Hkksx dan] rsfy;k dan] vikekxZ] 'kkyi.khZ] ?kkrdh] ikBk] ukxjeksFkk] fephZ&dan] 'ksQkyh] yxrk gSA lHkh /keks± dks ekuus okys ljksoj ij nhi izTofyr djrs gSaA dkfrZd iwf.kZek [kkV] [kVwEcj] dfor] dEiyhd] lw[kky&?kkl] gjM+] gLrd.kZ] iyk'k] fcYo] ds fnu Hkh xq# ukud t;Urh Hkh gksus ls Jhdksyk;r fgUnw fl[k Jºkyqvksa dk laxe xSaxph] dkyh gkdy] cki gkdy] vjsBk] djM+k] xjg xksVk] fp=ky] ejksM+Qyh] LFky cu tkrk gS] tks Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh fo'ks"krk gSA veyrk'k] QuZ] dkaVh >kM+] dM+okcsyk] lsey] 'krkojh] fgaxksjk vkfn ouks"kf/k;ka Hkh h h h lfEefyr gSA vH;kj.; esa if{k;ksa dh djhc ,d lkS ds chp iztkfr;ka igpkuh tk uSlfxZd lkSUn;Z ls Hkjiwj lhrkekrk vH;kj.; pqdh gSA ^pkSfla?kk* Hkh ;gka cgqrk;r ls ik;s tkrs gSaA vU; oU; thoksa esa c?ksjs] taxyh euksgjyky iqjksfgr lwvj] iSxksfyu] uhy&xk;] ykseM+h] taxyh fcfYy;ka] lkaHkj] fpadkjs] lsgyh (dkaVsnkj)] fcTtw] usoys] [kjxks'k] vtxj vkfn izeq[k gSA if{k;ksa esa fxº] ckt] fpŸkkSM+x<+ ftys ds izkd`frd i;ZVu LFkyksa esa lhrkekrk vH;kj.; dk izeq[k 'kdj[kksjk] ukSjax] mYyw] phy ds vfrfjDr mM+ufxygjh vkd"kZ.k ds dsUnz gSA mM+u LFkku gSA cM+h lknM+h] NksVh lknM+h ,oa izrkix<+ rFkk mn;iqj ftys dh /kfj;kon fxygjh ,d nqyZHk vkSj yqIrizk; oU; tho iztkfr gSA tks u dsoy jktLFkku oju~ rglhy dh lhekvksa ls f?kjs yxHkx pkj lkS oxZ fdyksehVj ls Hkh vf/kd {ks= esa lEiw.kZ mŸkj Hkkjr esa izeq[kr% bl vH;kj.; esa gh ikbZ tkrh gSA orZeku esa djhc lkS QSys lhrkekrk vH;kj.; esa l?ku o`{kkoyh ds chp dbZ rjg ds oU; tho fopjrs mM+u fxygjh gSA 334 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 667 668 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 lhrkekrk vH;kj.; dk lkaLd`frd egRo Hkh gSA nqxZe igkM+h vkSj ?kus taxyksa lkeUrksa lekt esa dksbZ mYys[kuh; cnyko ns[kus dks ugha feyrkA ehjk dk thou ls vkPNkfnr lhrkekrk dk LFkku ekStwnk lhrkekrk oU; tho vH;kj.; dh ‚n; fujUrj la?k"kZe;h jgk gS] ysfdu ehjk us eqlhcrksa ls gkj u ekudj mudk lkeuk LFkyh gSA vH;kj.; esa fdlh Hkh ekxZ ls izos'k djus ds ckn de ls de 20&25 fuMjrk ls fd;kA ml ;qx esa tc ehjk ds leFkZu esa dksbZ jkT;fufeZr dkuwu vFkok fdyksehVj dk nqxZe igkM+h ekxZ ikj djds gh lhrkekrk igqapk tk ldrk gSA tk[ke lkekftd ijEijk ugha Fkh] ,sls esa mldk ,slk nqLlkglh dne Lo;a esa ekr`'kfDr ds unh Hkh ikj djuh gksrh gSA (cM+h lknM+h&ewa/kok ds jkLrs vkus okyksa dks ugha)] blds fy, izsj.kk dk lzksr cu x;kA xqytkj us Hkh viuh cgqpfpZr fQYe ^ehjk* esa :ekuh lkFk gh deZlksbZ lhrkekrk unh] ftldk mn~xe LFky lhrkekrk gh gS] dks lkr ckj Nfo okyh HkDr ifo= vkRek vkSj vlk/kkj.k L=h ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k gSA bls ikj djds lhrkckM+h igqapk tk ldrk gSA lhrkckM+h ls lhrkekrk tkus ds fy, nks ledkyhu lekt esa ukjh dh xfjek] eqfDr ,oa vk/;kfRedrk ds fy, iz;Ru'khy fdyksehVj dh nqxZe unh ?kkVh ikj djuh iM+rh gS ftlesa cM+h&cM+h pV~Vkusa] ikuh ds vlk/kkj.k L=h ekuk gSA blls iwoZ xka/khth us ehjk dks vfgald izfrjks/kh ekuk gS vkSj dq.M vkSj iFkjhyh ljy&fojy ixMaMh gSA bl ?kkVh ds vafre Nksj ij tehu ry ls mls vktknh ds Hk;eqDr vfgald vkanksyu ls tksM+rs gq, mls ukjh dk jksy ekWMy dgk djhc Ms<+ lkS nks lkS QqV dh ≈apkbZ ij lhrkekrk dk LFkkud gSA ≈apkbZ dks lqxe gSA blls vkxs c<+rs gq, muds /ku&oSHko lEiUu thou ds R;kx dks vktknh vkSj cukus ds fy, vc lhf<+;ka cuk nh xbZ gSA mlds }kjk fo"kiku dks ,d lPps lR;kxzgh ds vnE; lkgl ds :i esa fy;k gSA bl h h h izdkj mudh utjksa esa og izse dh 'kfDr (Power of Love) dk izrhd cu xbZ gSA ehjk % ,d vfgald fonzksfg.kh h h h lqJh vuqiek egkjktk c[krflag jh cgh 1801 ;g ,d loZekU; rF; gS fd ehjk us jkt?kjkus dh cgw csVh gksrs gq, lHkh dqy (oL=ksa dh fof'k"V tkudkjh) e;kZnkvksa vkSj lkekftd ca/kuksa dks rksM+rs gq, Jhd`".k ds izfr Lo;a dks lefiZr dj gsek jtd fn;k FkkA ifjfLFkfruqlkj ;g O;kogkfjd ,oa LokHkkfod dne ugha FkkA blhfy, egkjktk c[krflag jh cgh diM+ksa js dksBkj rkyds jkst ukepka jh cgh ls mlds fo#º reke lkekftd okrkoj.k cu x;k FkkA ehjk ds bl ijEijk fo/oald dk;Z@dne ls ;g ckr rks vklkuh ls gh le>h tk ldrh gS fd jktdqy dh o/kq ix lacaf/kr gSA bl cgh esa fo- la- 1801 lko.k or&1 ls yxkdj vklM+ 15 rd dk esa ?kqa?k: cka/k ds ukpsxh rks yksx mls ixyh gh dgsaxs vkSj lkl Hkh dqyuk'kuh gh fooj.k ntZ gSA cgh esa oL=ksa ds fofHkUu izdkj dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk gSA tSls & dgsxhA ,sls esa vxj dksbZ mls fo"k nsdj ekjuk Hkh pkgsxk rks ;g vLokHkkfod ugha dhe[kkc&cgh esa dhe[kkc oL= dk mYys[k gS tks fdlh fo'ks"k ?kjsyw yxrkA ysfdu ehjk ds ;s vLokHkkfodrk mls vlk/kkj.k] lkglh nqjnE; ,oa jgL;e;h voljksa ij fof'k"V O;fDr;ksa dks buk;r (HksaV) fn;k tkrk FkkA O;fDrRo iznku djrh gSA bfrgkl esa vusd ,sls mnkgj.k feyrs gSa ds ftUgksaus Hkh nqiV~Vk&fdlh fo'ks"k volj ij nqiV~Vk buk;r fd;k tkrk FkkA ;s dbZ izdkj lkekftd ijEijk dk fojks/k@fu"ks/k fd;k gS vFkok vius le; dh :f<+;ksa] fjoktksa ds ds gksrs Fks] tSls tjh dk nqiV~Vk] dlqey nqiV~Vk vkfnA vuq:i ugha pyk gS mls vusd izdkj dh ;kruk,a ,oa ihM+k,a Hkh feyh gS fQj ehjk ds iksfr;k&blesa iksfr;k (lkQksa) dk Hkh mYys[k gSA iksfr;s dbZ rjg ds gksrs izdj.k esa mls fo"k nsuk rFkk vU; izdkj ls ihfM+r djuk dSls viokn gks ldrk FkkA gSA tSls&iksfr;k yPNsnkj] iksfr;k xqtjkrh] iksfr;k dlqey] iksfr;k dhjeph vkfnA 1516 bZ- esa ehjk dk fookg mn;iqj ds egkjk.kk lkaxk ds T;s"B iq= Hkkstjkt eyey&cgh esa jaxksa dh eyey dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk gSA eyey dlqey] ds lkFk gqvk FkkA fookg ds dqN o"kZ i'pkr~ gh 1521 bZ- esa Hkkstjkt dk nsgkUr gks eyey lQsnA x;k vkSj ehjk ds dfBu thou dh 'kq:vkr Hkh blh ds lkFk gks xbZA ehjk dk ;qx vks<+uh&efgykvksa ds igus tkuh okyh vks<+uh tkyhuqek js'keh gYdk rFkk fir`lŸkkRed ;qx Fkk vkSj blesa efgyk fo'ks"kdj fo/kok ds vf/kdkjksa dh ckr djuk xqykch jax dh cuh gSA lksus ds rkjksa ls vkd"kZd cqukbZ dh x;h gSA Hkh lekt ijEijk fojks/kh dk;Z gh le>k tkrk FkkA duZy VkWM us Hkh ekuk gS fd jktLFkku jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj O;ogkjksa ds ekeys esa vifjorZu'khy gSA vkt Hkh ;gka ds lkM+h&lkfM+;k° fL=;ksa ds ëkjhj dks ≈ij ls ysdj uhps rd <°dus dk dk;Z 335 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 669 670 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 djrh FkhA fL=;ksa ds ‹k`axkj o lkSUn;Z dks lkfM+;ka vkSj fu[kkjrh gSA {ks= esa dbZ thoar Lokeh rhFkZLFky fo|eku gSA blds vfrfjDr dhj lqugjh xksVs dk Hkh blesa mYys[k gqvk gSA3 jktLFkku Hkh 'kSy fp=ksa dh n`f"V ls lEiUu {ks= gSA mŸkjh jktLFkku esa 'kSy cgh esa oL=ksa ds vk;kr&fu;kZr dk Hkh irk pyrk gSA cgh esa diM+ksa ds dyk ls lEcfU/kr 22 iqjkLFkyksa dh igpku dh xbZ gSA ohjksyh xkao ds taxy esa ,sls dksBkj ds foHkkxksa ds ukeksa dk Hkh o.kZu feyrk gSA okxk dksBkj] tjtj[kkuk dksBkj] gh nks 'kSykJ; izkIr gq, gS bfrgkl dk 'kks/kkFkhZ gksus ds dkj.k bu LFkyksa dh [kkst dh lsok rkyds dksBkj] 'ks"k[kkuk dksBkj bR;kfnA xbZA okxk dksBkj&okxk dksBkj ds varxZr vks<+uh dk mYys[k gS] ftlesa xksVs ds ;s 'kSy fp= jktLFkku esa lkekU; :Ik ls feyrs gSa bl izdkj ds n`'; ik"kk.k Qwy yxs gksrs gSA ftldk dk;Z nthZ Hkqjk rstk }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA dhj lqugjh xksVs dky dh lekfIr ,oa dkaL; ;qx ds iwoZorhZ dky esa feyrs gS ;gka ds 'kSy fp= nks dk Hkh blesa mYys[k gqvk gSA cgh esa oL= ds Fkku ds lkFk oL= fdrus xt dk gS vyx&vyx dky [k.Mksa ds gaS ftudk irk gesa buds jaxksa }kjk pyrk gS ;s nks jaxksa esa bldk mYys[k Hkh cgh ls Kkr gksrk gSA eqnzk ds :i esa #i;s] vkuk iSlk] ikbZ vkfn dk fo|eku gSµ fooj.k cgh esa feyrk gSA cgh esa nsoLFkku foHkkx ls tqM+s eafnj ftuesa Bkdqj th 1- xgjk yky ,oa 2- xs:vk yky eqjyh euksgj eafnj ds fufeZr lQsn oL= ds lkFk gh ikoZrh ek° ds fy;s lkM+h ?kk?kjk bu fp=ksa esa tks f'kdkj ds n`'; gS muesa tkuoj lgesa gq, utj vkrs gSa vFkkZr [kjhnus dk mYys[k Hkh cgh esa gqvkA cgh esa tks os'k tukuk ds fy;s [kjhns tkrs Fks ;s fp= ekuo }kjk tkuojksa dks ikyrq cukus ds igys ds gS ftuesa ikyrq i'kq o gfFk;kj mudh dksjiV~Vh esa lksus dk dke fd;k gqvk feyrk gSA cgh esa ;g lkexzh vkxjk ls utj ugha vkrs gSa tks fd e/; Hkkjr ds 'kSy fp=ksa esa utj vkrs gSaA ;s d`f"k dk;Z 'kq: [kjhnh xbZ FkhA pk°nh dk dke (vks<+uh) esa nthZ rstk dk uke fo'ks"k :i ls feykA gksus ds iwoZorhZ gks ldrs gaSA vHkh gky gh esa jktLFkku ds mn;iqj ftys ds eqMh cgh esa ukuk izdkj ds ik?k dk fooj.k ds lkFk ik?k ds fofHkUu izdkj dh tkudkjh Hkh ckBsMk esa feys 'kSy fp= Hkh yxHkx ohjksyh xkao ds 'kSy fp=ksa tSls gh utj vkrs gSA feyrh gSA tSls & fpduik?k] lct ik?k] ck/kuh ik?k] ik?k rkljh] ik?k (cqjkuiqj) ls tgka ij f'kdkj ds n`'; mdsjs x;s gaSA dqN fp=ksa esa gfFk;kj (Hkkyk) }kjk tkuoj dk [kjhnus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA bu ik?kksa dk mi;ksx egkjktk }kjk mYys[kuh; dk;Z f'kdkj fd;k tk jgk gS] dqN esa ifjokj ds :Ik dk lkekftd fp= n'kkZ;k x;k gS dqN djus okys vkStnkjksa] deZpkjh dks fljksiko (flj ls ikao rd iguus okys diM+s) ds esa euksjatu vFkok mRlo euk jgs yksxksa dk n`'; izrhr gksrk gSA ,d vU; n`'; esa :i esa nsrs FksA fljksiko esa ik?k ds lkFk ftu /kksrh dks fn;k tkrk FkkA mu /kksrh dh fdlh taxyh tkuoj ls cprs gq, ekuo ds Hkkxus tSlk n`'; fn[krk gS ,oa lkewfgd [kjhnh fljksgh ls gqvk djrh FkhA cgh esa t;iqj ls rutsc jk Fkku eaxokus dk mYys[k :Ik ls f'kdkj ds nks fp= Hkh feyrs gSA Hkh cgh ls Kkr gksrk gSA cgh esa t;iqj ds O;kikjh ckywjke tkyksj ds lokbZ uke tks vjkoyh ioZr ekyk dh izkphurk bl {ks= dks ekuo dk izkphu vkJ; LFky oL= dk vk;kr fd;k djrs FksA O;kikjh esa t;iqj ds ckcwrk dk uke Hkh fof'k"V :i gksus dk xkSjo iznku dj ldrh gS vkSj bl dM+h esa ohjksyh xkao ds 'kSy fp= uhao ds ls mYys[k feyrk gSA iRFkj dk dk;Z djsaxsA xqQk ua- ,d ds fp= rks fQj Hkh Li"V utj vkrs gaS exj nwljs h h h 'kSykJ; ds fp= /kqa, o /kqy ds izHkko ls /kqa/kys utj vkrs gSA ;gha dh ,d vU; ohjksyh (fljksgh) esa [kkstk x;k uohu 'kSy fp= LFky igkM+h esa blls Hkh cMs vkdkj dk ,d vkSj Hkh 'kSykJ; Fkk ftlds 'kSyfp= bu nksuksa foÿe flag nsoM+k 'kSykJ;ksa ds fp=ksa ls Hkh vf/kd Li"V ,oa mRd`"V Fks] exj mudh le; ij lkj laHkky ugha gksus dh otg ls vKkr yksxksa }kjk iRFkj izkIr djus gsrq CykLV djds rksM+ jktLFkku ds fljksgh ftys dh fi.MokM+k rglhy dk ohjksyh xkao vkcq ioZr fn;k x;kA vr% vko';drk u flQZ bu 'kSykJ;ksa dks mtkxj djus dh cfYd blls ls layXu vjkoyh ioZr ekyk dh lqjE; okfn;ksa esa clk gqvk ,d izkphu xkao gSA ;g Hkh cksVokM+k esa >ksVk ehuk dk jkT; FkkA mŸkj esa xSVk ij Hkh dey dh vkœfr dk vadu feyrk gSA ehuk dk xSVksj jkT; Fkk rFkk mŸkj&iwoZ esa ekap esa ukFkw ehuk dk jkT; FkkA ;s lc h h h vius&vius fBdkuksa ds jktk Fks vkSj jko dgykrs FksA ehjkaackbZ dh orZeku esa izklafxdrk igkM+ksa dh rygVh esa clk jkex<+ dk fdyk LFkkiR; jkex<+ dk fdyk % Jherh lksuw 'ks[kkor dyk dk ,d vn~Hkwr uewuk izrhr gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; iqjkrkfRod foHkkx ds losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj bl fdys dk fuekZ.k dk ekap ds ehuk 'kkldksa ds }kjk 9&10 oha 'krkCnh ds ehjkackbZ dk thouo`r HkfDr lk/kuk ,oa HkfDr dkO; o HkfDr dkO; dk yxHkx djok;k x;k Fkk rFkk blds iquZfuekZ.k dk dk;Z vkEcsj ds dNokgk 'kkld vuqla/kkuijd v/;;u orZeku ;qx esa izklafxd rFkk egRoiw.kZ gSA ehjkaackbZ ukjh lekt jktk ekuflag ds }kjk 16 oha 'krkCnh esa djok;k x;k FkkA bl lanHkZ esa tkudkjh iznku dk xkSjo gSA mudh vUkU; ,oa ,dfu"B HkfDr vf}rh; gS mudk thou la?k"kZ ,oa djrk ,d lwpuk iV~V fdys ds ijdksVs ds eq[; }kj ij Hkh yxk;k x;k gSA ;g ekuo ewY;ksa dh j{kkFkZ fd;s x;s dk;Z vuqdj.kh; gSA fdyk orZeku esa th.kZ&'kh.kZ voLFkk esa Fkk ijarq blds HkXukos'kksa dks ns[kdj ;g vkt ls ikap lkS o"kZ iwoZ lEiw.kZ fo'o esa ukjh psruk txkus okyh ;g Hkkjrh; vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd fdlh le; esa ;g fo'kky fdyk fdruk vf/kd ukjh oanuh; gSA tc ;wjksi vkSj vesfjdk dh lH;rk vkSj laLd`fr dk mn~Hko ugha gqvk lqn`<+ ,oa lqanj jgk gksxkA blds lkFk gh ;g fdyk 8&10 oha ,oa 16 oha 'krkCnh ds Fkk rks lEiw.kZ ekuork dks HkfDr ,oa Kku dk lans'k nsus okyh bl egkekuoh ds pfj= LFkkiR; dk ,d vn~Hkqr lkeatL; uewuk Hkh fn[kk;h iM+rk gSA ;g fdyk pkjksa vksj ls dk mn~?kkVu vko';d gSA tc tc ukjh psruk] vkn'kZ] vUkU; HkfDr vkSj lEkiZ.k dk lqj{kkRed ?ksjs ls f?kjk gqvk gSA blds mŸkj ,oa iwoZ dh vksj fo'kky lqn`<+ ijdksVk ewY;kadu gksxk] rc rc ehjkaa ckbZ dk egRo ,oa izklafxdrk cuh jgsxhA fufeZr gS ,oa nf{k.k rFkk if'pe fn'kk dh vksj ls ;g izkœfrd igkM+ksa ls fufeZr ijdksVs ls vko`Ÿk gSA ijdksVs ls mŸkj&iwohZ dksus ij fdyk dk 3-90 ehVj yEck }kj vk/kqfud ekuo gsrq ekufld 'kkfUr dh izsj.kknk;uh gS ehjkaaA ehjkaackbZ us gS] tgk° ls fdys esa izos'k fd;k tkrk gSA bl }kj ls ysdj fdys ds eq[; }kj ij viuh futh o e/;;qxhu lekt dh ihM+k dks vius inksa esa HkfDr Hkkouk ds ek/;e ls iRFkjksa ls fufeZr lM+d fcNh gqbZ gSA bl }kj ls ysdj fdys ds eq[; }kj rd iRFkjksa vfHkO;Dr fd;k gSA lelkef;d dky esa ;g HkDr dfo;ksa dh fu;fr cu xbZ FkhA ls fufeZr lM+d fcNh gqbZ gSA ijdksVs esa izos'k }kj ij lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls ,d lqj{kk orZeku ;qx esa Hkh tc ekuo lwpuk rduhdh ek/;e ls fj'rksa ds opqZvy lalkj esa cqtZ dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;k Fkk] tks orZeku fLFkfr esa th.kZ&'kh.kZ voLFkk esa fLFkr gSA thus ds ckn Hkh ,dkadh o Fkdkgkjk eglwl djrk gS rks og vUrr% bZ'ojh; HkfDr dh ;gka ls vkxs c<+us ij fdys ds eq[; }kj ij igqaprs gSaA ;g }kj Hkh orZeku esa 'kj.k esa vkus dks etcwj gks tkrk gSA Hkkouk o laosnuk 'kwU; euq"; yEcs le; rd th.kZ&'kh.kZ voLFkk esa fLFkr gSA bl }kj esa gjs cyqvk iRFkj ds fo'kky LrEHkksa dk volknxzLr gks ftUnk ugha jg ldrk gSA 337 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 673 674 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ehjkaa dk O;fDrRo ukjh l'kfDrdj.k o lcyhdj.k dk izrhd gSA ukjh dh ckalokM+k fj;klr ds cgqla[;d tula[;k vkfnoklh gSA xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn foo'krk o ?kqVu ds fo#º vkt ls 500 o"kZ iwoZ gh esM+r.kh ehjkaackbZth us la?k"kZ dk vks>k o duZy tsEl VkWM vkfnoklh Hkhyksa dks ^ouiq=* dgrs gSa ,oa ;gka dk ewy fcxqy ctkdj fodV ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa n`<+rk] lgu'khyrk o izfrcºrk dh tks iszj.kk nh fuoklh ekurs gSaA vkj- ch- jly us Hkh ckalokM+k jkT; ds xstsfV;j (1908) esa bUgsa oks vkt dh ukjh gsrq vkn'kZ gSA ?kjsyq fgalk ls dekscs'k vkt dh gj vkSjr dks fdlh ;gha dk izkphure fuoklh ekuk gSA u fdlh :i esa :c: gksuk iM+rk gSA vkSjr ?kj dh pkgjnhokjh esa ?kqV ?kqV dj thus ckalokM+k iztke.My ds izFke v/;{k Jh e.kh'kadj th ukxj ,oa ea=h Jh dks etcwj gks tkrh gSA vkt ukjh eqfDr dh vkokt ljdkjh o xSj ljdkjh la?kVuksa /kwyth HkkbZ Hkkolkj FksA 24 ebZ 1945 dks iztklsod lekpkj i= ds izdk'kd ekek }kjk Hkys gh iqjtksj rjhds ls ;nk dnk mBk;h tkrh gS ijUrq ukjh eqfDr dk iFk bruk vpys'oj izlkn ds v/;{krk esa vk;ksftr vkelHkk esa ckalokM+k iztke.My xBu dh ljy ugha daVdkdh.kZ gSA oLrqr% vkt ls 500 o"kZ iwoZ lkeUrh ;qx esa ehjkaa us viuh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ FkhA11 iztke.My ds laLFkkid lnL; ckck y{e.knkl] Jh ukfuxjke] HkfDr ds ek/;e ls psruk dh vy[k txk;h FkhA mUgksaus ukjh xfjek o lEeku dks Jh Hkokuh'kadj vkSj Jh lw;Zdj.k FksA bl lsok dk;Z esa phi ds nksyk Hkxr] NksVh iquLFkkZfir fd;k o /kkfeZd eBk/kh'kkas dh loksZPp lŸkk o ,dkf/kdkj dk yydkjk FkkA ehjkaa ;qxhu izpfyr lkeUrhoknh O;oLFkk esa ijEijkxr vkpkj fopkjksa :f<+;ksa ljou ds Jh nsok e/kkj] NksVh rstiqj ds Jh nhik Hkxr] [ksj Mkcjk ds Jh lqjth tkfr&Hksn rFkk oxZHksn dk egRo FkkA ,slh voLFkk esa O;fDrxr LorU=rk lekurk o Hkxr] okMxwu ds Jh gserk Hkxr iMkSyh ds Jh dqcyk eNkj vkSj x.ks'kiqjk ds Jh ukjh ds lekukf/kdkj vkfn ds ewY;ksa dk dksbZ LFkku ugha FkkA ml izpfyr O;oLFkk ds gfjjke vkfn vkfnoklh dk;ZdrkZ Hkh lfEefyr FksA fo#º ehjka us fonzksg dk 'ka[kukn fd;k tks tulaLd`fr dh mRd"kZ ewyd psruk dk jktLFkku ds iztke.My vkUnksyu ds bfrgkl esa ckalokM+k iztke.My dk Hkh izek.k gSA viuh jpukvksa ds ek/;e ls ehjkaa us ekuo ek= gsrq izse dk lans'k fn;k gSA Lof.kZe bfrgkl jgk gSA ckalokM+k iztke.My ds bfrgkl esa la?k"kZ dk dky 1945&46 vkt ds HkkSfrdoknh ;qx esa ehjkaa ihfM+r ekuork gsrq vk/;kfRed lqdwu dk izrhd gSA ds o"kZ jgsA rRdkyhu ckalokM+k fj;klr dk egkjkoy pUnzohj flag ,oa nhoku ehjkaa ukjh dks laLdkjoku cuus gsrq izsj.kk dk nhid gSA vU;k; o vR;kpkj ds eksguflag esgrk us vusd lq/kkj o ?kks"k.kk,a dh FkhA ijUrq okLrfod /kjkry ij f[kykQ ehjkaa ÿkfUrdkjh cuus dk lkgl nsrh gSA mlds thou ls ges'kk lR; ds iFk vU;k;] vR;kpkj o 'kks"k.k gh n`f"Vxkspj gks jgk FkkA tks/kiqj ls izdkf'kr iztk lsod ij vkxs c<+us dh] vlR; dk fojks/k dh izsj.kk feyrh gSA ehjkaa dh izklafxdrk blh lekpkj i= esa ckalokM+k dk mYys[k djrs gq, Jh vpys'oj izlkn us fy[kk& rF; ls tkfgj gS fd og ekuotkfr dh mUufr gsrq iFk izn'kZd dk dke djrh gSA ^^ckalokM+k og jkT; gS tgka izxfr'khy egkjkoy vkSj lq/kkjoknh nhoku ds jgrs gq, L=h fojks/kh izpfyr ekU;rkvksa o ijEijkvksa dk fojks/k mudh jpukvksa esa iqjtksj rjhds Hkh Hkw[k o chekfj;ksa dk rkaMo gks jgk gSA** ls fd;k x;k gSA os ukjh LorU=rk] fuHkhZdrk] xfjek] ukjh l'kfDrdj.k dk izrhd 1945&46 ds o"kZ ckalokM+k fj;klr esa vdky ,oa vukt ds vHkko ds le; gSA ehjkaa fL=;ksa d uSlfxZd vf/kdkj gsrq dne dne ij gksus okys la?k"kZ gsrq vkn'kZ Hkh vukt dh fudklh tkjh FkhA cSB csxkj ls vkfnoklh ihfM+r FksA xkaoksa esa vkus okys ukjh gSA ehjkaa us tks nnZ lgk mls dekscs'k gj ukjh ;g jgh gSA ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, eq∂r Hkkstu dh O;oLFkk Hkh fdlkuksa dks djuh iM+rh Fkh h h h ftls isfV;k dgk tkrk FkkA vukt ds vHkko ds dkj.k vukt dUV™ksy dh ljdkjh Tkutkfr {ks= ckalokM+k esa iztke.My dk O;oLFkk vlQy gks x;h FkhA ckalokM+k iztke.My us vukt fudklh jksdus ds fy, vukt vkUnksyu fd;k tks fd ckalokM+k iztke.My ds }kjk vk;ksftr lcls egŸoiw.kZ vukt vkUnksyu (1945&1946) la?k"kZ FkkA ckalokM+k iztke.My us ljdkj dh xyr uhfr dh vkykspuk dh o gseUr i.M~;k leL;k lek/kku ds fy, lq>ko ds izLrko Hksts Fks] fdUrq fj;klr us bu izHkkoksa ij ckalokM+k nf{k.k jktiwrkuk dh esokM+ ,tsUlh dh ,d NksVh fj;klr Fkh dksbZ /;ku ugha fn;k FkkA bldh txg ljdkj neu uhfr dk iz;ksx dj jgh FkhA ftldh vkcknh 270000 vkSj {ks=Qy 1943 oxZehy FkkA bl fj;klr esa xkaoksa dh fj;klrh iz'kklu dk fojks/k djus ,oa iztke.My dk vk/kkj etcwr djus ds la[;k 1154 FkhA jktiwrkus dh ns'kh fj;klr 'kh"kZd ls tkjh fjiksVZ (1938 ds fy, Jh /kwyth HkkbZ Hkkolkj us HkwisUnzukFk f=osnh dks cEcbZ ls vkefU=r fd;kA vuqlkj) ckalokM+k dh vkcknh 233106 Fkh ftlesa ls ek= 4896 gh f'kf{kr FkhA HkwisUnzukFk f=osnh ds ckalokM+k vkxeu ls vukt fojks/kh vkUnksyu dks etcwrh feyhA 338 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 675 676 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 iztke.My ds vuqlkj vukt dUV™ksy dh O;oLFkk i{kikriw.kZ gS jkT; dh xSj x;k FkkA bl vkUnksyu dks lQy cukus esa turk dh ,drk ,oa iztke.My ds laxBu ftEesnkjh ds dkj.k gh vukt dk ladV iSnk gqvk gSA iztke.My bl Kkiu ls iwoZ gh us egŸoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA dbZ izLrko ikfjr dj pqdk FkkA izLrko esa 6] 7] 8] 9 o 10 ckalokM+k iztke.My ds h h h vukt vkUnksyu ls lEcfU/kr cqysfVu gSA tks /kqyth HkkbZ Hkkolkj isilZ ls izkIr gksrs gSaA 18 fnlEcj] 1945 dks ikfjr izLrko la[;k 6 esa vukt fudklh jksdus dh ekax ikyh {ks= ds O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; dh x;h FkhA blh izLrko esa ewY; fu;fU=r ,oa fu/kkZfjr djus dh ekax dh FkhA dk ,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k iztke.My ds vuqlkj vukt ladV vf/kdkfj;ksa dh v;ksX;rk ,oa vnwjnf'kZrk dk vkbZnkuflag ifj.kke FkkA ckalokM+k fj;klr us jkT; deZpkfj;ksadks izfr #Ik;k 3-50 lsj rFkk lk/kkj.k jktLFkku dh bl egŸoiw.kZ Hkwfedk esa ikyh ds ;ksxnku dks bfrgklfonksa us turk ds fy, 3-25 lsj vukt fu;r fd;kA iztke.My bl HksnHkko dk fojks/kh FkkA dkQh fof'k"V :i ls vfHkO;Dr fd;kA fczfV'k ys[kd duZy egksn; ,oa th-,p- iztke.My ds vuqlkj nks Hkko j[kuk iztk ds lkFk vU;k; gSA iztke.My ds Li"V djrs gS fd jktiwrkuk {ks= & VsDlVkby] vQhe] uhy] 'kL= ,oa peM+s ds vkUnksyu ,oa c<+rs vukt ladV ls fuiVus ds fy, ljdkj us 27 Qjojh 1941 dks lkeus fu;kZr djrk Fkk tcfd lqugjs oL=] lksuk] pk°nh] dkap ,oa gkFkh nkar dh lHkh lHkkvksa] tqywl o vkUnksyuksa ij jksd yxk nhA iztke.My ds vkUnksyu dks oLrq,a] ?kksM+s] 'kjkc o M™kbZ ›qV~l dk vk;kr djrk FkkA dqpyus ds fy, iqfyl jkt dh LFkkiuk dk iz;kl fd;kA yksxksa esa Hk; iSnk fd;k bl fof'k"V vk/kkjHkwr O;kikfjd :i o okf.kT; wBh vQokgsa QSykuk izkjEHk fd;kA iztke.My vkUnksyu ls nwj jgus ds vU; O;olkf;d dsUnzksa ds leku dh /kheh xfr ls ysdj mŸkjksŸkj fodflr o dh psrkouh nhA iqfyl us /kkjk 144 ykxw dj nhA Jh ef.k'kadj ukxj v/;{k O;kid Lo:i ifjyf{kr gqvk ftls fo'ks"kr% 20oha lnh ds izkjfEHkd n'kdksa esa iztke.My] Jh fpeuyky ekyksr] ckck y{e.knkl] jruyky] pkandj.k] Jh rhozrk izkIr gbZA ftlesa fof'k"V rkSj ls ued m|ksx] lwrh oL= o laxejej m|ksx ekaxhyky vkfn iztke.My ds usrkvksa dks fxj∂rkj dj fy;k x;kA izeq[k Fks ftudk vk/kkj oa'kkuqxr ,oa tkfr; FkkA jktLFkku vius vUrjkZfT;d O;kikfjd ckalokM+k esa iztke.My usrkvksa dks NksM+us dh ekax ij iw.kZ gM+rky gks x;hA o okf.kT; xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkh dkQh fof'k"V o mi;ksxh Lo:i dsk fy;s gq, Fkk] Jherh Qwydaoj gkFk esa pqfM+;ka ysdj dk;kZy; igqapdj vf/kdkfj;ksa dk pwfM+;ka HksaV ftldk vk/kkj LFkkuh; vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ FkkA vr% jktLFkku dh bl fof'k"V djrs gq, f/kdkjrh FkhA ljdkjh neu o vkrad c<+rk tk jgk FkkA iqfyl us HkhM+ ij Hkwfedk esa ikyh ds ,d O;kikfjd o O;olkf;d dsUnz ds :i esa dkQh egŸoiw.kZ ykBh pktZ dh ftlesa 10 ls vf/kd yksxksa dks pksV igqaphA neu pÿ ds fojks/k esa ;ksxnku dks ,sfrgkfld lzksr fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA vkl&ikl ds xkaoksa ls gtkjksa yksx ckalokM+k igaqp x;s bl le; ljdkjh deZpkjh Hkh izkphu uxj ikyh ,sfrgkfld lzksr tks fd ukMksy esa pkSgku jkT; LFkkfir gksus neu ds fojks/k esa ,oa vukt leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, iztke.My vkUnksyu esa iwoZ dkQh de ek=k esa izkIr gksrs Fks rFkk ftudk eq[; vk/kkj tSu lzksr gS tks fd bl 'kkfey gks x;sA jktLo foHkkx ds Jh lwjtey] f'k{kk foHkkx ds Jh jruyky] Jh ftys esa izkphu dky ls tSu eafnj fLFkr gksus ds dkj.k vfLrRo esa gSaA buds ys[kksa esa Hkokuh 'kadj] Jh eku'kadj th us R;kxi= nsdj fxj∂rkjh nhA bl uxj dks izkphu dky esa ikfYydk ,oa ikyh ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA 12oha lnh turk dh laxfBr 'kfDr ds dkj.k ljdkj dks >duk iM+kA fj;klrh ljdkj esa jfpr dqekjiky pfjr ls ;g tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS fd ;g uxj {ks= ukMksy dk us 7 ekpZ] 1946 dks iztke.My ds lkFk le>kSrk dj usrkvksa dks fjgk dj fn;k x;kA vax cu x;k Fkk tks fd ukMksy ds pkSgku oa'k }kjk 'kkflr Fkk tks xqtjkr ds pkyqD;ksa O;kikjh ,oa iztke.My ds dk;ZdrkZvksa ds lkFk ljdkj dk le>kSrk gqvkA ftlesa ds tkxhjnkj ds :i esa vofLFkr FksA 12oha lnh esa tks/kiqj ;k ekjokM+ jkT; esa jko iztke.My ds dk;ZdrkZ Hkh vukt ,lksfl,'ku esa 'kkfey gksaxsA vukt dh [kjhn esa lhgk }kjk jkBkSM+ jkT; dh LFkkiuk djus ds ckn bl ukMksy jkT; dks ikyh lfgr O;kikjh viuh iwath yxk;saxsA jkT; ds izR;sd xkao esa vukt forj.k ,lksfl,'ku cukus vius jkT; dk vax cuk fn;k rFkk bl uxj dks O;kikfj;ksa ds /ku ,oa thou dks lqj{kk dk fu.kZ; gqvk mlh ds ek/;e ls vukt [kjhn rFkk forj.k gksuk FkkA fdlkuksa ds fy, iznku dhA cht dk izcU/k fd;k tk;sxkA bl u;h O;oLFkk ds ckn vukt vkUnksyu lekIr gks fczfV'k dky ds jktLFkku bfrgkl ds izR;{k lk{kh bfrgkldkj de fczfV'k 339 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 677 678 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vf/kdkjh duZy tsEl VkWM egksnl us viuh d`fr ^,uYl ,.M ,afVfDoVht vkWQ mudk Bgjko ,o ukekadu 'kr&izfr'kr gksA ,d vkadyu ds vuqlkj 60&65 izfr'kr jktLFkku* esa mn`/k`r djrs gSaA fd ^^ikyh iwohZ&if'peh {ks= dk bUVjiksV Fkk tks ckyd rFkk 20&30 izfr'kr ckfydk;sa gh izkFkfed 'kkykvksa esa ukekafdr FkhA bl ekyok] dk'ehj] phu dks ;wjksi] v›hdk] if'kZ;k ,oa vjc ns'kksa dks eqYrku gksdj fLFkfr dks /;ku esa j[kdj yksd tqfEc'k ifj;kstuk dh 'kq:vkr 3%2%1 ds vuqikr esa O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ksa dks lapkfyr djus esa egŸoiw.kZ lgk;d FkkA lkFk gh ns'k ds foŸkh; lgk;rk iznku dj Hkkjr ljdkj us feykdj bls izkjEHk fd;kA vU; Hkkxksa dks lwrh oL=] M™kax o fizfUVax fd;s gq, diM+s] ≈uh] 'kL=] ued rFkk Ykksd tqfEc'k vFkkZr tu vkUnksyu bldk mÌs'; jktLFkku ds lHkh ckyd@ vU; lkekU; oLrq,a iznku djrk FkkA ;|fi mijksDr rF; ikyh {ks= ds O;kikfjd ckfydkvksa dks vPNs Lrj dh izkFkfed f'k{kk miyC/k djokuk gSA yksd tqfEc'k dsUnz ds :i esa fodflr Lo:i dks vafdr djrs gSaA ysfdu blds egRo dk bl {ks= ifj;kstuk ds izFke pj.k dh 'kq:vkr twu 1992 esa gqbZA izFke pj.k esa 25 fodkl dk egŸoiw.kZ O;kikfjd ekxks± ij fLFkj gksus ls FkhA 1877 esa lh-,e-ds- okYVj us [k.Mksa dks blesa lfEefyr fd;k x;kA f}rh; pj.k dk izkjEHk tqykbZ 1995 esa gqvk viuh d`fr xtsfV;j vkWQ ekjokM+] ekykuh ,oa tSlysej 1877 ikyh {ks= ds ftlesa dqy 75 iapk;r lfefr;ksa dks fy;k x;k blesa 58 iapk;r lfefr;ksa dks egŸoiw.kZ O;kikfjd ekxks± dks mYysf[kr fd;kA fÿ;kUo;u dh Lohd`fr feyhA 14 o"kZ rd dh vk;q ds lHkh cPpksa dks vfuok;Z oLrqr% ikyh {ks= tks fd mi;qZDr Lo:i esa O;kikfjd dsUnz ds :i esa f'k{kk miyC/k djkus ds lafo/kku ds lans'k dks rHkh lEHko fd;k tk ldrk gS tc egŸoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks fy, gq, izrhr gksrk gSA ysfdu bl O;kikfjd Lo:i dk izkjfEHkd f'k{kk ds lkoZtuhdj.k ds fy, fo'ks"k rjhds viuk;s tk;sA izkjfEHkd vkdkj bl {ks= ds okf.kfT;d ;k m|ksx /kU/kksa ds fodflr :i esa FkkA ftlesa f'k{kk dh fLFkfr [kjkc gksus ds vusdkusd dkj.k FksA ftlesa izeq[k fuEu gS &izkFkfed fof'k"V :i ls ikyh {ks=] lwrh o ≈uh oL=ksa] yksgs ds lkeku] ;qºk'pksa] gkFkh nkar f'k{kk dh lqfo/kk miyC/k u gksukA ekrk&firk }kjk cPpks dh ikykokM+ ;k=ko`rkUr 'kks/k dh n`f"V ls vewY; /kjksgj gSaA blesa felz] bjku] bjkd] vjc] MkW- lTtu iksloky vQxkfuLrku vkfn ns'kksa ij lkexzh miyC/k gSA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl] lkfgR;] LFkkiR;] dyk] Hkk"kk] /keZ] n'kZu vkfn ij vusd >kykokM+ ds rRdkyhu 'kkld egkjktjk.kk Hkokuhflag us lu~ 1911 esa bl nqyZHk xzUFk miyC/k gSA buesa Archeological survey of India vkSj Linguistic iqLrdky; dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA Jh Hkokuhflag us iqLrdky; dk uke 1894 esa Survey of India ds lHkh [k.M ekStwn gSaA fczfV'k dkyhu bfrgkldkjksa ,oa ;kf=;ksa fu;qDr jkT; ds nhoku ijekuUn prqosZnh ds uke ij j[kk] ftudh f'k{kk esa fo'ks"k #fp ds xzUFk rFkk ;k=ko`rkUr ls bl nkSj ds bfrgkl ys[ku esa egRoiw.kZ lgk;rk feyrh gSA FkhA bl iqLrdky; esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa vkSj Hkk"kkvksa ds 21717 xzUFkksa dk laxzg gSA bu Hkkjr esa 1857 ds fonzksg ij fczfV'k bfrgkldkjksa dh yxHkx lHkh jpuk;as ;gk° xzUFkksa dh ftYn yanu esa rS;kj dh xbZ Fkh ftu ij Lo.kkZ{kjksa esa ^ijekuUn iqLrdky;* miyC/k gSA buesa Duberly, Forest, Aitchison, Malison, B. wood vkfn izeq[k fy[kk gqvk gSA iqLrdky; vk/kqfud ;wjksih; 'kSyh esa cuk;k x;k Fkk ftlds pkjkas vksj gSA ,d egRoiw.kZ xzUFk teZu fo}ku F. Maxmular dk My Indian Friends gS cM+h&cM+h f[kM+fd;k°] uDdk'khnkj ydM+h dh vyekfj;ksa ls lqlfTtr vkarfjd v/ ftlesa ledkyhu lekt lq/kkjdksa ds lkFk jek ckbZ ds ckjs esa Hkh fy[kk x;k gSA 8 ;;u d{k ,oa iqLrdky; dk dsUnzh; gkWy gSA lu~ 1946 esa ;g iqLrdky; jktdh; Hkkxksa esa ladfyr Catalogue of Sanskrit manuscripts in the library of the egkfo|ky; dks lkSaik x;k Fkk] ftlds ifjlj esa ;g fLFkr gSA njvly] >kykokM+ India office Hkkjr gh ugha fczVsu esa fo|eku laLd`r xzUFkksa dh O;ofLFkr ,oa vf/ tSls NksVs vkSj fiNM+s {ks= esa fo|eku bl iqLrdky; dk v/;;u ,oa 'kks/k ds fy, kd`r tkudkjh nsrk gSA blh izdkj ;gk° miyC/k Bombay state papers cEcbZ visf{kr mi;ksx ugha gks ik;k gSA bl 'kks/k i= dk mÌs'; ijekuUn iqLrdky; esa izslhMsUlh ds bfrgkl o vkaXy&ejkBk la?k"kZ ds izkFkfed lzksr gSA ledkyhu Hkkjrh; fo|eku bl nqyZHk xzUFklEink dh vksj fo}kuksa dk /;ku vkdf"kZr djuk gS rkfd uk;dksa ,oa ys[kdksa ds xzUFkksa esa jk/kk dqeqn eq[kthZ ,oa jkses'k nŸk ds Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd Lekjd ds :i esa fLFkr bl fojklr dk mi;ksx bfrgkl ds fo|kFkhZ 'kks/k dsUnz ds :i bfrgkl lEcU/kh xzUFk] ykyk yktirjk; dh Unhappy India, c.f. Andrews dh esa dj ldsaA Indian Problem, Annie Besant dh India and empire, speeches and writing bl iqLrdky; eas if'peh ns'kksa ds bfrgkl ij vusd nqyZHk xzUFk vusd of D.E. wacha vkfn gSA [k.Mksa esa miyC/k gSaA buesa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] :l] ›kal] fczVsu] vkfLV™;k] F. maxmular dh fyf[kr fo'o ,oa Hkkjrh; /keZ&n'kZu ij miyC/k xzUFkksa esa bVyh] teZuh vkfn izeq[k gSa ysfdu blesa lokZf/kd vkd"kZd gS usiksfy;u cksukikVZ Sacred Book of East dk lEiw.kZ lkfgR;] Collected works of F. maxmular, lEcU/kh lkexzhA mlds thou vkSj œfrRo ij lu~ 1914 rd fo'o esa ›kalhlh ,oa History of philosophy by C.J. webb, early development of mohammadism, vaxszth Hkk"kk esa izdkf'kr yxHkx leLr 'kks/k xzUFk iqLrdky; esa miyC/k gaSA blesa encyclopedia of Islam, The life of Mohammad, Bible, Buddhist vusd [k.Mksa esa ladfyr Napoleon’s correspondence, izflº ys[kdkas }kjk philosophy. Jataktales vkfn ekStwn gSA fy[kh xbZ usiksfy;u dh thouh] mlds futh ,oa lkoZtfud thou dh ,d&,d L=h iq#"k lEcU/kksa rFkk oSf'od n`f"V ls L=h foe'kZ ij ,sfrgkfld xzUFkksa dh ?kVuk] mlds mRFkku ls ysdj iru rd ;qº vfHk;kuksa ij vyx&vyx xzUFk gSaA lu~ miyC/krk mYys[kuh; gSA bu xzUFkksa esa Key d`r The women movement in 2 342 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 683 684 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 volumes, Leland d`r The alternative sex, Pethic Lawrence d`r women’s iqLrdky; esa laxzghr Hkk°fr&Hkk°fr ds vuks[ks o nqyZHk 'kCndks"k fo'o ds fight for the vote, Howard d`r A History of Matrimonial Institutions, E. vke&vks&[kkl thou dh tkudkjh ds lzksr gSaA nqfu;k dh dyk] foKku] lkfgR; ,oa waster mark d`r History of Human marriage vkfn izeq[k gSaA fo'o rFkk lkekU; tkudkjh ds fy, fo[;kr Encyclopedia of Britannica ds lHkh [k.M] Hkkjr ds izkphure dkuwuh bfrgkl ls ysdj rRdkyhu dkuwu ds loksZRd`"V xzUFkksa esa An encyclopedia of House and house management yanu ls lu~ 1902 esa Hunter Ñr Roman law, kalke d`r Roman law, W.E. Hall d`r International izdkf'kr fd;k x;k Fkk] d`f"k foKku ,oa bfrgkl dh n`f"V ls The standard law, Dickey d`r British law, leading cases of crime, Russell on crime, cyclopedia of modern agriculture 12 [k.Mksa esa gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd 1940 esa Hkkjr dh izkphure~ lafgrkvkas esa ls Haughton d`r Institutes of Manu, tksxsUnz U;w;kdZ ls izdkf'kr Biographical encyclopedia of world esa Hkkjr ds ukFk HkV~Vkpk;Z dh Commentaries on Hindu law vkfn miyC/k gSaA Hkokuh uk;dksa&eksgunkl deZpUn xk°/kh ,oa tokgj yky usg: dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA ijekuUn iqLrdky; esa fo'o ds vusd egkuk;dksa] lkfgR;dkjksa] fo}kuksa ,oa jktuhfrKksa blds vykok ysfVu&vaxzsth] vaxzsth&fgUnqLrkuh] ›sap&vaxzsth] Qkjlh&vaxzsth] dh thofu;k°] vkRedFkk ,oa laLej.k laxzghr gSA buesa E.T. cook d`r The life of vjch&vaxzsth vkfn Hkk"kkvksa ds 'kCn dks"k vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds foLrkj ds lkFk&lkFk bu Florence nightingale in 2 volumes Emerson d`r Gladstone ds vykok fofo/k Hkk"kk;h lektksa ds bfrgkl ds lzksr gks ldrs gSaA csatkfeu fMtjSyh] ykMZ tkWu jlsy] vY›sM ykW;y] ekWfDZol vkWQ lsfylcjh dk var esa] iqLrdky; esa lqjf{kr rRdkyhu lkef;d 'kks/k ,oa lekpkj if=dkvksa thou o`rkUr miyC/k gSaA ls voxr djkuk Hkh vko';d gS tks vius le; dk bfrgkl lesVs gq, gSA fczVsu rFkk bl iqLrdky; esa oSf'od ,oa Hkkjrh; LFkkiR;] fp=dyk ,oa lkfgfR;d / Hkkjr ls izdkf'kr bu if=dkvksa eas East and west, The London magazine, The kjksgj ds nqyZHkre xzUFk laxzghr gaSA tgk° vaxzsth lkfgR; dh chloha lnh dh 'kq:vkr Modern Review, The Bystander vkfn gS tks vf/kdka'k 20oha lnh ds vkjfEHkd rd dh yxHkx lHkh jpuk,° fo|eku gS] ogha ›sap] laLd`r] mnwZ] vjch] Qkjlh tSlh n'kd dh gSA buesa Hkkjr lEcU/kh ys[k Hkkjrh; n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gSA Hkk"kkvksa ds xzUFk gSA buesa lokZf/kd mYys[kuh; gS Qkjlh ds egku lkfgR;dkj mej bl izdkj jktdh; Hkokuh ijekuUn iqLrdky; esa bfrgkl dh vusd nqyZHk [kS;ke dh :ckb;ksa dk Lof.kZe v{kjksa esa ,dkf/kd vaxzsth vuqoknA fo'o dh bu iqLrds laxzghr gS ftudh ,sfrgkfld mikns;rk dks izdkf'kr djus ds fy, dfri; Hkk"kkvksa dk lkfgfR;d bfrgkl Hkh ;gk° laxzghr gSA LFkkiR; dyk ds xzUFkksa esa mnkgj.kksa ls iqLrdky; dk ifjp; nsus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu bl iqLrdky; Bloomfield d`r History of French Architecture in 2 volumes, G. Ebes dh lkFkZd mi;ksfxrk ds fy, tgk° ,d vksj bfrgkldkjksa dk /;kukd"kZ.k vko';d gS d`r Egypt-Historical picturesque, E.B. Havel d`r Indian Architecture, ogha xzUFkksa dh [kRe gksrh mez dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, bldk dEI;wVjhdj.k Ferguson d`r History of Indian and eastern Architecture vkfn gSA fp=dyk digitalization ds nqyZHk xzUFkksa esa R.T.H. d`r Portraits of Dante, G.B. cavalcaselle d`r A ( ) Hkh t:jh gSA History of Painting in Italy, Hkkjrh; fp=dkj vkuUn dqekj Lokeh d`r h h h Mediaeval Sinhalese Art, selected examples of Indian Art rFkk Percy fljksgh {ks= dh yksd&/kquksa esa ,sfrgkfld >yd Brown d`r Indian Painting under the mughals lqjf{kr gSaA blds vykok 4 xzUFkksa esa ›kalhlh fp=dyk ds uewuksa ds o`gn xzUFk n'kZuh; gS ftudk o.kZu ›sap esa gSA MkW- mn;flag nsoM+k (fMxkaj) blesa ekuohdh ,oa lekt foKkuksa dk gh bfrgkl ugha cfYd fpfdRlk] yksdxhr ,oa yksdHktu tu lkeU; ds tgk° ,d vksj ikjEifjd euksjatu ds foKku] d`f"k] jlk;u] ouLifr ,oa vkS"k/kh; bfrgkl dh n`f"V ls Hkh ;g iqLrdky; lk/ku gS ogha bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr ds laokgd Hkh gSA yksdxhrksa ,oa Hktuksa }kjk thou egRoiw.kZ gSA bl {ks= ds izeq[k xzUFkksa esa A History of Asiatic cholera, singer esa euksjatu ,oa vkuUn dk mnzsd rks gksrk gh gS] ijUrq buds xwydrk fn[kyk;h iM+rk gS] ogha euq"; ds culture and commerce, science and art of surgery, N.N. Dasgupta d`r uhjl] vHkko ,oa thou dh dfBukb;ksa dks Hkwyus eas ennxkj Hkh gksrs gaSA mRloksa ioksZ] A Ayurvedic system of medicine vkfn mYys[kuh; gSA esyk vkfn volj ij yksdxhrksa ,oa Hktuksa dh Loj ygfj;ka izlax ds vkuUn esa pkj 343 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 685 686 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 pk°n yxkusa dk dk;Z djrh gSaA lkFk gh dHkh rky o y; ds lkFk u`R; vkSj xku esa rks ij lsU; cy iz;ksx dj jkT; dk;Z fd;k x;kA rks vkfnokfl;ksa ls dh xbZ ekjihV dks dHkh bdrkjk o ethjksa ds HkfDre; jkf= eas Hktuksa dh >M+h eas Hkh bfrgkl utj vkrk ysdj jkT; jsYos V™sd dks fudkyus lEca/kh ?kVuk Hkh tuekul dh twcku ij p<+ xbZA gSA vcqZnioZr vfr izkphu jgk gSaA iwoZ dky eas ekuo iw.kZr% izd`fr ij fuHkZj FkkA vr% jkt jksekjx ekFkk ekFks gk js ekFkk ekFks

ISSN 2321-1288 Editorial Board takes no responsibility for inaccurate misleading R data, opinion and statement appeared in the articles published in A this Proceeding. It is the sole responsibility of the contributors. No RAJRAJASTHANASTHAN part of this Proceeding can be reproduced without the written J permission of the Secretary, who also holds the copyright © of the HISTHISTORORYY H 'Proceeding Rajasthan History Congress'. HISTHISTORORYY I CONGRESSCONGRESS S C o Published by : O Prof. S.P. Vyas Secretary, Rajasthan History Congress Department of History J.N.V. University, Jodhpur

o To be had from : Dr. Manorama Upadhayaya Hony. Treasurer, Rajasthan History Congress Mahila PG Mahavidyalaya, Jodhpur PROCEEDING VOLUME XXX

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Preface lfpo izfrosnu

baXyS.M ds iz/kkueU=h lj foaLVu pfpZy us dgk Fkk&^^bfrgkl ds vk;ke I feel honoured and proud, to present before the readers fujUrj ifjorZu'khy gS ,oa mldk {ks= fujUrj o`fº dks izkIr djrk gSA** lR; gS fd and scholars, the proceedings of 30th session, organized by bfrgkl dk Lo:i lnSo ifjorZu'khy gSA cnyrs ;qxksaa] fopkj/kkjkvksa rFkk Mohanlal Sukhadia Unviversity, Udaipur on 15-16 December ns'k&dky&lekt dh vko'drkvksa ds vuqlkj bfrgkl ys[ku dk Lo:i fu/kkZfjr 2015. In placing the learned, scholarly papers, chronology has gksrk gSA bfrgkl ds cnyrs gq, Lo:i dks ifjyf{kr djrh gqvk jktLFkku bfrgkl dkxzsal 30 osa ik;nku ij vk igq°°ph gSA uohu fopkjksa] uohu 'kks/kksa ,oa yxkrkj tqM+ jgs been adhered to, as far as possible. A number of papers of uohu 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ls jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl le`º gks jgh gSA bldk dysoj yxkrkj outstanding merit were presented in this session, breaking new foLr`r gksrk tk jgk gSA ;g vc vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lo:i dks izkIr dj pqdh gSA ;s lc ground and adding new research areas and elements to the history vki bfrgkl ds fo'ks"kKksa] v/;srkvksa ds dBksj ifjJe dk lqQy gSA eSa vR;Ur g"kZ and culture of Rajasthan. ,oa xoZ ds lkFk esokM+ jk.kkvksa dh fot;Hkwfe ,oa egkjk.kk izrki dh deZHkwfe] >hyksa I extend my thanks to all those who have made the publication dh uxjh mn;iqj esa vkidk Lokxr djrk gwW] rFkk vki lHkh ds le{k 30osa vf/kos'ku of this proceeding possible. I humbly acknowledge the guidance dk izfrosnu izLrqr djus dh vuqefr pkgrk gwaA of Prof. P.R. Arya. I appreciate the hard-work and sincere efforts ,sfrgkfld O;fDr;ksa dk LEkj.k djus ls oRkZeku dk fuekZ.k vkSj Hkfo"; dh of Dr. Manorama Upadhyaya, Dr. Tejendra Vallabh Vyas, Dr. Anil :ijs[kk Rk; gksrh gSA oRkZEkku dk dk;Z vkus okys le; dk bfrgkl gSA blfy, Purohit, Dr. Ravindra Tailor in the publication of the proceeding. orZEkku ds le; dk mi;ksx chrs gq, ls izsj.kk ysus esa vkSj vkus okys Hkfo"; ds fuekZ.k Thanks are also due to Mr. Bhanwarlal Suthar and Mr. Sunil of M/ esa fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;s fopkj jkTkLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl ds 30osa vf/kos'ku esa s. Jangid Computers for the printing of the proceedings. ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ ds v/;{k izks- ch-,y- pkS/kjh us O;Dr fd,A izks- pkS/kjh us dgk fd orZeku le; esa gekjs bfrgkl ds foLRk`r v/;;u vkSj v/;kiu dh vko';drk gSA mUgksaus egkjk.kk izrki vkSj ehjk ds O;fDRkRo vkSj dk;ksZa (Prof. S.P. Vyas) dk Lej.k djrs gq, muls izsj.kk xzg.k djus dh ckr dghA mUgksaus dgk fd 'kks/kdk;Z Secretary lEIkUu djus esa ekSfydrk vkSj xq.koRRkk dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg,A blds lkFk Rajasthan History Congress gh 'kks/k lekt ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh Hkh gksuk pkfg,A jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxszl ds bl nks fnolh; vf/kos'ku ds mn~?kkVu l= esa izks- vkj-lh- Bkdjku us 29osa vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k izks- buk;r vyh tSnh ls 30osa vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k dk nkf;Ro xzg.k fd;kA bl volj ij jkTkLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl ds lfpo izks- ,l- ih- O;kl us 29osa vf/kos'ku dk izxfr izfrosnu izLRkqr fd;kA mn~?kkVu Lk= esa bl vf/kos'ku ds miy{k esa eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k fo'ofo|ky; ds bfrgkl foHkkx }kjk izdkf'kr LEkkfjdk ^v|ru * dk foEkkspu fd;k x;kA l= esa 355 ( v ) ( vi ) izks- vkj-lh- Bkdjku us v/;{kh; mn~cks/ku nsrs gq, jktLFkku dh le`º laLd`fr vkSj 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk fljksgh {ks= esa 'kSykJ; ,oa 'kSyfp= ds u"V gksus dh ckr dgh x;h gS mldh ,sfrgkfld ijEijkvksa dk foLr`r ifjp; fn;kA mUgksaus orZEkku jktLFkku dh tks voS/k [kuu ls u"V gks jgk gSA loZlEefr ls jktLFkku bfrgkl dakxzsl dks bldh HkkSxkssfyd lhekvksa vkSj bUkesa fodflr LkH;rkvksa ds fofHkUu lzksrksa dk mYYks[k dj lwpuk lEcº vf/kdkfj;ksa dks nsus gsrq vf/kd`r fd;k x;kA bl {ks= esa O;kid vkSj foLRk`r 'kks/k dh vko';drk ij cy fn;kA mUgksaus jktLFkku (5) ;g r; fd;k x;k fd 'kks/k&i= izLrqr djus okyksa dks le; ij 'kks/k& esa izokfgr gksus okyh ufn;ksa dk lanHkZ nsrs gq, fofHkUu ,sfrgkfld ;qxkas esa euq"; ds i= izLrqr djus ij ikcUn fd;k tkos rFkk bldh ?kks"k.kk iqu% tujy gk≈l esa dh fuokl vkSj mlds thou;kiu ds fofo/k lk{;ksa dk mYYks[k fd;kA tk;sA izks- f'kodqekj Hkuksr us izks- vkj-ih O;kl dh LEk`fr esa ^bfrgkldkj izks- vkj- (6) izks- vkj-lh- Bkdjku }kjk ;g izLrko j[kk x;k fd nsj ls vk;s 'kks/k&i=ksa ih- O;kl ,oa mudk bfrgkl ys[ku* fo"k;d O;k[;ku fn;kA blesa mUgksaus izks- vkj- dks lfpo }kjk Lohd`r djk;s tkus ds mijkUr gh izLrqr djus dh vuqefr nh tk;sA ih- O;kl ds bfrgkl ys[ku ds fofo/k vk;keksa dk mYYks[k fd;kA mUgksasus crk;k fd Lok/khurk ds ckn ds le; esa ns'k esa vuqla/kku vkSj iwokZxzg eqDr fo'ys"kd ds :Ik esa (7) lkFk gh izks- Bkdjku }kjk ;g lq>ko fn;k x;k fd ftu 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds izks- O;kl dk uke cgqr lEeku ls fy;k tkrk gSA mUgksaus RkF;ksa ds ladyu vkSj 'kks/k&i= Nius ;ksX; ugha ekus tk;s & Lÿhfuax desVh }kjk & mudh fyfLVax vo'; fo'ys"k.k ds fy, vFkd ifjJEk fd;kA dj nh tkosA izks- vatw lwjh us izks- th-,u- 'kekZ dh Le`fr esa ^fczfV'k fjys'kUl fon t;iqqj (8) vxys l= ls ;g vf/kos'ku rhu fnolh; gksxk rFkk frfFk 16 ls 18 LVsV vaMj n dEiuh ,.M dzkmu % v fÿfVdy vizSty* fo"k; ij O;k[;ku fn;kA fnlEcj] 2016 jgsxhA izks- lwjh us t;iqj fj;klr ds vaxzstksa ls laca/k fo"k; ij viuk foLRk`r 'kks/k izLrqr (9) 31osa vf/kos'ku ls okf"kZd esEcjf'ki 200@& j[kh xbZ rFkk Delegate fd;kA mUgksaus bZLV bafM;k daiuh vkSj fQj fczfV'k ÿkmUk ds jkt ds le; dk Fee 700@& Lohd`r dh xbZA bls dk;Zdkfj.kh }kjk loZlEefr ls Lohd`r fd;k vkykspUkkREkd fo'ys"k.k izLRkqr fd;kA mUgksaus crk;k fd daiuh vkSj ckn ds le; Hkh x;kA lk°Hkj >hy ds ued mRiknu ds lanHkZ esa t;iqj fj;klr ls vaxzstksa ds lca/k cgqr egRo dk LFkku j[krs gSSaA (10) MkW- 'kf'k nsoM+k }kjk izLrko j[kk x;k fd jktLFkku bfrgkl dakxszl dh izkslhfMaXl dks vc ^jsQjhM tujy* dh Js.kh esa yk;k tkuk pkfg;sA bl gsrq fnukad 16@12@2015 dks nksigj 12%15 cts vk;ksftr dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr ,fMVksfj;y cksMZ dk xBu fd;k tkosA izks- Bkdjku }kjk ^bEisDV QSDVj* fu/kkZfjr dh cSBd esa fuEufyf[kr izLrko ikfjr fd, x, %& djus dh ckr dgh xbZA izfÿ;k gsrq lfpo izks- ,l-ih- O;kl dks vf/kd`r fd;k (1) loZizFke tks/kiqj esa vk;ksftr 29osa vf/kos'ku ds izLrkoksa dk loZlEefr x;kA ls vuqeksnu fd;k x;kA lfefr lnL;ksa }kjk efgyk ih-th- egkfo|ky; ds izfr vkHkkj izdV fd;k x;kA (11) izks- ,l-ih- O;kl }kjk ;g izLrko j[kk x;k fd ftl LFkku ij dkaxzsl dk vf/kos'ku vk;ksftr fd;k tk jgk gks] ml {ks= ds izfrf"Br bfrgkldkj dks (2) lfefr&lnL;ksa }kjk 30osa vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k izks- vkj-lh- Bkdjku dk jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl }kjk lEekfur fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA loZlEefr ls bldh ewy djry /ofu ls Lokxr fd;k x;k rFkk ;g vk'kk O;‰ dh fd muds usr`Ro esa Hkkouk Lohd`r dh x;hA jktLFkku bfrgkl dakxzsl uohu ≈apkb;ksa dks izkIr djsxkA (3) jktLFkku bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr dks fo'ofo|ky;h rFkk egkfo|ky;h (12) lnL;ksa }kjk loZlEefr ls 31osa vf/kos'ku ds vk;kstu gsrq MkW- lk/kuk ikB~;ÿeksa esa lfEefyr djokus ds iz;klksa ij ifjppkZ dh xbZ rFkk MkW- lqjs'k vxzoky es?koky ds ek/;e ls ljnkj iVsy iqfyl] lqj{kk ,oa nkf.Md U;k; fo'ofo|ky;] dks bl gsrq iz;kl djus ds fy, vf/kd`r fd;k x;kA tks/kiqj }kjk j[ks x, izLrko dks Lohd`r fd;k x;kA (4) iqjk lEink dks lajf{kr djus ds gsrq ;g fuf'pr fd;k x;k fd bldh (13) lnL;ksa }kjk loZlEefr ls izks- lkSHkkx ekFkqj dks 31osa vf/kos'ku ds lwpuk LFkkuh; lekpkj&i=ksa esa Hkh nh tk,A izks- ch-,y- mieU;q us dgk fd ,d v/;{k ds :i esa vuqeksfnr fd;k x;kA izLrko izks- fouhrk ifjgkj }kjk j[kk x;k FkkA 356 ( vii ) ( viii ) (14) izks- xksihukFk 'kekZ Le`fr O;k[;ku ,oa izks- vkj-ih- O;kl Le`fr O;k[;ku ikrk gSA blls iwoZ jkTkLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl ds lfpo izks- ,l- ih- O;kl us 30osa gsrq O;k[;k;udŸkkZ dks p;fur djus gsrq lfpo dks vf/kd`r fd;k x;kA vf/kos'ku dk izxfr izfrosnu izLRkqr fd;kA mUgksaus crk;k fd bfrgkl dkaxzsl dh (15) MkW- lq'khyk 'kDrkor ds izfr lfefr&lnL;ksa }kjk vkHkkj O;‰ fd;k izkslhfMaXLk dks 'kks/k izdk'ku ds fy, ekud (vkb,l,l,u) uEcj fey x;k gSA x;k fd jkf=Hkkst muds }kjk fn;k x;k FkkA blls xq.koRRkkiw.kZ 'kks/kdk;Z dks izJ; feysxkA (16) lfefr lnL;ksa }kjk 30osa vf/kos'ku ds lQy vk;kstu gsrq izks- ehuk lekiu l= esa izks- vkj-lh- Bkdjku us dgk fd viuh fo"ke izkd`frd xkSM+ ,oa LFkkuh; lfpo izks- fnfXot; HkVukdj rFkk leLr LVkQ eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj dBksj HkkSxksfyd cukoV ds ckotwn jktLFkku ds yksxksa esa fouezrk fo'ofo|ky;] mn;iqj dks c/kkbZ izsf"kr dh xbZ rFkk vkHkkj O;‰ fd;k x;kA vkSj lkgl dk vn~Hkqr feJ.k gSA ;g ;gk° dh yksd laLd`fr esa O;kIr la?k"kZ dh LokHkkfod vfHkO;fDRk gSA vUr esa dk;Zdkfj.kh ds lHkh lnL;ksa }kjk v/;{k izks- vkj-lh- Bkdjku ds izfr vkHkkj O;‰ fd;k x;kA eSa izks- fnfXot; HkVukxj ,oa muds foHkkx ds lHkh lg;ksfx;ksa] deZpkjhx.k rFkk dqyifr] eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k fo'ofo|ky; ,oa izks- ehuk xkSM+ ds izfr ‚n; ls fnukad 16@12@2015 dks nksigj 3%30 cts eq[; lHkkxkj] eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k vkHkkjh gwa fd muds vFkd iz;klksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i 30osa vf/kos'ku dk lQy fo'ofo|ky;] mn;iqj esa lk/kkj.k lHkk dh cSBd vkgwr dh xbZA cSBd esa lHkh vk;kstu laHko gks ldkA lnL;ksa us loZlEefr ls dk;Zdkfj.kh }kjk fy;s x, fu.kZ;ksa dk vuqeksnu fd;kA lk/kkj.k lHkk }kjk fuEuakfdr inksa ij loZlEefr ls vkxkeh rhu o"kks± ds fy;s fu;qf‰ dh Lohd`fr nh xbZ %& izks- ,l-ih- O;kl 1- izks- ,l-ih- O;kl & lfpo] jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl lfpo] jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl 2- izks- ehuk xkSM+ & lg&lfpo] jktLFkku bfrgkl dakxzsl 3- MkW- euksjek mik/;k; & dks"kk/;{k] jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxszl dqy 15 rduhdh l=ksa esa 177 'kks/k&i= izLrqr fd;s x;sA vrhr dks HkfOk"; ds fy, lgtuk gS vkSj blds fy, bfrgkl dks izklafxd cuk;k tkuk cgqr vko';d gSA jktLFkku esa bl n`f"V ls vrqyuh; lkexzh miyC/k gSA blh dkj.k bls bfrgkldkjksa dk LoxZ dgk tkrk gSA ;s fopkj jkTkLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl ds 30osa vf/kos'ku ds lekiu l= esa izflº bfrgkldkj izks- ds- ,l- xqIrk us O;Dr fd,A izks- xqIrk us dgk fd iqjkRkkfRod LFkyksa dh n`f"V ls jktLFkku dkQh le`º gSA ;gk° xaHkhjrkiwoZd fujarj 'kks/k vkSj [kqnkbZ dk dk;Z fd, tkus dh vko';drk gSA mUgksaus jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ds laj{k.k vkSj mlds fo'ys"k.k ds fy, O;kid igy fd, tkus ij tksj fn;kA lekiu l= ds fof'k"V vfRkfFk eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k fo'ofo|ky; ds dqyifr izks- vkbZ-oh- f=osnh us dgk fd jktLFkku dh dyk vkSj laLd`fr ij ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls 'kks/kdk;ZZ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;gk° ds bfrgkl izflº larksa us tks thou n'kZu fn;k gS og vkt ds lanHkZ esa cgqr izklafxd gSA blds fy, LFkkuh; fo"k;ksa dks 'kks/kdk;Z esa izeq[krk fn, tkus dh vko';drk gSA dk;Zÿe esa izks- Qjhnk 'kkg us dgk fd dBksj vkSj la?k"kZe; thou ls gh O;fDRk bfrgkl esa viuk uke cuk 357 ( x ) 13. City, Society and Changing demographical patterns: Exploring the Social stratification and emergence of a synthetic society in Medieval Ajmer - Dr. Babli Parveen ... 141 AZwH´$_oUH$m 14. Role of Traders, Bankers and Money Lenders in the Economy of the Hada State of Kota (c. 1670-1800) 1. Presidential Address - Narayan Singh Rao ... 149 – Professor Ram Chander Thakran ... 1 15. A Study of Coin Hoard from Kanpura (Chomu) in the 2. Professor G.N. Sharma Memorial Lecture Collection of Govt. Central Museum, Alebert Hall, Jaipur – Dr. Anju Suri ... 35 - Dr. Yashvir Singh & Anil Kumar ... 164 3- izksQslj vkj-ih- O;kl Le`fr O;k[;ku 16. Reviewing Pindari British Nexus: Appeasement Initiated izks- f'ko dqekj Hkuksr --- 49 - Dr. Veenu Pant & Dr. Pramila Poonia ... 168 4. Prof. Pemaram Prize Paper in Udaipur Session 2015 17. Financial Implications of the Maratha Intervention Peasant Unrest and its Repression in Nagaur, in Rajasthan Dabra Tragedy, 13 March 1947 - Dr. Kalpana Malik ... 181 - Rajesh Kumar ... 70 18. Armours of Jaipur in Eighteenth Century 5. Gajanand Chaudhary Prize Paper in Udaipur session 2015 - Almas Zaidi ... 193 Dynamics of Camel Management in Desert : 19. Origin Myths and Economic Organization of Rangrez Royal A Study Based on Archival Sources of Bikaner State Karkhana in Jaipur during 18th Century - Nitin Goyal ... 76 - Miss Sumit ... 201 6. Historic new dimensions of the Military triumphs of the 20. Indergarh V/S Nimola: Problems of Sub-feudation in Imperial Pratihara ruler Vatsaraja Kotah State : A Case Study - Shanta Rani Sharma ... 86 - Dr. Nidhi Sharma ... 209 7. Impact of Jainism on Rulers of Chauhan Dynasty during 21. State Policy of Trade and Commerce in Bikaner and 12th Century CE A Brief Introduction its Implications : 1759-1828 A.D. - Dr. Mamta Yadav ... 90 - Prof. K.L. Mathur ... 216 22. Prajamandal, Peasant Awareness and Political 8. History Inscribed : A Study of Chauhan Inscriptions Changes in Alwar State (1938-1948) from Haryana - Dr. Anuradha Mathur ... 226 - Dr. Jagdish Parshad ... 95 23. Police Administration and Reforms in Bharatpur State 9. The War Strategy of Maharana Pratap During Colonial Period - Dr. (Mrs.) Digvijay Bhatnagar ... 106 - Virendra Sharma ... 233 10. Akbar and the Rajputs 24. Construction of Railway from Marwar to Pali : A perusal of - Dr. Tanushree Verma ... 116 Construction Process and Expenditure incurred 11. Intotoxicants as Symbol of Power and Authority during - Khalid Ahmed ... 239 the Mughal Period, with Special Reference to the Rajputs 25. Modern Means of Recreation-Theatre and Cinema - Salma Alam ... 125 in Jodhpur State 12. Medieval Monuments of Qasba Nagaur as a symbol of - Prof. Vinita Parihar ... 245 Socio-Religious and Cultural History : An Epigraphic Study 26. Heritage of Bharatpur - Dr. Jibraeil ... 131 - Pooran Lal Meena ... 253 358 ( xi ) ( xii ) 27. The Sun-worship and Development of Tourism in Rajasthan 42- egkjk.kk izrki dkyhu vkfFkZd fLFkfr - Dr. B.L. Upamanyu ... 260 & MkW- bZ'ojflag jk.kkor --- 367 28. Wood Work of Bassi — A Cultural Heritage of Mewar 43- gkM+hjkuh lywEcjµledkyhu jktuSfrd fLFkfr - Dr. SadhanaMeghwal ... 268 & MkW- eksgCcrflag jkBkSM --- 377 29. Zardori : A traditional Art-An overview with special reference to rajasthani Painting and Handictrafts 44- csnyk fBdkus ds vU; tkxhjksa ls jDr laca/k - Shalini Singh ... 274 & MkW- ujsUnzflag jk.kkor --- 380 30. Women as Portrayed in the Folk Songs ( Manoharpur 45- ekjokM+ ds iz'kklu dk izeq[k dsUnz % nhoku town of Jaipur District) & jkg ckuks --- 386 - Dr. Shobha Singh ... 278 46- esokM+ ds iz/kkeua=h ds :i esa fcgkjhnkl iapksyh ds ;ksxnku dk v/;;u 31. Jat Community Identity and Issues of Gender in (1700&1751 bZ-) Western Rajaputana & MkW- fofurk Jhekyh --- 391 - Dr. Etee Bahadur ... 282 47- xksxk th pkSgku % jktx<+ dh vf}rh; foHkwfr 32. Gagraun - A Juncture of Bhakti - Sufi credence in medival Malwa & jktsUnz flag 'ks[kkor ,oa MkW- vfouk'k ikjhd --- 394 - Dr. Yaqub Ali Khan ... 289 48- lkEiznkf;d ln~Hkkouk ds iz.ksrk yksdnsork ckck jkensoth 33. Reflections on the Upheaval of 1857 in Rajasthan & MkW- Hkaojflag HkkVh --- 400 - Professor Shankar Goyal ... 297 49- e/;dkyhu if'peh jktLFkku esa ^es?koky&lekt* esa lrh&izFkk 34- jktLFkku esa iqjkrŸo ,oa ifjorZu & ,d v/;;u & vkflQ gqlSu ,oa vkQrkc gqlSu --- 318 & vkseizdk'k HkkVh --- 408 35- dkyhcaxk ls izkIr VsjkdksVk ij Jh jke ,oa nsoh lhrk dk iqjkrkfŸod 50- nŸkk.kh [ksr % ,d foLe`r ;qº lk{; ,oa fofo/k rkez dyk iqjklkexzh ds lkFk fpf r (vkgr) eqnzk,° & MkW- dqlqe jkBkSM+ --- 413 & t+Qj mYykg [kk° --- 323 51- e/;;qxhu ekjokM+ esa vkokxeu ds lk/ku 36- >kykokM+ ftyk dk izkphu dLck xax/kkj & MkW- (Jherh) foeys'k jkBkSM+ --- 419 MkW- iz.ko nso --- 329 52- e/;dkyhu bfrgkl esa vFkwZ.kk ,d O;kikfjd uxj ds :Ik esa 37- vfHkys[kksa ds vk/kkj ij iwoZ&e/;dky esa jktLFkku dk jktuhfrd] & MkW- Jherh iadt vkesVk ,oa j.kNksM+ yky ojgkr --- 427 lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd thou 53- egkjk.kk dqaHkkdkyhu lkfgR; (vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk,) & eqds'k dqekj 'kekZ --- 334 & uhye Jhekyh --- 430 38- eRL; {ks= ds izeq[k vfHkys[kksa dk ,sfrgkfld v/;;u 54- vksfl;ka ds eafnjksa esa lajf{kr /kkfeZd leUo; dh ijEijk & lquhy nŸk --- 342 & MkW- rstsUnz oYyHk O;kl --- 437 39- iwoZe/;dkyhu esokM+ dh ewfrZdyk esa ifjyf{kr ukjh thou 55- ,sfrgkfld ,dfyaxth dk efUnj vkSj mldk izcU/ku (9oha ls 11oha 'krkCnh) MkW- fxjh'k ukFk ekFkqj --- 444 & MkW- gsesUnz pkS/kjh --- 347 56- Mwaxjiqj ds mn;fogkj dh jk.khoko iz'kfLr 40- jkor eYyhukFk ds jktuSfrd dk;Z (1340 ls 1399) & MkW- efydk cksgjk --- 447 & Jh vpykjke pkS/kjh --- 356 57- esokM+ ds nsyokM+k tSu eafnj okLrq & 'kSyh ,oa izfrek,a 41- esokM+&eqxy la?k"kZ esa xksxqUnk {ks= dh Hkwfedk (egkjk.kk mn;flag & js[kk egkRek --- 454 o egkjk.kk izrki ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) 58- esokM+ jkT; esa m|ku&LFkkiR; ,d vkykspukRed fo'ys"k.k & vt; eksph --- 362 (15oha ls 18oha 'krkCnh) 359 ( xiii ) ( xiv ) & iwue ikBd --- 462 74- duZy tsEl VkWM ds bfrgkl ys[ku dh iqulZeh{kk dh vko';drk 59- esokM+ ds lqj{kk }kjk :iuxjµ>hyokM+k fBdkusa & foÿeflag vejkor --- 547 & xksfoUn flag lksyadh --- 467 75- esokM+&jkT; ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd igyw dk lzksr ^nsoyksd i/kkfj;k 60- 'ks[kkokVh fHkfŸkfp=ksa dk ,d oSf'k"B;µxksih&œ".k Lo:i dh cfg;ka (dkuksM+ fBdkuk ds lanHkZ esa) & MkW- f'kYih xqIrk --- 473 & MkW- ts-ds- vks>k --- 551 61- vMks.kh fdys ds {ks= esa fLFkr chdkusj jktoa'k dh Le`fr;ka 76- lwjtdaoj C;ko jh cgh & fo'ks"k lanHkZ (oSokfgd jhfr;k° & MkW- ujflag ijnslh&c?ksy --- 479 vkSj ngst dk C;kSjk) 62- fo".kq efUnj] bZlokyµ,d v/;;u & MkW- vYiuk nqHkk"ks --- 558 & izks- uhye dkSf'kd ,oa Jherh yhyk ekyh --- 484 77- [kkuk fjdkWMZl~ esa {ks=h; bfrgkl % ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u 63- mn;iqj dh gosfy;ksa dk tkfrxr vk/kkj ij vkdyu & MkW- vfuy iqjksfgr --- 562 & izks- ehuk xkSM+ --- 486 78- jktLFkku esa 1857 dk izFke Lora=rk laxzke & vkmok (ekjokM+) 64- vyoj jkT; ds jktx<+ {ks= dk dykRed v/;;u ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa (LFkkiR; ,oa fp=dyk ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa) & dfudk Hkuksr --- 569 & MkW- Qwyflag lgkfj;k --- 492 79- jktLFkku dh tu&tkx`fr esa vkjafEHkd i=&if=dkvksa dk ;ksxnku 65- esokM+ ds yksd dykvksa esa cnyrs lkekftd ewY; (1849&1920 bZ- rd dh i=&if=dkvksa ds lUnHkZ esa) & MkW- lqjs'k dqekj --- 580 & MkW- ehuk{kh cksgjk ('kekZ) --- 501 80- jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzke esa i=&if=dkvksa dk izHkko 66- esokM+ ds vkfnoklh lekt esa ukrk izFkk (1920 bZ- esa 1947 bZ- rd) & MkW- vfurk dkofM+;k --- 506 & MkW- fnus'k jkBh --- 585 67- jktLFkku dh lrh ,oa lrk (iq#"k fo'ks"k) ijEijk 81- jktLFkku esa Lok/khurk vkUnksyu % vtesj esjokM+k ds eqfLye & MkW- ;ksxorh ikjhd --- 509 Lo=Urk lsukfu;ksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa 68- esokM+ jkT; ds jktLFkkuh lkfgfR;d Úksrksa esa ty % & MkW- bdcky Qkfrek --- 592 17oha&18oha 'krkCnh ds lanHkZ esa 82- Lora=rk vkUnksyu ds nkSjku 'ks[kkokVh {ks= esa & MkW- fiz;n'khZ vks>k --- 514 tu&tkx`fr esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk 69- /kkV izns'k esa ty izca/k % ,d ,sfrgkfld o lkaLœfrd v/;;u & ujsUnz dqekj lSuh --- 599 & iadt pk.Md --- 521 83- xksok eqfDr laxzke esa >kykokM+ ds lR;kxzgh % Jh NksVsyky oekZ 70- jktx<+ esa ikjaifjd ty izca/ku esa lekt dk ;ksxnku % ,d losZ{k.k & MkW- vpZuk f}osnh --- 604 & ehuk dqekjh --- 525 84- izFke fo'o;qº esa esokM+ dk ;ksxnku 71- lhaFky&[ksM+kik jkeLusgh lUrksa dh ;k=kvksa dk ,sfrgkfld egRo & MkW- jktsUnzukFk iqjksfgr --- 609 (fo-la- 1810 ls fo-la- 1883 rd) 85- tSlyesj jkT; esa ijEijkxr fpfdRlk lqfo/kk % & MkW- gjh'k dqekj --- 529 ,d v/;;u (1818&1900 bZ-) 72- jktLFkku ,oa xqtjkr ds tutkfr;ksa ds mRFkku ds & MkW- ,e-vkj- xkykokM+ 9- esokM+ esa gosyh ijEijk % ,d voyksdu & MkW- lTtu iksloky --- 681 & frfFk i.M~;k --- 660 25- fljksgh {ks= dh yksd&/kquksa esa ,sfrgkfld >yd 10- jktLFkku dh jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd psruk ds fodkl esa & MkW- mn;flag nsoM+k (fMxkaj) --- 684 List of Members ... 687 vk;Z lekt dk ;ksxnku & MkW- Hkjr nsoM+k --- 662