DOCSLIB.ORG

Echinoidea: Cassiduloida)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Echinoidea: Cassiduloida) Rezende Ventura, C.R., & Pinto de Oliveira, M.S. (2021). How can an infaunal brooding echinoid be maintained in the laboratory? A case study with Cassidulus mitis (Echinoidea: Cassiduloida). Revista de Biología Tropical, 69(S1), 550-557. DOI 10.15517/rbt. v69iSuppl.1.46394 DOI 10.15517/rbt.v69iSuppl.1.46394 How can an infaunal brooding echinoid be maintained in the laboratory? A case study with Cassidulus mitis (Echinoidea: Cassiduloida) Carlos Renato Rezende Ventura1* Monalisa Sousa Pinto de Oliveira1 1. Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Departamento de Invertebrados, Laboratório de Echinodermata. [email protected] (*Correspondence), [email protected] Received 01-IX-2020. Corrected 20-X-2020. Accepted 28-XI-2020. ABSTRACT Introduction: Cassiduloids play a prominent role in echinoid evolutionary history because they probably are the ancestral group of clypeasteroids. Some extant species are brooding and rare in the environment. Consequently, there are no studies on their maintenance in the laboratory. Objective: Establish an efficient aquarium system for C. mitis, endemic to Brazil, for ontogenetic studies. Methods: Four aquarium systems were built, with 3 replicates each one: (1) with seawater flow [F]; (2) with seawater flow and air injection into sediment [FA]; (3) without seawater flow but with air injection into the sediment [A]; and (4) without both seawater flow and air injection into the sediment [C]. Each experimental aquarium (three per treatment) had two adults. Each of the two sets of experiments lasted about 60 days. Results: We observed low mortality in the first 30 days in all systems and, after 30 days, it was higher in those with air-pumped into the sediment (system A in the first set of experiments, and system FA in the second one). Conclusions: For experiments lasting 30 days, our four systems are suitable. For longer periods, we recommend aquaria with seawater flow and without air-pumps into the sediment. Key words: experimental model-species, closed aquarium system, survival rate, sand-bottom, echinoid deposit feeder. In general, brooding marine invertebrates laboratory for enough time to record valuable have a rapid direct development or an abbrevi- changes in morphology. ate indirect development with a non-feeding The echinoid Cassidulus mitis Krau, 1954, larval stage followed by a quick metamorpho- belongs to the order Cassiduloida Claus, 1880, sis. In particular, echinoderms have these pat- which comprises about 68 genera and 800 spe- terns and are recognized as useful models for cies, most of them extinct (Mooi, 1990a; Kroh studies on embryology, life history, evolution, & Mooi, 2020). The first records of cassidu- and development (Evo-Devo), among other loids appear in the Lower Jurassic (about 200 fields of knowledge (Raff & Byrne, 2006; Hey- m.y.a). This order reached its highest diversity land, Schuh & Rast, 2018). However, it is not in Eocene (about 55 m.y.a.) when it represented easy to find coastal marine species considered 60% of all echinoids (Kier, 1962). The decline that are suitable good experimental models. of cassiduloids occurred between the Late The most significant difficulties are their avail- Tertiary and Quaternary (about 30 m.y.a.). ability in the field and their maintenance in the This diversity drop was probably related to 550 Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN electrónico: 2215-2075 Vol. 69(S1): 550-557, March 2021 (Published Mar. 10, 2021) global cooling and the increase of competi- Therefore, the maintenance of adults in the tion with other echinoids. The decline of cas- laboratory is crucial. siduloids coincided with the rise of the sand Cassidulus mitis is an endemic infaunal dollars (Clyperasteroida) and heart urchins species from Brazil (Tommasi & Lima-Verde, (Spatangoida), considered as sister-groups. The 1970). It occurs in a relatively high abun- fossil records corroborate the hypothesis of dance in one locality, and it has a continu- competition, causing the diversity decrease of ous reproductive cycle, develops yolky eggs, cassiduloids. Mooi (1990a) states that there embryos, and lecithotrophic larvae. Cassidulus are 30 extant species within the order Cassidu- mitis broods its offspring among the female loida. The morphological similarity between spines for 18 days, when the post-metamorphic the fossil and extant species is evident (Brito juveniles (that have the Aristotle’s lantern) & Ramires, 1974; Brito, 1981; Smith & Bengs- leave their parent to the coarse-sandy environ- ton, 1991; Squires & Demetrion, 1995), which ment (MacCord & Ventura, 2004; Contins & means that extant cassiduloids have a highly Ventura, 2011). After this period, juveniles conserved morphology. In other words, no continue their development, assuming an ellip- significant morphological novelty has occurred soidal shape, and lose their lantern. As adults, along their lineage since the Upper Creta- they start to consume the organic matter from cean (Smith, 2001). Therefore, the extant spe- the sediment. cies show signs of “character exhaustion,” as Therefore, Cassidulus mitis is a crucial defined by Wagner (2000). For these reasons, species of evolutionary relevance. Some previ- the cassiduloids fit in the concept of “living ous studies have already gathered important fossil” (Schopf, 1984; Mooi, 1990b). information about its biology. Its ready avail- Cassiduloids play a prominent role in ability in a coastal area gives it the potential echinoids’ evolutionary history because they to be a good species model. However, it is still probably are the ancestral group of the sand necessary to establish methods to keep it in dollar lineage (clypeasteroids). Among all echi- the laboratory. This study aims to establish an noids, the species of Cassiduloida are unique efficient aquarium system to maintain C. mitis that have the Aristotle’s lantern only during the in laboratory conditions for enough time for developmental studies. early young stage (post-metamorphosis). The morphological similarity between the lanterns of small cassiduloids and large clypeasteroids MATERIALS AND METHODS is the primary support for this hypothesis. In other words, the retention of ancestral young Study Area characters in the adult descendant species (neoteny) supports this hypothesis. Despite The population of C. mitis occurs at the its evolutionary relevance, the loss of the beach Praia Vermelha (22º 57’ 18” S; 43º 9’ 48” Aristotle’s lantern of extant cassiduloids still W) located at the entrance of the Guanabara has not been well-studied (Gladfelter, 1978; Bay (Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil). It is a short Märkel, 1978; Contins & Ventura, 2011). The beach with a sharp decline in the bottom caused principal cause for this knowledge gap is the by waves and periodic storms. The substrate at difficulty of finding dense populations in the the Praia Vermelha consists of homogeneous field and the ability to maintain cassiduloids coarse sand of rounded grains of quartz (Freire, in the laboratory for enough time to record Santos, Fontoura, Magalhães & Grohamann, all significant morphological changes during 1992). The climate in this region is typically the loss of Aristotle’s lantern. The best way tropical, warm, and rainy, with two distinct to keep young post-metamorphic cassiduloids seasons, dry in autumn and winter, and rainy in alive is on adult females, among their spines. spring and summer. Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN electrónico: 2215-2075, Vol. 69(S1): 550-557, March 2021 (Published Mar. 10, 2021) 551 Collection of specimens, seawater, and sediment Specimens of C. mitis were collected from the infralittoral zone at depths between 2 and 4 meters by apnea free-diving in May and August 2019. The temperature of the seawater was about 22oC. The salinity was about 35 ppm. We Fig. 1. Experimental design of the four aquarium systems. collected seawater and sediment just after the (FA) Aquaria with seawater flow and air-pumped in collection of the sea urchins. sediment bottom; (F) Aquaria with seawater flow; (A) Aquaria without seawater flow and with air-pumped in the Aquarium systems, monitoring of survival, sediment; and (C) Aquaria without both seawater flow and seawater temperature, and salinity air-pumped in sediment. Adult sea urchins were kept in four aquar- ium systems, simulating somewhat of natural the sediment – [C] (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). The air conditions. These were four sets of experimen- into sediment was provided by an air-pump tal aquaria (plastic box of 33.5cm x 24,0cm connected to porous-stone sticks (12 cm long) x 16,0cm) with seawater and a layer of 5 cm buried in each aquarium’s sediment layer. of sediment from the Praia Vermelha. Each Each experimental aquarium had two adults system had one treatment with three replicates: (a total of 12 females and 12 males, ranging (1) Aquaria with seawater flow – [F]; (2) from 2.2cm to 4.6cm and 2.2cm to 3.9cm Aquaria with seawater flow and air-pumped of the longest test diameter, respectively). into the sediment bottom – [FA]; (3) Aquaria Sexual differences in C. mitis can be distin- without seawater flow and with air-pumped guished by their dimorphic genital papillae in into the sediment – [A]; and (4) Aquaria with- the apical region of the test (Tripneustes-type out both seawater flow and air-pumped into papillae) (Tahara, Okada & Kobayashi, 1958; Fig. 2. Arrangement of the four experimental aquarium systems. A - Aquaria with seawater flow and air-pumped into the sediment (FA); Aquaria with seawater flow (F); Aquaria without seawater flow and with air-pumped into the sediment (A); Aquaria without both seawater flow and air-pumped into the sediment (C); Tanks (30L) (R). Numbers (1, 2, 3) represent replicates in each treatment. B – A single flow-aquarium system. Immersed pump (P); Filters (F). Arrows represent the flow directions. Aquaria systems developed by Renato R. Ventura. 552 Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN electrónico: 2215-2075 Vol. 69(S1): 550-557, March 2021 (Published Mar. 10, 2021) Pearse & Cameron, 1991). These experimental Linear Mixed Model to compare statistical aquaria systems are original and were devel- differences of the survival rates of C.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mark Goodwin Retires! Mccone Hall
    News Newsletter of the University of California Museum of Paleontology May 2019 Left: Mark Goodwin circa 1979, preparing the icthyosaur reconstruction, then on display in Mark Goodwin retires! McCone Hall. Center: Mark in Ethiopia collecting a sauropod fossil, 2016. Right: From left to right: Dave Evans, Greg Wilson, Bill Clemens, and Mark Goodwin at the Hell Creek Formation in Montana, summer 2018. All photos courtesy of Mark Goodwin. In the summer of 2018, after a after one more semester at UMass River Formation in Montana, but still UCMP career spanning 40 years, Amherst, Farish Jenkins offered Mark under Bill’s guiding hand. Mark Goodwin officially hung up his a job in the Museum of Comparative hammer. Growing up in Worcester Zoology at Harvard University, where Mark would soon complete his (‘Wusta’), Massachusetts, a life-long he worked in the fossil prep lab with Master’s degree on the geology career all the way out in Berkeley, Bill Amaral, and in the vertebrate and paleontology of the Campanian California, must have seemed collections with Chuck Schaff. All Judith River Formation exposed near inconceivable to the young Mark. But three would end up as mentors, Rudyard, Montana, with Bill as his with serendipity and perseverance, it lifelong friends, and colleagues, also thesis advisor. Back at UCMP, Mark nonetheless came to pass. introducing Mark to fieldwork in supervised the UCMP preparation Montana and Wyoming. lab, becoming an expert in molding Mark began his formal preparation and casting fossils. His interest as a vertebrate paleontologist as an On the weight of this experience, in dinosaur growth and behavior undergraduate at UMass Amherst, Mark was hired by UCMP in the fall of deepened after discovering a majoring in geology and zoology.
    [Show full text]
  • Echinodermata: Echinoidea) of Mexico
    Caballero-Ochoa, A.A., Buitrón-Sánchez, B.E., Conejeros- Vargas, C.A., Esteban-Vázquez, B.L., Ruiz-Nava, M.P., Jiménez-López, J.C., Solís-Marín, F.A., & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2021). Morphological variability of recent species of the order Cassiduloida (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) of Mexico. Revista de Biología Tropical, 69(S1), 423-437. DOI 10.15517/ rbt.v69iSuppl.1.46382 DOI 10.15517/rbt.v69iSuppl.1.46382 Morphological variability of recent species of the order Cassiduloida (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) of Mexico Andrea Alejandra Caballero-Ochoa1,2* Blanca E. Buitrón-Sánchez3 Carlos A. Conejeros-Vargas4 Brenda L. Esteban-Vázquez1 Mariana P. Ruiz-Nava5 José Carlos Jiménez-López6 Francisco A. Solís-Marín7 Alfredo Laguarda-Figueras7 1. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México; [email protected] (*Correspondence), [email protected] 2. Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México. 3. Instituto de Geología, Departamento de Paleontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México; [email protected] 4. Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México; [email protected] 5. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de Los Barrios 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, C.P. 54090, Estado de México, México; [email protected] 6. Posgrado en Ciencias de la Tierra, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México; [email protected] 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Origin of Jurassic Irregular Echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)
    Geol. Mag. 144 (2), 2007, pp. 333–359. c 2007 Cambridge University Press ! 333 doi:10.1017/S0016756806003001 First published online 19 December 2006 Printed in the United Kingdom Phylogeny and origin of Jurassic irregular echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) THOMAS SAUCE` DE ∗ , RICH MOOI & BRUNO DAVID ∗ § ‡ ∗UMR CNRS 5561 Biogeosciences,´ Universite´ de Bourgogne, 6 bd Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA ‡ (Received 26 September 2005; accepted 17 May 2006) Abstract – A phylogenetic analysis of Jurassic irregular echinoids is realized to explore the origin and early evolution of this important subset of echinoids. The phylogeny is based on 39 characters and considers data from apical system architecture, the corona including tuberculation and spines, Aristotle’s lantern, and general test shape. Results corroborate the monophyly of Irregularia, and clarify the phylogenetic interrelationships existing between the main groups of irregular echinoids. Specializations of the Aristotle’s lantern, spines, tubercles and phyllodes constitute the apomorphies for different taxa, as for the whole of Irregularia. The phylogenetic signal yielded by these characters highlights the importance of the environmental context of the origin and diversification of irregular echinoids. The definition of ‘irregularity’ is re-examined, rejecting exocyclism and characters of the apical system as appropriate synapomorphies, and stressing the importance of other characters, particularly the high density and small size of tubercles and spines. A new clade name, Infraclypeidae [P], and phylocode designations (stem-based diagnoses) are proposed for the clades Irregularia, Eognathostomata, Microstomata, Neognathostomata and Atelostomata. Other groupings formerly used (Pygasteroida, Galeropygidae and Menopygidae) are considered paraphyletic. Keywords: Irregularia, Echinoidea, phylogeny, systematics, Jurassic.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Echinoids of the Pacific Waters of Panama: Status Of
    Revista de Biología Tropical ISSN: 0034-7744 [email protected] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica Lessios, H.A. Echinoids of the Pacific Waters of Panama: Status of knowledge and new records Revista de Biología Tropical, vol. 53, núm. 3, -diciembre, 2005, pp. 147-170 Universidad de Costa Rica San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=44919815009 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Echinoids of the Pacific Waters of Panama: Status of knowledge and new records H.A. Lessios Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama; Fax: 507-212-8790; [email protected] Received 14-VI-2004. Corrected 09-XII-2004. Accepted 17-V-2005. Abstract: This paper is primarily intended as a guide to researchers who wish to know what echinoid species are available in the Bay of Panama and in the Gulf of Chiriqui, how to recognize them, and what has been published about them up to 2004. Fifty seven species of echinoids have been reported in the literature as occurring in the Pacific waters of Panama, of which I have collected and examined 31, including two species, Caenopedina diomediae and Meoma frangibilis, that have hitherto only been mentioned in the literature from single type specimens. For the 31 species I was able to examine, I list the localities in which they were found, my impression as to their relative abundance, the characters that distinguish them, and what is known about their biology and evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Paleobiogeography of the Cassiduloid Echinoids
    Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Paleobiogeography of the Cassiduloid Echinoids By Camilla Alves Souto A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Charles R. Marshall, Chair Professor Rauri Bowie Professor Kipling Will Professor Richard Mooi Fall 2018 Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Paleobiogeography of the Cassiduloid Echinoids Copyright 2018 by Camilla Alves Souto Abstract Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Paleobiogeography of the Cassiduloid Echinoids By Camilla Alves Souto Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley Professor Charles R. Marshall, Chair Cassiduloids are rare and poorly known irregular echinoids, which include the sand dollars and heart urchins, that typically live buried in the sediment, where they feed on small organic particles. Cassiduloids evolved during the Marine Mesozoic Revolution, but despite their rich fossil record, species richness (diversity) is very low. The goal of this thesis is to improve our taxonomic knowledge of the group, propose hypotheses of relationship among its representatives and analyze their patterns of geographic distribution through time, thereby contributing to our understanding of their evolutionary history. In the first chapter1, I used synchrotron radiation-based micro-computed tomography (SRµCT) images of type specimens to describe a new Cassidulus species and a new cassiduloid genus that could not have been discovered with traditional techniques. I also designate a neotype for the type species of the genus Cassidulus, Cassidulus caribaearum, provide remarks on the taxonomic history of each taxon, a diagnostic table of all living cassidulid species, and extend the known geographic and bathymetric range of two species.
    [Show full text]
  • A Phylogenomic Resolution of the Sea Urchin Tree of Life
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/430595; this version posted September 29, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. A phylogenomic resolution of the sea urchin tree of life Nicolás Mongiardino Koch ([email protected]) – Corresponding author Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven CT, USA Simon E. Coppard ([email protected]) Department of Biology, Hamilton College, Clinton NY, USA. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Harilaos A. Lessios ([email protected]) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Derek E. G. Briggs ([email protected]) Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven CT, USA. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven CT, USA. Rich Mooi ([email protected]) Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco CA, USA. Greg W. Rouse ([email protected]) Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA. bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/430595; this version posted September 29, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract Background: Echinoidea is a clade of marine animals including sea urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars and sea biscuits.
    [Show full text]
  • Tool Use by Four Species of Indo-Pacific Sea Urchins
    Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Tool Use by Four Species of Indo-Pacific Sea Urchins Glyn A. Barrett 1,2,* , Dominic Revell 2, Lucy Harding 2, Ian Mills 2, Axelle Jorcin 2 and Klaus M. Stiefel 2,3,4 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UR, UK 2 People and The Sea, Logon, Daanbantayan, Cebu 6000, Philippines; [email protected] (D.R.); lucy@peopleandthesea (L.H.); [email protected] (I.M.); [email protected] (A.J.); [email protected] (K.M.S.) 3 Neurolinx Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA 4 Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 5 February 2019; Accepted: 14 March 2019; Published: 18 March 2019 Abstract: We compared the covering behavior of four sea urchin species, Tripneustes gratilla, Pseudoboletia maculata, Toxopneustes pileolus, and Salmacis sphaeroides found in the waters of Malapascua Island, Cebu Province and Bolinao, Panagsinan Province, Philippines. Specifically, we measured the amount and type of covering material on each sea urchin, and in several cases, the recovery of debris material after stripping the animal of its cover. We found that Tripneustes gratilla and Salmacis sphaeroides have a higher affinity for plant material, especially seagrass, compared to Pseudoboletia maculata and Toxopneustes pileolus, which prefer to cover themselves with coral rubble and other calcified material. Only in Toxopneustes pileolus did we find a significant corresponding depth-dependent decrease in total cover area, confirming previous work that covering behavior serves as a protection mechanism against UV radiation. We found no dependence of particle size on either species or size of sea urchin, but we observed that larger sea urchins generally carried more and heavier debris.
    [Show full text]
  • Echinoid Assemblages As a Tool for Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction ^ an Example from the Early Miocene of Egypt
    Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 201 (2003) 157^177 www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Echinoid assemblages as a tool for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction ^ an example from the Early Miocene of Egypt Andreas Kroh a;Ã, James H. Nebelsick b a Institut fu«r Geologie und Pala«ontologie, Heinrichstrasse 26, 8010 Graz, Austria b Institut und Museum fu«r Geologie und Pala«ontologie, Sigwartstrasse 10, 72076 Tu«bingen, Germany Received 3 October 2002; received in revised form 11 June 2003; accepted 31 July 2003 Abstract A rich Lower Miocene echinoid fauna has been investigated from Gebel Gharra, NW of Suez, Egypt. The ca 140 m long section consists of a siliciclastic lower part and a carbonate-dominated upper part. This corresponds to a general transgression/regression cycle. In all, 27 different echinoid taxa were recognised. The level of taxonomic identification varies depending on test completeness and preservation of specific morphological characters. The palaeoecology of the echinoids was inferred using a functional morphological approach and actualistic comparisons. A wide variety of ecological habitats are represented with the presence of regular as well as irregular sea urchins; epibenthic as well as endobenthic forms, as well as a wide range of interpreted burrowing depths for different irregular echinoids. Seven different echinoid assemblages were distinguished, which differ with respect to the species diversity, skeletal taphonomy and sedimentary environment: (1) the Parascutella Assemblage displays spectacular mass
    [Show full text]
  • Echinoidea: Cassiduloida) E Considerações Taxonômicas E Paleobiogeográficas
    Programa de Pós-graduação em Diversidade Animal Universidade Federal da Bahia Camilla Alves Souto Sistemática da família Cassidulidae (Echinoidea: Cassiduloida) e considerações taxonômicas e paleobiogeográficas Salvador 2012 2 Camilla Alves Souto Sistemática da família Cassidulidae (Echinoidea: Cassiduloida) e considerações taxonômicas e paleobiogeográficas Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia para a obtenção do Título de Mestre em Zoologia pelo Programa de Pós-graduação em Diversidade Animal. Orientadora: Profª Drª Carla Maria Menegola da Silva Co-orientador: Dr. Rich Mooi Salvador 2012 3 Ficha catalográfica Souto, Camilla Alves Sistemática da família Cassidulidae (Echinoidea: Cassiduloida) e considerações taxonômicas e paleobiogeográficas. 83 páginas Dissertação (Mestrado) - Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia. Departamento de Zoologia. Programa de Pós-graduação em Diversidade Animal. 1. Echinodermata 2. Sistemática 3. Biogeografia I. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Biologia. Departamento de Zoologia. Programa de Pós-graduação em Diversidade Animal. 5 Epígrafe “If I run away, I’ll never have the strength to go very far” Adaptado de Madonna 6 Agradecimentos À minha família, que além de ter me colocado no mundo, me aturou e sempre me apoiou em todas as decisões, principalmente as incomuns, que tomei na minha vida. À minha orientadora, Dra. Chefa Ori Carla Menegola, que me acolheu graças a um amor escondido pelos equinodermos. Obrigada pela orientação, apoio e confiança. Ao meu orientador, Dr. Rich Mooi que só agora começou a acreditar que eu falava a verdade quando dizia que ia pra lá. E ainda bem que eu fui, porque ele foi o responsável por eu ter acreditado nesse projeto, mesmo sem saber da grande confusão em que eu estava me metendo.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenomic Analyses of Echinoid Diversification Prompt a Re
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.19.453013; this version posted July 24, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Phylogenomic analyses of echinoid diversification prompt a re- 2 evaluation of their fossil record 3 Short title: Phylogeny and diversification of sea urchins 4 5 Nicolás Mongiardino Koch1,2*, Jeffrey R Thompson3,4, Avery S Hatch2, Marina F McCowin2, A 6 Frances Armstrong5, Simon E Coppard6, Felipe Aguilera7, Omri Bronstein8,9, Andreas Kroh10, Rich 7 Mooi5, Greg W Rouse2 8 9 1 Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven CT, USA. 2 Scripps Institution of 10 Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA. 3 Department of Earth Sciences, 11 Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD London, UK. 4 University College London Center for 12 Life’s Origins and Evolution, London, UK. 5 Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California 13 Academy of Sciences, San Francisco CA, USA. 6 Bader International Study Centre, Queen's University, 14 Herstmonceux Castle, East Sussex, UK. 7 Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de 15 Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile. 8 School of Zoology, Faculty of Life 16 Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. 9 Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel-Aviv, Israel. 10 17 Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria 18 * Corresponding author.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecomorphological and Taphonomic Gradients in Clypeasteroid
    Ecomorphological and taphonomic gradients in clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages along a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf from the early Miocene of northern Sardinia, Italy ANDREA MANCOSU and JAMES H. NEBELSICK Mancosu, A. and Nebelsick, J.H. 2017. Ecomorphological and taphonomic gradients in clypeasteroid-dominated echi- noid assemblages along a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf from the early Miocene of northern Sardinia, Italy. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62 (3): 627–646. Clypeasteroid echinoids are widespread and abundant within Miocene sedimentary sequences of the Mediterranean area within both siliciclastic and carbonate deposits. Herein, three clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages from the mixed siliciclastic-carbonate succession of the Mores Formation (lower Miocene) cropping out within the Porto Torres Basin (northern Sardinia) are described. These assemblages were compared to previously described clypeasteroid-bear- ing deposits from the Miocene of northern Sardinia with the purpose of investigating their palaeoecology and taphon- omy along a shelf gradient. These goals are accomplished by various methods including (i) logging sedimentary facies, (ii) analysing the functional morphology of sea urchin skeletons, (iii) comparing the relative abundance of taxa and taphonomic features, and (iv) studying associated fauna, flora, and trace fossils. The clypeasteroid-bearing deposits differ greatly with respect to echinoid diversity, accompanying fauna and flora, sedimentological signatures, and taphonomic features. They also show variations in depositional environments and the mechanism of formation of the deposits. Three different shelf settings are distinguished: littoral, inner sublittoral, and outer sublittoral environments. Furthermore, an ecomorphological gradient along the shelf is recognized with respect to echinoid taxa and their morphologies. This gradient ranges from shallow water to a moderately deep shelf and is interpreted with respect to both abiotic and biotic factors as well as the taphonomy of the echinoid tests.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Cassiduloid (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) in the Albian of the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, Brazil
    Carnets Geol. 20 (3) E-ISSN 1634-0744 DOI 10.4267/2042/70719 A new Cassiduloid (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) in the Albian of the Sergipe-Alagoas basin, Brazil Cynthia Lara de Castro MANSO 1 Abstract: This paper presents a new discovery of the echinoid species Phyllobrissus humilis (GAUTHIER, 1875) from the Albian age Riachuelo Formation of the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin. The only specimen obtai- ned in the Maruim 1 outcrop expresses the main species characteristics. Paleoecological notes and a dichotomous key are presented to facilitate the identification of the cassiduloid species from the Creta- ceous of Sergipe-Alagoas Basin. Key-words: • echinoderms; • Phyllobrissus humilis (GAUTHIER); • Cassiduloida; • Cretaceous; • South America Citation: MANSO C.L.C. (2020).- A new Cassiduloid (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) in the Albian of the Sergipe-Alagoas basin, Brazil.- Carnets Geol., Madrid, vol. 20, no. 3, p. 29-35. Résumé : Un nouveau cassiduloïde (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) dans l'Albien du bassin de Sergipe-Alagoas, Brésil.- L'article décrit la découverte de l'espèce d'échinoïde Phyllobrissus humilis (GAUTHIER, 1875) dans la Formation Riachuelo d'âge Albien du bassin Sergipe-Alagoas. Le seul spéci- men récolté provient dans l'affleurement de Maruim 1 et permet d'observer les principales caractéristi- ques de l'espèce. Des informations paléoécologiques et une clé dichotomique sont présentées pour fa- ciliter l'identification des espèces de cassiduloïdes du Crétacé du bassin de Sergipe-Alagoas. Mots-clefs : • échinodermes ; • Phyllobrissus humilis (GAUTHIER) ; • Cassiduloida ; • Crétacé ; • Amérique du Sud 1. Introduction Cretaceous cassiduloids from Brazil were first recorded from the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin by WHI- Cassiduloids are irregular echinoids with peta- TE (1887).
    [Show full text]