Hydrocarbons Organic Structures That Contain Only Carbon and Hydrogen

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Hydrocarbons Organic Structures That Contain Only Carbon and Hydrogen Hydrocarbons Organic structures that contain only carbon and hydrogen Saturated – a compound is termed “saturated” if it has the maximum hybridization (sp3) at each carbon Therefore: no double or triple bonds A saturated carbon species is termed an ALKANE CH3-CH3 ethane The compound has a root name indicating the number of carbons and the –ane suffix An ALKENE has a carbon-carbon double bond All three structures represent ethylene (or ethene) An ALKYNE has a carbon-carbon triple bond All three structures represent acetylene (or ethyne) Straight Chain Alkanes The alkanes are named according to the number of carbon atoms in the chain Ends with an –ane suffix Root name # of carbons (n) H-(CH2)n-H Meth- 1 Eth- 2 Prop- 3 But- 4 Pent- 5 Hex- 6 Hept- 7 Oct- 8 Non- 9 Dec- 10 All alkanes have the empirical formula CnH(2n+2) Origin of Naming for Alkanes C1 through C4 are result of common names for carbon chains, C5 through C10 are named due to the Greek word for their root (an 8 sided circle for example is an octagon – OCT represents 8) Meth - means wine or spirit in Greek, yl – means wood or matter in Greek Therefore methyl alcohol (which has one carbon) means a spirit from wood Methanol is obtained from distillation of wood (sometimes called wood alcohol) METH is thus kept for a 1 carbon chain, yl is kept to mean a carbon group and is used for any carbon substituent (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.) ETH root comes from Greek word ether (to shine) Shine → sky → colorless liquid Ether (also called diethyl ether) is a colorless liquid and it has two 2-carbon chains a two carbon chain is ETH PROP common name is a result of the three carbon chain acid called propionic acid Protos (Greek for first), pion (Greek for fat) Propionic acid thus literally means “first fat” 1 carbon acid is formic acid (from ants) 2 carbon acid is acetic acid (from vinegar) Both formic acid and acetic acid are soluble in water due to the low carbon content, Propionic acid is thus the smallest acid chain that is not soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents (thus first fat – fatty acids are long chain carboxylic acids) BUT comes from the common name for a 4 carbon carboxylic acid (butyric acid) Butyric acid is the cause for the smell in rancid butter (where BUT comes from the word for butter) Hofmann’s attempt for Systematic Hydrocarbon Nomenclature (1866) Attempted to use a systematic name by naming all possible structures with 4 carbons Quartane C4H10 Quartyl C4H9 Quartene C4H8 Quartenyl C4H7 Quartine C4H6 Quartinyl C4H5 Quartone C4H4 Quartonyl C4H3 Quartune C4H2 Quartunyl C4H1 Wanted to use Quart from the Latin for 4 – this method was not embraced and BUT has remained IUPAC Nomenclature Procedure for naming carbon chains containing branches or substituents (non-straight chain) 1) Find the longest continuous carbon chain in the structure -this determines the root name 2) Any carbon not on this continuous chain is a substituent (appendage) 3) Number the main chain starting from the end closest to the first substituent 4) The substituents are still named according to the number of carbons (the suffix for a substituent is –yl instead of –ane) -CH3 methyl -CH2CH3 ethyl 5) Place all substituent names before the root name in alphabetical order 6) The substituent must be numbered to indicate the point of attachment to the main chain 7) Group multiple substituents of the same kind together and label di-, tri-, etc. 8) When alphabetizing, the prefixes di-, tri, n-, t- are ignored (the only prefix used for alphabetizing is iso-, explained in common names) 9) With a ring compound the number of carbons in the ring determines the root name with a cyclo- prefix 10) Halogens are named as substituents with an o suffix e.g. fluoro-, chloro-, bromo- or iodo- Common Names Many alkyl substituents have common names Consider propyl There are two ways an alkyl appendage with three carbons can be attached Any straight chain appendage has the n- prefix (for normal) CH3CH2CH2- n-propyl This distinguishes the straight chain compound from the other isomer Isopropyl (1-methylethyl) using IUPAC Use iso prefix (short for isomer) With larger alkyl substituents, the more possibilities for isomers exist Consider butyl H3CH2CH2CH2C n-butyl H3C CH CH2 isobutyl H3C H3C CH secbutyl H3CH2C (s-butyl) CH3 H3C C tertbutyl CH3 (t-butyl) The sec- and tert- prefixes for common names are based upon degree of substitution A carbon bonded to three other carbons is called a tertiary carbon CH3 H3C C e.g. tertbutyl tertiary carbon CH3 (3˚) A carbon bonded to two other carbons is called a secondary carbon H3C secondary carbon CH e.g. secbutyl (2˚) H3CH2C A carbon bonded to one other carbon is a primary carbon H3C CH CH2 e.g. both n-butyl and isobutyl H3C primary carbon (1˚) To name substituents, only consider the bonding pattern of the carbon directly bond to the main chain, and then consider how many other carbons are bonded to that carbon to obtain tert- or sec- names Complex Alkyl Groups As the alkyl substituents become more complicated (e.g. more branching) the same IUPAC rules are followed and the name for the whole appendage is placed in parenthesis The root is the cyclooctane ring (usually the ring is used as a root although if the number of carbons in the substituent become larger then the ring could be named as a substituent) ethyl substituent 1,1,3-trimethylbutyl substituent (with substituents need to count from the carbon at the attachment to root and find longest chain) After alphabetizing: 1-ethyl-3-(1,1,3-trimethylbutyl)cyclooctane Attractive Forces in Alkanes - Type of electron correlation between molecules determine the physical properties Coulombic attraction dipole-dipole van der Waals forces (London dispersion) Conformational Analysis of Alkanes -Physical properties of molecules are determined by intermolecular forces (forces between molecules) -The internal structure of a given molecule can affect the energy due to sterics (intramolecular interactions) Conformer: different arrangements in space resulting from the rotation of bonds (bonds are not broken when interconverting between conformers) Consider Methane H H H H No conformers possible; methane has a given energy value that does not change (any rotation about the equivalent C-H σ bonds yields the same structure in three-dimensions) *this is not the case with any higher hydrocarbon homologue Conformational Analysis of Ethane Structures have different energy due to different arrangements of space (hydrogens have different spatial arrangements in different conformers) Newman Projections - Convenient way to view conformational analysis To Draw Newman Projections 1) Determine which bond is being considered 2) Determine which atom is front atom of bond being considered 3) The substituents attached to the front atom are drawn to a point, the substituents attached to the back atom are drawn to a circle 4) The relative angles and orientation of the substituents are maintained Newman projections of ethane conformations Newman projections demonstrate energetic and spatial interactions of conformers Eclipsed conformations are higher in energy One cause is the sterics As the substituents that are eclipsed become larger, the energy of the conformer raises Consider the space filling area of atoms Conformational Energy Diagram for Propane Different Types of Interactions Arise with Larger Carbon Structures Consider n-Butane viewing down the C2-C3 carbon-carbon bond Rings (Cycloalkanes) Due to the ring the σ bonds cannot rotate 360˚ as in alkanes Do not have the same conformational analysis as with other alkanes Therefore rings adopt a certain preferred geometry Rings Strain for Simple Cycloalkanes Ring size cycloalkane Total ring Ring strain strain per CH2 (Kcal/mol) (Kcal/mol) 3 cyclopropane 27.6 9.2 4 cyclobutane 26.4 6.6 5 cyclopentane 6.5 1.3 6 cyclohexane 0 0 7 cycloheptane 6.3 0.9 8 cyclooctane 9.6 1.2 Small rings have large strain Cyclohexane has the least amount of strain Conformation of Cyclopropane All three carbon atoms must be coplanar This geometry causes strain due to both small bond angles and torsional strain Conformation of Cyclobutane Structure if constrained to plane actual structure Cyclobutane adopts a “puckered” conformation in order to lower torsional strain Still have high bond angle strain Conformation of Cyclopentane The ring forms a preferred geometry to lower torsional strain The conformation is called the “envelope” due to its similarity to a mailing envelope Conformation of Cyclohexane Cyclohexane has the least amount of ring strain The reason is the ability of the ring to form a stable conformation H H 120˚ H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 111.4˚ H H H H H H H H Planar cyclohexane Chair cyclohexane (120˚ <C-C-C, (nearly tetrahedral <C-C-C, All hydrogens eclipsed) no hydrogens eclipsed) Names for Various Conformers of Cyclohexane H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Remove hydrogens Chair conformation Twist-boat Boat conformation conformation Newman Projection for Chair Conformation The chair conformation has a low torsional strain as seen in a Newman projection Nearly perfect staggered alignment Still have some gauche interactions, but energy is low for this conformation Chair-Chair Interconversion with Cyclohexane Key point – there are two distinct chair conformations for a cyclohexane that can interconvert 6-Membered Rings are Observed Frequently in Biological Molecules The 12 substituents in a chair (12 hydrogens for cyclohexane) occur in two distinct types of positions Pole (axial) H H H H H H H H H
Recommended publications
  • Common Names for Selected Aromatic Groups
    More Nomenclature: Common Names for Selected Aromatic Groups Phenyl group = or Ph = C6H5 = Aryl = Ar = aromatic group. It is a broad term, and includes any aromatic rings. Benzyl = Bn = It has a -CH2- (methylene) group attached to the benzene ring. This group can be used to name particular compounds, such as the one shown below. This compound has chlorine attached to a benzyl group, therefore it is called benzyl chloride. Benzoyl = Bz = . This is different from benzyl group (there is an extra “o” in the name). It has a carbonyl attached to the benzene ring instead of a methylene group. For example, is named benzoyl chloride. Therefore, it is sometimes helpful to recognize a common structure in order to name a compound. Example: Nomenclature: 3-phenylpentane Example: This is Amaize. It is used to enhance the yield of corn production. The systematic name for this compound is 2,4-dinitro-6-(1-methylpropyl)phenol. Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds Aromatic rings can fuse together to form polynuclear aromatic compounds. Example: It is two benzene rings fused together, and it is aromatic. The electrons are delocalized in both rings (think about all of its resonance form). Example: This compound is also aromatic, including the ring in the middle. All carbons are sp2 hybridized and the electron density is shared across all 5 rings. Example: DDT is an insecticide and helped to wipe out malaria in many parts of the world. Consequently, the person who discovered it (Muller) won the Nobel Prize in 1942. The systematic name for this compound is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane.
    [Show full text]
  • C9-14 Aliphatic [2-25% Aromatic] Hydrocarbon Solvents Category SIAP
    CoCAM 2, 17-19 April 2012 BIAC/ICCA SIDS INITIAL ASSESSMENT PROFILE Chemical C -C Aliphatic [2-25% aromatic] Hydrocarbon Solvents Category Category 9 14 Substance Name CAS Number Stoddard solvent 8052-41-3 Chemical Names Kerosine, petroleum, hydrodesulfurized 64742-81-0 and CAS Naphtha, petroleum, hydrodesulfurized heavy 64742-82-1 Registry Solvent naphtha, petroleum, medium aliphatic 64742-88-7 Numbers Note: Substances in this category are also commonly known as mineral spirits, white spirits, or Stoddard solvent. CAS Number Chemical Description † 8052-41-3 Includes C8 to C14 branched, linear, and cyclic paraffins and aromatics (6 to 18%), <50ppmV benzene † 64742-81-0 Includes C9 to C14 branched, linear, and cyclic paraffins and aromatics (10 to Structural 25%), <100 ppmV benzene Formula † and CAS 64742-82-1 Includes C8 to C13 branched, linear, and cyclic paraffins and aromatics (15 to 25%), <100 ppmV benzene Registry † Numbers 64742-88-7 Includes C8 to C13 branched, linear, and cyclic paraffins and aromatics (14 to 20%), <50 ppmV benzene Individual category member substances are comprised of aliphatic hydrocarbon molecules whose carbon numbers range between C9 and C14; approximately 80% of the aliphatic constituents for a given substance fall within the C9-C14 carbon range and <100 ppmV benzene. In some instances, the carbon range of a test substance is more precisely defined in the test protocol. In these instances, the specific carbon range (e.g. C8-C10, C9-C10, etc.) will be specified in the SIAP. * It should be noted that other substances defined by the same CAS RNs may have boiling ranges outside the range of 143-254° C and that these substances are not covered by the category.
    [Show full text]
  • Brief Guide to the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry
    1 Brief Guide to the Nomenclature of Table 1: Components of the substitutive name Organic Chemistry (4S,5E)-4,6-dichlorohept-5-en-2-one for K.-H. Hellwich (Germany), R. M. Hartshorn (New Zealand), CH3 Cl O A. Yerin (Russia), T. Damhus (Denmark), A. T. Hutton (South 4 2 Africa). E-mail: [email protected] Sponsoring body: Cl 6 CH 5 3 IUPAC Division of Chemical Nomenclature and Structure suffix for principal hept(a) parent (heptane) one Representation. characteristic group en(e) unsaturation ending chloro substituent prefix 1 INTRODUCTION di multiplicative prefix S E stereodescriptors CHEMISTRY The universal adoption of an agreed nomenclature is a key tool for 2 4 5 6 locants ( ) enclosing marks efficient communication in the chemical sciences, in industry and Multiplicative prefixes (Table 2) are used when more than one for regulations associated with import/export or health and safety. fragment of a particular kind is present in a structure. Which kind of REPRESENTATION The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) multiplicative prefix is used depends on the complexity of the provides recommendations on many aspects of nomenclature.1 The APPLIED corresponding fragment – e.g. trichloro, but tris(chloromethyl). basics of organic nomenclature are summarized here, and there are companion documents on the nomenclature of inorganic2 and Table 2: Multiplicative prefixes for simple/complicated entities polymer3 chemistry, with hyperlinks to original documents. An No. Simple Complicated No. Simple Complicated AND overall
    [Show full text]
  • Singlet/Triplet State Anti/Aromaticity of Cyclopentadienylcation: Sensitivity to Substituent Effect
    Article Singlet/Triplet State Anti/Aromaticity of CyclopentadienylCation: Sensitivity to Substituent Effect Milovan Stojanovi´c 1, Jovana Aleksi´c 1 and Marija Baranac-Stojanovi´c 2,* 1 Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Center for Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, P.O. Box 173, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (J.A.) 2 Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, P.O. Box 158, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +381-11-3336741 Abstract: It is well known that singlet state aromaticity is quite insensitive to substituent effects, in the case of monosubstitution. In this work, we use density functional theory (DFT) calculations to examine the sensitivity of triplet state aromaticity to substituent effects. For this purpose, we chose the singlet state antiaromatic cyclopentadienyl cation, antiaromaticity of which reverses to triplet state aromaticity, conforming to Baird’s rule. The extent of (anti)aromaticity was evaluated by using structural (HOMA), magnetic (NICS), energetic (ISE), and electronic (EDDBp) criteria. We find that the extent of triplet state aromaticity of monosubstituted cyclopentadienyl cations is weaker than the singlet state aromaticity of benzene and is, thus, slightly more sensitive to substituent effects. As an addition to the existing literature data, we also discuss substituent effects on singlet state antiaromaticity of cyclopentadienyl cation. Citation: Stojanovi´c,M.; Aleksi´c,J.; Baranac-Stojanovi´c,M. Keywords: antiaromaticity; aromaticity; singlet state; triplet state; cyclopentadienyl cation; substituent Singlet/Triplet State effect Anti/Aromaticity of CyclopentadienylCation: Sensitivity to Substituent Effect.
    [Show full text]
  • Transport of Dangerous Goods
    ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Recommendations on the TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS Model Regulations Volume I Sixteenth revised edition UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2009 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Copyright © United Nations, 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may, for sales purposes, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the United Nations. UNITED NATIONS Sales No. E.09.VIII.2 ISBN 978-92-1-139136-7 (complete set of two volumes) ISSN 1014-5753 Volumes I and II not to be sold separately FOREWORD The Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods are addressed to governments and to the international organizations concerned with safety in the transport of dangerous goods. The first version, prepared by the United Nations Economic and Social Council's Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, was published in 1956 (ST/ECA/43-E/CN.2/170). In response to developments in technology and the changing needs of users, they have been regularly amended and updated at succeeding sessions of the Committee of Experts pursuant to Resolution 645 G (XXIII) of 26 April 1957 of the Economic and Social Council and subsequent resolutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 3 Notes: Periodic Table Notes  John Newlands Proposed an Organization System Based on Increasing Atomic Mass in 1864
    Unit 3 Notes: Periodic Table Notes John Newlands proposed an organization system based on increasing atomic mass in 1864. He noticed that both the chemical and physical properties repeated every 8 elements and called this the ____Law of Octaves ___________. In 1869 both Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Mendeleev showed a connection between atomic mass and an element’s properties. Mendeleev published first, and is given credit for this. He also noticed a periodic pattern when elements were ordered by increasing ___Atomic Mass _______________________________. By arranging elements in order of increasing atomic mass into columns, Mendeleev created the first Periodic Table. This table also predicted the existence and properties of undiscovered elements. After many new elements were discovered, it appeared that a number of elements were out of order based on their _____Properties_________. In 1913 Henry Mosley discovered that each element contains a unique number of ___Protons________________. By rearranging the elements based on _________Atomic Number___, the problems with the Periodic Table were corrected. This new arrangement creates a periodic repetition of both physical and chemical properties known as the ____Periodic Law___. Periods are the ____Rows_____ Groups/Families are the Columns Valence electrons across a period are There are equal numbers of valence in the same energy level electrons in a group. 1 When elements are arranged in order of increasing _Atomic Number_, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical
    [Show full text]
  • Adsorption Capacity and Removal Efficiency of Heavy Metal Ions By
    chemical engineering research and design 9 0 ( 2 0 1 2 ) 1397–1406 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Chemical Engineering Research and Design j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cherd Adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of heavy metal ions by Moso and Ma bamboo activated carbons a b b,∗ c,d,∗ Sheng-Fong Lo , Song-Yung Wang , Ming-Jer Tsai , Lang-Dong Lin a Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, National Ilan University, I-Lan, Taiwan, ROC b School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, College of Bio-Resource and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC c Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan, ROC d Department of Forest Products Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC a b s t r a c t In order to understand the adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of heavy metal ions by Moso and Ma bamboo activated carbons, the carbon yield, specific surface area, micropore area, zeta potential, and the effects of pH value, soaking time and dosage of bamboo activated carbon were investigated in this study. In comparison with once- activated bamboo carbons, lower carbon yields, larger specific surface area and micropore volume were found for the twice-activated bamboo carbons. The optimum pH values for adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of heavy metal ions were 5.81–7.86 and 7.10–9.82 by Moso and Ma bamboo activated carbons, respectively. The optimum 2+ 2+ 2+ 3+ soaking time was 2–4 h for Pb , 4–8 h for Cu and Cd , and 4 h for Cr by Moso bamboo activated carbons, and 1 h for the tested heavy metal ions by Ma bamboo activated carbons.
    [Show full text]
  • Annex XV Report
    Annex XV report PROPOSAL FOR IDENTIFICATION OF A SUBSTANCE OF VERY HIGH CONCERN ON THE BASIS OF THE CRITERIA SET OUT IN REACH ARTICLE 57 Substance Name(s): 1,6,7,8,9,14,15,16,17,17,18,18- Dodecachloropentacyclo[12.2.1.16,9.02,13.05,10]octadeca-7,15-diene (“Dechlorane Plus”TM) [covering any of its individual anti- and syn-isomers or any combination thereof] EC Number(s): 236-948-9; -; - CAS Number(s): 13560-89-9; 135821-74-8; 135821-03-3 Submitted by: United Kingdom Date: 29 August 2017 ANNEX XV – IDENTIFICATION OF DECHLORANE PLUS AS SVHC CONTENTS PROPOSAL FOR IDENTIFICATION OF A SUBSTANCE OF VERY HIGH CONCERN ON THE BASIS OF THE CRITERIA SET OUT IN REACH ARTICLE 57..........................................................................................IV PART I ...............................................................................................................................................1 JUSTIFICATION ..................................................................................................................................1 1. IDENTITY OF THE SUBSTANCE AND PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ...................................2 1.1 Name and other identifiers of the substance................................................................................2 1.2 Composition of the substance ........................................................................................................2 1.3 Identity and composition of degradation products/metabolites relevant for the SVHC assessment ....................................................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Periodic Table
    of the Periodic Table teacher notes Give your students a visual introduction to the families of the periodic table! This product includes eight mini- posters, one for each of the element families on the main group of the periodic table: Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Boron/Aluminum Group (Icosagens), Carbon Group (Crystallogens), Nitrogen Group (Pnictogens), Oxygen Group (Chalcogens), Halogens, and Noble Gases. The mini-posters give overview information about the family as well as a visual of where on the periodic table the family is located and a diagram of an atom of that family highlighting the number of valence electrons. Also included is the student packet, which is broken into the eight families and asks for specific information that students will find on the mini-posters. The students are also directed to color each family with a specific color on the blank graphic organizer at the end of their packet and they go to the fantastic interactive table at www.periodictable.com to learn even more about the elements in each family. Furthermore, there is a section for students to conduct their own research on the element of hydrogen, which does not belong to a family. When I use this activity, I print two of each mini-poster in color (pages 8 through 15 of this file), laminate them, and lay them on a big table. I have students work in partners to read about each family, one at a time, and complete that section of the student packet (pages 16 through 21 of this file). When they finish, they bring the mini-poster back to the table for another group to use.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2: Alkanes Alkanes from Carbon and Hydrogen
    Chapter 2: Alkanes Alkanes from Carbon and Hydrogen •Alkanes are carbon compounds that contain only single bonds. •The simplest alkanes are hydrocarbons – compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. •Hydrocarbons are used mainly as fuels, solvents and lubricants: H H H H H H H H H H H H C H C C H C C C C H H C C C C C H H H C C H H H H H H CH2 H CH3 H H H H CH3 # of carbons boiling point range Use 1-4 <20 °C fuel (gasses such as methane, propane, butane) 5-6 30-60 solvents (petroleum ether) 6-7 60-90 solvents (ligroin) 6-12 85-200 fuel (gasoline) 12-15 200-300 fuel (kerosene) 15-18 300-400 fuel (heating oil) 16-24 >400 lubricating oil, asphalt Hydrocarbons Formula Prefix Suffix Name Structure H CH4 meth- -ane methane H C H H C H eth- -ane ethane 2 6 H3C CH3 C3H8 prop- -ane propane C4H10 but- -ane butane C5H12 pent- -ane pentane C6H14 hex- -ane hexane C7H16 hept- -ane heptane C8H18 oct- -ane octane C9H20 non- -ane nonane C10H22 dec- -ane decane Hydrocarbons Formula Prefix Suffix Name Structure H CH4 meth- -ane methane H C H H H H C2H6 eth- -ane ethane H C C H H H H C H prop- -ane propane 3 8 H3C C CH3 or H H H C H 4 10 but- -ane butane H3C C C CH3 or H H H C H 4 10 but- -ane butane? H3C C CH3 or CH3 HydHrydorcocaarrbobnos ns Formula Prefix Suffix Name Structure H CH4 meth- -ane methane H C H H H H C2H6 eth- -ane ethane H C C H H H H C3H8 prop- -ane propane H3C C CH3 or H H H C H 4 10 but- -ane butane H3C C C CH3 or H H H C H 4 10 but- -ane iso-butane H3C C CH3 or CH3 HydHrydoroccarbrobnsons Formula Prefix Suffix Name Structure H H
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Chemicals
    Classification of Chemicals Flame & Detonation Arrester Specifications PROTECTOSEAL ® The Protectoseal Company recommends that the National Butadiene would qualify as a Group D material. In each of Electric Code (NEC) Article 500, rankings of various chemi - these cases, the chemicals were primarly listed in a higher cals be used, whenever possible, to determine the suitability category (Group B), because of relatively high pressure read - of a detonation arrester for use with a particular chemical. ings noted in one phase of the standard test procedure con - When no NEC rating of the particular chemical is available, ducted by Underwriters Laboratories. These pressures were the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) classifica - of concern when categorizing the chemicals because these tion (Groups IIA, IIB and IIC) is recommended as a secondary NEC groupings are also used as standard indicators for the source of information for determining the suitability of an ar - design strength requirements of electrical boxes, apparatus, rester for its intended service. In general, the IEC Group IIA is etc. that must withstand the pressures generated by an igni - equivalent to the NEC Group D; the IEC Group IIB is equiva - tion within the container. It should be noted that, in each of lent to the NEC Group C; and the IEC Group IIC includes these cases, the test pressures recorded were significantly chemicals in the NEC Groups A and B. In the event of a dis - lower than those commonly encountered when testing a deto - crepancy between the NEC and the IEC ratings, Protectoseal nation arrester for its ability to withstand stable and over - recommends that the NEC groups be referenced.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomenclature of Alkanes
    Nomenclature of alkanes methane CH4 ethane CH3CH3 propane CH3CH2CH3 butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 pentane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 hexane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 heptane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 octane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 nonane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 decane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 undecane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 dodecane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Funky groups/alkanes iso- CH3 R isopropyl HC R CH3 isobutane/isobutyl R = CH3/CH2R (4 C’s) R isopentane/isopentyl R = CH2CH3/CH2CH2R (5 C’s) R isohexane/isohexyl R = CH2CH2CH3/CH2CH2R (6 C’s) R neo- CH3 neopentyl H3C C CH2 R R CH3 neopentane R = H (5 C’s) neohaxane/neohexyl R = CH3/CH2R (6 C’s) R 1° primary (n-) 2° secondary (sec-, s-) 3° tertiary (tert-, t-) H C H C H3C 3 3 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 H C CH H C CH H3C CH3 3 3 3 3 n- often used with strait chain compounds though it is not actually necessary. sec- sec-butyl H the substituent is attached s-butyl to a 2° C of butane (4 C’s) H3C CH2 C R CH3 no other "sec-" group tert- tert-butyl CH3 a substituent is attached to t-butyl the 3° C of a 4 C H3C C R molecule/unit CH3 tert-pentyl CH3 a substituent is attached to t-pentyl the 3° of a 5 C molecule/unit H3C CH2 C R CH3 no other "tert-" group Form of name #-followed by substituent name followed by parent hydrocarbon name • Determine longest continuous chain. o This is the parent hydrocarbon o If compound has two or more chains of the same length, parent hydrocarbon is chain with greatest number of substituents • Cite the name of substituent before the name of the parent hydrocarbon along with the number of the carbon to which it is attached--Substituents are listed in alphabetical order – neglecting prefixes such as di- tri- tert- etc.
    [Show full text]