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Wisconsin Study Shows Wolves Benefit Forests PAGE 4 Apex Wisconsin Study Shows Wolves Benefit Forests PAGE 4 Apex Carnivore Competition: What does the return of the wolf mean for cougar populations in Oregon? PAGE 8 Wood River Wolf Project Helps Idaho Sheep and Wolves Share the Landscape PAGE 11 Wolves in a Changing World October 12–14, 2018 Registration is open! Minneapolis Marriott Northwest 7025 Northland Dr N, Minneapolis, MN 55428 To register, or for more information, visit wolf.org VOLUME 27, NO. 4 THE QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL WOLF CENTER WINTER 2017 4 Adobe Stock / Nadine Haase 8 AdobeStock/Erni 11 Bean Phoebe Wisconsin Study Shows Apex Carnivore Competition: Wood River Wolf Project Wolves Benefit Forests What does the return of Helps Idaho Sheep and the wolf mean for cougar Wolves Share the Landscape “Trophic cascade” is the term used to populations in Oregon? describe the effect predators may have When a shepherd in northeastern on an entire ecosystem. Trophic refers to Cougars have rebounded in Oregon Oregon is awakened by barks and nutrition, and when wolves prey on other since the 1960s, and wolves have snarls, he knows his dogs are facing animals to get their food, the effects can expanded into the Pacific Northwest off with predators—and because of cascade throughout the environment. since reintroduction elsewhere in the the Wood River Wolf Project, he may Scientists have not reached agreement 1990s. Now, important questions arise now have tools to protect his flock and on the topic, but a recent study in as to how these carnivores will coexist preserve the wolves. No wolves have Wisconsin supports the notion that and what effects they may have on prey been killed in the project area since wolves—and their nutritional needs— species. Researchers from Oregon State 2008, and while the project is not do benefit the ecosystem. University and the Oregon Department the only deterrent, it appears to be of Fish and Wildlife are collaborating a significant one. By Tracy O’Connell to find answers. By Avery Shawler By Beth Orning On the Cover Departments Photo by Cobble-Art. 3 From the Visit www.cobble-art.com for more images Executive Director of wolves, wildlife, landscapes and more. 14 Tracking the Pack 18 Wild Kids Did you know? 20 Wolves of the World One easy way for you to help us conserve natural resources is to make sure we have 23 Personal Encounter your email address. Simply email your address to 26 A Look Beyond [email protected]. 28 Book Review Kelly Godfrey Exhibit Pack member Grayson plays in the snow. 2018 Wolf Care Webinar Publications Director Chad Richardson Graphics Coordinator Annual Subscription Carissa L. Winter Consulting Editor Support the ambassador wolves with a Kristine Chapin subscription to the 2018 Wolf Care webinar series. Technical Editor These 12 one-hour sessions include birthday Dr. L. David Mech celebrations of the ambassador Graphic Designer Tricia Austin wolves, as well as topics ranging from superstitions, celestial effects Subscribe International Wolf (1089-683X) is published quarterly and copyrighted, 2017, by the and the change of the seasons and International Wolf Center, 7100 Northland Circle N, Suite 205, Minneapolis, MN 55428, USA. that may impact pack dynamics. Save! email: [email protected]. All rights reserved. Each webinar features a live view Publications agreement no. 1536338 of the wolves and the opportunity to Membership in the International Wolf Center includes direct questions to wolf care staff. Every a subscription to International Wolf magazine, free admission to the Center and discounts on programs webinar is recorded, and a link will be shared with and merchandise. subsribers so you can watch it Membership Levels: (in U.S. dollars) • Wolf Pup $25 (students • Wolf Associate $125 when it is convenient for you. age 21 and under) • Wolf Tracker $250 • Lone Wolf $45 • Wolf Sponsor $500 (individual) • Alpha Wolf $1,000 • Wolf Pack $75 Member $100 (family at same address) Outside the United States, please add an additional Non-Member $140 $15 to Wolf Pup, Lone Wolf, Wolf Pack and Wolf Associate memberships. Please mail membership payment to: International Wolf Center Administrative Office, Attn: Membership, 7100 Northland Circle N, Suite 205, Minneapolis, MN 55428, USA. Contact the membership department with questions: 763-560-7374 ext. 230 or [email protected]. International Wolf is a forum for airing perspectives, science-based information and personal experiences about wolves. Articles and materials printed in Inter- national Wolf do not necessarily reflect the viewpoint of the International Wolf Center or its board of directors. International Wolf welcomes submissions of personal adventures with wolves and wolf photo graphs. Prior to submission of other types of manu scripts, address queries to Chad Richardson, publications director. PHOTOS: Unless otherwise noted, or obvious from the caption or article text, photos are of captive wolves. To register, visit: International Wolf is printed entirely with soy ink on FSC® certified wolf.org/programs/webinars/ paper. We encour- FSC logo here age you to recycle this magazine. 2 Winter 2017 www.wolf.org From the Executive Director INTERNATIONAL WOLF CENTER Peanut Butter-Flavored Bubbles BOARD OF DIRECTORS Nancy jo Tubbs hroughout the year, our wolves at the International Wolf Center Chair endure many of the same challenges faced by wolves in the wild— Dr. L. David Mech rain, wind, snow, and cold and hot temperatures, to name a few. Vice Chair TAnd as anyone who has visited northern Minnesota can attest, Rob Schultz Debbie Hinchcliffe there’s one more factor our wolves face—bugs! Secretary For most wolves, flying bugs are just a seasonal nuisance. But for one of our ambassador Paul B. Anderson wolves, Boltz, they are a seasonal nightmare. Over the years, he’s developed a strong dislike Treasurer for them. During the short summers in northern Minnesota, visitors often see Boltz twisting Cree Bradley and turning as he tries to knock them out of the sky. Cindy Carvelli-Yu All that activity got our staff thinking about what they could do to help. Rick Duncan Enter peanut butter-flavored bubbles. Fitz Fitzgerald Daily enrichment is something our staff takes seriously, even when talking about something Nancy Gibson as silly sounding as bubbles. Each summer day at noon, staff members lead enrichment activi- Judy Hunter ties for the wolves. On hot days you may find our wolf curator, Lori Schmidt, tossing ice cubes Connie LaFond or frozen beaver tails to the wolves. Other days they could be treated to canid-friendly cup- Deborah Wold Lewis cakes or tufts of fur from animals they’ve never encountered. And then…there are the bubbles. Aaron Morris To help Boltz develop a positive association with things flying around his head, staff experi- Mike Phillips mented with blowing bubbles around him. Eventually, when the bubbles became peanut but- Debbie Reynolds Jerry Sanders ter flavored, the positive association took hold. Paul Schurke I wish I could say that Boltz no longer has a fear of things flying around his head, but that Dick Thiel isn’t the case. Through the work being done by our wolf care team, though, we hope to keep Keira Thrasher reducing his anxiety about these pesky critters. Other wolves also benefit from the daily enrichment EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR provided by the wolf care team. They’re stimulated by Rob Schultz the exercises, as are our staff and volunteers who dream up the enrichment activities. One hot day this sum- MISSION mer, our visitors watched in wonder as Axel shot into The International Wolf Center the air, excitedly chasing after a stream of water from advances the survival a hose. Yet another time, Lori had the wolves scram- of wolf populations by bling to catch a beam of light emitted from a handheld teaching about wolves, their relationship to wildlands and pointer. Just like us, wolves are curious creatures and the human role in their future. enjoy experiencing new things. If you have a great idea for a new enrichment expe- Kelly Godfrey Educational services and informational resources rience for our wolves, our curator would love to hear are available at: about it! Share your ideas with Lori by emailing them 1396 Highway 169 to: [email protected]. n Ely, MN 55731-8129, USA 800-ELY-WOLF Sincerely, 218-365-4695 email address: [email protected] www.wolf.org International Wolf Center Rob Schultz Boltz and the bubbles. Executive Director International Wolf Winter 2017 3 Adobe Stock / Jeff McGraw Wisconsin Study Shows Wolves Benefit Forests By TRACY O’CONNELL rophic cascade is a phrase that refers to the effect predators have on the environment by controlling the population and habits of Tprey species, which in turn cause dramatic changes in the eco- system. It is the topic of several popular videos making the rounds online. The videos contend that the wolves’ return to Yellowstone National Park has benefitted vegetation, streams, and bird, insect and animal life. However, some scientists believe that the evidence for these claims may be faulty or unconvincing. (See “Do Wolves Cause Trophic Cascades?” Fall 2014 International Wolf.) Several Yellowstone studies were and white-tailed deer. In the case of based on correlations (events happening elk in the Rocky Mountains, the pres- at the same time), which do not neces- ence of wolves was said to benefit the sarily prove causation. Thus other types growth of aspen. of studies are needed. One such study With moose on Isle Royale, the car- was recently done in Wisconsin, and nivores’ presence enabled more growth the same benefits to the environment of balsam fir (although correlations as those above were found to result included winter severity and other from the relationship between wolves events, such as declining numbers of Wikimedia Commons/H.
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