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Teppe Zagheh’ S Anthropomorphic Figurines and Openness of Animist Worlds

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Teppe Zagheh’ S Anthropomorphic Figurines and Openness of Animist Worlds Archive of SID Religious Studies Vol. 7, No. 14, March 2020 Teppe Zagheh’s Anthropomorphic Figurines and Openness of Animist Worlds * Vahid Askarpur1 (Received: 2019-08-16; Accepted: 2019-11-11) Abstract Located 60 kilometers to the south of Qazvin, Teppe Zaghe is a low area of 15-hectre breadth which has been explored during14 archeological seasons. This article is allocated to a significant set of finds on the site: anthropomorphic boot figurines. The reason for conducting this study was to test an atomistic, meticulous and objective study of a type of anthropomorphic figurines in Teppe Zagheh in relation to archeological intra-site contexts, so we can reveal the ontological meaning of the presence of boot figurines from within the contextualist study. This research merely focuses on statuettes known as boot figurines, describing them in a classified manner according to variables of size, exhibition of organs, the context of the find, sex organs, adornments, fractures and special features. The three main contexts on the site in relation to the figurines are: the totality of the location of Teppe Zagheh, the engraved monument, and the archeological guess k. To explore the meaning of the figurines within an archeological framework they were placed in the contexts of “the animist world”, “life cycle”, and “ecological relations”. The result of the research is that the anthropomorphic boot figurines in the context of the location of Teppe Zagheh in the fifth/sixth millennium BCE provided room for thinking the unthinkable. Keywords: boot figurines, animist world, Teppe Zagheh, archeology of religion. * Associate Professor, Department of Archeology and Archaeography, Islamic Art University, Tabriz, [email protected]. www.SID.ir Archive of SID ژپوهشاهی ادیانی سال هفتم، شماره چهاردهم، پاییز و زمستان 8931، ص861ـ838 پیکرکهای انسانریخت زاغه و گشودگی جهانهای آنیمی1 * وحید عسکرپور ]تاریخ دریافت: 11/60/2311؛ تاریخ پذیرش: 2311/61/16[ چکیده ت ه زاغه، واقع در شصت کیلومتری جنوب قزوین، محوطهای کمارتفاع با 20 هکتار وسعت اسات که در 20 فصا کاوش شاده است. این مقا ه به مجموعهای مهم از یافتههای این محوطاه اتتصااااص دارد که عبارتاند از: »پیکر های انساااانرییت چکمهای«. آننه نگارش این مقا ه را موجب شااده به آزمون گذاشااتن معا عهای جزل نگرانه، دقید و عین درباره گونهای از پیکر های انسااانرییت زاغه در نساابت با بافتهای باسااتانشااناتت درونمحوطهای اسات تا بتوانیم معنای هسات شاناتت حضور پیکر های چکمهای را از بعن همین معا عه بافتگرایانه نمایان کنیم. در این پژوهش صارف ًا بر پیکر های معروف به »چکمهای« تمرکز شاااده و آنها نیز بر اسااااس متغیرهای اندازه، نمایش اندامها، بافت کشااار، اندامهای جنسااا ، تزیینات، شاااکساااتگ ها و ویژگ های تاص به شاااکل طبقهبندیشاده توصایر شدهاند. سه بافت اصل این محوطه نیز در نسبت با پیکر های موضاوع معا عه عبارتاند از: کلیّت اساتقرار زاغه، بنای منقوش و گمانه باستانشناتت K. برای معناکاوی پیکر های موضاااوع معا عه در چارچوب باساااتانشاااناتت ، آنها درون زمینههای »جهان آنیم «، »چرته زندگ « و »نسبتهای بومشناتت « جای داده شدهاند. حااصااا پژوهش آنکاه، پیکر های انساااانرییت چکمهای، در بافت اساااتقرار هزاره شااشاام/پنجم زاغه، با اسااتفاده از همان قابلیتهای ما ّدی تویش، عرصااهای را برای اندیشیدن به امر نااندیشیدن فراهم کردهاند. کلیدواژهها: پیکر های چکمهای، جهان آنیم ، زاغه، باستانشناس دین. www.SID.ir * استا یاخ گروه باستانه،اس و باستانس،ج ن ادشگاه ه،ر اسمم تاریون تاریون ایران [email protected] Archive of SID پیکرکهای انسانریخت زاغه و گشودگی جهانهای آنیمی / 111 درآمد محوطیه زاغیه یک از اسیییتقراخهای پیش از تاخی هیییت قووی واقع خ فمت مراوی ایران اسیت. ای م،طقه خ ن،ون خهیته اوه الارز واقع است. از یک سو به ام،ه آن خهیته اوه و از یگر سو به هتهای پست اخل فمت ایران امتدا م یابد. تمام اسیتقراخ خ ای محوطه حدو یک هواخه بو ه و ب،ا بر واپسی دتایج ادتشاخیافتهن به وخه »ادتقال مش و سییی،گ« تعلق اخ )Fazeli & et al., 2005(. تا پیش از ای،که پژوهشهای ندید خ ای م،طقه ادجام هیو ن زاغه قدیم تری اسیتقراخ آن محسون م هدن اما پش از هی،اسیای و ااوش محوطه های اون »ااخب،ه« و »ابراهیمآبا « )فاضالی نشلی و دیگران، 4981 الف و 4981 ب( هواهدی از وخان ات تر از آن دیو پیدا هد. تپیه زاغیهن واقع خ 56 ایلومتری ن،ون قووی ن محوطیه ای اماختفیاش با 95 هکتاخ وسیعت اسیت اه خ 94 فصین ااوش هده است. دتایج تاخیخ گذاخی ارب 94 االیارهن اسیتقراخ خ آن خا میان 5936 پ.م. تا 4246 پ.م. دشان م هد )فاضلی نشلی، 4984: 91(. ب،ابرای ن خوستای زاغه خ اواخر هواخه هشم پیش از میم خ هت حاصنخیو ب،ا دتا ه هیید اه دوع محیط دیمهن،گل با خختان مت،وشن م،ابع آن و زمی های حاصیینخیو بر آن حاام بو )مﻻصالحی و دیگران، 4984: 99(. ای مقاله به مجموعهای متم از یافتههای ای محوطه اختصیییاص اخ اه عااختادد از: »پیکرکهیای ادسیییان خی یت اکمیه ای«. ابتدا عوتاهلل دگتاان مجموعه پیکرکهای مکشوف از ای محوطه خا خ قالب مقالهای م،تشر ار )9134(؛ هرا،د اثر وی صرفاد به معرف و گودههی،اسی ای مصی،وعات گِل اواک اختصاص اهتن با ای حال درام طاقیه ب،دی م،اعث از آن خا هم ،ان م توان ما،ای خسیییت برای پژوهشهای یگر خ درر آوخ . وی خ آن مقییالییه یک از ادواش پیکرکهییای ادسیییانخی ییت خا ذییین ع،وان »اکمییهای« طاقییهب،ییدی ار ه اسیییت. از لحییاظ فرمهییی،ییاخت م توان ای گروه از ادسییییانخیی ییت هییای گیِل خا تطوّخیییافتییه و بییه مروخ زمییان مسیییاییّک هییییده )اسیتیلیوه( ادسان خی تهای دشسته و زدادهای ادست اه دموده معروف از آن به »ودو سیران « هتره است )Braidwood, 1961(. تمراو اصل ای مقالهن پژوهش بافتگرایاده و www.SID.ir Archive of SID 111 / پژوهشهای ادیانی، سال هفتم، شماره چهاردهم مع،اااواده خ بان همی گودههای پیکرا صییرفاد خ محدو ه محوطه زاغه اسییت. ای پژوهش از م،رری بومهیی،اخت صییوخت م گیر . مرا از مع،اااوی خ ای،جا پر اخت به ن،اههای دما ی و ساختاخهای زباد یا استعاخههای ذه، دیست. مع،اااوی مص،وعاتن خصییلتهای خاص خو خا اخ اه بسیییاخ متفاوت اسییت با مع،اااوی واژگانن و خلط ای و با یکدیگر ممک اسیت گمراه ا،،ده باهید )برای بحث مفصیین خ ای بان دک.: Hodder, 2012; Malafouris, 2013(. از ای خو تمراو اصیییل خ ای مقییالییه بر نییایگییاه ا،شوخادهای است اه پیکرکهای اکمهای م توادست،د خ بط زددگ خوزمره ساا،ان ای خوسیتا اهیته باه،د؛ امری اه خ عمن فعال تحقق م یابدن ده خون ذه، م،ووی و بریده از نتان. خ ای مقیالیه هین گودیه ا عیای نتان هیییمول خ بان مع،ا یا ااخار پیکرکهای موضیییوش مطیالعیه مطر دم هیییو . از تعابیری دریر »اﻻهه ما خ« دیو اه بیش از همه مفاهیم فاقد مصا یق خوه و آزمونپذیردد پرهیو خواهد هد. پرسش محوخی متم خ ای مقاله ای اسیت: ادام دسیات های ادسیاد ن بوم ه،اخت ن ما ّی و مع،اه،اخت مونب دمایاد هسیت و ایسییت هیی،اخت پیکرکهای ادسییانخی ت و اکمهای زاغه خ اواخر هواخه پ،جم و اواین هواخه اتاخم پیش از میم هیده اسیت فرض اصیل آن اسیت اه ای پیکرکها خ اصین م توادست،د ابواخها و مص،وعات برای اددیشه محسون هودد اه خ هیییاکه بومهییی،اخت نتان زددگ سیییاا،ان زاغهن امکان اددیشییییدن و خیالوخزی ساحتهای خا خ زمی،ههای آیی، فراهم ا،،د اه به هیوهای یگر تحققپذیر داو . روش و دادهها الف. چارچوب نظری و روش پیکرکها محصییول گودهای ف وخزی ادسییاد هسییت،د؛ هرا،د خ ا،اخ مقداخی گِن وخز ا ههدهن ستهان اشم و ذه او برای ساخت آدتا ااف است. آدتا زاییده گیرایش )engagement( فعاﻻده هیی سییازدده با ما ّه و محیط زیسییت پیرامود خو هسییت،د.2 وقت ف وخز خ وضعیت خگیری مستقیم با هیئ باهد اه خ حال ساخت آن استن خ www.SID.ir Archive of SID پیکرکهای انسانریخت زاغه و گشودگی جهانهای آنیمی / 111 واقع خ مراو اختااط قراخ اخ اه همه ونو خمقادهاش خا با موا و محیط ادسییاد و غیرادساد پیرامودش خگیر م ا،د. پیکرک گودیه ای » سیییتسیییاخته« اسیییت. ااخبر آن به ع،وان ب شییی از هویت هسییت هیی،اخت اش معلول مصیی،وشبو ن آن اسییت. باسییتانهیی،اسیی دو و خوددگرا اه مصیی،وعات ادسیییاد خا ابواخهای برای بقای او خ درر م گیرددن پیکرک خا ب شییی از ابواخهای ایدئولوژیک خ عرصیه ی و آیی ی، محسون م ا،،د )Binford, 1962(. اما خ ای خویکر ن خو مفتوم »ابواخ« بیه امری ف، ت،وّل م ییابید و از حیطیه انتماع و فره،گ ادسیان ها ندا م هو . به هکل یگر هم م توان به ابواخ دگاه ار . اگر پیکرک ابواخ باهیید پش باید میادج گر اختااف هیی به ااخبرددهاش با ایو یا ایوهای یگر باهیید. هم ،ی ن باید بتوادد عرصییههای خا به خوی هیی بگشییاید اه تا پیش از ای مسیتوخ بو ه ادد. از همی خو ابواخها و به طوخ ال ف وخزین خصییلت بومه،اخت اخ ن زیرا خ دسیات ها خیشیه گرفته اسیت؛ حال ای دسات ها م تواد،د میان ادسان با ادسان یا ادسییان با غیرادسییان برقراخ هییودد. ب،ابرای ن اگر خ ای مقاله از خصییلت ابواخی پیکرک س به میان م آید م،روخ همی خصلت میادج گراده آن است. ادسیان ه،اس مدخن اهیای ماد،د پیکرکها خا ابواخهای م ادد اه افکاخن اددیشهها و دیتهای ادسیییانها از طریق آدتا »بازدمای « م هیییو . بازدمای ها وسییییلههای دقلیهای محسییون م هییودد اه ادسییانها از طریق آدتا آگاه ها و صییوختهای ذه، خو خا به یگران م،تقن م ا،،د. از ای خو از درر ادسیان هی،اسان انتماع )ماندد دورکهایم، 4314( و ادسییانهیی،اسییان فره،گ )ماندد کﻻکهون و کروبر، 4344(ن بازدمو های ذه، واقعیتهای بیرود هست،د اه به آن »فره،گ« م گوییم.
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