Hormones, Simulated Microgravity and Hypergravity Affect Bone and Other Physiological Systems in Zebrafish

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Hormones, Simulated Microgravity and Hypergravity Affect Bone and Other Physiological Systems in Zebrafish University of Liège Faculty of Science Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée Département des Sciences de la Vie Laboratoire d’Organogénèse et Régénération Hormones, Simulated Microgravity and Hypergravity affect Bone and other Physiological Systems in Zebrafish Larvae By Jessica Aceto A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Life sciences) Academic year 2014-2015 Thesis Supervisor: Professor Marc Muller Acknowledgement - Remerciements Je voudrais remercier le Professeur Martial de m’avoir accueillie au sein de son laboratoire, pour ses encouragements et sa positivité. Je remercie tout particulièrement mon Promoteur Marc Muller de m’avoir donné l’opportunité de réaliser ce doctorat au sein de son équipe et d’avoir cru en moi du début jusqu’à la fin de la concrétisation de cette thèse. De m’avoir permis de m’ouvrir au monde par les congrès et collaborations qui m’ont énormément appris scientifiquement, permis de m’affirmer et de prendre confiance en moi. Je tiens aussi à remercier les membres de l’équipe zebrafish, tous ces collègues qui m’ont permis de réaliser la transition entre le monde des études et le monde professionnel. Un peu trop nombreux pour tous les citer. Mais chacun à leur manière m’ont apporté, au quotidien, un nouveau point de vue sur la manière de travailler et d’évoluer au sein du labo. Une attention toute particulière pour remercier Marie Winandy qui a toujours pu trouver des solutions pour mes commandes poissons assez particulières ou de dernière minute. De même, un grand merci aux étudiants que j’ai eu l’occasion d’encadrer et avec qui j’ai pu grandir en expérience aussi. I would like to thanks all the collaborators from the ESA MAP projects. Especially, Dr. Peter Aleström, Dr. Rasoul Nourizadeh-Lillabadi from Oslo and Dr. Jack van Loon from Amsterdam, for making me so welcome in their lab, their good advices and the rich scientific experience. As well Dr. Janette A.M. Maier and Dr. Massimo Mariotti from Milan, to welcome and integrate me in their lab. De même, j’adresse un merci tout particulier aux bioinformaticiens Raphaël Marée, Olivier Stern et Nathalie Jeanray, ainsi qu’à Nadia Dardenne, statisticienne de l’Unité de soutien méthodes en Biostatistique et Epidémiologie de l’ULG. Toutes ces personnes ont participé et rendu possible l’analyse de toutes ces photos de zebrafish aussi bien qualitativement que quantitativement. Je voudrais dire un tout grand et énorme merci à tous les gens extérieur au labo qui m’ont soutenu, évidemment je veux parler de mes ami(e)s et mes parents. Je commencerais par mes ami(e)s ; Marie-Line, Bernard, Valérie, Geoffroy, Tsvetie, Christel, Nicole et tous les autres que je n’ai pas cité. Tous ont su être à l’écoute, présent, réconfortant et motivant pour que je puisse aboutir à la fin de ce travail. Une pensée avec un grand merci à ma marraine et ses filles qui ont toujours eu des pensées positives pour moi, même de loin. Et finalement, le plus grand merci est destiné tout naturellement à mes parents pour m’avoir soutenue, re- soutenue et re re-soutenue jusqu’au bout. Cela n’a pas été rose tous les jours… Malgré cela, j’ai pu compter sur leur compréhension et présence. Ils ont toujours respecté mes choix et même en période de doutes, ils m’ont toujours encouragée à ne pas perdre mes objectifs de vue. Table of contents 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviation list...............................................................................................4 Introduction.....................................................................................................6 Foreword......................................................................................................... 6 1. Microgravity and its effects on humans in space............................................................ 7 2. Skeleton development in vertebrates.............................................................................. 9 2.1. Cartilage................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Cartilage development................................................................................. 9 2.1.2 Different cartilage type............................................................................... 10 2.2. Bone and its development.......................................................................................11 2.2.1. Endochondral ossification...........................................................................12 2.2.2. Intramembranous ossification.....................................................................13 2.1. Bone remodeling......................................................................................................... 14 2.3.1 Osteoblasts formation and development into osteocytes........................... 14 2.3.1.1 Some important ossification genes................................................ 15 2.3.2 Osteoclasts................................................................................................. 21 2.3.3 Bone turnover............................................................................................ 22 2.2. Systemic bone regulation........................................................................................... 24 2.2.1. Parathyroid hormone................................................................................. 24 2.2.2. Vitamin D3................................................................................................ 25 2.2.3. Calcium homeostasis by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D3............... 26 2.3. Osteoporosis.............................................................................................................. 27 2.4. Astronaut’s osteoporosis............................................................................................ 30 3. Microgravity and hypergravity simulation experiments.............................................. 33 3.1. Clinostat..................................................................................................................... 33 3.2. Random Positioning Machine.................................................................................... 35 3.3. Rotating Wall Vessel.................................................................................................. 36 3.4. Large Diameter Centrifuge......................................................................................... 36 4. Zebrafish advantages and use as model for genomics analysis.................................... 37 4.1. Genome...................................................................................................................... 37 4.2. Duplication and Conservation.................................................................................... 37 5. Zebrafish as bone model............................................................................................... 38 5.1. General structure ....................................................................................................... 38 5.2. Cartilage development................................................................................................ 40 5.3. Bone development...................................................................................................... 41 5.4. PTH, VitD3 and calcium homeostasis....................................................................... 44 6. Zebrafish as model to study effect of altered gravity................................................... 46 7. Principal objectives of this study.................................................................................. 47 Table of contents 2 Results........................................................................................................... 49 Chapter 1: Head skeletal development and gene expression modulation upon drug treatments. 1. Effects of drug treatments on head skeletal formation.................................................. 49 2. Modification of gene expression upon drug treatment.................................................. 58 3. Whole genome analysis of gene expression modulation by drugs................................ 60 4. Conclusions................................................................................................................... 67 Chapter 1bis: Function of the Sox4 transcription factors in skeletal development. 1. Sox4 genes in mice and zebrafish................................................................................. 70 2. Expression pattern of sox4a and sox4b......................................................................... 70 3. Expression of sox4a and sox4b during development and upon PTH and VitD3treatment.......................................................................................................................72 4. Conclusions................................................................................................................... 72 Chapter 2: Head skeletal development and gene expression modulation upon microgravity simulators. 1. Head skeletal development and gene expression modulation upon microgravity simulators..................................................................................................................... 74 2. Effects of simulated microgravity on cartilage and bone formation............................. 74 3. Effects of simulated microgravity on stress in larvae................................................... 80 4.
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