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Investigations Into the Presence of Nidoviruses in Pythons Silvia Blahak1, Maria Jenckel2,3, Dirk Höper2, Martin Beer2, Bernd Hoffmann2 and Kore Schlottau2*
Blahak et al. Virology Journal (2020) 17:6 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-020-1279-5 RESEARCH Open Access Investigations into the presence of nidoviruses in pythons Silvia Blahak1, Maria Jenckel2,3, Dirk Höper2, Martin Beer2, Bernd Hoffmann2 and Kore Schlottau2* Abstract Background: Pneumonia and stomatitis represent severe and often fatal diseases in different captive snakes. Apart from bacterial infections, paramyxo-, adeno-, reo- and arenaviruses cause these diseases. In 2014, new viruses emerged as the cause of pneumonia in pythons. In a few publications, nidoviruses have been reported in association with pneumonia in ball pythons and a tiger python. The viruses were found using new sequencing methods from the organ tissue of dead animals. Methods: Severe pneumonia and stomatitis resulted in a high mortality rate in a captive breeding collection of green tree pythons. Unbiased deep sequencing lead to the detection of nidoviral sequences. A developed RT-qPCR was used to confirm the metagenome results and to determine the importance of this virus. A total of 1554 different boid snakes, including animals suffering from respiratory diseases as well as healthy controls, were screened for nidoviruses. Furthermore, in addition to two full-length sequences, partial sequences were generated from different snake species. Results: The assembled full-length snake nidovirus genomes share only an overall genome sequence identity of less than 66.9% to other published snake nidoviruses and new partial sequences vary between 99.89 and 79.4%. Highest viral loads were detected in lung samples. The snake nidovirus was not only present in diseased animals, but also in snakes showing no typical clinical signs. -
A Rapid Survey of Online Trade in Live Birds and Reptiles in The
S H O R T R E P O R T 0ൾඍඁඈൽඌ A rapid online survey was undertaken EHWZHHQDQG)HEUXDU\ GD\V DSSUR[LPDWHO\KRXUVVXUYH\GD\ RQ pre-selected Facebook groups specializing in the trade of live pets. Ten groups each for reptiles and birds were selected based on trading activities in the previous six months. The survey was carried out during ZHHN GD\V 0RQGD\ WR )ULGD\ E\ JRLQJ through each advertisement posted in A rapid survey of online trade in the groups. Information, including that live birds and reptiles in the Philippines relating to species, quantity, and asking HYDROSAURUS PUSTULATUS WWF / URS WOY WOY WWF / URS PUSTULATUS HYDROSAURUS SULFH ZDV QRWHG 6SHFLHV ZHUH LGHQWL¿HG Report by Cristine P. Canlas, Emerson Y. Sy, to the lowest taxonomic level whenever and Serene Chng possible. Taxonomy follows Gill and 'RQVNHU IRU ELUGV DQG 8HW] et al. IRUUHSWLOHV7KHDXWKRUVFDOFXODWHG ,ඇඍඋඈൽඎർඍංඈඇ WKH WRWDO SRWHQWLDO YDOXH R൵HUHG IRU ELUGV and reptiles based on prices indicated he Philippines is the second largest archipelago in the world by traders. Advertisements that did not comprising 7641 islands and is both a mega-biodiverse specify prices were assigned the lowest country for harbouring wildlife species found nowhere known price for each taxon. Valuations in else in the world, and one of eight biodiversity hotspots this report were based on a conversion rate having a disproportionate number of species threatened with RI86' 3+3 $QRQ ,WLV ,//8675$7,213+,/,33,1(6$,/),1/,=$5' TH[WLQFWLRQIXUWKHULWKDVVRPHRIWKHKLJKHVWUDWHVRIHQGHPLFLW\LQWKH not always possible during online surveys world (Myers et al 7KHLOOHJDOZLOGOLIHWUDGHLVRQHRIWKHPDLQ WRYHULI\WKDWDOOR൵HUVDUHJHQXLQH UHDVRQVEHKLQGVLJQL¿FDQWGHFOLQHVRIVRPHZLOGOLIHSRSXODWLRQVLQ$VLD LQFOXGLQJWKH3KLOLSSLQHV $QRQ6RGKLet al1LMPDQDQG 5ൾඌඎඅඍඌ 6KHSKHUG'LHVPRVet al5DRet al 7KHWildlife Act of 2001 (Republic Act No. -
AC27 Inf. 17 (Rev.1) (English Only / Únicamente En Inglés / Seulement En Anglais)
AC27 Inf. 17 (Rev.1) (English only / únicamente en inglés / seulement en anglais) CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________ Twenty-seventh meeting of the Animals Committee Veracruz (Mexico), 28 April – 3 May 2014 INSPECTION MANUAL FOR USE IN COMMERCIAL REPTILE BREEDING FACILITIES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 1. The attached information document has been submitted by the Secretariat and has been prepared by TRAFFIC* in relation to agenda item 9. * The geographical designations employed in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CITES Secretariat or the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for the contents of the document rests exclusively with its author. AC27 Doc. 17 (Rev.1) – p. 1 Inspection Manual for use in Commercial Reptile Breeding Facilities in Southeast Asia EU- CITES Capacity - building project N o . S - 408 2013 CITES Secretariat About the EU-CITES Capacity-building project The project Strengthening CITES implementation capacity of developing countries to ensure sustainable wildlife management and non-detrimental trade was approved for funding by the European Union in 2009. A major challenge for many countries is the difficulty in meeting the requirements for trade in CITES-listed species, ranging from legal sourcing and sustainability requirements, to the effective control of legal trade and deterrence of illegal trade. Mechanisms exist in CITES and in both exporting and importing countries that promote and facilitate compliance – although Parties are often hampered by a lack of capacity or a lack of current biological or trade information with respect to certain species. -
The Distribution of the Green Python (Morelia Viridis) in Australia
The Distribution of the Green Python (Morelia viridis) in Australia A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy By Daniel Natusch School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science University of New South Wales November 2010 Distribution of the green python in Australia 2 ORIGINALITY STATEMENT I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged. Daniel James Deans Natusch November 2010 Distribution of the green python in Australia 3 ABSTRACT The green python (Morelia viridis) is an iconic snake species that is highly sought after in the captive pet trade and therefore the target of illegal collection. Despite their popularity and an increase in wildlife conservation in recent years, some important ecological attributes of green pythons remain unknown. This makes their effective conservation management difficult. The aim of this research was to determine the detailed distribution, relative abundance and demographic status of the green python in Cape York Peninsula, Australia. -
G Iant Snakes
Copyrighted Material Some pages are omitted from this book preview. Giant Snakes Giant Giant Snakes A Natural History John C. Murphy & Tom Crutchfield Snakes, particularly venomous snakes and exceptionally large constricting snakes, have haunted the human brain for a millennium. They appear to be responsible for our excellent vision, as well as the John C. Murphy & Tom Crutchfield & Tom C. Murphy John anxiety we feel. Despite the dangers we faced in prehistory, snakes now hold clues to solving some of humankind’s most debilitating diseases. Pythons and boas are capable of eating prey that is equal to more than their body weight, and their adaptations for this are providing insight into diabetes. Fascination with snakes has also drawn many to keep them as pets, including the largest species. Their popularity in the pet trade has led to these large constrictors inhabiting southern Florida. This book explores what we know about the largest snakes, how they are kept in captivity, and how they have managed to traverse ocean barriers with our help. Copyrighted Material Some pages are omitted from this book preview. Copyrighted Material Some pages are omitted from this book preview. Giant Snakes A Natural History John C. Murphy & Tom Crutchfield Copyrighted Material Some pages are omitted from this book preview. Giant Snakes Copyright © 2019 by John C. Murphy & Tom Cructhfield All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America First Printing March 2019 ISBN 978-1-64516-232-2 Paperback ISBN 978-1-64516-233-9 Hardcover Published by: Book Services www.BookServices.us ii Copyrighted Material Some pages are omitted from this book preview. -
Constrictor Snake Incidents
constrictor snake incidents Seventeen people have died from large constrictor snake related incidents in the United States since 1978—12 just since 1990—including one person who suffered a heart attack during a violent struggle with his python and a woman who died from a Salmonella infection. Scores of adults and children have been injured during attacks by these deadly predators. Children, parents, and authorities are finding released or escaped pet pythons, boa constrictors, and anacondas all over the country, where they endanger communities, threaten ecosystems, and in many cases suffer tragic deaths. Following is a partial list of incidents, organized by various categories, involving constrictor snakes that have been reported in 45 states. Contents Read more Dangerous incidents Children and teenagers attacked or sickened by constrictor involving constrictor snakes snakes skyrocket Four babies sleeping in their cribs, as well as three other children have been squeezed to death by large constrictor snakes. Youngsters have 3 been attacked while playing in their yards, compressed to the point of unconsciousness, nearly blinded when bitten in the face, and suffered numerous other painful, traumatic, and disfiguring injuries. 34 incidents. Adults, other than the snake owner or caretaker, attacked or sickened by constrictor snakes Unsuspecting people have been attacked by escaped or released constrictor snakes while tending to their gardens, sleeping in their beds, 8 or protecting children and pets playing in their yards. One woman discovered an 8-foot python, who later bit an animal trapper she called, in her washing machine. 17 incidents. Owners and caretakers attacked by constrictor snakes Experienced reptile handlers and novices alike have been attacked by constrictor snakes, including an 8-month pregnant woman who feared both her and her baby were being killed by their pet snake and an elderly man on blood thinners who suffered dozens of deep puncture 11 wounds. -
Annotated Checklist of the Recent and Extinct Pythons (Serpentes, Pythonidae), with Notes on Nomenclature, Taxonomy, and Distribution
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeysAnnotated 66: 29–79 (2010)checklist of the recent and extinct pythons (Serpentes, Pythonidae), with notes on... 29 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.66.683 CATALOGUE www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Annotated checklist of the recent and extinct pythons (Serpentes, Pythonidae), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy, and distribution Wulf D. Schleip1, Mark O’Shea2,3 1 Fichtenweg 11, 53340 Meckenheim, Germany 2 Australian Venom Research Unit, Dept. Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Vic., 3010, Australia 3 Reptile Department, West Midland Safari Park, Bewdley, Worcs., DY12 1LF, United Kingdom Corresponding authors : Wulf D. Schleip ( [email protected] ), Mark O’Shea ( [email protected] ) Academic editor: Hans-Dieter Sues | Received 11 December 2009 | Accepted 22 September 2010 | Published 4 November 2010 Citation: Schleip WD, O’Shea M (2010) Annotated checklist of the recent and extinct pythons (Serpentes, Pythonidae), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy, and distribution. ZooKeys 66 : 29 – 79 . doi: 10.3897/zookeys.66.683 Abstract McDiarmid et al. (1999) published the fi rst part of their planned taxonomic catalog of the snakes of the world. Since then, several new python taxa have been described in both the scientifi c literature and non- peer-reviewed publications. Th is checklist evaluates the nomenclatural status of the names and discusses the taxonomic status of the new taxa, and aims to continue the work of McDiarmid et al. (1999) for the family Pythonidae, covering the period 1999 to 2010. Numerous new taxa are listed, and where appropri- ate recent synonymies are included and annotations are made. A checklist and a taxonomic identifi cation key of valid taxa are provided. -
AMPHIBIAN and REPTILE TRADE in TEXAS: CURRENT STATUS and TRENDS a Thesis by HEATHER LEE PRESTRIDGE Submitted to the Office of Gr
AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE TRADE IN TEXAS: CURRENT STATUS AND TRENDS A Thesis by HEATHER LEE PRESTRIDGE Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 2009 Major Subject: Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE TRADE IN TEXAS: CURRENT STATUS AND TRENDS A Thesis by HEATHER LEE PRESTRIDGE Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved by: Chair of Committee, Lee A. Fitzgerald Committee Members, James R. Dixon Toby J. Hibbitts Ulrike Gretzel Head of Department, Thomas E. Lacher August 2009 Major Subject: Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences iii ABSTRACT Amphibian and Reptile Trade in Texas: Current Status and Trends. (August 2009) Heather Lee Prestridge, B.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Lee A. Fitzgerald The non-game wildlife trade poses a risk to our natural landscape, natural heritage, economy, and security. Specifically, the trade in non-game reptiles and amphibians exploits native populations, and is likely not sustainable for many species. Exotic amphibian and reptile species pose risk of invasion and directly or indirectly alter the native landscape. The extent of non-game amphibian and reptile trade is not fully understood and is poorly documented. To quantitatively describe the trade in Texas, I solicited data from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service’s (USFWS) Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS) and Texas Parks and Wildlife Department’s (TPWD) non-game dealer permits. -
Green Tree Python Morelia Viridis Care Sheet
Green Tree Python Morelia viridis Care Sheet www.thetdi.com Average Size 4 - 6 feet long Average Lifespan 20+ years Diet Green Tree Pythons are strict carnivores. They can eat either frozen or live prey items. Babies will start with new born pinky mice. An adult will eat adult mice. When feeding frozen prey, be sure the prey is thawed thoroughly. When feeding live prey, be sure to monitor the feeding to prevent the prey from attacking the snake. Feeding Feed babies 1 - 2 times a week. At 2 - 3 months of age you can reduce to once weekly. Adults can eat weekly, although some keepers feed every other week. The prey size should equal the largest part of the snake’s body in girth. Housing Habitat - Green Tree Pythons come from New Guinea and the North Eastern Rain Forest of Australia. In the wild they are found primarily perched in trees. Keep the cage warm and humid and provide plenty of branches for climbing and basking. Green Tree Pythons are best kept alone, although some people keep them in groups. If housed together snakes should be of similar size to avoid injury. Breeders generally keep Green Tree Pythons in separate enclosures until breeding time. At that point, the breeder will house the snakes together. Size - Green Tree Pythons are a tree dwelling snake, and their cage should reflect a tree dwelling environment. An adult must have a minimum cage size of 36” Long x 18” Deep x 16” High, although many keepers prefer a larger cage. Babies can start in 10-gallon tanks. -
Morelia Viridis
Morelia viridis The green tree python (Morelia viridis), is a species of python native to New Guinea, islands in Indonesia, and Cape York Peninsula in Australia. Described by Hermann Schlegelin 1872, it was known for many years as Chondropython viridis. As its name suggests, it is a bright green snake that can reach 2 m in length and 1.6 kg in weight, with females slightly larger and heavier than males. Living generally in trees, the green tree python mainly hunts and eats small reptiles and mammals. It is a popular pet, and numbers in the wild have suffered with large-scale smuggling of wild-caught green tree pythons in Indonesia. Despite this, the green tree python is rated as least concern on the IUCN Red List of endangered species. Scientific Classification Kingdom: Anamalia Phylum: Cordata Taxonomy Class: Reptilia German naturalist Hermann Schlegel described the green tree Order: Squamata python in 1872 as Python viridis,[3] from two specimens collected Suborder: Serpentes in the Aru Islands of Indonesia.[4] His countryman Adolf Bernhard Family: Pythondae Meyer erected the genus Chondropython (though recognised Geunus Morelia similarity to Morelia) and described the green tree python [5] Species M.Viridis as Chondropython azureus in 1874, from a specimen collected in "Kordo", later determined to be Korido on Biak Island. This [6] was destroyed in World War II. French naturalist Henri Émile Binomial Name Sauvage described Chondropython pulcher from a specimen Morelia viridis from Mansinam Island, Irian Jaya. (Schlegel, 1872 For many years, the green tree python was classified as the only species of the genus Chondropython, with the binomial name C. -
Green Tree Python.Indd
Green Tree Python R Morelia viridis ept il e Scientifi c Name Morelia viridis Other Names None Range Papua New Guinea, northern Australia, Indonesia Habitat Tropical rain forests, swamps and cultivated lands Average Size Length: 5 – 7 ft. Weight: 1 ½ - 3 lbs. Behavior Description Almost exclusively arboreal, the Green tree python spends most of the day Long, slender snake in various shades of curled over the branches high in the trees with its head resting on its coils. green with broken stripes of white or yellow It has developed a strong, prehensile tail that assists with holding tightly down the back to the smaller branches and allows this prolonged draping posture. They have been documented, however, spending the daylight hours hidden in a Lifespan secure location on the ground and even hunting on the ground. In the wild: 10 years This nocturnal python is an aggressive hunter, using thermo sensory pits In captivity: 20 years (heat sensors) on its jaw to track warm blooded prey. They are known to utilize strategy while hunting, wiggling their tail to attract curious animals Diet within grabbing distance. Greatly enlarged front teeth allow the Green tree In the wild: Birds, lizards and mammals python to hold tightly onto birds and other fast moving prey. In captivity: Rats and mice Reproduction and Breeding The Green tree python is able to mate and lay eggs throughout the year, Incubation but breeding season is generally August through December with egg laying 45 – 52 days from November to February. The eggs are laid in a tree hole or amongst Sexual Maturity tree roots on the ground, with the female staying to wrap her coils around 3 years of age the eggs to raise the temperature with tiny, muscle contractions. -
Whole Final 1 July 2018 Automatisch Gespeichert
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences University of Hohenheim Institute of Animal Science (460) Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene (460e) Establishment of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction methods for the detection of newly described RNA viruses in reptiles: picornaviruses in tortoises, reptarenaviruses in snakes, and sunshinevirus in snakes. Dissertation Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree “Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften” (Dr. sc. Agrar./ Ph.D. in Agricultural Sciences) to the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Presented by Tara H. Aqrawi B.Sc. biol., M.Sc. agr. Stuttgart 2018 Supervisor: PD Dr. Rachel E. Marschang, Dip ECZM (herpetology), FTÄ Mikrobiologie, ZB Reptilien Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG Steubenstr. 4 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany This dissertation has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree “Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften” (Dr. sc. Agrar. / Ph.D. in Agricultural Sciences) to the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Date of oral exam: 18 th July 2018 Examination committee: PD Dr. Rachel E. Marschang PD Dr. Petra Kölle Prof. Dr. Ludwig Hölzle Vice-Dean and Head of the examination committee: Prof. Dr. Andrea Knierim Publications Part of the research work described in this doctoral thesis has been published in the following papers: • Marschang RE, Ihász K, Kugler R, Lengyel G, Fehér E, Marton S, Bányai K, Aqrawi T, Farkas SL. 2016: Development of a consensus reverse transcription PCR assay for the specific detection of tortoise picornaviruses. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 28(3) 309 –314. • Aqrawi T, Stöhr AC, Knauf-Witzens T, Krengel A, Heckers KO, Marschang RE. 2015: Identification of snake arenaviruses in live boas and pythons in a zoo in Germany.