Perbandingan Peranan Wanita Dan Proses Politik Di Malaysia-Jepun: Halangan Dan Prospek

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Perbandingan Peranan Wanita Dan Proses Politik Di Malaysia-Jepun: Halangan Dan Prospek POLITIK GENDER: PERBANDINGAN PERANAN WANITA DAN PROSES POLITIK DI MALAYSIA-JEPUN: HALANGAN DAN PROSPEK Khairunnisa Ahmad Hamidi [email protected], [email protected] Zakaria Mustafa Department of East Asian Studies Faculty Art and Social Sciences University Of Malaya [email protected] ABSTRAK Pada tahun 1940-an, pergerakan wanita di Malaysia sebelum mencapai kemerdekaan lebih menjurus ke arah perjuangan menuntut kemerdekaan dan menjaga kebajikan kaum ibu Malaya. Perjuangan wanita di Jepun sebelum Perang Dunia Kedua lebih menjurus dalam aspek kesamarataan dan kebebasan bersuara di samping menjaga kebajikan kaum wanita di Jepun. Selepas kemerdekaan Malaysia, peluang luas terbuka kepada wanita untuk terlibat dalam politik. Pilihan Raya Umum pertama pada tahun 1959 telah menyaksikan kemenangan kerusi parlimen Jitra dan Padang Terap yang di wakili oleh Ibu Zain dan Fatimah Hashim. Kemenangan ini menggalakkan lebih ramai wanita terlibat dalam politik dan bertanding dalam pilihan raya. Takako Doi pencetus era ‘madonna boom’ telah mengubah corak politik wanita di Jepun selepas kerajaan Jepun menandatangani CEDAW sebagai jaminan bahawa kesamarataan gender di Jepun di perbaharui dan wanita mendapat peluang sepenuhnya untuk bersuara bagi menjaga kebajikan mereka. Perbandingan peranan wanita Malaysia dan Jepun dalam politik dipengaruhi oleh sistem pengurusan dan pentadbiran politik di kedua-dua Negara. Kajian artikel ini dibangunkan dengan kaedah penyelidikan kualitatif dengan mengkaji status dan peranan wanita dalam politik, usaha yang dilakukan oleh mereka untuk memperkasakan politik wanita, mengenalpasti masalah dan halangan yang di hadapi oleh wanita dalam usaha untuk mengambil bahagian dalam politik dan akhir sekali mencadangkan langkah-langkah yang mungkin bagi memperkasakan peranan wanita dalam politik di kedua Negara. Ramalan awal kajian memperlihatkan wujud perbandingan kedua-dua negara terhadap peranan wanita dalam politik. Namun, perbandingan tersebut menunjukkan kecenderungan yang sedikit berbeza berdasarkan faktor sejarah, latar belakang penglibatan wanita dalam politik, aspek agama dan perspektif masyarakat setempat. Kata Kunci: Peranan Wanita Dalam Politik, Proses Politik Wanita, Halangan dalam Politik, Prospek dan Langkah-Langkah bagi Memperkasakan Peranan Wanita dalam Politik ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ICSSR E-JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2013 (e-ISSN: 2289-4977) 266 PENGENALAN Sejarah politik wanita di Jepun telah mula berkembang dan bergiat aktif selepas Perang Dunia kedua pada tahun 1946 selepas pihak bersekutu memberi kebebasan kepada golongan wanita untuk terlibat dalam proses pemilihan sekaligus melibatkan diri dalam bidang politik.1Namun, posisi dan peranan wanita Jepun telah jauh berubah jika dibandingkan dengan keadaan sebelum perang. Boleh diklasifikasikan bahawa golongan wanita semasa zaman feudal, fungsi dan peranan mereka sangat berbeza dimana pada awal pemerintahan sistem beraja Jepun sekitar awal abad ke-enam wanita pernah menjadi pemimpin sehinggalah ia dijatuhkan fungsinya pada akhir abad ke-lapan. Kemudian peranan wanita mula dipersoalkan apabila kaum lelaki diutamakan dalam sistem kekeluargaan mahupun dalam aspek politik dan pemerintahan.Hal ini mula di pertikaikan hak kesamarataan antara wanita dan lelaki pada awal abad ke-20. Semasa Perang Dunia Pertama (1914-1918) dan Perang Dunia Kedua (1941-1945) wanita ketika ini dikerah melakukan pelbagai tugasan antaranya menjadi buruh di kilang dan sawah padi memandangkan ketika ini Jepun mengalami masalah ekonomi dan perlu memberi bekalan makanan kepada golongan tentera.2Namun ada juga golongan wanita yang bangkit mempertahakan hak mereka iaitu pada tahun 1911, artikel mengenai “Wanita Baru” ditulis dalam majalah Seitosha (せいとしゃ) yang diterbitkan oleh Reicho Hiratsuka membincangkan tentang masalah wanita. Manakala pada tahun 1919 pula Hiratsuka juga telah bekerjasama dengan Fusae Ichikawa telah menubuhkan “New Women Association” (しんふじんきょかい) yang memperjuangkan hak wanita dalam politik dan penghapusan undang-undang wanita terhadap politik3. Selepas Jepun kalah dalam Perang Dunia Kedua, pihak bersekutu telah menduduki Jepun.Di bawah pemerintahan Amerika, wanita boleh membaiki kedudukan mereka. Hal ini ada dinyatakan dalam Artikel 14 dan 15 dimana tiada diskriminasi dalam politik, sosial, ekonomi terhadap bangsa, jantina, pangkat dan keturunan serta hak kesamarataan antara lelaki dan perempuan.4Buat pertama kalinya pada tahun 1946 wanita mendapat hak untuk terlibat dalam pemilihan pilihan raya dan hak mengundi. Sejak wanita memperolehi hak pemilihan pada tahun 1945, terdapat 20 pemilihan untuk Dewan Pilihan Raya (DPR) dan 18 untuk Majlis. Jumlah wanita dalam pemilihan tersebut telah melebihi pemilih dari pihak lelaki hampir setiap pemilihan sejak tahun 1968. Terdapat 68 ahli wanita dalam Diet pada Julai 1999 (9,0% dari jumlah keseluruhan), 25 di DPR (5.0%) dan 43 dalam Majlis (17.1%).5Dalam Ahli 1 Endah H. Wulandari. (2008) MANABU: Journal of Japanese Studies, Representasi Perempuan Dalam Institusi Politik Jepang, Volume.2 No.2, May 2008. Halaman 53. 2 Berstein Gail Lee. (1991) Recreating Japanese Women, 1600-1945, Berkeley: University Of California Press. Halaman 209. 3Endah H. Wulandari. (2008) MANABU: Journal of Japanese Studies, Representasi Perempuan Dalam Institusi Politik Jepang, Volume.2 No.2, May 2008. Halaman 53. 4 Berstein Gail Lee. (1991) Recreating Japanese Women, 1600-1945, Berkeley: University Of California Press. Halaman 16. 5http://www.gender.go.jp/english_contents/women2000/s2.html. Diakses pada 20 March 2010. ICSSR E-JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2013 (e-ISSN: 2289-4977) 267 Majlis Penasihat Wanita Jepun, jumlah wanita yang berada dalam dewan ini ialah 54 orang. Manakala Ahli Majlis Perwakilan Jepun seramai 52 orang. Pada peringkat awal penglibatan wanita dalam politik, antara tahun 1960 dan 1970, kemasukan wanita dalam Dewan Undangan (Lower House) dan Dewan Perwakilan (Upper House) dilihat kurang mendapat sokongan yang baik daripada parti politik , LDP (Liberal Demokatik Parti). Hal ini dapat dilihat apabila jumlah wanita dalam Dewan Rakyat iaitu Dewan Undangan menurun secara radikal semenjak pilihanraya tahun 1949 hingga 1990.Namun begitu, pada tahun 1989, peratusan wanita dipilih dalam Dewan Perwakilan telah meningkat daripada 8.8% kepada 13.1%. Peningkatan ini juga mungkin disebabkan oleh pengaruh politik Takako Doi dari JSP (Japan Socialist Party ) yang mulai masuk dalam parti tersebut pada tahun 1986. Walaupun wanita melebihi 50% blok pengundi dalam kedua Dewan pada tahun 1989, namun peratusannya masih tidak seimbang berbanding dengan pengundi lelaki. Hal ini dapat dilihat dalam gambar rajah 1 dibawah dimana kaum lelaki masih dominan dalam politik dan pentadbiran di Jepun walaupun Jepun adalah sebuah Negara yang maju abad ini. Rajah 1 Merujuk jadual 1, penglibatan wanita dalam parlimen turut merekodkan jumlah yang tidak sekata setiap tahun semenjak biro kesaksamaan gender di tubuhkan pada tahun 1994. Namun dari segi ranking, tahun 2000 menunjukkan Jepun di tahap yang selesa di tangga ke 78 berbanding dengan tahun- tahun selepasnya yang mana ranking wanita dalam parlimen di Jepun semakin jatuh ke bawah sehingga berada di tangga ke 106 pada tahun 2011. Pada tahun 2004, Ibu Pejabat bagi Kesaksamaan Gender telah dibuhkan di bawah kabinet Jepun. Dalam tempoh yang sama, Pejabat dan Majlis Kesaksamaan Gender juga ditubuhkan dibawah perintah jemaah menteri di Pejabat Perdana Menteri. Objektif utama pejabat dan majlis bagi kesaksamaan gender ditubuhkan adalah untuk menggalakkan lebih ramai wanita terlibat dalam proses pembuat keputusan dasar di samping mencapai tujuan utamanya iaitu ‘mencapai kadar penyertaan wanita dalam politik 20% sebelum akhir tahun kewangan 2000’. Merujuk kepada jadual 2, objektif ini tercapai apabila pada 31 Mac 2000, peratusan ahli jawatankuasa wanita telah mencapai sehingga 20.4% dan meningkat sebanyak 0.05% pada 30 September 2000. Inisiatif dan desakan yang dibuat pada Mei 1996 oleh pihak ibu pejabat bagi promosi kesaksamaan gender telah menggalakkan wanita untuk terlibat dan menjadi ahli politik dan ahli majlis di Jepun. ICSSR E-JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2013 (e-ISSN: 2289-4977) 268 Japanese Women In National Parliaments Lower or Single House Upper House or Senate Year Rank Elections Seats* Women %W Elections Seats* Women %W 2011 106 8 2009 480 52 10.8 7 2010 242 45 18.6 2010 95 8 2009 480 54 11.3 7 2010 242 42 17.4 2009 104 8 2009 480 54 11.3 7 2007 242 44 18.2 2008 105 9 2005 480 45 9.4 7 2007 242 44 18.2 2007 99 9 2005 480 45 9.4 7 2002 242 35 14.5 2006 105 9 2005 480 45 9.4 07 2004 242 34 14.0 2005 99 9 2005 480 43 9.0 07 2004 242 33 14.0 2004 99 11 2003 480 34 7.1 07 2004 242 38 13.6 2003 97 11 2003 480 34 7.1 07 2001 247 38 15.4 2002 96 06 2000 480 35 7.3 07 2001 247 38 15.4 2001 86 06 2000 480 35 7.3 07 2001 247 38 15.4 2000 78 06 2000 480 35 7.3 07 1998 252 43 17.1 1999 89 10 1996 500 23 4.6 07 1998 252 43 17.1 1998 86 10 1996 500 23 4.6 07 1995 252 35 13.9 1997 79 10 1996 500 23 4.6 07 1995 252 35 13.9 Jadual 16 * Figure correspondent to the number of seats currently filled in parliament Promotion of appointments of women as Council members Number of Total Number of Number of Percentage of Councils Members Female Members Female Members of the Total 1980/06/01 199 4,504 186 4.1 1985/06/01 206 4,664 255 5.5 1988/03/31 203 4,509 297 6.6 1989/03/31 203 4,511 304 6.7 1990/03/31 204 5,559 359 7.9 1991/03/31 203 4,433 398 9.0 1992/03/31 200 4,497 432 9.6 1993/03/31 203 4,560 472 10.4 6http://wwwipu.org/wmn-e/arc/classif301111.htm. Diakses pada 01 Mac 2012. ICSSR E-JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2013 (e-ISSN: 2289-4977) 269 1994/03/31 200 4,478 507 11.3 1995/03/31 203 4,496 589 13.1 1996/03/31 205 4,511 699 15.5 1997/03/31 209 4,532 751 16.6 1998/03/31 206 4,441 782 17.6 1999/03/31 202 4,354 812 18.6 2000/03/31 199 4,201 857 20.4 Jadual 27 Lewat tahun 1950an, dalam konteks pembangunan negara, wanita masih dianggap sebagai surirumah, isteri dan ibu sahaja.
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