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Optimization Models for the Expansion of Airport Networks

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Optimization Models for the Expansion of Airport Networks Diana Rita Ramos Jorge OPTIMIZATION AND SIMULATION OF ONE-WAY CARSHARING OPERATIONS PhD Thesis in Doctoral Program in Transport Systems supervised by Professor Gonçalo Correia and Professor Cynthia Barnhart, presented to the Department of Civil Engineering of the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of Coimbra September 2014 [Page Intentionally Left Blank] To my mother [Page Intentionally Left Blank] Financial support This research work was conducted under the MIT-Portugal Program and financed by “Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia” (FCT, Portugal) through the Ph.D. grant with reference SFRH / BD / 51328 / 2010, and was co-financed by the European Social Fund (ESF) within the “Programa Operacional Potencial Humano” (POPH), by project InnoVshare - Viability analysis of different carsharing system configurations through an innovative large scale agent based simulation model (PTDC/ECM-TRA/0528/2012), and by project EMSURE - Energy and Mobility for Sustainable Regions (CENTRO-07- 0224-FEDER-002004). The POPH research program is integrated in the “National Strategic Reference Framework 2007-2013 - Tipologia 4.1 – Formação Avançada” (QREN 2007-2013). vii [Page Intentionally Left Blank] Acknowledgements Firstly, I want to thank Professor Pais Antunes for playing the most important role in my decision to pursue this PhD. You have always believed in my abilities and transmitted the priceless confidence I needed to succeed. I am grateful for your support and encouragement throughout the past years, as a teacher and as a friend. My deepest gratitude goes to Professor Gonçalo Correia for permanent guidance, availability and support. You shared your knowledge, stimulated my critical spirit and willingness to always go further, and had a crucial role in the development of this work. Thank you Professor, for helping me accomplish my goals. I sincerely thank Professor Cynthia Barnhart for receiving me at MIT and supporting my research. I benefited so much from your vast knowledge on operations research, providing me unique and valuable insights essential to guide my work in a favorable way. Despite an extremely full schedule as yours, you have always managed to make the time to help me by addressing my questions. I would also like to thank Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) and MIT- Portugal Program for their financial support that has allowed me to continue my studies both in Portugal and at MIT. Furthermore, it was essential for me to be able to present my work in major conferences worldwide. A special reference must be made to the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of Coimbra for all the institutional and logistics support. ix Acknowledgements My thankfulness goes also to Lourenço Dantas from the Boston Logan Airport and to my colleague Jóni Santos for providing me essential data for one of the case studies. Without you, I would not be able to present such a realistic case study. To my colleagues and friends at the Department of Civil Engineering, especially to Melissa, Joana Carreira, Inês, Sílvia and Joana Cavadas, thank you for the great times together and for the support I always felt to be present from your behalf. Joana Cavadas, despite your late show in my life, I am certain you know how important you are to me. Regarding my stay in the United States, I want to thank Ta for his imperative help and availability, which played an important role in the development of my work. To Irene, thank you very much for all the good moments we had together, your friendship and support. You are one of the best people I have ever had the pleasure to meet. Mark, you became one of the most important persons in my life. Living with you in Boston and traveling with you throughout the country was privilege. I never thought it would be such a life changing experience. Thank you so much, for everything we‟ve been through, and everything that is still ahead. To my friends, Catarina, Sara, João and Filipe, I am grateful that you were able to listen to me constantly talking about my work and constant concerns, and still decided to stick around. Thank you for the support and the great moments we had together, in person and online. You are all very important to me. x Acknowledgements I want to express my profound gratitude to my father Valdemar, my sister Márcia and to my grandparents Preciosa, and José. I owe you everything I am, and what I have accomplished until today. Your love and support have been essential throughout my entire life, and I am so very lucky to have you all with me. Finally, I want to dedicate this thesis to my mother, Maria. xi [Page Intentionally Left Blank] Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ XXI RESUMO .................................................................................................................................. XXIV INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 SHORT HISTORY OF SHARED VEHICLE SYSTEMS .............................................................. 5 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................... 8 1.4 OUTLINE .......................................................................................................................... 9 1.5 PUBLICATIONS ............................................................................................................... 13 CARSHARING SYSTEMS DEMAND ESTIMATION AND DEFINED OPERATIONS: A LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................................................... 17 2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 17 2.1.1 Round-trip versus one-way carsharing ................................................................ 18 2.1.2 Motivation ........................................................................................................... 20 2.2 CARSHARING: HISTORY AND TRENDS ............................................................................ 21 2.3 DEMAND MODELING ...................................................................................................... 25 2.4 MODELING ONE-WAY CARSHARING SYSTEMS ............................................................... 30 2.4.1 A comprehensive approach to the vehicle imbalance problem ........................... 30 2.4.2 The performance of one-way systems ................................................................. 33 2.4.3 Solving the vehicle imbalance through relocation operations ............................. 35 xiii Contents 2.4.4 Using the users for system balancing .................................................................. 41 2.4.5 Full control over where and how to supply vehicles ........................................... 45 2.5 SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 47 2.6 SUGGESTIONS FOR BRIDGING THE GAPS FOUND ............................................................ 50 COMPARING OPTIMAL RELOCATION OPERATIONS WITH SIMULATED RELOCATION POLICIES IN ONE-WAY CARSHARING SYSTEMS ...................................................................... 55 3.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 55 3.2 MATHEMATICAL MODEL ............................................................................................... 60 3.3 SIMULATION MODEL ...................................................................................................... 64 3.3.1 Relocation Policies .............................................................................................. 65 3.4 LISBON CASE STUDY ...................................................................................................... 70 3.4.1 Data ..................................................................................................................... 70 3.4.2 Results ................................................................................................................. 73 3.5 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................... 80 TRIP PRICING OF ONE-WAY STATION-BASED CARSHARING NETWORKS WITH ZONE AND TIME OF DAY PRICE VARIATIONS ............................................................................................ 85 4.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 85 4.2 NOTATION AND METHOD ............................................................................................... 90 4.2.1 The Vehicles Relocation Problem for One-way Carsharing Systems (VRPOCS) …………………………………………………………………………………. 93 4.2.2 Grouping stations through k-means clustering .................................................... 95 4.2.3 The trip pricing problem for one-way carsharing systems (TPPOCS)................ 96 4.3 SOLUTION ALGORITHM ................................................................................................ 100 4.3.1 Iterated local search (ILS) ................................................................................
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