DOCSLIB.ORG

Optimization Models for the Expansion of Airport Networks

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Diana Rita Ramos Jorge OPTIMIZATION AND SIMULATION OF ONE-WAY CARSHARING OPERATIONS PhD Thesis in Doctoral Program in Transport Systems supervised by Professor Gonçalo Correia and Professor Cynthia Barnhart, presented to the Department of Civil Engineering of the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of Coimbra September 2014 [Page Intentionally Left Blank] To my mother [Page Intentionally Left Blank] Financial support This research work was conducted under the MIT-Portugal Program and financed by “Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia” (FCT, Portugal) through the Ph.D. grant with reference SFRH / BD / 51328 / 2010, and was co-financed by the European Social Fund (ESF) within the “Programa Operacional Potencial Humano” (POPH), by project InnoVshare - Viability analysis of different carsharing system configurations through an innovative large scale agent based simulation model (PTDC/ECM-TRA/0528/2012), and by project EMSURE - Energy and Mobility for Sustainable Regions (CENTRO-07- 0224-FEDER-002004). The POPH research program is integrated in the “National Strategic Reference Framework 2007-2013 - Tipologia 4.1 – Formação Avançada” (QREN 2007-2013). vii [Page Intentionally Left Blank] Acknowledgements Firstly, I want to thank Professor Pais Antunes for playing the most important role in my decision to pursue this PhD. You have always believed in my abilities and transmitted the priceless confidence I needed to succeed. I am grateful for your support and encouragement throughout the past years, as a teacher and as a friend. My deepest gratitude goes to Professor Gonçalo Correia for permanent guidance, availability and support. You shared your knowledge, stimulated my critical spirit and willingness to always go further, and had a crucial role in the development of this work. Thank you Professor, for helping me accomplish my goals. I sincerely thank Professor Cynthia Barnhart for receiving me at MIT and supporting my research. I benefited so much from your vast knowledge on operations research, providing me unique and valuable insights essential to guide my work in a favorable way. Despite an extremely full schedule as yours, you have always managed to make the time to help me by addressing my questions. I would also like to thank Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) and MIT- Portugal Program for their financial support that has allowed me to continue my studies both in Portugal and at MIT. Furthermore, it was essential for me to be able to present my work in major conferences worldwide. A special reference must be made to the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of Coimbra for all the institutional and logistics support. ix Acknowledgements My thankfulness goes also to Lourenço Dantas from the Boston Logan Airport and to my colleague Jóni Santos for providing me essential data for one of the case studies. Without you, I would not be able to present such a realistic case study. To my colleagues and friends at the Department of Civil Engineering, especially to Melissa, Joana Carreira, Inês, Sílvia and Joana Cavadas, thank you for the great times together and for the support I always felt to be present from your behalf. Joana Cavadas, despite your late show in my life, I am certain you know how important you are to me. Regarding my stay in the United States, I want to thank Ta for his imperative help and availability, which played an important role in the development of my work. To Irene, thank you very much for all the good moments we had together, your friendship and support. You are one of the best people I have ever had the pleasure to meet. Mark, you became one of the most important persons in my life. Living with you in Boston and traveling with you throughout the country was privilege. I never thought it would be such a life changing experience. Thank you so much, for everything we‟ve been through, and everything that is still ahead. To my friends, Catarina, Sara, João and Filipe, I am grateful that you were able to listen to me constantly talking about my work and constant concerns, and still decided to stick around. Thank you for the support and the great moments we had together, in person and online. You are all very important to me. x Acknowledgements I want to express my profound gratitude to my father Valdemar, my sister Márcia and to my grandparents Preciosa, and José. I owe you everything I am, and what I have accomplished until today. Your love and support have been essential throughout my entire life, and I am so very lucky to have you all with me. Finally, I want to dedicate this thesis to my mother, Maria. xi [Page Intentionally Left Blank] Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ XXI RESUMO .................................................................................................................................. XXIV INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 SHORT HISTORY OF SHARED VEHICLE SYSTEMS .............................................................. 5 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................... 8 1.4 OUTLINE .......................................................................................................................... 9 1.5 PUBLICATIONS ............................................................................................................... 13 CARSHARING SYSTEMS DEMAND ESTIMATION AND DEFINED OPERATIONS: A LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................................................... 17 2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 17 2.1.1 Round-trip versus one-way carsharing ................................................................ 18 2.1.2 Motivation ........................................................................................................... 20 2.2 CARSHARING: HISTORY AND TRENDS ............................................................................ 21 2.3 DEMAND MODELING ...................................................................................................... 25 2.4 MODELING ONE-WAY CARSHARING SYSTEMS ............................................................... 30 2.4.1 A comprehensive approach to the vehicle imbalance problem ........................... 30 2.4.2 The performance of one-way systems ................................................................. 33 2.4.3 Solving the vehicle imbalance through relocation operations ............................. 35 xiii Contents 2.4.4 Using the users for system balancing .................................................................. 41 2.4.5 Full control over where and how to supply vehicles ........................................... 45 2.5 SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 47 2.6 SUGGESTIONS FOR BRIDGING THE GAPS FOUND ............................................................ 50 COMPARING OPTIMAL RELOCATION OPERATIONS WITH SIMULATED RELOCATION POLICIES IN ONE-WAY CARSHARING SYSTEMS ...................................................................... 55 3.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 55 3.2 MATHEMATICAL MODEL ............................................................................................... 60 3.3 SIMULATION MODEL ...................................................................................................... 64 3.3.1 Relocation Policies .............................................................................................. 65 3.4 LISBON CASE STUDY ...................................................................................................... 70 3.4.1 Data ..................................................................................................................... 70 3.4.2 Results ................................................................................................................. 73 3.5 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................... 80 TRIP PRICING OF ONE-WAY STATION-BASED CARSHARING NETWORKS WITH ZONE AND TIME OF DAY PRICE VARIATIONS ............................................................................................ 85 4.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 85 4.2 NOTATION AND METHOD ............................................................................................... 90 4.2.1 The Vehicles Relocation Problem for One-way Carsharing Systems (VRPOCS) …………………………………………………………………………………. 93 4.2.2 Grouping stations through k-means clustering .................................................... 95 4.2.3 The trip pricing problem for one-way carsharing systems (TPPOCS)................ 96 4.3 SOLUTION ALGORITHM ................................................................................................ 100 4.3.1 Iterated local search (ILS) ................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Toronto Urban Sharing Team

    Toronto Urban Sharing Team

    URBAN SHARING City report no 2 in TORONTO URBAN SHARING TEAM URBAN SHARING IN TORONTO City report no. 2 URBAN SHARING TEAM: Oksana Mont, Andrius Plepys, Yuliya Voytenko Palgan, Jagdeep Singh, Matthias Lehner, Steven Curtis, Lucie Zvolska, and Ana Maria Arbelaez Velez 2020 Cover design: Lucie Zvolska Cover photo: Oksana Mont Copyright: URBAN SHARING TEAM ISBN: 978-91-87357-62-6. Print Urban Sharing in Toronto, City report no.2 ISBN: 978-91-87357-63-3. Pdf Urban Sharing in Toronto, City report no. 2 Printed in Sweden by E-print, Stockholm 2020 Table of contents 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 2 THE CITY CONTEXT ................................................................................. 5 2.1 Geography and demographics ................................................................ 5 2.1.1 Topography and urban sprawl .................................................. 5 2.1.2 Socio-demographics.................................................................. 6 2.1.3 Tourism ..................................................................................... 6 2.2 City governance ....................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Governance structure ................................................................ 6 2.2.2 City regulatory policies for sharing ............................................ 8 2.3 Economy ................................................................................................ 11 2.3.1
  • L'écho-Mobile

    L'écho-Mobile

    L’écho -mobile COMMUNAUTo’s newsletter · APRIL 2011 · VOL. XVII, NO 1 Communatuo’s first incursion in an out-of-province market (page 6 ) In this issue/ And more/ Editorial (page 2 ) CarShare HFX Halifax (page 6 ) The Competition Is Not What It Seems Communauto becomes a shareholder Improved agreements (page 4 ) BIXI-AUTO and BIXI-AUTO-BUS (page 6 ) The network reservation is better than ever The DUO and the TRIO are exclusively back for this summer Long distance rates (page 4 ) Caisse d’économie solidaire (page 3 ) Easier access and other improvements A $500 loan to switch to a member subscription and more / > EDITORIAL The Competition Is Not What It Seems Daimler’s car2go, BMW’s premium carsharing Edinburgh, Scotland (a more motivated local service, the upcoming Volkswagen project in firm saved the project at the last minute.) In Hanover and Renault-Nissan’s New Mobility 2008, Honda withdrew from the Singapore Concept, are radically changing the car market after six years, its efforts deemed industry. unsuccessful, despite praise from the critics and the community’s disappointment (And The arrival of the automobile industry’s major yet how difficult would it be for such a large players on the “mobility-on-demand” market company to manage a fleet of just under 100 will hopefully accelerate the concept’s large- vehicles?). scale development over the next few years. Benoît Robert It is sometimes disconcerting that, para- Chief Executive Officer It may seem surprising at first that manu- doxically, companies with the most resources Communauto facturers are investing in the carsharing lack perseverance when it comes to industry, given that it helps reduce household innovation.
  • Télécharger La Synthèse De L'enquête Nationale Sur L'autopartage 2019

    Télécharger La Synthèse De L'enquête Nationale Sur L'autopartage 2019

    Enquête nationale sur l’autopartage - Edition 2019 Actualisation et étude de l’impact des services d’autopartage sur l’équipement des ménages et sur les kilomètres parcourus en voiture UNE ÉTUDE RÉALISÉE PAR 6T-BUREAU DE RECHERCHE SUR UN COFINANCEMENT 6T ET ADEME Contexte Enjeux Publiées en 2012 et 2016, les deux premières Tout comme en 2012 et 2016, l’édition 2019 porte éditions de l’Enquête Nationale sur l’Autopartage1 principalement sur l’autopartage en boucle. Elle vise constituaient les premières études d’envergure sur deux objectifs : les usagers, usages et impacts de l’autopartage en France. mettre à jour les résultats de la précédente édition : les usagers, usages et impacts de l’autopartage ont- Menées auprès d’au moins 2 000 usagers abonnés ils évolué entre 2016 et 2019 ? d’une vingtaine de services d’autopartage différents, ces enquêtes ont mis en évidence l’effet « déclencheur affiner la compréhension des usagers, usages et de multimodalité » de l’autopartage en boucle : impacts de l’autopartage : notamment, qui sont les l’autopartage permet aux habitants des villes de usagers de l’autopartage ? Une fois abonnés à s’affranchir de la voiture individuelle, de découvrir l’autopartage, leurs pratiques de déplacements et de s’approprier d’autres modes de déplacement. évoluent-elles de la même manière ? Quels sont les usages et les impacts de l’autopartage entre Trois ans après la dernière enquête, l’autopartage particuliers et de l’autopartage en contexte joue-t-il encore le même rôle dans la mobilité professionnel ? urbaine ? Ses usagers sont-ils restés les mêmes ? Ses usages, ses impacts ont-ils évolué ? Le rapport d’étude complet est disponible sur notre blog : Lien Autopartage B2C en boucle : (fr Autopartage B2C en trace Autopartage entre l’objet principal de l’étude directe particuliers ou P2P Le véhicule est rendu dans la Avec stations : le véhicule peut Réalisée entre particuliers station de départ.
  • Cusecar – Community Car-Sharing Program: Car Sharing Lessons Learned

    Cusecar – Community Car-Sharing Program: Car Sharing Lessons Learned

    CuseCar – Community Car-Sharing Program: Car Sharing Lessons Learned The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority Joseph D. Tario Project Manager and New York State Department of Transportation Robert Ancar Project Manager Prepared by Sarah Stephens Director of Business Development and Public Relations CuseCar of Syracuse Syracuse, NY August 2011 1 1. Report No. C-08-26 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date CuseCar – Community Car-Sharing Program: Car Sharing Lessons Learned August 2011 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) Sarah Stephens 8. Performing Organization Report No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. 11. Contract or Grant No CuseCar of Syracuse, 360 Erie Blvd. East, Syracuse, NY 13202 Contract No. 11103 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered NYSERDA, 17 Columbia Circle, Albany, NY 12203 Final Report (2008 – 2011) NYS DOT, 50 Wolf Road, Albany, New York 12232 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes Project funded in part with funds from the Federal Highway Administration. 16. Abstract CuseCar of Syracuse launched services in December 2008 with 3 Toyota Prius Hybrids. CuseCar initially, due to concerns about availability, limited membership to Origination Sponsor Locations, which in turn developed few members. In 2009 CuseCar opened to the general public and has seen a small growth in membership and usage. CuseCar to date has close to 100 members. CuseCar has vehicles centralized in the City of Syracuse Downtown area, with 4 vehicles located within a few city blocks of one another.
  • A Collaborative Design Process to Support Sustainable

    A Collaborative Design Process to Support Sustainable

    SCENARIODEVELOPMENTINPRODUCTSERVICESYSTEMS: ACOLLABORATIVEDESIGNPROCESSTOSUPPORT SUSTAINABLECONSUMPTION CatharinaB.Nawangpalupi Athesissubmittedforthedegreeof DoctorofPhilosophy FACULTYOFTHEBUILTENVIRONMENT THEUNIVERSITYOFNEWSOUTHWALES COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ‘I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstract International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my thesis or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where permission has not been granted I have applied/will apply for a partial restriction of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation.' Signed Date 2 August 2010 AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT ‘I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis. No emendation of content has occurred and if there are any minor variations in formatting, they are the result of the conversion to digital format.’ Signed Date 2 August 2010 i ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.
  • Live Well, Live Green

    Live Well, Live Green

    Live Well, Live Green NOTICE: You Do NOT Have the Right to Reprint or Resell this Report! You Also MAY NOT Give Away, Sell or Share the Content Herein © Copyright. All rights reserved. Clare Delaney Page 2 Live Well, Live Green Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 6 The Purpose of This Book ........................................................................................................................ 7 Chapter 1: Banish the Toxins! ................................................................................................................. 8 7 Home Health Products You Don’t Need ....................................................................................... 8 Household Products to Avoid........................................................................................................ 10 Heavenly Aromas! ......................................................................................................................... 13 Mosquitoes ................................................................................................................................... 14 Eco-friendly Eye Care .................................................................................................................... 18 Allergies ......................................................................................................................................... 20 Wonderful Lemons! .....................................................................................................................
  • Carsharing and Partnership Management an International Perspective

    Carsharing and Partnership Management an International Perspective

    118 Paper No. 99-0826 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1666 Carsharing and Partnership Management An International Perspective SUSAN SHAHEEN, DANIEL SPERLING, AND CONRAD WAGNER Most cars carry one person and are used for less than 1 hour per day. A tied to actual vehicle usage. A carsharing system in effect transforms more economically rational approach would be to use vehicles more the fixed costs of vehicle ownership into variable costs. intensively. Carsharing, in which a group of people pays a subscription Carsharing is most effective and attractive when seen as a trans- plus a per-use fee, is one means of doing so. Carsharing may be orga- portation mode that fills the gap between transit and private cars and nized through affinity groups, large employers, transit operators, neigh- borhood groups, or large carsharing businesses. Relative to car owner- that can be linked to other modes and transportation services. For ship, carsharing has the disadvantage of less convenient vehicle access long distances, one may use a household vehicle, air transport, rail, but the advantages of a large range of vehicles, fewer ownership respon- bus, or a rental car; and for short distances, one might walk, bicycle, sibilities, and less cost (if vehicles are not used intensively). The uncou- or use a taxi. But for intermediate travel activities, even routine ones, pling of car ownership and use offers the potential for altering vehicle one might use a shared vehicle. The shared-car option provides other usage and directing individuals toward other mobility options. The per- customer attractions: it can serve as mobility insurance in emergen- ceived convenience (e.g., preferred parking) and cost savings of car- cies and as a means of satisfying occasional vehicle needs and sharing have promoted a new modal split for many carsharing partici- pants throughout the world.
  • SHARED MOBILITY Removing Regulatory Barriers in Canadian Cities

    SHARED MOBILITY Removing Regulatory Barriers in Canadian Cities

    SHARED MOBILITY Removing Regulatory Barriers In Canadian Cities Prepared for ÉQUITERRE MAY 2017 1 SHARED MOBILITY Removing regulatory barriers in canadian cities Submitted to : Prepared by : www.equiterre.org www.dunsky.com Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank representatives of the following organizations for their contributions and insights to this report : Équiterre (Annie Berube and Sidney Ribaux); Coop Carbone (Vincent Dussault); the cities of Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver; and solution providers Car2Go, Communauto, Téo Taxi, Uber and Zipcar. About Dunsky Energy Consulting Headquartered in Montreal, Dunsky Energy Consulting supports an array of organizations in building a sustainable energy future. Dunsky’s clients include leading governments, energy utilities, private firms and non-profit orga- nizations throughout North America. EXPERTISE SERVICES CLIENTELE • Energy Efciency • Assess clean energy • Governments & Demand Management opportunities • Utilities • Renewable Energy • Design policies, plans, & Distributed Resources programs and strategies • Private firms • Sustainable Mobility • Evaluate performance • Non-profits SELECT CLIENTS 2 ABOUT ÉQUITERRE Équiterre is Quebec’s largest and most influential environmental organization, with 20,000 members, 200 volunteers, and a staff of 40 people. Mission Équiterre offers concrete solutions to accelerate the transition towards a society in which individuals, organizations and governments make ecological choices that are both healthy and equitable. Vision By 2030, Équiterre, in partnership with local communities, will have contributed to the development of public policies as well as civic and business practices that lead to a low-carbon economy and an environment free of toxic substances. Areas of Intervention Since its creation in 1993, Équiterre developed projects on key issues such as food, agriculture, transportation, buildings, consumption and climate change.
  • Boulder Access Management and Parking Strategies On-Street Car

    Boulder Access Management and Parking Strategies On-Street Car

    Boulder Access Management and Parking Strategies On-Street Car Share Policy DRAFT September 2015 On-Street Car Share Policy Review and Recommendations Draft Report September 2015 Executive Summary Introduction Carsharing represents a new approach in transportation policy that is influenced by a larger philosophy that has come to be known as the “sharing economy”. Carsharing taps into a new mindset (generally attributed to the Millennial generation) that deprioritizes vehicle ownership, embraces concerns about rising congestion in cities, promotes more environmentally sensitive policies and the embraces the desire to have a greater range of transportation options. As traffic congestion and parking concerns increase in Boulder, carsharing will become an important component of the overall Access Management and Parking Strategies (AMPS) program. Carsharing has proven effective as a tool to reduce the number of personal cars on the street, increase travel flexibility for people who do not have personal vehicles and reduces both traffic congestion and greenhouse gas emissions. Studies have shown that carsharing decreases personal car miles traveled per year, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, increases perceived mobility of a city, reduces traffic and cuts down on parking congestion. Carsharing also allows increased mobility for low-income populations without owning a vehicle and puts more fuel efficient vehicles on the roads with most carsharing services requiring a certain fuel efficiency for each car in their fleet. Carsharing also has a documented impact on vehicle ownership rates and greenhouse gas emissions: Research shows carsharing members reduce average vehicle ownership from 0.47 to 0.24 vehicles per household. (Smart Mobility, page 21) According to Zipcar, 13% of car share users in Washington, DC and Boston have sold a car since joining and more than 40% have avoided buying a car.
  • Communauto-Presentation-Toronto

    Communauto-Presentation-Toronto

    3: Notes to the Free-Floating Car-Share Pilot and Interim Policy of the city of Toronto Marco Viviani Vice president Strategic Development Communauto in Canada Offering 2 000 Free Floating and Station Based cars in 8 cities and abroad, in Europe (France) Québec – Gatineau - Montréal –Ottawa – Kingston – Halifax – Sherbrooke – Paris (France) With Reservation Free-floating A fleet of cars to reserve at a low cost for a For spontaneous trips from point A to point B - half-hour, an hour, a day or longer. Located in in the city, for a day trip or multiple days. the heart of neighborhoods, the cars are Release a car at your destination (within available without delay, 24/7. Take them to the a Zone). local grocery store or anywhere in North Or/ and America! Our fleet : more than 600 cars Our fleet : 1400 cars Our approach § Affordable offer addressing people and families needs Communauto support the § Strong capability to adapt to unique intention of the City of Toronto environment and partners (city, public transport, …) and availability to share for providing a pilot project data approach for this “newer” form § Service oriented more than brand of carsharing: it is an important oriented : opportunity for the people and § Local customer service economy of Toronto. § 5-seats cars of different size § Effective app and website § Possibility to open the car with Communauto hope to be able to card or app contribute to this effort bringing § Experience with winter conditions more another option and a § Aimed at maximizing the environmental and economic
  • A City-Level Analysis of B2C Carsharing in Europe

    A City-Level Analysis of B2C Carsharing in Europe

    A city-level analysis of B2C carsharing in Europe Master’s thesis Jan Lodewijk Blomme Master’s program: Innovation Sciences Student number: 3642658 Email: [email protected] Telephone: +316 4419 6103 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Koen Frenken Second reader: Dr. Wouter Boon Date: May 13, 2016 A city-level analysis of B2C carsharing in Europe – Master’s thesis J. L. Blomme Summary Business to consumer (B2C) carsharing is a phenomenon that started in Europe in the 1940s but has gained in popularity quickly since the 1990s. This development is a welcome addition to the means that can be supported by local governments in order to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and curb congestion in cities. Cities have however experienced differences in the extent to which carsharing has been adopted in their area. This research uncovers several important city features that explain this differential adoption of carsharing in a city. This study uses the multi-level perspective (MLP) to distinguish between the contemporary car regime and the carsharing niche. Several indicators are identified that theoretically would weaken the regime and/or strengthen the niche in a city. These indicators are therefore expected to have a noticeable effect on the amount of shared B2C vehicles in cities, as the local car regime would be weaker. The research develops a unique database by collecting the amount of shared B2C cars online through carsharing operator (CSO) websites. Independent variables are in turn collected through various sources both on- and offline, including national statistics databases and Eurostat. Results are initially analyzed through bivariate correlations.
  • Car Sharing in the Byron Shire

    Car Sharing in the Byron Shire

    Car Sharing in the Byron Shire Purpose: • To investigate the different types of car sharing models available in Australia and how they work. • To explore the potential for car sharing to alleviate car parking and traffic issues, reduce emissions and provide a more affordable transport option for the Byron Shire community. • Ascertain whether Council can participate in car sharing as an alternative to traditional fleet leasing arrangements, or in conjunction with these. Objectives: 1. Demonstrate leadership – contribute to Council and community behaviour changes about sustainable transport. 2. Introduce an alternative option to developers for site development including an option for no parking to deliver better design outcomes for sustainability. 3. Reduce on-street parking demand in the Shire. 4. Reduce traffic (even minimally) – relieve congestion and improve air quality, and the pedestrian environment. 5. Explore the use of car sharing for Council and whether it could compliment the traditional fleet leasing model (delivering on emissions reductions and cost efficiencies). 6. Encouragement of more sustainable models of transport for both locals and visitors in line with emissions reduction objectives. 7. Another transport option for locals that may deliver greater affordability, flexibility and environmental value for residents. Strategic links: Community Strategic Plan 2022 Council Resolution 17-005 Resolved that Council note the report Byron Bay Town Centre Local Environmental Plan and Development Control Plan controls review (Richardson/Hunter).