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Folkekirken Og Nationen FFoollkkeekkiirrkkeenn oogg nnaattiioonneenn EEnn aannaallyyssee aaff ffoollkkeekkiirrkkeennss rroollllee ii ddeenn ffæærrøøsskkee nnaattiioonnssddaannnneellssee Durita Hansen •Copenhagen Business School •Dato: 23. marts 2009 •Cand.ling.merc. •Antal sider: 74 normalsider •Engelsk og Europæiske studier •Vejleder: Kathrine Ravn Jørgensen The National Church and the Nation – an Analysis of the Role of the National Church in the Faroese Nation Formation Summary The purpose of the following thesis is to examine the role of the national church in connection with the Faroese nation formation. Moreover, a comparison will be made between the Danish and the Faroese nation formation. The nation formation will be analyzed by means of three different theories of nationalism. Modernism is the most recognized theory on nationalism. Principally, it states that the nation is a product of modern times. Moreover, nationalism was the forerunner of the nation. Nationalism was a tool for the elite to create support for the industrialized society. National symbols and traditions are therefore artificial artifacts constructed by the elite. The communities that had existed before the French Revolution had been limited to the local community. The second approach is perennialism. Adrian Hastings advocates that the nation is founded on Christianity and the Bible in a vernacular language. Furthermore, nations are developed from so-called ethnies. These ethnies are based on common culture, tradition and language. When the Bible was translated into vernacular languages the ethnies developed into nations. Furthermore, the biblical message gave an example in Israel of a nation. As a compromise between the above-mentioned theories, Anthony D. Smith launched the theory etnosymbolism. Smith argues that one must look at the ethnies in order to understand the nation. The nation was created in the aftermath of the French Revolution. However, nations are based on already existing ethnies. Nationalism reinterpreted symbols and traditions from these ethnies, in order to form nations. Side 1 af 80 Danes have lived within a cultural unity for hundreds of years. However this does not define a nation. The Danish nation was formed in the aftermath of the Reformation. Several parameters were current. Firstly, the Bible was translated into Danish. It meant that the language became stabile. A national literature evolved, i.e. hymns and prayer books. Secondly, the Reformation meant that the church became a state institution and the clergy became public servants. In other words, Danes were receiving the same benefits all over the nation and thereby identifying with each other. The National Church has a central role in the Danish nation. One reason being it’s role in the nation formation. Since the year 1000, Faroese people have inhabited The Faroe Islands, but they have been under respectively Norwegian and Danish rule. However, there is no historic evidence that the Faroe Islands have ever been considered anything other than Faroese. This is partly due to the fact that the Faroese language has been the backbone in the Faroese culture, and it has been carried through traditional lays. The Reformation did not have the same consequences on the Faroe Islands as in Denmark. One of the main reasons was the lack of a written language. The Faroe Islands did not have a vernacular bible until the 20th century. The Faroe Islands were a part of the church of Denmark, the liturgy was in Danish and many of the priests were Danish as well. However, the Faroese took the church to themselves as their own, and it became a part of their culture. The church, moreover, offered an example of a nation in the Jewish people. Side 2 af 80 In the late 19th century, The Faroe Islands experienced nationalism, subsequently with becoming a modern society. This cultural movement started among Faroese students in Copenhagen and soon thereafter spread to The Faroe Islands. It was based on traditions and symbol that had existed in the Faroese society since its origin. One of the main goals was to get the Faroese language into the church. In 2007, the Reformation had come full circle. The Faroe Islands had their own national church and a liturgy in their vernacular. Side 3 af 80 Indholdsfortegnelse SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................1 INDHOLDSFORTEGNELSE....................................................................................................................4 1 FOLKEKIRKEN OG NATIONSDANNELSE – EN ANALYSE AF FOLKEKIRKENS ROLLE I DEN FÆRØSKE NATIONSDANNELSE ................................................................................................5 1.1 INTRODUKTION...................................................................................................................................................5 1.2 PROBLEMFORMULERING...................................................................................................................................6 1.4 MOTIVATION .......................................................................................................................................................7 1.5 METODE ...............................................................................................................................................................7 1.6 VALG AF TEORI....................................................................................................................................................8 1.7 VALG AF KILDER..................................................................................................................................................9 1.8 AFGRÆNSNING.................................................................................................................................................10 2 TEORI................................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 NATION OG NATIONALISME ...........................................................................................................................12 2.2 MODERNISME...................................................................................................................................................13 2.3 PERENNIALISME ..............................................................................................................................................17 2.3.1 Adrian Hastings: Kristendom og nationsdannelse ...................................................................17 2.4 ETNOSYMBOLISME ..........................................................................................................................................25 2.5 OPSUMMERING OG KRITIK .............................................................................................................................27 3 DANMARK, NATION OG KIRKE.................................................................................................... 30 3.1 DANMARK .........................................................................................................................................................30 3.2 HISTORISK PERSPEKTIV .................................................................................................................................31 3.3 'GIV KEJSEREN, HVAD KEJSERENS ER, OG GUD HVAD GUDS ER' ..............................................................32 3.4 SPROGLIGT PERSPEKTIV.................................................................................................................................35 3.5 (VELFÆRDS)STATEN SOM ET PRODUKT AF REFORMATIONEN ...............................................................37 3.6 NATIONEN DANNES.........................................................................................................................................41 4 FÆRØERNE, NATION OG KIRKE .................................................................................................. 44 4.1 KIRKEN PÅ FÆRØERNE...................................................................................................................................44 4.2 DE FØRSTE BOSÆTTELSER.............................................................................................................................45 4.3 FÆRØERNES STATSLIGE SITUATION.............................................................................................................46 4.4 KIRKEN PÅ FÆRØERNE...................................................................................................................................48 4.5 FÆRØSK.............................................................................................................................................................52 4.6 KÆDEDANS OG KVAD ......................................................................................................................................54 4.7 KIRKESPROG.....................................................................................................................................................57 4.8 NATIONALISMEN .............................................................................................................................................62 4.9 ETNIE TIL NATION ...........................................................................................................................................64 5 KONKLUSION ...................................................................................................................................
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