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Traversing Swanton Road, 2Nd Ed California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo DigitalCommons@CalPoly Academic, Government & Associated Organizational Research Resources Swanton Pacific Ranch 10-8-2010 Traversing Swanton Road, 2nd ed. James A. West Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/spr_assocres Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Biology Commons, and the Botany Commons Recommended Citation October 8, 2010. This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Swanton Pacific Ranch at DigitalCommons@CalPoly. It has been accepted for inclusion in Academic, Government & Associated Organizational Research Resources by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@CalPoly. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Traversing Swanton Road (10/08/2010) By James A. West Although synthetic in origin, Swanton Road, like its fluid counterpart Scotts Creek, traverses a substantial part of the watershed and reveals an informative cross-section of the region’s flora. Without leaving the tarmac, one can journey the entire length of “Old Highway One” and observe/study some of Santa Cruz County’s rarest, most horticulturally desirable, and just plain overlooked plant life! The Scotts Creek Watershed is more than an aggregation of 600+ native species (subspecies, varieties and forms), representing 282+ genera and 90+ families: it is that rare occurrence, a living window into California’s evolutionary past, still relatively undeveloped by human activity and spared the habitat degradation that has befallen much of the coastal ecology elsewhere in our state. Momentarily putting aside the nostalgic and visually arresting aspect of the watershed, it is paradoxical that an area logged, ranched/grazed and farmed for the past 130+ years, could still yield species new to science and sustain habitats that serve as refugia for taxa rare elsewhere in the state. Because there is such a high percentage of the Golden State’s native flora, at least (10-12%) and still counting, concentrated within 30 square miles, this area is perhaps the ideal primer for students investigating, for example: (1) the underlying evolutionary mechanisms, which from an ecological perspective, define the interrelationships between four taxa within one genus (Stachys) sharing the same watershed, ranging from site specific, (a) Stachys chamissonis/China Ladder Marsh, (b) Stachys ajugoides/seasonally wet, often poorly drained depressions, (c) Stachys rigida/mesic to xeric (edge of chaparral) habitats and (d) Stachys bullata, highly adaptive, ranging from coastal marshes, coniferous/oak woodlands, riparian corridor and occasionally extending up to chaparral..... (2) reproductive isolating mechanisms and native versus introduced species of Hymenoptera comparing their overall versatility as pollinating vectors..... (3) the roles of mammals, birds and insects, intentional or otherwise, as dispersers of seeds and the co-evolutionary mechanisms involved..... (4) chemical signatures (foliage and floral scents) as taxonomic markers, used in conjunction with other morphological features to differentiate related taxa (e.g., locally problematic species of Castilleja (Orthocarpus noctuinus), Layia, Madia, Mimulus, Monardella, Pseudognaphalium, Sanicula and Stachys)..... (5) creating a digital library/herbarium documenting the watershed’s flora at all stages of development (e.g., cotyledon configuration, seed structure and patterning)..... (6) habitat stability versus human induced disruptions and the resulting increase/decrease in patterns of biodiversity..... (7) palynological (pollen) studies involving core samplings taken throughout the watershed to ascertain historic changes within the local species composition..... (8) the geomorphic origins of the “vertical grasslands” and their value as refugia for rare taxa and holding succession in abeyance..... (9) slope orientation and the resulting changes in vegetation patterns within the same drainage system..... (10) the importance of cyclical riparian scouring to reinvigorate the established, long-lived vegetation and increase species diversity by uncovering seeds deposited and buried decades before in sandbars and adjacent stream banks paralleling the co-evolutional value of fire within the chaparral ecosystem..... (11) study gene flow patterns between a given species, e.g., coyote mint (Monardella villosa, sensu lato), which ranges elevationally from the coastal bluffs up to the chaparral and is represented in the watershed, by two well defined subspecies..... (a) map the distribution patterns of subsp. villosa and subsp. franciscana and the areas where their populations overlap, (b) what are the underlying ecological conditions that allow the two subspecies to maintain their distictive phenotypes and where their ranges overlap, is there a breakdown in those distinctions (c) in terms of speciation, is subsp. franciscana more recently derived, and are there any mechanical or genetic barriers evolving or in place, save physical proximity, to prevent the exchange of genetic material between the two taxa?..... (12) the flowers of Clarkia purpurea subsp. purpurea and subsp. quadrivulnera vary both within and between populations as to contrasting pigment patterns and their placement/dimensions: in terms of uv radiation absorbed or reflected and the ability of members of the Hymenoptera to perceive this part of the spectrum, is one pattern preferred over another by the prospective pollinators and how does this affect both the variability within and sustainability of the populations as a whole in a changing environment..... (13) undertake a study (a) documenting the primary hybrids locally of Lupinus arboreus with Lupinus formosus and Lupinus variicolor and the relationship of the stabilized taxon tentatively designated Lupinus propinquus to both Lupinus arboreus and Lupinus latifolius, (b) what role, if any, have the primary hybrids played in the variability of the contributing parents through backcrossing and (c) what evolutionary advantages/disadvantages are conferred where sympatric interfertile taxa are both perennial, but either evergreen or seasonal above ground and shrub-like versus decumbent in mode of growth?..... (14) the role of bryophytes: in (a) providing a favorable micro-habitat for seed germination, (b) creating a buffer zone between exposed rock formations with their potentially less than optimal pH and (c) through their hygroscopic capabilities, capturing atmospheric moisture, particularly between dusk and dawn..... (15) the comparative value of dissimilar types of recent and accumulated leaf litter (e.g., Lithocarpus densiflorus var. densiflorus = Notholithocarpus densiflorus var. densiflorus, Arbutus menziesii, Sequoia sempervirens) in mitigating the erosive power of heavy and often prolonged rainfall in unstable areas..... (16) the cumulative capacity of seasonally shed foliage from deciduous streamside trees and shrubs (e.g., Alnus rubra, Sambucus racemosa, Salix lasiandra var. lasiandra, Rubus spectabilis, Acer negundo var. californicum) in conjunction with exposed rocky debris, to influence flow patterns and act as catchbasins for particles in suspension..... (17) what isolating mechanisms, if any, allow two closely related species of Collinsia..... namely C. heterophylla and C. multicolor, to co-exist proximal to each other, along Swanton and Purdy Roads, without producing apparent hybrids even though visited by at least two shared pollinating vectors, both members of the genus Bombus, and what co-evolutionary factors are in play, causing the C. heterophylla populations to be overwhelmingly pale-flowered, while sister species C. multicolor , remains basically uniform in coloration throughout its range?..... (18) do long-lived fire responsive taxa, such as burl-forming members of the genus Arctostaphylos, maintain the integrity of their genome or does each episode of physiological trauma (fire), give rise to new growth, some/all of which display subtle modifications on a chromosomal level?..... (19) examine the evolutionary values conferred upon both native (Camissonia ovata, Sanicula arctopoides) and introduced (Plantago lanceolata, Hypochaeris radicata) taxa, where emerging foliage forms horizontally aligned rosettes initiated from fleshy, water-retaining root stocks, in a post-fire but pre-rainy season scenario.... with an emphasis on the rosette pattern: (a) securing valuable surface space from competition, (b) maximizing photosynthesis capabilities and (c) mitigating subsurface loss of moisture and the fleshy taproots: (a) having ample dormant buds to offset damage from the effects of fire plus potential for subsequent herbivory and (b) possessing sufficient stored water to bridge temporal gap until beginning of Fall rains..... (20) compare the net genetic gain/loss from a heterozygous/homozygous perspective, in a long-lived native grass (Calamagrostis rubescens), whose basic mode of seasonal growth is vegetive (from extensive clonal colonies growing within mixed conifer/oak woodlands) and typically produces inflorescences, only when disturbed by fire, landslides or through canopy removal (with the corresponding change in the light/ temperature regimen)..... (21) do a comparative analysis of the watershed's oracle oaks (Quercus x morehus): focusing on (1) ecological (parental association, habitat preferences and role of disturbance in the broaching of reproductive isolating mechanisms), (2) morphological (bark topography, underlying vascular and epidermal patterns in foliage), (3) physiological (metabolism
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