O Diabo Dos Irmãos Grimm E Suas Projeções Sobre O Leitor

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O Diabo Dos Irmãos Grimm E Suas Projeções Sobre O Leitor Filipe Marchioro Pfützenreuter ENTRE O UTILITÁRIO-PEDAGÓGICO E O POÉTICO-EMANCIPATÓRIO: O DIABO DOS IRMÃOS GRIMM E SUAS PROJEÇÕES SOBRE O LEITOR Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Literatura da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Literatura. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Salma Ferraz Florianópolis 2014 2 Ficha de identificação da obra elaborada pelo autor através do Programa de Geração Automática da Biblioteca Universitária da UFSC. 3 4 5 Esta tese é especialmente dedicada aos meus pais, Roberto Oscar Pfützenreuter e Maristela Marchioro Pfützenreuter, doutores da vida, que me possibilitaram crescer intelectualmente sem menosprezar a necessidade de evoluir enquanto ser humano. 6 7 AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus Aos meus pais, Roberto Oscar Pfützenreuter e Maristela Marchioro Pfützenreuter À minha dedicada, colaboradora e cúmplice esposa, Rodrine Oening Pfützenreuter Ao meu sogro e à minha sogra, Wilson Oening e Zuleide Bianco Oening À minha irmã, Gabriele Marchioro Pfützenreuter Aos meus avós maternos, Hermógenes Marchioro (in memorian) e Aurora Mazon Marchioro Aos meus avós paternos, Osvaldo Pfützenreuter (in memorian) e Leônia Aguiar Pfützenreuter (in memorian) Às minhas madrinhas, Regina Célia Pfützenreuter e Valilde Marchioro Souza Ao meu padrinho, Alexandre Ibrahim Direne, exemplo de vida e de professor Aos meus tios Rudney Otto Pfützenreuter e Rogério Pfützenreuter Aos meus professores, em especial, à minha dedicada orientadora, Prof. Dra. Salma Ferraz, e à compromissada Profa. Dra. Eliane Debus Aos meus colegas de pós-graduação, Roberta, Marco, Cristian, Josemar, Raphael e Égide Aos meus amigos e colegas de trabalho, Alan Deleon Rosso, Maurício Ghedin Corrêa e Giovanni Ascari Alberton (Os Três Mosqueteiros) Ao tio que me privaram de conhecer fisicamente, mas cuja nobreza e profundidade das ideias e atitudes nos tornam cada vez mais íntimos, Rui Osvaldo Aguiar Pfützenreuter 8 9 Com a criação dogmática de um deus antropomórfico masculino – e muito machista, devemos concordar, incapaz de responder e solucionar a maioria dos problemas humanos, foi preciso criar, de maneira eficaz, também um diabo zooantropomorfizado e infernal para ser o responsável por toda desgraça e perdição humanas, um culpado virtual por todos os erros, injustiças, crueldades e vícios que assolam o mundo. Assim, o deus teológico, que deveria ser absolutamente perfeito, cheio de misericórdia, bondade e sabedoria, foi inocentado. E como a grande maioria dos seres humanos ignorantes e hipócritas não assume os próprios atos, pensamentos, sentimentos e as próprias responsabilidades, tal invenção odiosa foi rapidamente aceita. (FERRAZ, 2012b, p. 9) 10 11 RESUMO O histórico conflito entre bem e mal é uma presença constante nas obras da Literatura infantil. Na história do mundo ocidental, marcada pela forte influência do Cristianismo, este confronto é frequentemente associado pelo imaginário popular a uma batalha envolvendo Deus e o Diabo, os quais seriam e representariam duas realidades antagônicas. Se, entre os cristãos, propagou-se a imagem do Diabo enquanto representante do mal; na Literatura, essa nem sempre foi a tônica. A presença deste personagem também em obras da Literatura infantil, o fato de estas obras terem historicamente explorado a dimensão utilitário- pedagógica da Literatura, assim como a pouca existência de pesquisas se debruçando sobre o Diabo enquanto personagem neste contexto, serviram de motivação para a produção da presente tese. Desse modo, seu objetivo foi o de investigar a composição do personagem Diabo nos contos clássicos dos irmãos Jacob e Wilhelm Grimm, extraídos da coletânea Contos Maravilhosos infantis e domésticos (1812-1815), e a sua implicância na relação que eles estabelecem com o leitor infantil. Visando a este objetivo, chegou-se à conclusão de que o Diabo dos Grimm não surge como um personagem com contornos bem ou previamente definidos – a reprodução exata do seu arquétipo – e, ao contrário daquilo que se imagina para a produção da época, não atende aos propósitos de uma literatura de viés utilitário-pedagógico, tampouco ao dogma cristão. Eis a tese que se pretendeu sustentar. Para tanto, a linha de pesquisa adotada foi a Teopoética, conforme definição de Karl- Josef Kuschel, a qual lida com os estudos comparados entre Teologia e Literatura. Dentro da Teopoética, esta pesquisa priorizou dois dos cincos eixos de investigação discriminados por Antonio Carlos Magalhães: 1º) o que explora o aspecto religioso de obras literárias, ainda que estas tenham sido escritas por autores assumidamente ateus; 2º) o que explora a presença da religião na Literatura. Os referenciais teóricos escolhidos assim o foram por atenderam a três necessidades da pesquisa: 1ª) compreender a Teopoética enquanto linha de pesquisa; 2ª) compreender o Diabo enquanto personagem que extrapola os limites das religiões institucionalizadas; 3ª) compreender a Literatura que se apresenta como ―infantil‖. Sendo assim, destacam-se os seguintes autores: da Teopoética, o citado Kuschel e Northrop Frye; dos estudos sobre o personagem Diabo, Alberto Cousté e Giovanni Papini; da Literatura, Maria Antonieta Antunes Cunha e Nelly Novaes Coelho. Palavras-chave: Literatura infantil. Grimm. Diabo. Teopoética. 12 13 ABSTRACT The historical confront between the goodness and the badness is frequently explored by the works of the Children´s Literature. In the history of the western world, which is strongly influenced by the Christianism, this conflict is often related to a battle between God and Devil by the popular imagination. In this case, these two characters are supposed to represent two antagonistic realities. If among Christians the Devil has been recognized as the commissary of the badness; in the Literature, it has not always happened the same way. The presence of this character also in works of the Children´s Literature, the fact of these works have historically explored the instrumental-pedagogical dimension of the Literature and the lack of studies focusing on the Devil as a character of this context were the factors that motivated the present thesis. Considering this, its objective was to analyze the composition of the character of the Devil in the classical tales of Grimm brothers, which were extracted from the compilation Contos Maravilhosos infantis e domésticos (1812-1815), and also to find out the impacts that the way this character is built promotes to the children-readers. Facing this objective, it was concluded that the Devil by the Grimm brothers is not a well defined or a previously defined character – as the Christian archetype is – and, unlike it is thought for the literary production of that period, the Devil by the Grimm brothers is not used to create an instrumental- pedagogical Literature, not even to sustain the Christian dogma. That is the thesis which is aimed to sustain here. As a line of research, it was chosen the Theopoetics, by Karl-Josef Kuschel, which deals with comparative studies between Theology and Literature. Inside the Theopoetics, this research focused on two of the five areas of study according to the definition by Antonio Carlos Magalhães: 1st) the one which explores the religious aspects of literary works, even when they have been written by atheist authors; 2nd) the one which explores the presence of religion in Literature. The bibliography was chosen considering three needs of the research: 1st) to understand Theopoetics as a line of research; 2nd) to understand the Devil as a character who does not belong to the institutionalized religious exclusively; 3rd) to understand the literature which is called ―Children´s Literature‖. Considering this, it can be enhanced the following authors: from the Theopoetics, Kuschel and Northrop Frye; from the studies about the Devil, Alberto Cousté and Giovanni Papini; from the Literature, Maria Antonieta Antunes Cunha and Nelly Novaes Coelho. Keywords: Children´s literature. Grimm. Devil. Theopoetics. 14 15 LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Ilustração I: Edição da Cosacnaif (2012) para Contos maravilhosos infantis e domésticos, de Jacob e Wilhelm Grimm ...............................28 Ilustração II: A Queda de Lúcifer, de Gustave Doré .............................39 Ilustração III - Le génie du mal, de Guillaume Geefs ...........................40 Ilustração IV – A Alcunha Zé Diabo, de José Fernandes (Zé Diabo) ....42 Ilustração V – Fotografia da exposição American Jesus, de David LaChapelle .............................................................................................43 Ilustração VI – Índice dos Livros Proibidos (Index Librorum Prohibitorum) ........................................................................................52 Ilustração VII – A formação do arquétipo diabólico no imaginário cristão ..................................................................................................107 Ilustração VIII – A trindade diabólica segundo Giovanni Papini .......133 Ilustração IX – Trindade: personagem de Almir Sater na novela Pantanal ...............................................................................................143 Ilustração X – Peleja de Riachão com o Diabo em edição típica de cordel ...................................................................................................144 Ilustração XI – Cena do encontro com o Diabo em Crossroads (A Encruzilhada) ................................................................................145 Ilustração XII - A queda e expulsão do Jardim do Éden,
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