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UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA Oddelek za zgodovino DIPLOMSKO DELO Daniel Siter Maribor, 2015 UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA Oddelek za zgodovino Diplomsko delo VOJAŠKI NAČRT ERICHA VON MANSTEINA IN PROBLEMATIKA DUNKERQUA ERICH VON MANSTEIN'S MILITARY OPERATION PLAN AND THE ISSUE OF DUNKIRK PORT Mentor: red. prof. dr. Darko Friš Kandidat: Daniel Siter Maribor, 2015 Lektorica: Tamara Kovačič, univ. dipl. anglistka in slovenistka Zahvala Zahvaljujem se mentorju red. prof. dr. Darku Frišu za strokovno pomoč in nasvete pri nastajanju diplomskega dela. Iskreno se zahvaljujem svoji punci Katji, ki mi je ves čas mojega študija stala ob strani, me podpirala, spodbujala in pomagala, kadar je bilo to potrebno. Hvala! Neizmerno hvaležnost pa bi želel izreči tudi svoji družini, ki mi je nudila moralno spodbudo in finančno podporo. Podpisani Daniel Siter, rojen 31. 10. 1992, študent Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Mariboru, smer zgodovina in geografija, izjavljam, da je diplomsko delo z naslovom Vojaški načrt Ericha von Mansteina in problematika Dunkerqua pri mentorju red. prof. dr. Darku Frišu avtorsko delo. V diplomskem delu so uporabljeni viri in literatura korektno navedeni; teksti niso prepisani brez navedbe avtorjev. Maribor, 2. 9. 2015 KAZALO POVZETEK / SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 1 1 UVOD ................................................................................................................................. 3 2 ZAKLJUČEK OPERACIJ NA POLJSKEM: HITLER HITI K ODPRTJU ZAHODNE FRONTE .................................................................................................................................... 4 3 NESTABILNO VREMENSKO STANJE KOT KLJUČNI DEJAVNIK ODLAGANJA INVAZIJE .................................................................................................................................. 8 4 RAZLIČNE OPERATIVNE OBLIKE 'PRIMERA RUMENA' ...................................... 12 5 PREBUJENJE GENIALNEGA STRATEGA .................................................................. 18 5.1 Fritz Erich Georg Eduard von Lewinski .................................................................... 18 5.2 Upravičeni dvomi nad dosedanjimi primeri invazijskih načrtov ............................... 21 5.3 Boj za sprejetje in uveljavitev Mansteinove strategije .............................................. 23 5.4 Značilnosti vojaškega načrta Ericha von Mansteina ................................................. 31 6 MAJ 1940: REALIZACIJA NAČRTA IN ŠOK ZAVEZNIKOV ................................... 36 6.1 Vojaška primerjava nemških in zavezniških sil ........................................................ 37 6.1.1 Številčnost enot in njihova moč ......................................................................... 38 6.1.2 Kvaliteta, opremljenost in tehnične pomanjkljivosti zavezniških enot .............. 39 7 VOJAŠKI STROJ NACISTIČNE NEMČIJE KONČA 'TIHO VOJNO' ......................... 41 8 VOJAŠKE OPERACIJE NA ZAHODU .......................................................................... 42 8.1 Potek operacij na Nizozemskem ................................................................................ 42 8.2 Pregled operacij v Belgiji .......................................................................................... 47 8.3 Začetek sesedanja obrambnega bloka zaveznikov: nadaljevanje ofenzive v Belgiji 51 9 ARMADNA SKUPINA A ODLOČILNO PREBIJE ZAHODNO FRONTO ................. 60 9.1 Skrivnostni preboj težkih oklepnikov v Ardenih: prečkanje reke Meuse.................. 60 9.1.1 Zavezniške vojaške sile niso izkoristile svojih priložnosti ................................ 63 9.2 Usodni 13. maj 1940: nered, zmeda in velika panika ................................................ 64 9.3 Prepočasni in slabo vodeni zavezniški protiukrepi .................................................... 69 10 NEZAUSTAVLJIV PRODOR OKLEPNIKOV PROTI ROKAVSKEMU PRELIVU ... 72 11 NEUSPEŠNI PROTINAPADI NA 'NEMŠKI SRP' ......................................................... 77 12 ZAPIRANJE 'JUŽNEGA KORIDORJA' IN OPERACIJE ZNOTRAJ UKLEŠČENEGA OBROČA ................................................................................................................................. 80 12.1 Ujete armade zaveznikov bežijo proti enemu samemu cilju: obalam Dunkerquea ... 82 13 24. MAJ: ENA IZMED HITLERJEVIH NAJUSODNEJŠIH NAPAK ........................... 87 13.1 Vzroki in posledice zaustavitve Guderianovih oklepnikov ....................................... 87 14 ZAKLJUČEK ................................................................................................................... 93 15 LITERATURA IN VIRI ................................................................................................... 95 15.1 Literatura ................................................................................................................... 95 15.1.1 Časniki ................................................................................................................ 96 15.2 Viri ............................................................................................................................. 99 KAZALO ZEMLJEVIDOV Zemljevid 1: Grafična ponazoritev razlik med nemškima načrtoma iz leta 1914 in 1939 ter Mansteinovim vojaškim načrtom iz leta 1940. ........................................................................ 35 Zemljevid 2: Prikaz treh najpomembnejših obrambnih črt v zavezniški Belgiji. ................... 51 Zemljevid 3: Silovito napredovanje nemških enot vzdolž zahodne fronte. ............................ 62 Zemljevid 4: Podrobnejši pregled nemških operacij znotraj sektorja pri Sedanu: 13. maj 1940. .................................................................................................................................................. 66 Zemljevid 5: Uspešna vzpostavitev 18-tonskega mostišča na reki Meuse. ............................ 67 Zemljevid 6: Prodor Nemcev preko ''južnega koridorja'' do kraja Abbeville. ........................ 81 Zemljevid 7: Weygandova ideja protinapada - preboj ''južnega hodnika'' preko Arrasa. ....... 82 POVZETEK / SUMMARY Diplomsko delo bralcu ponuja obširen in celovit obenem pa sistematičen vpogled v vojno dogajanje evropskih udeleženk v obdobju priprav in izvedbe zahodne invazije vojaškega stroja nacistične Nemčije. Na začetku so orisane taktične in operativne težave, s katerimi so se pri oblikovanju ofenzivnih načrtov spopadali tedanji vojaški strategi nemških kopenskih sil. Po predstavitvi prvotnih in že obstoječih ofenzivnih zamisli sledi glavni fokus naloge, tj. nastop Ericha von Mansteina in oblikovanje, sprejetje ter seznanjenje z bistvenimi lastnostmi njegovega invazijskega načrta, ki se je na koncu nadvse uspešno rezultiral v popolnoma razsekanem obrambnem sektorju »zahodnih zaveznikov«. Prvotni operativni načrti Nemčije so se zdeli preveč konvencionalni, omejeni, premalo drzni in preveč podobni strateškim zamislim še iz časa prve svetovne vojne. Tudi po vnesenih spremembah niso bili zadovoljivi. Neprekinjeno in dolgotrajno nestabilno vremensko obdobje, ki je bilo ves čas eden izmed glavnih vzrokov za številne preložitve napada, je Erichu von Mansteinu dalo možnost, da oblikuje, izpopolni in pred samim Adolfom Hitlerjem pojasni še svojo alternativo napada. Rezultat je bila skoraj naravnost genialna ofenzivna zamisel, ki je preusmerila glavnino nemške ofenzive s klasičnega severnega dela fronte na njen osrednji sektor oz. z desnega na levo armadno krilo. Namesto že preizkušenega frontalnega napada v Belgiji, ki bi se v okviru najbolj optimističnih napovedi najverjetneje »zadušil« že kar vzdolž utrjene obrambne črte na reki Somi, je štabni načelnik skupine armad A predlagal skrivnostni preboj elitnih tankovskih divizij čez domnevno neprevozne in nedostopne Ardene. Zaradi teh geografskih značilnosti je bila ta pokrajina zelo slabo varovana. Mansteinove strategije se je po vojni oprijel naziv 'zamah s srpom' (v nemškem izvirniku: »Sichelschnitt«). Taktika je v glavnem temeljila na ključnem momentu presenečenja, ki si ga je Hitler v svojih opcijah za napad želel že od samih začetkov pripravljanja različnih ofenzivnih alternativ, a mu tega ni znal nihče ponuditi. Zaključni del naloge poskuša čim konkretneje pojasniti problematiko teme, ki se navezuje na vprašanje, zakaj je Nemčija začasno zaustavila napredovanje svojih oklepnih in tankovskih enot tik pred zadnjim prelivskim pristaniščem, ki še ni padlo v roke nacistov in tako omogočila glavnini britanskih ekspedicijskih sil uspešno evakuacijo in pobeg v sosednjo Veliko Britanijo. Ključne besede: primer Rumeno, Erich von Manstein, Mansteinov vojaški načrt, zamah s srpom, zahodna fronta, ofenziva čez Ardene, druga svetovna vojna, vojaške operacije na zahodu, zavezniki na zahodni fronti, operacija Dinamo, evakuacija iz Dunkerqua. 1 Bachelor's thesis offers an extensive and comprehensive as well as systematic insight into the war developments in time of preparation and execution of western invasion by Nazi war machine. At the beginning of the thesis there is a presentation of the way military strategists of German land forces tackled with tactical and operational problems, when they were developing and forming plans for the offensive in the West. After introducing the initial ideas and thoughts for the invasion, the primary focus of work follows: the performance of Erich von Manstein as well as creation, adoption and
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    No Sense in Dwelling on the Past? The Fate of the US Air Force’s German Air Force Monograph Project, 1952–69 RYAN SHAUGHNESSY First Lieutenant, USAF Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama April 2011 Muir S. Fairchild Research Information Center Cataloging Data Shaughnessy, Ryan No sense in dwelling on the past? : the fate of the US Air Force’s German air force monograph project, 1952 – 69 / Ryan Shaughnessy. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-58566-206-7 1. Germany. Luftwaffe—History. 2. Military history. 3. United States. Air Force —History. 4. United States—Military relations—Germany. 5. Germany—Military relations—United States. I. Title. 940.5482/43 – dc22 Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Cleared for public release: distribution unlimited. Air University Press Air Force Research Institute 155 North Twining Street Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-6026 http://aupress.au.af.mil ii Dedicated to Mr. Harry Fletcher, whose candor and generosity made this project possible Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER . ii DEDICATION . iii FOREWORD . ix ABOUT THE AUTHOR . xv ABSTRACT . xvii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . xix INTRODUCTION . xxi 1 AN OVERVIEW OF AMERICAN WORLD WAR II OFFICIAL MILITARY HISTORY PROJECTS . 1 The von Rohden Project (1945–47) . 4 The Naval Historical Team, Bremerhaven (1949–52) . 6 The US Army’s German Military History Program (1945–61) . 8 2 CHRONOLOGY OF THE KARLSRUHE PROJECT (1952–69) .
  • Joel Document Fifth Panzer Ar.My, Appendices to WD 9

    Joel Document Fifth Panzer Ar.My, Appendices to WD 9

    JOel H.S. Number Document -Para 981PA5 (D.5) Fifth Panzer Ar.my, 28f Appendices to W.D. 9 Aug - 9 Sep 44 Corps 88 Corps, W.D. 35, 1 Ju1 - 31 Dec 44 88 Corps, W.D. 14lf 1 Jul - 31 Dec 44, Vol "B" of Apps 88 Corps, W.D. 1 Jul - 31 Dec 44, Vol ;'C" of Apps B. Secondary Sources 981S0M(DI72) Blauensteiner, 36 2 Para Corps, 19 Sep 44 - 10 Mar 45 981S0M(D208) Hammer, 58 Report on 190 Inf Div 98IAGpG(DI) von Mel1enthin, 65f A Gp G,' 20 Sep - 8 Nov 44 Schramm, Der Westen, -- (ses: Primary Sources) 981S0M(DI48) Student, 34 SUpplement to Report by Col Geyer 981S0M(D94) Zimmermann , llf 65f O.B. Wast from Atlantic Wall to Siegfriod LinG, ItA StUdy in COIr.J.lland 11 XXII Books u.s. Army, Military 14f 33, Intelligence Division, Washington, 1945, Order of Battle of the German krmy Westphal, Siegfried 93 The German Army in the West Wilmot, Chester 30f The Struggle for Europe Appendix "A" Prig.eipa1 Appointments in the West (Autumn 1944) Ref: para 7 Appendix tlB" O.B. West Order of Battle 1,5 Aug 44 • 981.04,5 (D1) , Ref: para 10 Appendix "G" F6h.rer Order to hold or destroy Paris 23 Ayg 44 981AG:pB (D2) Ref: :para 17 Appendix "D" F'!hrer Order of 25 Sep 44 98J.AGpB(D2) • Ref: para 70 tPpYnd:l,;x: "F" o - JSI Report No. 77 OKW!WFSt Directive to O.B. West 29 Oct 44 981HC-N(D16) Raf: para 102 Appendix "Aft PRnJC,IPAL APP,OIN'n.fENTS ,IN TIlli VmST (tor period under review) O.B.