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Diplomsko Delo UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA Oddelek za zgodovino DIPLOMSKO DELO Daniel Siter Maribor, 2015 UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA Oddelek za zgodovino Diplomsko delo VOJAŠKI NAČRT ERICHA VON MANSTEINA IN PROBLEMATIKA DUNKERQUA ERICH VON MANSTEIN'S MILITARY OPERATION PLAN AND THE ISSUE OF DUNKIRK PORT Mentor: red. prof. dr. Darko Friš Kandidat: Daniel Siter Maribor, 2015 Lektorica: Tamara Kovačič, univ. dipl. anglistka in slovenistka Zahvala Zahvaljujem se mentorju red. prof. dr. Darku Frišu za strokovno pomoč in nasvete pri nastajanju diplomskega dela. Iskreno se zahvaljujem svoji punci Katji, ki mi je ves čas mojega študija stala ob strani, me podpirala, spodbujala in pomagala, kadar je bilo to potrebno. Hvala! Neizmerno hvaležnost pa bi želel izreči tudi svoji družini, ki mi je nudila moralno spodbudo in finančno podporo. Podpisani Daniel Siter, rojen 31. 10. 1992, študent Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Mariboru, smer zgodovina in geografija, izjavljam, da je diplomsko delo z naslovom Vojaški načrt Ericha von Mansteina in problematika Dunkerqua pri mentorju red. prof. dr. Darku Frišu avtorsko delo. V diplomskem delu so uporabljeni viri in literatura korektno navedeni; teksti niso prepisani brez navedbe avtorjev. Maribor, 2. 9. 2015 KAZALO POVZETEK / SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 1 1 UVOD ................................................................................................................................. 3 2 ZAKLJUČEK OPERACIJ NA POLJSKEM: HITLER HITI K ODPRTJU ZAHODNE FRONTE .................................................................................................................................... 4 3 NESTABILNO VREMENSKO STANJE KOT KLJUČNI DEJAVNIK ODLAGANJA INVAZIJE .................................................................................................................................. 8 4 RAZLIČNE OPERATIVNE OBLIKE 'PRIMERA RUMENA' ...................................... 12 5 PREBUJENJE GENIALNEGA STRATEGA .................................................................. 18 5.1 Fritz Erich Georg Eduard von Lewinski .................................................................... 18 5.2 Upravičeni dvomi nad dosedanjimi primeri invazijskih načrtov ............................... 21 5.3 Boj za sprejetje in uveljavitev Mansteinove strategije .............................................. 23 5.4 Značilnosti vojaškega načrta Ericha von Mansteina ................................................. 31 6 MAJ 1940: REALIZACIJA NAČRTA IN ŠOK ZAVEZNIKOV ................................... 36 6.1 Vojaška primerjava nemških in zavezniških sil ........................................................ 37 6.1.1 Številčnost enot in njihova moč ......................................................................... 38 6.1.2 Kvaliteta, opremljenost in tehnične pomanjkljivosti zavezniških enot .............. 39 7 VOJAŠKI STROJ NACISTIČNE NEMČIJE KONČA 'TIHO VOJNO' ......................... 41 8 VOJAŠKE OPERACIJE NA ZAHODU .......................................................................... 42 8.1 Potek operacij na Nizozemskem ................................................................................ 42 8.2 Pregled operacij v Belgiji .......................................................................................... 47 8.3 Začetek sesedanja obrambnega bloka zaveznikov: nadaljevanje ofenzive v Belgiji 51 9 ARMADNA SKUPINA A ODLOČILNO PREBIJE ZAHODNO FRONTO ................. 60 9.1 Skrivnostni preboj težkih oklepnikov v Ardenih: prečkanje reke Meuse.................. 60 9.1.1 Zavezniške vojaške sile niso izkoristile svojih priložnosti ................................ 63 9.2 Usodni 13. maj 1940: nered, zmeda in velika panika ................................................ 64 9.3 Prepočasni in slabo vodeni zavezniški protiukrepi .................................................... 69 10 NEZAUSTAVLJIV PRODOR OKLEPNIKOV PROTI ROKAVSKEMU PRELIVU ... 72 11 NEUSPEŠNI PROTINAPADI NA 'NEMŠKI SRP' ......................................................... 77 12 ZAPIRANJE 'JUŽNEGA KORIDORJA' IN OPERACIJE ZNOTRAJ UKLEŠČENEGA OBROČA ................................................................................................................................. 80 12.1 Ujete armade zaveznikov bežijo proti enemu samemu cilju: obalam Dunkerquea ... 82 13 24. MAJ: ENA IZMED HITLERJEVIH NAJUSODNEJŠIH NAPAK ........................... 87 13.1 Vzroki in posledice zaustavitve Guderianovih oklepnikov ....................................... 87 14 ZAKLJUČEK ................................................................................................................... 93 15 LITERATURA IN VIRI ................................................................................................... 95 15.1 Literatura ................................................................................................................... 95 15.1.1 Časniki ................................................................................................................ 96 15.2 Viri ............................................................................................................................. 99 KAZALO ZEMLJEVIDOV Zemljevid 1: Grafična ponazoritev razlik med nemškima načrtoma iz leta 1914 in 1939 ter Mansteinovim vojaškim načrtom iz leta 1940. ........................................................................ 35 Zemljevid 2: Prikaz treh najpomembnejših obrambnih črt v zavezniški Belgiji. ................... 51 Zemljevid 3: Silovito napredovanje nemških enot vzdolž zahodne fronte. ............................ 62 Zemljevid 4: Podrobnejši pregled nemških operacij znotraj sektorja pri Sedanu: 13. maj 1940. .................................................................................................................................................. 66 Zemljevid 5: Uspešna vzpostavitev 18-tonskega mostišča na reki Meuse. ............................ 67 Zemljevid 6: Prodor Nemcev preko ''južnega koridorja'' do kraja Abbeville. ........................ 81 Zemljevid 7: Weygandova ideja protinapada - preboj ''južnega hodnika'' preko Arrasa. ....... 82 POVZETEK / SUMMARY Diplomsko delo bralcu ponuja obširen in celovit obenem pa sistematičen vpogled v vojno dogajanje evropskih udeleženk v obdobju priprav in izvedbe zahodne invazije vojaškega stroja nacistične Nemčije. Na začetku so orisane taktične in operativne težave, s katerimi so se pri oblikovanju ofenzivnih načrtov spopadali tedanji vojaški strategi nemških kopenskih sil. Po predstavitvi prvotnih in že obstoječih ofenzivnih zamisli sledi glavni fokus naloge, tj. nastop Ericha von Mansteina in oblikovanje, sprejetje ter seznanjenje z bistvenimi lastnostmi njegovega invazijskega načrta, ki se je na koncu nadvse uspešno rezultiral v popolnoma razsekanem obrambnem sektorju »zahodnih zaveznikov«. Prvotni operativni načrti Nemčije so se zdeli preveč konvencionalni, omejeni, premalo drzni in preveč podobni strateškim zamislim še iz časa prve svetovne vojne. Tudi po vnesenih spremembah niso bili zadovoljivi. Neprekinjeno in dolgotrajno nestabilno vremensko obdobje, ki je bilo ves čas eden izmed glavnih vzrokov za številne preložitve napada, je Erichu von Mansteinu dalo možnost, da oblikuje, izpopolni in pred samim Adolfom Hitlerjem pojasni še svojo alternativo napada. Rezultat je bila skoraj naravnost genialna ofenzivna zamisel, ki je preusmerila glavnino nemške ofenzive s klasičnega severnega dela fronte na njen osrednji sektor oz. z desnega na levo armadno krilo. Namesto že preizkušenega frontalnega napada v Belgiji, ki bi se v okviru najbolj optimističnih napovedi najverjetneje »zadušil« že kar vzdolž utrjene obrambne črte na reki Somi, je štabni načelnik skupine armad A predlagal skrivnostni preboj elitnih tankovskih divizij čez domnevno neprevozne in nedostopne Ardene. Zaradi teh geografskih značilnosti je bila ta pokrajina zelo slabo varovana. Mansteinove strategije se je po vojni oprijel naziv 'zamah s srpom' (v nemškem izvirniku: »Sichelschnitt«). Taktika je v glavnem temeljila na ključnem momentu presenečenja, ki si ga je Hitler v svojih opcijah za napad želel že od samih začetkov pripravljanja različnih ofenzivnih alternativ, a mu tega ni znal nihče ponuditi. Zaključni del naloge poskuša čim konkretneje pojasniti problematiko teme, ki se navezuje na vprašanje, zakaj je Nemčija začasno zaustavila napredovanje svojih oklepnih in tankovskih enot tik pred zadnjim prelivskim pristaniščem, ki še ni padlo v roke nacistov in tako omogočila glavnini britanskih ekspedicijskih sil uspešno evakuacijo in pobeg v sosednjo Veliko Britanijo. Ključne besede: primer Rumeno, Erich von Manstein, Mansteinov vojaški načrt, zamah s srpom, zahodna fronta, ofenziva čez Ardene, druga svetovna vojna, vojaške operacije na zahodu, zavezniki na zahodni fronti, operacija Dinamo, evakuacija iz Dunkerqua. 1 Bachelor's thesis offers an extensive and comprehensive as well as systematic insight into the war developments in time of preparation and execution of western invasion by Nazi war machine. At the beginning of the thesis there is a presentation of the way military strategists of German land forces tackled with tactical and operational problems, when they were developing and forming plans for the offensive in the West. After introducing the initial ideas and thoughts for the invasion, the primary focus of work follows: the performance of Erich von Manstein as well as creation, adoption and
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