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Florida State University Libraries 2016 Social Nesting Behvior of the Bahama Parrot on Abaco Island and Its Conservation Implications Caroline S. (Caroline Stahala) Walker Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES SOCIAL NESTING BEHVIOR OF THE BAHAMA PARROT ON ABACO ISLAND AND ITS CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS By CAROLINE S. WALKER A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Biological Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2016 Caroline Stahala Walker defended this dissertation on June 23, 2016. The members of the supervisory committee were: Emily H. DuVal Professor Directing Dissertation Peter Beerli University Representative Kimberly A. Hughes Committee Member Brian Inouye Committee Member Frances C. James Committee Member Thomas E. Miller Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii Dedicated to Ricky Johnson iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I have to start by acknowledging my wonderful family for their unconditional love and support. Thank you Jitka, Peter, Mike and Philipp Stahala for always being there for me and encouraging me to keep going. I met my husband, Sandy Walker, while I was working on this project but he became the biggest supporter and encourager. Sandy was an integral part of this project, during field work he became a mechanic, driver, handyman, bag maker, field technician, logistical organizer, advocate, cheerleader and friend. Thank you Sandy for everything you have done for me. A conservation research project of this magnitude required logistic and financial support from an enormous number of individuals and organizations. I would like to thank the following for financial assistance including The Bahamas National Trust, The Amazona Society UK, The Amazona Society US, Antonius Roberts, FSU Dept of Biology Loftin Award and Short Fellowship, FSU International Dissertation Research Scholarship, Friends of the Environment, Kathryne and Richard Thorp, Lindroth Development Ltd, Mark Hagen, Michelle LeMoroux, Islands by Design, Parrots International, Rare Species Conservation Foundation, Schooner Bay, Shirley Cartwright, Susan Hilliard, and Suzan Payne. Kari Schmidt and George Amato, your laboratory use, analysis support and guidance were invaluable. Bill Hayes, thank you for the talks on species concervation. Field support came from a dedicated crew of field technicians including Catrina Damrell, Josh Kelly, Emily Davidson, Kara Cox, Amanda Hitchcock, Deanna Quinn, Fio Kerins, Lucy Nepstad, Jenna Motz, Zach Fitzner, Alex Hughes, Nicole Napolski and Alaina Maier. Logistical field support came from all the BNT staff including Eric Carey, Lynn Gape, Kadie Mills, David Knowles and the one and only king of south Abaco, parrot protector Mr. iv Marcus Davis. Additional Abaco folks I have to thank include Anita and Stephen Knowles, Barbara Forman, Marilla Santillo and Leanne Hopkins. Academic support came from my major advisor Dr. Emily DuVal and committee including Peter Beerli, Tom Miller, Fran James, Kim Hughes, and Brian Inouye. Thank you all for pushing me to think beyond my main focus of conservation and making me a more well- rounded conservation biologist. I cannot leave FSU without thanking the cohort of students I started with, particularly Anna Strimaitis and Christina Kwapich. Thank you ladies for always being there. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. viii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................x 1. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1 2. GROUP NESTING BY THE BAHAMA PARROT (AMAZONA LEUCOCEPHALA BAHAMENSIS): ASSESSING EFFECTS OF CAVITY DENSITY AND MICROHABITAT ...11 3. INFLUENCE OF RELATEDNESS AND GENETIC POPULATION STRUCTURE ON NEST AGGREGATION OF THE BAHAMA PARROT (AMAZONA LEUCOCEPHALA BAHAMENSIS) ON ABACO ISLAND .........................................................................................29 4. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NEIGHBORS AND THE INFLUENCE OF PREDATORS ON BAHAMA PARROT NESTING ............................................................................................48 5. RECLASSIFICATION OF THE CUBAN PARROT (AMAZONA LEUCOCEPHALA) COMPLEX ....................................................................................................................................66 6. CONCLUSION .........................................................................................................................81 APPENDIX A: ALLELE MATCHES FOR EACH CHICK/PARENT PAIR SAMPLED INCLUDING YEAR SAMPLE WAS COLLECTED ..................................................................85 APPENDIX B: 154 BAHAMA PARROTS SAMPLED FOR DNA BY YEAR, NEST ID,AGE AND SEX ......................................................................................................................................87 APPENDIX C: ACUC ASSURANCE LETTER ..........................................................................93 APPENDIX D: LICENCE TO REUSE FIGURES .......................................................................94 References ......................................................................................................................................95 Biographical Sketch .....................................................................................................................108 vi LIST OF TABLES 2.1 Degree of exposed rock and distance to nearest plant differed between parrot nests (n=68) and unused cavities (n=29). Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to compare values of characteristics between used and unused nests. Asterisk (*) indicates significance of p<0.05. .................................................................................................................................28 3.1 Characterization of population-wide variation at microsatellite loci genotyped for the Abaco population of the Bahama Parrot (N=154), observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) (Russello et al. 2001, Russello, 2008).. .................................................. 47 4.1 Demographic information for the Bahama Parrot and predator control information for 2003- 2005 and 2010-2012. Demographic values include adult survival, as estimated through modified Mayfield analysis (Stahala 2005); mean breeding productivity as estimated through Mayfield analysis. Data on predator control were obtained from the Bahamas National Trust (BNT), including years in which data were collected for predator control and the number of cats removed during or prior to the breeding season. ..............................................................62 4.2 Results of predator simulation at focal nests indicate focal and nearest neighbor (NN) responded vocally during the simulation but at different rates. Neighbors did not approach focal nests during predator simulations. Asterisk denotes significant value at the 0.05 level. 63 4.3 Model parameters and results for GLMMs with the binary response of nest success N=216 nest observations. Predator control and nearest neighbor nest fate were the only measured factors had an effect on nest success of focal Bahama Parrot nests. Nests were more successful when neighbors were successful and predator control was in effect. ....................63 5.1 Diagnostic characteristics of the proposed species and subspecies of Amazona leucocephala. Bahama species descriptions are from Reynolds and Hayes (2009). Cuba and Cayman species descriptions from Forshaw (2006) and Reynolds and Hayes (2009). .........................76 5.2 Criteria used to reclassify avian species in the Caribbean, including Hispaniolan Oriole (Icterus d. dominicensis), Cuban Oriole ( I. d. melanopsis), Yellow-throated Warbler (Dendroica d.dominica), and Bahama Warbler (Dendroica d. flavescens), compared to the criteria for the Cuban Amazon complex and congeners of the Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona vittata) and Hispaniolan Parrot (Amazona ventralis). Comparisons support the validity of reclassification of the Cuban Amazon complex. CN – Indicates closest neighboring parrot population to the study population. ..........................................................................................77 5.3 Proposed classification of the Cuban Amazon complex in light of new information about the seven populations (based on Table 5.1). ..................................................................................78 vii LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Cuban Parrot (Amazona leucocephala) distribution and nesting distribution on Abaco and Inagua (points) (figure from Russello et al. 2010). Black dots indicate nests found during 2007 for Great Inagua and 2004 for Great Abaco. ....................................................................9 1.2 South Abaco distribution of parrot nests and habitat. Light blue line is a minimum convex polygon of the nesting area; black line delineates the Abaco National Park; blue and red stars
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