330 Genus Pseudathyma Staudinger

AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES. MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb Updated 28 May 2021

Genus Pseudathyma Staudinger, 1891 False Sergeants

Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 4: 90 (61-157). Type-species: Pseudacraea sibyllina Staudinger, by monotypy.

The genus Pseudathyma belongs to the Family Nymphalidae Rafinesque, 1815; Subfamily Limenitidinae Behr, 1864; Tribe Adoliadini Doubleday, 1845; Subtribe Bebearina Hemming, 1960. The other genera in the Subtribe Bebearina in the Afrotropical Region are Evena, Aterica, Pseudargynnis, Cynandra, Euryphura, Euryphaedra, Euryphurana, Euphaedra, Euriphene, Bebearia and Euptera.

Pseudathyma (False Sergeants) is an Afrotropical genus containing 17 species. Generic revision by Libert et al., 2002.

Relevant literature: Libert, 2019 [New species and subspecies]. Amiet & Libert, 2002 [Biogeography]. Libert et al., 2002 [Generic revision].

P. sibyllina group

P. sibyllina subgroup

*Pseudathyma sibyllina (Staudinger, 1890) Sibylline False Sergeant

Pseudacraea sibyllina Staudinger, 1890. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 3: 338 (337-338). Pseudathyma sibyllina (Staudinger, 1890). Ackery et al., 1995.

Pseudathyma sibyllina. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Bibiani, western Ghana. April 2007. S. Yevo. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2226). 1 Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Pseudathyma sibyllina. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Bibiani, western Ghana. April 2007. S. Yevo. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2227). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Type locality: Sierra Leone. Neotype (male): Sierra Leone (Preuss). Neallotype (female): Bayota Forest, Gagnoa, Ivory Coast, VI 1966 (T.H.E. Jackson) (Both designated by Libert et al., 2002). Neotype (male) in N.H.M., London and neallotype (female) in N.M.K., Nairobi.

Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria.

Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria. Specific localities: Guinea – Djeke (Libert et al., 2002); Mount Nimba (Libert et al., 2002); Seredou (Libert et al., 2002); Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Sierra Leone – Guma Valley (Libert et al., 2002); Loma Mountains (Libert et al., 2002). Liberia – Wanau Forest (Libert et al., 2002). Ivory Coast – Alepe (Libert et al., 2002); Banco (Libert et al., 2002); Bayota (Libert et al., 2002); Issia (Libert et al., 2002); Tiassale (Libert et al., 2002); Yapo (Libert et al., 2002). Ghana – Asin Foso (Libert et al., 2002); Kakum (Libert et al., 2002); Kibi (Libert et al., 2002); Konongo (Libert et al., 2002); Kumasi (Libert et al., 2002); Sagamase (Libert et al., 2002); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Nigeria – Ikom (Libert et al., 2002); Umuhaia (Libert et al., 2002). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Usually flies high up and so is rarely seen (Larsen, 2005a). 2 Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Pseudathyma callina (Grose-Smith, 1898) Calline False Sergeant

Neptis callina Grose-Smith, 1898. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 1: 246 (245-246). Pseudathyma callina (Grose-Smith, 1898). Ackery et al., 1995.

Pseudathyma callina callina. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kasuo, N. Kivu, DRC. June 2012. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2242). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Pseudathyma callina callina. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kilau, E. Kivu, DRC. June 2014. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2243). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

3 Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia

Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon (Libert, 2005c), Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia (north-west). Habitat: Forest. Habits: A rare species (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Pseudathyma callina callina (Grose-Smith, 1898)

Neptis callina Grose-Smith, 1898. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 1: 246 (245-246). Pseudathyma callina (Grose-Smith, 1898). Ackery et al., 1995.

Pseudathyma callina callina. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kasuo, N. Kivu, DRC. June 2012. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2242). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Pseudathyma callina callina. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kilau, E. Kivu, DRC. June 2014. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2243). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Neallotype (male): Zamakoe, Cameroon, 31 X 1988 (M. Libert) (Designated by Libert et al., 2002). Holotype (female) in the N.H.M., London. Neallotype (male) in the M.N.H.N., Paris. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon (Libert, 2005c), Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Nigeria – Ikom (Libert et al., 2002); Oban (Libert et al., 2002). Cameroon – Deng Deng (Libert et al., 2002); Masse (Libert et al., 2002); Sangmelima (Libert et al., 2002); Zamakoe (Libert et al., 2002); Mount Kala (Libert, 2019); Mbalmayo (Libert, 2019); Kalo (Libert, 2019); Kumilla (Libert, 2019); Moloundou (Libert, 2019). Gabon – Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Libert, 2019). Congo – Mambili (Libert et al., 2002); Ngundo (Libert et al., 2002); Etoumbi (Libert, 2019); Kelle (Libert, 2019). Central African Republic – Bangui (Libert et al., 2002); Lobaye (Libert et al., 2002); Maboke (Libert et al., 2002). Democratic Republic of Congo – Bangupa (Libert et al., 2002); Bunia (Libert et al., 2002); Kisangani (Libert et al., 2002); Mbandaka (Libert et al., 2002); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Kwokoro (Libert, 2019); Bopoto (Libert, 2019).

Pseudathyma callina australis Libert, 2019

Pseudathyma callina australis Libert, 2019. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 124 (4): 344 (337-356).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kafakumba [-9,70; 23,70], Katanga, République Démocratique du Congo, IV.1934, F.G. Overlaet (Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren)”. Holotype (male) in the M.R.A.C., Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (south-central), Zambia (north-west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kafakumba (TL); Kapanga (Libert, 2019). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath); 80 km south of Mwinilunga (Fisher) (Heath et al., 2002); Isombo, Ikelenge.

*Pseudathyma masikini Libert, 2019

5 Pseudathyma masikini Libert, 2019. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 124 (4): 347 (337-356).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Maliva [-0,17 ; 29,02], E. Kivu, République Démocratique du Congo, III.2014, ABRI leg., BOLD MLIB-1655 (ABRI, Nairobi)”. Holotype (male) and Allotype (female) in ABRI, Nairobi. Distribution: Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia. Specific localities: Central African Republic – Bangui (Libert, 2019). Democratic Republic of Congo – Maliva (TL); Mamove (Libert, 2019); Kasuo (Libert, 2019); Kithokolo (Libert, 2019); Mambungu (Libert, 2019); Pateka (Libert, 2019); Biakatu (Libert, 2019); Kasugho (Libert, 2019); Kenge (Libert, 2019); Kirina (Libert, 2019); Paulis (Libert, 2019); Bangupa (Libert, 2019); Toya Kole (Libert, 2019); Kwokoro (Libert, 2019); Kafakumba (Libert, 2019); Kapanga (Libert, 2019); Luena (Libert, 2019); Sandoa (Libert, 2019); Tshipasa (Libert, 2019). Zambia – Ikelenge (Libert, 2019). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Pseudathyma deslogesi Libert, 2019

Pseudathyma deslogesi Libert, 2019. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 124 (4): 349 (337-356).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mapimbi [0,83 ; 29,02], S Kivu, E République Démocratique du Congo, IX.2014, ABRI leg., BOLD MLIB-1657 (ABRI, Nairobi)”. Holotype (male) and Allotype (female) in ABRI, Nairobi. Distribution: ?Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Central African Republic – ? Bangui (Libert, 2019). Democratic Republic of Congo – Mapimbi (TL); Pateka (Libert, 2019); Mamove (Libert, 2019); Biakatu (Libert, 2019); Kasugho (Libert, 2019). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Pseudathyma callinoides Libert, 2019

Pseudathyma deslogesi Libert, 2019. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 124 (4): 350 (337-356).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kasuo [-0,23 ; 29,02], N Kivu, E République Démocratique du Congo, III.2012, ABRI leg., BOLD MLIB-1274 (ABRI, Nairobi)”. Holotype (male) and Allotype (female) in ABRI, Nairobi. Distribution: Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia. Specific localities: Central African Republic – Bangui (Libert, 2019). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kasuo (TL); Mabungu (Libert, 2019); Kanyambia (Libert, 2019); Kanyatsi (Libert, 2019); Kasugho (Libert, 2019); Kibale (Libert, 2019); Kilau (Libert, 2019); Lubango (Libert, 2019); Manzunbu (Libert, 2019); Lubero (Libert, 2019); Teturi (Libert, 2019); Kisangani (Libert, 2019); Mbandaka (Libert, 2019); Katako-Kombe (Libert, 2019); Sankuru

6 (Libert, 2019). Zambia – Ikelenge (Libert, 2019), Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Pseudathyma cyrili Chovet, 2002

Pseudathyma cyrili Chovet, 2002. In: Libert, Chovet & Collins, 2002. Revision des Euptera et Pseudathyma (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). A.B.R.I. & Lambillionea: 128 (1-177).

Pseudathyma cyrili cyrili. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Zambezi Bridge, Jimbe, north west Zambia. October 2002. CC & SCC. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2228). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Pseudathyma cyrili cyrili. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kalinzu, south west Uganda. August 2012. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2229). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

7 Distribution: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia.

Distribution: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia. Habitat: Forest. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Pseudathyma cyrili cyrili Chovet, 2002

Pseudathyma cyrili Chovet, 2002. In: Libert, Chovet & Collins, 2002. Revision des Euptera et Pseudathyma (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). A.B.R.I. & Lambillionea: 128 (1-177).

Pseudathyma cyrili cyrili. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kalinzu, south west Uganda. August 2012. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2229). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Type locality: Central African Republic: “Bangui, R.C.A., VIII 1991”. Allotype (female): same data as holotype. Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in the M.N.H.N., Paris. Distribution: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia. Specific localities: Cameroon – Bitje (Libert et al., 2002); Kalo (Libert et al., 2002); Kumilla (Libert et al., 2002); Lolodorf (Libert et al., 2002); Makak (Libert et al., 2002); Mambioko (Libert et al., 2002); Masse (Libert et al., 2002); Meyila (Libert et al., 2002); Mount Kala (Libert et al., 2002); Nkolesse (Libert et al., 2002); Mbalmayo (Libert et al., 2002). Central African Republic – Bangui (TL); Moloukou (Libert, 2019). Congo – Etoumbi (Libert et al., 2002); Goumina (Libert et al., 2002); Kelle (Libert et al., 2002). Democratic Republic of Congo – Beni (Libert et al., 2002); Epulu (Libert et al., 2002); Kafakumba (Libert et al., 2002); Kamba (Libert et al., 2002); Kambasa River (Libert et al., 2002); Kiputu (Libert et al., 2002); 127 km E. of Kisangani (Libert et al., 2002); Kinshasa (Libert et al., 2002); Kole (Libert et al., 2002); Lake Tumba (Libert et al., 2002); Luena (Libert et al., 2002); Mapimbi (Libert et al., 2002); Medje (Libert et al., 2002); Mbandaka (Libert et al., 2002); Mongbwala (Libert et al., 2002); Mount Hoyo (Libert et al., 2002); Paulis (Libert et al., 2002); Sandoa (Libert et al., 2002); Toya Kole (Libert et al., 2002); Tshipasa (Libert et al., 2002); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mambasa (Libert, 2019); Kasuo (Libert, 2019); Lubero (Libert, 2019); Mongbwalu (Libert, 2019); Bunia (Libert, 2019). Uganda – Budongo (Libert et al., 2002); Kalinzu (Libert et al., 2002). Zambia – Zambezi Bridge (male illustrated above).

Pseudathyma cyrili minziro Libert, 2019

Pseudathyma cyrili minziro Libert, 2019. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 124 (4): 347 (337-356).

Type locality: Tanzania: “Kele Hill [-1,05 ; 31,55], Minziro forest, Bukoba R., 1250 m, Tanzanie, 20.XI.1994, T.C.E.C. / M.H. (ABRI, Nairobi)”. Allotype (female): same data as holotype but 17.XII.1994. Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Distribution: Uganda, Tanzania. Specific localities: Uganda – Katera (Libert, 2019). Tanzania – Miziro Forest (TL).

9 P. falcata subgroup

*Pseudathyma falcata Jackson, 1969 Falcate False Sergeant

Pseudathyma falcata Jackson, 1969. Journal of Natural History 3: 493 (493-496).

Pseudathyma falcata. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Bibiani, Ghana. April 2007. S. Yevo. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2230). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Pseudathyma falcata. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Bonkro, western Ghana. August 2006. RV & SY. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2231). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Type locality: Ivory Coast: “Côte d’Ivoire, Gagnoa, Bayota Forest, VI 1966 (T.H.E. Jackson)”. Allotype (female): Tiassale, Abidjan, Ivory Coast, X 1965 (T.H.E. Jackson). Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in N.H.M., London.

10 Distribution: Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria.

Distribution: Guinea (Libert, 2005c), Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria. Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Bayota Forest, Gagnoa (TL); Abengourou (Libert et al., 2002); Agboville (Libert et al., 2002); Alepe (Libert et al., 2002); Issia (Libert et al., 2002); Lamto (Libert et al., 2002); Tiassale (Libert et al., 2002). Ghana – Accra (Libert et al., 2002); Amedzofe (Libert et al., 2002); Asenanyo (Libert et al., 2002); Kakum (Libert et al., 2002); Kibi (Libert et al., 2002); Konango (Libert et al., 2002); Likpe (Libert et al., 2002); Tinto Bepo (Libert et al., 2002); Wli Falls (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Nigeria – Gambari Forest (Libert et al., 2002); Ibadan (Libert et al., 2002); Ikom (Libert et al., 2002); Ilaro (Libert et al., 2002); Lagos (Libert et al., 2002); Omuo (Libert et al., 2002). Habitat: Forest. Habits: This butterfly is rarely encountered (Larsen, 2005a). A pair, with their legs intertwined, fell in front of Larsen on a forest path and were picked up in his fingers (Larsen, 2005a); presumably this was a courting couple. Similar behaviour was noted in Euptera elabontas (Larsen, 2005a: 436). Males are sometimes seen mudpuddling (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

jocqueana Hecq, 1990 (as sp. of Pseudathyma). Lambillionea 90 (2): 39 (39-41). Ivory Coast: “Cote d’Ivoire”. Syn nov. Libert, Chovet & Collins, 2002: 129.

P. plutonica subgroup

*Pseudathyma plutonica Butler, 1902

Pseudathyma plutonica Butler, 1902. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1902: 48 (44-51).

Pseudathyma plutonica plutonica. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakamega, Kenya. October 2015. S. Collins. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2240). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Pseudathyma plutonica plutonica. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakamega, Kenya. March 2007. S. Collins. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2241). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Type locality: Uganda: “Toro, VI 1900 (H. Johnston)”. Neallotype (female): Entebbe (Designated by Libert et al., 2002). Holotype (male) and neallotype (female) in N.H.M., London. Diagnosis: Similar to Pseudathyma lucretioides but forewing discal spot in space 3 much shorter than other discal spots; subapical white streaks poorly developed; male whitish to cream (not yellowish); margin less indented (Kielland, 1990d).

Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya [ssp. plutonica – red dots]

Tanzania [ssp. expansa – green dot]

Democratic Republic of Congo [ssp. shaba – blue dot]

Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania. Habitat: Forest. Habits: Usually flies high up in the trees, where males defend territories from favoured perches (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Both sexes occasionally descend to sun themselves on leaves lower down or even on the ground and are then extremely wary (Larsen, 1991c). Males come down to mud puddle and females can be observed settling low down on riverine vegetation. Both sexes are attracted to fermenting fruit (Kielland, 1990d). Larsen (1991) once noted a pair spiralling down from the forest canopy in a courtship flight. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Pseudathyma plutonica plutonica Butler, 1902

Pseudathyma plutonica Butler, 1902. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1902: 48 (44-51).

Type locality: Uganda: “Toro, VI 1900 (H. Johnston)”. Neallotype (female): Entebbe (Designated by Libert et al., 2002). Holotype (male) and neallotype (female) in N.H.M., London. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda, Kenya (west). Recorded, apparently in error, from north-western Tanzania by Congdon & Collins, 1998 (Libert, 2002: 131).

13 Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Mongbwalu (Libert et al., 2002); Mount Hoyo (Libert et al., 2002); Muleke (Libert et al., 2002); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Toro (TL); Entebbe (Libert et al., 2002); Kalinzu (Libert et al., 2002); Kampala (Libert et al., 2002); Mbale (Libert et al., 2002); Rutenga Forest (Libert et al., 2002); Sesse Island (Libert et al., 2002). Kenya – Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Malawa Forest (Libert et al., 2002); Tran-Nzoia (Libert et al., 2002).

Pseudathyma plutonica expansa Kielland, 1978

Pseudathyma plutonica expansa Kielland, 1978. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 121: 178 (147-237).

Type locality: Tanzania: “Mpanda, Ntakatta forest, 1500 m, 5 XI 1971 (J. Kielland)”. Allotype (female): Mpanda, Ntakatta Forest, 2 XI 1971 (J. Kielland). Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in N.M.K., Nairobi. Diagnosis: White discal markings better developed than in nominate subspecies; distal border of hind wing median band incised at the veins (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania. Specific localities: Tanzania – Ntakatta Forest (TL).

Pseudathyma plutonica shaba Chovet, 2002

Pseudathyma plutonica shaba Chovet, 2002. In: Libert, Chovet & Collins, 2002. Revision des Euptera et Pseudathyma (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). A.B.R.I. & Lambillionea: 132 (1-177).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kafakumba, Katanga, II 1939 (F.G. Overlaet)”. Allotype (female): Kafakumba, Katanga, VI 1938 (F.G. Overlaet). Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in M.R.A.C., Tervuren. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kafakumba (TL). Habitat: Forest. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Pseudathyma nzoia van Someren, 1939

Pseudathyma nzoia van Someren, 1939. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 14: 97 (15-100).

Type locality: Kenya: “Kitale, X 1932 (bred van Someren)”. Allotype (female): same data as holotype. Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in N.H.M., London.

14 Distribution: Kenya.

Distribution: Kenya (west). Recorded, in error, from Uganda by van Someren, 1939 (Libert et al., 2002). Specific localities: Kenya – Kitale (TL); Mount Elgon (Libert et al., 2002); Kakamega Forest (Libert et al., 2002). Habitat: Forest. Habits: This is a scarce species that is a Kenyan endemic (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages:

Van Someren, 1939.

Larval food: Nothing published.

*Pseudathyma uluguru Kielland, 1985

Pseudathyma uluguru Kielland, 1985. Lambillionea 87: 65 (62-76).

Pseudathyma uluguru abriana. Male (Holotype). Left – upperside; right – underside. March 1999. TCEC. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2235). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Pseudathyma uluguru abriana. Male (Allotype). Left – upperside; right – underside. Nguru Mtns, Tanzania. March 1999. CC et al. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2236). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Uluguru, Bondwa Mt. (2140 m), 2 II 1982 (J. Kielland)”. Holotype (male) in N.H.M., London. Known from only two males; the female is unknown (Libert et al., 2002).

Distribution: Tanzania [ssp. uluguru – red dot]

Tanzania [ssp. abriana – green dot]

Distribution: Tanzania. Habitat: Montane forest (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Pseudathyma uluguru uluguru Kielland, 1985

Pseudathyma uluguru Kielland, 1985. Lambillionea 87: 65 (62-76).

Type locality: Tanzania: “Uluguru, Bondwa Mt. (2140 m), 2 II 1982 (J. Kielland)”. Holotype (male) in N.H.M., London. Known from only two males; the female is unknown (Libert et al., 2002). Distribution: Tanzania. Known only from the type locality. Specific localities: Tanzania – Mount Bondwa (TL).

16 Pseudathyma uluguru abriana Collins, 2002

Pseudathyma uluguru abriana Collins, 2002. In: Libert, Chovet & Collins, 2002. Revision des Euptera et Pseudathyma (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). A.B.R.I. & Lambillionea: 135 (1-177).

Pseudathyma uluguru abriana. Male (Holotype). Left – upperside; right – underside. March 1999. TCEC. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2235). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Pseudathyma uluguru abriana. Female (Allotype). Left – upperside; right – underside. Nguru Mtns, Tanzania. March 1999. CC et al. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2236). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Mkombola, Nguru Mountains (1100 m), III 1999”. Allotype (female): same data as holotype. Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Etymology: Named for the African Butterfly Research Institute (A.B.R.I.), Nairobi, Kenya. Distribution: Tanzania. Specific localities: Tanzania – Mkombola, Nguru Mountains (TL).

*Pseudathyma legeri Larsen & Boorman, 1995 St Leger’s False Sergeant

Pseudathyma legeri Larsen & Boorman, 1995. Lambillionea 95 (4) (Tome II): 611 (611-613).

Pseudathyma legeri. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Obudu Plateau, eastern Nigeria. April 2007. S. Collins. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2237). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Pseudathyma legeri. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Obudu Plateau, e. Nigeria. Apr. 2007. S. Collins. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2238). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Pseudathyma legeri. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Obudu Plateau, eastern Nigeria. April 2007. S. Collins. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2239). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Obudu Plateau, Cattle Ranch, 1500 m, IV.1959 (F. Davey).” Holotype in the N.H.M., London.

18 Distribution: Nigeria.

Distribution: Nigeria (Obudu Plateau). Specific localities: Nigeria – Obudu Plateau Cattle Farm (TL). Habitat: Submontane forests above 1 300 m. It is most surprising that this singular species has not been recorded from any of the mountains in Cameroon (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A rare species (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

P. neptidina group

*Pseudathyma neptidina Karsch, 1894 Streaked False Sergeant

Pseudathyma neptidina Karsch, 1894. Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 289 (289-290).

Pseudathyma neptidina. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Bangui, Central African Republic. December 2002. JBG. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2218). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Pseudathyma neptidina. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Moloukou, Central African Republic. March 1997. S. Collins. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2219). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Jaúnde-Station im Kamerunhinterlande”. Neotype (male): Mount Febe, Yaounde, 1000 m, 12 XI 1983 (M. Libert). Neallotype (female): same data but 3 X 1985. Neotype and neallotype in M.N.H.N., Paris.

Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Cameroon, Congo, Central African Republic, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda.

Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Cameroon, Congo, Central African Republic, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda. Specific localities: Guinea – Kerouane (Libert et al., 2002); Labe (Libert et al., 2002); Nimba Mountains (Libert et al., 2002); Nzo (Libert et al., 2002); Dubreka (Larsen, 2005a); Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Sierra Leone – Loma Mountains (Condamin, 1971). Cameroon – Yaounde (TL); Afanessele (Libert et al., 2002); Efulen (Libert et al., 2002); Lena (Libert et al., 2002); Mambioko (Libert et al., 2002); Mount Eloumden (Libert et al., 2002); Mount Febe (Libert et al., 2002); Mount Messa (Libert et al., 2002); Mount Nkolkomou (Libert et al., 2002); Sangmelima (Libert et al., 2002); Zamakoe (Libert et al., 2002). Congo – Etoumbi (Libert et al., 2002); Kelle (Libert et al., 2002); Ketta (Libert et al., 2002); Menengue (Libert et al., 2002). Central African Republic – Bangui (Libert et al., 2002); Lobaye River (Libert et al., 2002). Sudan – Benyengai (Libert et al., 2002). Democratic Republic of Congo – Banalia (Libert et al., 2002); Bangupa (Libert et al., 2002); Beni (Libert et al., 2002); Biakatu (Libert et al., 2002); Kafakumba (Libert et al., 2002); Kapanga (Libert et al., 2002); Katakoli (Libert et al., 2002); Kisnagani (Libert et al., 2002); Kondolola (Libert et al., 20 2002); La Kulu (Libert et al., 2002); Mambasa (Libert et al., 2002); Mapimbi (Libert et al., 2002); Mbandaka (Libert et al., 2002); Mongbwala (Libert et al., 2002); Mount Atonza (Libert et al., 2002); Mount Hoyo (Libert et al., 2002); Paulis (Libert et al., 2002); Teturi (Libert et al., 2002); Watalinga (Libert et al., 2002); Yakoma (Libert et al., 2002); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Bwamba (Libert et al., 2002). Habitat: Forest. Habits: This species seems to be strongly associated with rivers (Condamin, 1971; Belcastro, 1990). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Chrysophyllum lanceolatum (Blume) A.DC. (Sapotaceae) [Amiet et al., 2002; as Chrysophyllum oblanceolatum]. Sapotaceae [Amiet, 1998; Cameroon].

*Pseudathyma martini Collins, 2002 Martin’s False Sergeant

Pseudathyma martini Collins, 2002. In: Libert, Chovet & Collins, 2002. Revision des Euptera et Pseudathyma (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). A.B.R.I. & Lambillionea: 138 (1-177).

Pseudathyma martini. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mount Peko, Ivory Coast. January 2001. H. W-G. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2232). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Pseudathyma martini. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Itu, eastern Nigeria. December 1978. S.C. Martin. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2232). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Itu, 5 III 1979 (J.C. Martin)”. Allotype (female): Itu, Nigeria, XII 1978 (J.C.

21 Martin). Holotype (male) in M.N.H.N., Paris and allotype (female) in A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Etymology: Dedicated to J.C. Martin, who discovered the species.

Distribution: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Congo.

Distribution: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Congo. Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Mount Peko (Libert et al., 2002); Mount Tonkoui (Libert et al., 2002); Gagnoa (Larsen, 2005a); Tiassale (Larsen, 2005a); Issia (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Kwamekyenkrom, Kumasi (Libert et al., 2002). Nigeria – Itu (TL). Congo – Etoumbi (Libert et al., 2002). Habitat: Forest. Habits: A scarce butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Pseudathyma michelae Libert, 2002

Pseudathyma michelae Libert, 2002. In: Libert, Chovet & Collins, 2002. Revision des Euptera et Pseudathyma (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). A.B.R.I. & Lambillionea: 139 (1-177).

Pseudathyma michelae. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Lobaye River, Bangui, Central African Republic. August 1991. S. Collins. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2220). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Pseudathyma michelae. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Moloukou, Central African Republic. October 2000. S. Collins. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2221). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Type locality: Central African Republic: “Bangui, VIII 1991”. Allotype (female): same data as holotype. Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in M.N.H.N., Paris.

Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo.

Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Cameroon – Ebogo (Libert et al., 2002); Nkolesse (Libert et al., 2002). Gabon – Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010). Congo – Etoumbi (Libert et al., 2002); Kelle (Libert et al., 2002). Central African Republic – Bangui (TL); Maboke (Libert et al., 2002). Democratic Republic of Congo – Eala (Libert et al., 2002); Katako-Kombe (Libert et al., 2002); Kimuenza (Libert et al., 2002); Mambasa (Libert et al., 2002); Mapimbi (Libert et al., 2002); Omotumba (Libert et al., 2002); Pangu (Libert et al., 2002); Teturi (Libert et al., 2002); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Habitat: Forest. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

23 *Pseudathyma endjami Libert, 2002

Pseudathyma endjami Libert, 2002. In: Libert, Chovet & Collins, 2002. Revision des Euptera et Pseudathyma (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). A.B.R.I. & Lambillionea : 140 (1-177).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Zamakoe, 29 II 1992 (J.-L. Amiet). Allotype (female): same data but ex larva, IX-X 1992. Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in M.N.H.N., Paris. Etymology: Dedicated to Mathieu Endjam, chauffeur at the Faculty of Science, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Distribution: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo.

Distribution: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Cameroon – Zamakoe (TL); Mount Kala (Libert et al., 2002); Mount Ngoekele (Libert et al., 2002); Mount Nkolkomou (Libert et al., 2002). Central African Republic – Bangui (Libert et al., 2002). Democratic Republic of Congo – Katako-Kombe (Libert et al., 2002). Habitat: Forest. Early stages:

Amiet, 2019: 299. (larva, pupa)

Larval food: Nothing published.

*Pseudathyma jacksoni Carcasson, 1965

Pseudathyma neptidina jacksoni Carcasson, 1965. Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society and National Museum 25: 131 (131-160). Pseudathyma jacksoni Libert et al., 2002: 141.

Pseudathyma jacksoni jacksoni. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakamega, Kenya. Emerged August 1990. S. Collins. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2224). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Pseudathyma jacksoni jacksoni. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakamega, Kenya. September 2005. S. Collins. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2222). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Pseudathyma jacksoni jacksoni. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakamega, Kenya. Emerged September 2005. S. Collins. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2223). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Pseudathyma jacksoni jacksoni. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakamega, Kenya. Emerged April 1996. S. Collins. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2225). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Type locality: Kenya: “Kakamega Forest, XI 1964 (R. Carcasson)”. Allotype (female): same data as holotype. Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in N.H.M., London.

Distribution: Kenya [ssp. jacksoni – red dot]

Democratic Republic of Congo [ssp. kivuensis – green dots]

Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya. Habits: Partly due to the fact that this is a canopy species it is viewed as a scarce species (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Englerophytum sp. (Sapotaceae) [Collins, vide Larsen, 1991c; as Bequartiodendron sp.; for ssp. jacksoni].

Pseudathyma jacksoni jacksoni Carcasson, 1965

Pseudathyma neptidina jacksoni Carcasson, 1965. Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society and National Museum 25: 131 (131-160). Pseudathyma jacksoni Libert et al., 2002: 141.

Type locality: Kenya: “Kakamega Forest, XI 1964 (R. Carcasson)”. Allotype (female): same data as holotype. Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in N.H.M., London. Distribution: Kenya. Specific localities: Kenya – Kakamega Forest (TL); Rau (Libert et al., 2002).

27 Pseudathyma jacksoni kivuensis Libert, 2002

Pseudathyma jacksoni kivuensis Libert, 2002. In: Libert, Chovet & Collins, 2002. Revision des Euptera et Pseudathyma (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). A.B.R.I. & Lambillionea: 143 (1-177).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Beni, Kivu, VIII 1981 (R. Ducarme)”. Allotype (female): Beni, Ituri, 4000 ft, IV 1947 (T.H.E. Jackson). Holotype (male) in M.R.A.C., Tervuren and allotype (female) in N.H.M., London. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Beni (TL); Biakatu (Libert et al., 2002); Mount Hoyo (Libert et al., 2002); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018).

P. lucretioides group

*Pseudathyma lucretioides Carpenter & Jackson, 1950

Pseudathyma lucretioides Carpenter & Jackson, 1950. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 19: 99 (97- 108).

Pseudathyma lucretioides lucretioides. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Shimba Hills, Kenya. May 1990. S. Collins. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2244). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection.

Pseudathyma lucretioides lucretioides. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Shimba Hills, Kenya. May 1990. S. Collins. ex ABRI Collection (ABRI 2018-2245). Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection. 28

Distribution: Kenya [ssp. lucretioides – red dots]

Tanzania [ssp. rondo – green dot]

Distribution: Kenya, Tanzania. Habitat: Forest. Subspecies rondo flies at altitudes from 800 to 870 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A decidedly scarce species (Larsen, 1991c). Males defend territories from perches high up on the foliage of trees but occasionally come down to perch on low vegetation (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Pseudathyma lucretioides lucretioides Carpenter & Jackson, 1950

Pseudathyma lucretioides Carpenter & Jackson, 1950. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 19: 99 (97- 108).

Type locality: Kenya: “Malindi, Kenya Colony, VI 1940 (T.H.E. Jackson)”. Neallotype (female): Shimba Forest, Shimba Hills, XI 1961 (A.H.B. Rydon) (Designated by Libert et al., 2002). Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in N.H.M., London. Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (north-east) (Larsen, 1991c). Specific localities: Kenya – Malindi (TL); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Kwale (Larsen, 1991c); Kilifi (Libert et al., 2002); Ndanda Forest (Libert et al., 2002); Sokoke Forest (Libert et al., 2002).

Pseudathyma lucretioides rondo Kielland, 1987

Pseudathyma lucretioides rondo Kielland, 1987. Lambillionea 87 (5-6): 77 (38-45, 75-79).

Type locality: Tanzania: “Lindi, Rondo Plateau, 800 m, 11 IV 1986 (J. Kielland)”. Neoallotype (male) described by Kielland (1990: 116): “Lindi, Rondo Plateau, 850 m, 21 II 1987 (J. Kielland)”. Holotype (female) and neallotype (male) deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. Diagnosis: Differs from the nominate subspecies in the narrower median band and the straight blackish subbasal line on the underside of the hind wing (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (south-east). Specific localities: Tanzania – Lindi (TL).