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Diyali Chattaraj Prof. Subir Sarkar

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Diyali Chattaraj Prof. Subir Sarkar ASSESSMENT OF WETLAND RESOURCES IN MALDA DISTRICT AND ITS CONSERVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT A Thesis submitted to the University of North Bengal For the award of Doctor of Philosophy In Geography and Applied Geography By Diyali Chattaraj Supervisor Prof. Subir Sarkar [ Department of Geography and Applied Geography University of North Bengal December, 2019 DEDICATED TO MY PARENTS Dr. Chaitali Chattaraj & Dr. Sumanta Chattaraj DECLARATION This thesis is a presentation of my original research work. I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “ASSESSMENT OF WETLAND RESOURCES IN MALDA DISTRICT AND ITS CONSERVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT” has been carried out as well as prepared by me under the guidance of Prof. Subir Sarkar, Department of Geography and Applied Geography, University of North Bengal. I ensure that, no part of this thesis has been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree or fellowship previously. I CERTIFICATE This is to certify that, Diyali Chattaraj has prepared the thesis entitled “ASSESSMENT OF WETLAND RESOURCES IN MALDA DISTRICT AND ITS CONSERVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT” for the award of Ph. D degree in Geography and Applied Geography of University of North Bengal under my guidance. She has carried out the research work at the Department of Geography and Applied Geography, University of North Bengal. The thesis has been prepared, based on extensive field study, for the collection of primary data and secondary sources of information. Neither, the thesis as a whole, nor any part of it has previously been submitted elsewhere by the candidate for the award of any degree or fellowship. II III PREFACE Wetlands are intrinsically considered a beautiful natural resource within the Earth’s complex environment, which sustains human being and other life process. Malda district in the state of West Bengal, India is conspicuously occupied by large number of wetlands, which play key role in hydrological and ecological functioning of the region as well as maintain a crucial habitat for many plant and animal species. Human benefits from the wetlands emerge in the form of provisioning (food, fibre, fresh water), regulating (flood control, water storage, waste treatment) supporting (soil formation, nutrient cycling) and cultural (aesthetic value, education, recreation) services. This significant entity of Earth’s environmental system (wetlands) are impacted by human assault, in the form of water quality degradation from agricultural run-off and solid waste dumping into wetland; land use land cover alteration surrounding wetlands, wetland encroachment and resultant area shrinkage; uncontrolled exploitation of surface and ground water and wetland resources etc. The wetlands under study encounter practically every problem that a wetland system can encounter. As a consequence, wetlands are being disrupted, triggered by modern human development in Malda district. The present work attempts to analyse the conservation ethics to wetland ecosystem and recommends scientific understanding on how wetlands work and what services they provide. An attempt has also been made, to advocate sound management policies in order to enhance this rare and even unique ecosystem with special reference on its wise use and sustainable management as a part of the larger effort to our sustainable earth. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to convey my heartiest gratitude to my teacher and supervisor Prof. Subir Sarkar, Professor, Department of Geography and Applied Geography, University of North Bengal for his valuable guidance, endless academic and moral support, counseling and co- operation throughout the research work. Due to his firm support and guidance I could complete the proposed work. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all my teachers, Department of Geography and Applied Geography, University of North Bengal for their help and guidance in procedure. I would take the opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Indira Lepcha (nee) Lama, Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Applied Geography, University of North Bengal for her kind tips and motivation throughout my work period. I wish to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Rupak Kumar Paul, Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Applied Geography, University of North Bengal for guiding me in making maps and associated works. I am thankful to all the staff members of the department for their support and help. I would like to convey my sincere thanks to Associate Prof. Dr. Satyendranath Maitra, Department of Zoology, Acharya Prafulla Chandra College and Assistant Prof. Dr. Ujjwal Kumar Halder, Department of Education, University of Gour Banga for their support and valuable suggestions. I am grateful to Kajal Kumar Mandal for helping me in laboratory test of physic- chemical and bacteriological parameters of water samples in Malda Polytechnic under the scheme of CDTP, MHRD, Govt. of India. I would like to express my sincere regards to Mr. Kamakhya Nath Bose and Mr. Sanjay Roy, Office of the Assistant Director of Agriculture, Govt. of West Bengal; Mr. Partho Pratim Das, Assistant Director of Fisheries, Department of Fisheries, Govt. of West Bengal; Mr. Sunil Roy, Surveyor, Department of Irrigation and waterways, Govt. of West Bengal for their help and support in data collection. Thanks are expressed to the staff members of District Land and Land Reform Officer (DLRO), Govt. of West Bengal. I would V like to thank the cultivators, fishermen and other villagers residing in bed and belt villages of wetlands for their co-operation during field survey. I would like to thank my co-research scholars for their help and suggestions during research work. Thanks Biswa and Srashta for providing me support and technical assistance. I express my gratitude beyond words to my father, brother, sister-in-law and other family members for their immense moral and physical support and co-operation. I would like to thank Dr. Partha Pratim Dasgupta, family friend and guide for his continuous support and motivational messages. Last but not ever least, the entire source of my inspiration has been my beloved mother who has contributed endless physical and moral support and encouragement throughout the research work. VI ABSTRACT Assessment of Wetland Resources in Malda District and Its Conservation for Sustainable Management Wetlands are formed at the interface of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem and comprise the characteristics of both. Wetlands are considered one of the most productive habitats on the Earth, to support diverse kinds of life processes. The present study has been conducted in Malda district (24˚40´20 N to 25˚32´08 N latitudes and 87˚45´50 E to 88˚28´10 E longitudes), which facilitates the formation of different categories of wetlands (natural and man-made) with having unique fluvio-geomorphic set-up. The present work is an attempt to assess the wetland resources in Malda district and its conservation through wise use in order to achieve the sustainable management. Therefore, the following objectives are set: 1. Mapping of wetlands of Malda district and to monitor their behavior for the development of innovative estimation measures. 2. Classification of wetlands and estimating the geographical extent of the different types and identifying the representative wetlands for detail analysis. 3. Survey and estimate the utilization of wetlands for agriculture, aquaculture, coir rotting, gathering fruits and fiber etc. and ascertaining their socio-economic impact. 4. Preparing an inventory of flora and fauna as well as estimate the potential for wildlife vis-à-vis aesthetic and recreational uses i.e., eco-tourism activities. 5. To study the potentialities of these wetlands to provide alternative economic support to rural people through generation of gainful self-employment. 6. Impact assessment of various anthropogenic activities in wetlands to understand the various degradation processes in Malda district. 7. Planning for the conservation and appropriate management technologies of the wetland on sustainable basis. In the present study, in order to fulfil the mentioned objectives, the methodology and database have been obtained by the researcher, which comprise geomorphological, hydrological, meteorological, biological and anthropogenic inputs. The entire study is based on both the primary data and secondary sources and information. VII As per the Institute of Wetland Management and Ecological Design (IWMED, 2000) and Space Application Centre (ISRO, 2010) Malda district is occupied by a total of 562 and 502 no. of wetlands (each with ≥2.25 ha) respectively, in which, natural classes are mostly dominant. Wetlands of Malda district are considered the most important resources as well as play a key role in hydrological, biological and ecological functioning of the region. Here, the wetlands cover different proportion of area in three distinct physiographic divisions; namely Tal, (north and north-west), Diara (south and south-west) and Barind (east) depending on the existing geological and hydrological characteristics. Most of the wetlands are directly or indirectly linked with the major river systems of Malda district; namely Mahananda, Kalindri, Fulahar and Tangan. However, out of the total no. of wetlands, 4 have been selected as case studies on the basis of three selection criteria (different categories of wetlands, degree of human interference and resultant encroachment of wetland area and agro-economic and biologic potentials of wetlands) namely; Siali wetland, Chakla
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