DOCSLIB.ORG

Caboolture River Environmental Values and Water Quality Objectives Basin No

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Caboolture River Environmental Values and Water Quality Objectives Basin No Environmental Protection (Water) Policy 2009 Caboolture River environmental values and water quality objectives Basin No. 142 (part), including all tributaries of Caboolture River July 2010 Prepared by: Water Quality & Ecosystem Health Policy Unit Department of Environment and Resource Management © State of Queensland (Department of Environment and Resource Management) 2009 The Department of Environment and Resource Management authorises the reproduction of textual material, whole or part, in any form, provided appropriate acknowledgement is given. This publication is available in alternative formats (including large print and audiotape) on request. Contact (07) 322 48412 or email <[email protected]> July 2010 Document Ref Number Caboolture River environmental values and water quality objectives Main parts of this document and what they contain • Scope of waters covered Introduction • Key terms / how to use document (section 1) • Links to WQ plan (map) • Mapping / water type information • Further contact details • Amendment provisions • Source of EVs for this document Environmental Values • Table of EVs by waterway (EVs - section 2) - aquatic ecosystem - human use • Any applicable management goals to support EVs • How to establish WQOs to protect Water Quality Objectives all selected EVs (WQOs - section 3) • WQOs in this document, for - aquatic ecosystem EV - human use EVs • List of plans, reports etc containing Ways to improve management actions relevant to the water quality waterways in this area (section 4) • Definitions of key terms including an Dictionary explanation table of all (section 5) environmental values • An accompanying map that shows Accompanying WQ Plan water types, levels of protection and (map) other information contained in this document 1 Caboolture River environmental values and water quality objectives CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 WATERS TO WHICH THIS DOCUMENT APPLIES ....................................................................................... 3 1.2 GUIDANCE ON USING THIS DOCUMENT .................................................................................................. 4 1.2.1 Key terms ..................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Main parts of this document......................................................................................................... 6 1.2.3 Use of this document ................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 INFORMATION ABOUT MAPPED AREAS AND BOUNDARIES ........................................................................ 6 1.4 WATER TYPES AND BASIS FOR BOUNDARIES ......................................................................................... 7 1.4.1 Water types.................................................................................................................................. 7 1.4.2 Water type boundaries................................................................................................................. 7 1.5 MATTERS FOR AMENDMENT ................................................................................................................ 8 2 ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES (EVS) ........................................................................................................ 9 2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES ................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 MANAGEMENT GOALS TO SUPPORT EV S.............................................................................................. 9 3 WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES (WQOS) TO PROTECT ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES................... 12 3.1 WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES (WQO S) TO PROTECT AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS ........................................ 13 3.1.1 Physico-chemical WQOs ........................................................................................................... 13 3.1.2 Biological WQOs........................................................................................................................ 20 3.1.3 Riparian WQOs.......................................................................................................................... 21 3.1.4 Stormwater design objectives.................................................................................................... 21 3.2 WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES (WQO S) FOR HUMAN USE EV S.............................................................. 22 4 WAYS TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY .............................................................................................. 37 5 DICTIONARY.......................................................................................................................................... 38 List of Tables Table 1 Environmental values (EVs) for Caboolture River catchment waters ................................................ 10 Table 2 Water quality objectives to protect aquatic ecosystem environmental value (refer to Plan WQ1422 for location of waters)............................................................................................................................................ 14 Table 3 Aquatic ecosystem EV: Biological water quality objectives for freshwater streams (refer to Plan WQ1422 for location of streams) .................................................................................................................... 20 Table 4 Water quality objectives to protect human use environmental values ............................................... 22 Table 5 Primary contact recreation EV: Water quality objectives for management of cyanobacteria in contact recreation areas............................................................................................................................................... 25 Table 6 Aquaculture EV: Water quality objectives for tropical aquaculture..................................................... 26 Table 7 Aquaculture EV: Water quality objectives for optimal growth of particular species in freshwater...... 26 Table 8 Aquaculture EV: Water quality objectives for optimal growth of particular marine species ............... 27 Table 9 Irrigation EV: Water quality objectives for thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms in irrigation waters used for food and non-food crops ............................................................................................................................ 28 Table 10 Irrigation EV: Water quality objectives for heavy metals and metalloids in agricultural irrigation water – long-term trigger value (LTV), short-term trigger value (STV) and soil cumulative contamination loading limit (CCL)........................................................................................................................................................ 29 Table 11 Stock watering EV: Water quality objectives for tolerances of livestock to total dissolved solids (salinity) in drinking water ................................................................................................................................ 30 Table 12 Stock watering EV: Water quality objectives (low risk trigger values) for heavy metals and metalloids in livestock drinking water .............................................................................................................. 30 Table 13 Drinking water EV: Priority water quality objectives for drinking water supply in the vicinity of off- takes, including groundwater, before treatment .............................................................................................. 31 Table 14 Aquatic ecosystem EV: WQOs for freshwaters in Pine Rivers Shire stream health manual (2004) 32 Table 15 Suite of environmental values that can be chosen for protection..................................................... 39 2 Caboolture River environmental values and water quality objectives 1 Introduction This document is made pursuant to the provisions of the Environmental Protection (Water) Policy 2009 (the EPP [Water]), which is subordinate legislation under the Environmental Protection Act 1994 . The EPP (Water) provides a framework for: • identifying environmental values for Queensland waters, and deciding the water quality objectives to protect or enhance those environmental values; and • including the identified environmental values and water quality objectives under Schedule 1 of the EPP (Water). This document contains environmental values and water quality objectives for waters in the Caboolture River catchment, and is listed under schedule 1 of the EPP (Water). 1.1 Waters to which this document applies This document applies to fresh, estuarine and marine surface waters and groundwaters draining the catchment of the Caboolture River, as indicated in the accompanying plan (WQ1422)1. These waters fall within the broader Pine basin (basin 142)2. Waters covered by this document include: • Caboolture River (estuary and freshwaters); • Burpengary Creek; • Lagoon Creek; • Little Burpengary Creek; • Sheepstation Creek; • Wararba Creek; • other fresh and estuarine waters within the Caboolture River catchment; • tidal canals, constructed estuaries, marinas and boat harbours; • adjoining coastal waters in western Moreton Bay; • wetlands; and • ground waters. The geographical extent of waters addressed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Brisbane Floods January 1974: Report by Director of Meteorology
    Bureau of Meteorology, 1974 DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE BUREAU OF METEOROLOGY REPORT BY DIRECTOR OF METEOROLOGY BRISBANE FLOODS JANUARY 1974 AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING SERVICE CANBERRA 1974 2 Bureau of Meteorology, 1974 CONTENTS FOREWORD....................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 8 FLOODS IN THE BRISBANE VALLEY.............................................................. 9 Geographical Description................................................................................................9 Types of Flooding.............................................................................................................9 Flash flooding in creeks.................................................................................................9 River flooding ..............................................................................................................11 Backwater flooding......................................................................................................11 Storm surges and tidal effects......................................................................................12 The Effect of Dams.........................................................................................................12 Previous Floods ..............................................................................................................13 Flood Studies
    [Show full text]
  • Known Impacts of Tropical Cyclones, East Coast, 1858 – 2008 by Mr Jeff Callaghan Retired Senior Severe Weather Forecaster, Bureau of Meteorology, Brisbane
    ARCHIVE: Known Impacts of Tropical Cyclones, East Coast, 1858 – 2008 By Mr Jeff Callaghan Retired Senior Severe Weather Forecaster, Bureau of Meteorology, Brisbane The date of the cyclone refers to the day of landfall or the day of the major impact if it is not a cyclone making landfall from the Coral Sea. The first number after the date is the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) for that month followed by the three month running mean of the SOI centred on that month. This is followed by information on the equatorial eastern Pacific sea surface temperatures where: W means a warm episode i.e. sea surface temperature (SST) was above normal; C means a cool episode and Av means average SST Date Impact January 1858 From the Sydney Morning Herald 26/2/1866: an article featuring a cruise inside the Barrier Reef describes an expedition’s stay at Green Island near Cairns. “The wind throughout our stay was principally from the south-east, but in January we had two or three hard blows from the N to NW with rain; one gale uprooted some of the trees and wrung the heads off others. The sea also rose one night very high, nearly covering the island, leaving but a small spot of about twenty feet square free of water.” Middle to late Feb A tropical cyclone (TC) brought damaging winds and seas to region between Rockhampton and 1863 Hervey Bay. Houses unroofed in several centres with many trees blown down. Ketch driven onto rocks near Rockhampton. Severe erosion along shores of Hervey Bay with 10 metres lost to sea along a 32 km stretch of the coast.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Cover Change in the South East Queensland Catchments Natural Resource Management Region 2010–11
    Department of Science, Information Technology, Innovation and the Arts Land cover change in the South East Queensland Catchments Natural Resource Management region 2010–11 Summary The woody vegetation clearing rate for the SEQ region for 10 2010–11 dropped to 3193 hectares per year (ha/yr). This 9 8 represented a 14 per cent decline from the previous era. ha/year) 7 Clearing rates of remnant woody vegetation decreased in 6 5 2010-11 to 758 ha/yr, 33 per cent lower than the previous era. 4 The replacement land cover class of forestry increased by 3 2 a further 5 per cent over the previous era and represented 1 Clearing Rate (,000 26 per cent of the total woody vegetation 0 clearing rate in the region. Pasture 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 remained the dominant replacement All Woody Clearing Woody Remnant Clearing land cover class at 34 per cent of total clearing. Figure 1. Woody vegetation clearing rates in the South East Queensland Catchments NRM region. Figure 2. Woody vegetation clearing for each change period. Great state. Great opportunity. Woody vegetation clearing by Woody vegetation clearing by remnant status tenure Table 1. Remnant and non-remnant woody vegetation clearing Table 2. Woody vegetation clearing rates in the South East rates in the South East Queensland Catchments NRM region. Queensland Catchments NRM region by tenure. Woody vegetation clearing rate (,000 ha/yr) of Woody vegetation clearing rate (,000 ha/yr) on Non-remnant Remnant
    [Show full text]
  • Surface Water Ambient Network (Water Quality) 2020-21
    Surface Water Ambient Network (Water Quality) 2020-21 July 2020 This publication has been compiled by Natural Resources Divisional Support, Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy. © State of Queensland, 2020 The Queensland Government supports and encourages the dissemination and exchange of its information. The copyright in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. Under this licence you are free, without having to seek our permission, to use this publication in accordance with the licence terms. You must keep intact the copyright notice and attribute the State of Queensland as the source of the publication. Note: Some content in this publication may have different licence terms as indicated. For more information on this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. The Queensland Government shall not be liable for technical or other errors or omissions contained herein. The reader/user accepts all risks and responsibility for losses, damages, costs and other consequences resulting directly or indirectly from using this information. Summary This document lists the stream gauging stations which make up the Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy (DNRME) surface water quality monitoring network. Data collected under this network are published on DNRME’s Water Monitoring Information Data Portal. The water quality data collected includes both logged time-series and manual water samples taken for later laboratory analysis. Other data types are also collected at stream gauging stations, including rainfall and stream height. Further information is available on the Water Monitoring Information Data Portal under each station listing.
    [Show full text]
  • Testudines: Chelidae) of Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia
    Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 134, 401–421. With 7 figures Electrophoretic delineation of species boundaries within the genus Chelodina (Testudines: Chelidae) of Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia ARTHUR GEORGES1*, MARK ADAMS2 and WILLIAM McCORD3 1Applied Ecology Research Group, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia 2Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia 3East Fishkill Animal Hospital, 285 Rt 82, Hopewell Junction NY 12533, USA Received February 2001; revised and accepted for publication June 2001 A total of 281 specimens of long-necked chelid turtles (Chelodina) were obtained from drainages of Australia, Papua New Guinea and the island of Roti in Indonesia. Ten diagnosable taxa were identified using allozyme profiles at 45 presumptive loci. Chelodina expansa, C. parkeri, C. rugosa and C. burrungandjii are in a Group A clade, C. longi- collis, C. novaeguineae, C. steindachneri, C. pritchardi and C. mccordi are in a Group B clade, and C. oblonga is in a monotypic Group C clade, with each clade thought to represent a distinct subgenus. Chelodina siebenrocki is syn- onymised with C. rugosa. An eleventh taxon, C. reimanni, could not be distinguished from C. novaeguineae on the basis of allozyme profiles, but it is morphologically distinct. Its status is therefore worthy of further investigation. Three instances of natural hybridization were detected. Chelodina rugosa and C. novaeguineae hybridize in the Gulf country of Queensland, with evidence of backcrossing to C. novaeguineae. Chelodina longicollis and C. novaeguineae hybridize in central coastal Queensland, and C. rugosa and C. burrungandjii hybridize along their zone of contact in the plateau escarpment streams and pools.
    [Show full text]
  • Fisheries Guidelines for Design of Stream Crossings
    Fish Habitat Guideline FHG 001 FISH PASSAGE IN STREAMS Fisheries guidelines for design of stream crossings Elizabeth Cotterell August 1998 Fisheries Group DPI ISSN 1441-1652 Agdex 486/042 FHG 001 First published August 1998 Information contained in this publication is provided as general advice only. For application to specific circumstances, professional advice should be sought. The Queensland Department of Primary Industries has taken all reasonable steps to ensure the information contained in this publication is accurate at the time of publication. Readers should ensure that they make appropriate enquiries to determine whether new information is available on the particular subject matter. © The State of Queensland, Department of Primary Industries 1998 Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes permitted by the Copyright Act, reproduction by whatever means is prohibited without the prior written permission of the Department of Primary Industries, Queensland. Enquiries should be addressed to: Manager Publishing Services Queensland Department of Primary Industries GPO Box 46 Brisbane QLD 4001 Fisheries Guidelines for Design of Stream Crossings BACKGROUND Introduction Fish move widely in rivers and creeks throughout Queensland and Australia. Fish movement is usually associated with reproduction, feeding, escaping predators or dispersing to new habitats. This occurs between marine and freshwater habitats, and wholly within freshwater. Obstacles to this movement, such as stream crossings, can severely deplete fish populations, including recreational and commercial species such as barramundi, mullet, Mary River cod, silver perch, golden perch, sooty grunter and Australian bass. Many Queensland streams are ephemeral (they may flow only during the wet season), and therefore crossings must be designed for both flood and drought conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Brisbane Native Plants by Suburb
    INDEX - BRISBANE SUBURBS SPECIES LIST Acacia Ridge. ...........15 Chelmer ...................14 Hamilton. .................10 Mayne. .................25 Pullenvale............... 22 Toowong ....................46 Albion .......................25 Chermside West .11 Hawthorne................. 7 McDowall. ..............6 Torwood .....................47 Alderley ....................45 Clayfield ..................14 Heathwood.... 34. Meeandah.............. 2 Queensport ............32 Trinder Park ...............32 Algester.................... 15 Coopers Plains........32 Hemmant. .................32 Merthyr .................7 Annerley ...................32 Coorparoo ................3 Hendra. .................10 Middle Park .........19 Rainworth. ..............47 Underwood. ................41 Anstead ....................17 Corinda. ..................14 Herston ....................5 Milton ...................46 Ransome. ................32 Upper Brookfield .......23 Archerfield ...............32 Highgate Hill. ........43 Mitchelton ...........45 Red Hill.................... 43 Upper Mt gravatt. .......15 Ascot. .......................36 Darra .......................33 Hill End ..................45 Moggill. .................20 Richlands ................34 Ashgrove. ................26 Deagon ....................2 Holland Park........... 3 Moorooka. ............32 River Hills................ 19 Virginia ........................31 Aspley ......................31 Doboy ......................2 Morningside. .........3 Robertson ................42 Auchenflower
    [Show full text]
  • Map of the Division of Dickson
    DICKSON 2009 COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA SOURCES hnologies from data supplied Australia and Pitney Bowes tPro Australia is used on this Australia Ltd. This map has been compiled by Terranean Mapping Tec by the Australian Electoral Commission, Geoscience Business Insight 2009 (www.pbinsight.com.au). Stree map, based on data providedDISCLAIMER under licence from PSMA the publisher and/or contributors Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 mage arising from its use, or errors or e a high degree of accuracy, users are D STATE OF QUEENSLAND A G This map has been compiled from various sources and U IL accept no responsibility for any injury, loss or da A invited to notify of any map discrepancies. R omissions therein. While all care is taken to ensur © Pitney Bowes Software Pty Ltd, 2009. Map of the Bracalba © Commonwealth of Australiatted 2009 under the Copyright Act 1968, ior written permission from the roduction and rights should ration, Attorney General’s This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permi laney FEDERAL ELECTORAL DIVISION OF De no part may be reproduced by any process without pr sted at www.ag.gov.au/cca. DICKSON Cr Commonwealth. Requests and enquiries concerning rep eek be addressed to the Commonwealth Copyright Administ of the features Department, National Circuit, Barton ACTNote: 2600 or po # by the AEC. B Wamuran The federal electoral boundaries follow the centre un go to which they are aligned, unless otherwise advised DICKSON C Delaneys Creek Creek re N H n ek W Lagoo e Mount Delaney Y u BRISBANE r u m m M C T r e e k Names
    [Show full text]
  • Caboolture Shire Handbook
    SHIRE HANDBOOK CABOOLTURE QUEENSLAND DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES LIMITED DISTRIBUTION - GOV'T.i 1NSTRUHENTALITY OFFICERS ONLY CABOOLTURE SHIRE HANDBOOK compiled by G. J. Lukey, Dipl. Trop. Agric (Deventer) Queensland Department of Primary Industries October 1973. The material in this publication is intended for government and institutional use only, and is not to be used in any court of law. 11 FOREWORD A detailed knowledge and understanding of the environment and the pressures its many facets may exert are fundamental to those who work to improve agriculture, or to conserve or develop the rural environment. A vast amount of information is accumulating concerning the physical resources and the farming and social systems as they exist in the state of Queensland. This information is coming from a number of sources and references and is scattered through numerous publications and unpublished reports. Shire Handbooks, the first of which was published in February 1969, are an attempt to collate under one cover relevant information and references which will be helpful to the extension officer, the research and survey officer or those who are interested in industry or regional planning or in reconstruction. A copy of each shire handbook is held for reference in each Division and in each Branch of the Department of Primary Industries in Brisbane. In addition Agriculture Branch holds at its Head Office and in each of its country centres, Shire Handbooks, Regional Technical Handbooks (notes on technical matters relevant to certain agricultural industries in the Shire) and monthly and annual reports which are a continuing record of the progress and problems in agriculture.
    [Show full text]
  • 2015 WQ Coastal Citizen Science Summary
    Contents Introduction & Background Events & Partnerships Monitoring Achievements, Activities, Aims Acknowledgements 2 Introduction Why do we monitor? Seagrasses and mangroves are indicators of aquatic health and early indicators of change, so much so they’ve been dubbed ‘coastal canaries’. They are Introduction & coastal kidneys - trapping sediment and nutrients from the land which are Background harmful to the marine ecology. Mangroves reduce the erosive and potentially catastrophic effects of storm surges and tsunamis, doing so cheaper and better than man-made structures. And, mangroves and seagrasses sequester carbon - they have the ability to store carbon far more effectively than terrestrial forests. As a seafood-loving country we should know that over 70% of the fish, crabs and prawns we eat are reliant on mangroves and seagrasses during some stage of their life cycle. These ‘coastal canaries’ are habitat for large numbers of other species – biodiversity that have an intrinsic right to exist. Background Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland’s Coastal Citizen Science (WQCCS) coordinates MangroveWatch (MW) and SeagrassWatch (SGW) in and around Moreton Bay, its rivers and creeks. These scientifically rigourous programs were devised by scientists from James Cook University and are conducted globally. Citizen science is broadly defined as the involvement of volunteers in the collection of data for scientific purposes. Teaming volunteers with the scientific community in this way provides important data that would not otherwise be available. Training provided by the scientists and ongoing quality assessment of the data collected ensures the validity of the data for scientific assessment. The data can then be used by natural resource managers and other decision-makers to guide investment and to undertake preventative measures and restorative actions.
    [Show full text]
  • Workshop on the Impacts of Flooding
    Workshop on the Impacts of Flooding Proceed/rigs of a Workshop held in Rockhamptori, Australia, 27 Septeinber 1991. , Edited by G.T. Byron Queensland Department of. ti Environment tand Heritage ’ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ‘, , ,’ @ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ISSN 0156-5842 ISBN 0 624 12044 7 Published by GBRMPA April 1992 The opinions expressed in th.is document are not necessarily those of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority or the Queensland Department of Env/ionment an!d Heritage. Great Barrier Reef Environment and P.O. Box 155 P.O. Box1379 North Quay , Townsville Queens’land 4002 Queensland 48 TABLE OF CONTENTS : PREFACE iv 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY V PART A: FORUM PAPERS Jim Pearce MLA Opening Address 1 Peter Baddiley Fitzroy River Basin 3 Rainfalls and The 1991 Flood Event Mike Keane Assessment of the 1991 16 Fitzroy River Flood How much water? J.P. O’Neill, G.T.Byron and Some Physical Characteristics 36 S.C.Wright and Movement of 1991 Fitzroy River flood plume PART B: WORKSHOP PAPERS GROUP A - WATER RELATED’ISSUES Jon E. Brodie and Nutrient Composition of 56 Alan Mitchell the January 1991 Fitzroy River Plume Myriam Preker The Effects of the 1991 75 Central Queensland Floodwaters around Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef i > d.T.Byron and J.P.O’Neill Flood Induced Coral Mortality 76 on Fringing Reefs in Keppel Bay J.S. Giazebrook and Effects of low salinity on 90 R. Van Woesik the tissues of hard corals Acropora spp., Pocillopora sp and Seriatopra sp from the Great Keppel region M.
    [Show full text]
  • The 2053 South Queensland Flood
    THE 2053 SOUTH QUEENSLAND FLOOD Only Young Water Professionals Need Attend ABSTRACT A ‘roadshow’ of flood engineers in the early 1980s ‘prophesised’ the flooding that occurred in South East Queensland (SE QLD) during 2011 to 2015. The events of 2011 to 2015 may have given increased credibility to a long-held notion that SE QLD may be subject to a 40-year flood cycle. This paper examines the data on flooding within the ten major SE QLD catchments, bounded by three mountain ranges and comprising more than 63,000 km2. The purpose was to test the existence and the strength of any regularity to flooding in this well-populated region of Australia. The approach identifies the flooding that occurred during predetermined five-year periods that were 35 years apart – the 40-year cycle – and the flooding that occurred outside of these nominated 5-year periods. The basic statistics were weighted for the length of flood record, catchment area, ranking of flood, and a combination of these factors. The results indicate that 69-87% of major floods in SE QLD have occurred within a set of five-year periods exactly 35 years apart. No explanation is offered at this stage of the research. The implications for traditional hydrologic methods are outlined. Keywords: Flooding, flood cycles, regularity, flood frequency INTRODUCTION The early years of the 1970s in South East Queensland was a period of multiple flooding events, remembered mostly for the January 1974 flooding of Brisbane. The following decade was one that experienced widespread estuarine development, where State and Local Government concerns that the development be above the 1in100AEP flood on top of a cyclonic surge, with allowance for future water level rises due to global climatic change, engaged a community of engineers who specialised in relevant fields.
    [Show full text]