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Renewable Energy Developments and Potential for the Greater Mekong Subregion This report was produced under the technical assistance project Promoting Renewable Energy, Clean Fuels, and Energy Efficiency in the Greater Mekong Subregion (TA 7679). It focused on renewable energy developments and potential in five countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS): Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand, and Viet Nam. It assessed the potential of solar, wind, biomass, and biogas as sources of renewable energy. Technical considerations include the degree and SUBREGION MEKONG IN THE GREATER AND POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS ENERGY RENEWABLE intensity of solar irradiation, average wind speeds, backup capacity of grid systems, availability and quality of agricultural land for biofuel crops, and animal manure concentrations for biogas digester systems. Most GMS governments have established plans for reaching these targets and have implemented policy, regulatory, and program measures to boost solar, wind, biomass, and biogas forms of renewable energy. Incentives for private sector investment in renewable energy are increasingly emphasized. About the Asian Development Bank ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many successes, it remains home to the majority of the world’s poor. ADB is committed to reducing poverty through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. Based in Manila, ADB is owned by 67 members, including 48 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENTS AND POTENTIAL IN THE GREATER MEKONG SUBREGION ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK www.adb.org RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENTS AND POTENTIAL IN THE GREATER MEKONG SUBREGION © 2015 Asian Development Bank All rights reserved. Published in 2015. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9254-831-5 (Print), 978-92-9254-832-2 (e-ISBN) Publication Stock No. RPT146841-2 Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Asian Development Bank. Renewable energy developments and potential in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2015. 1. Renewable energy. 2. Environment sustainability. 3. Greater Mekong Subregion. I. Asian Development Bank. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB. Note: In this report, “$” refers to US dollars, B is baht, MK is Myanmar kyat, and VND is Vietnamese dong. Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444 Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org For orders, please contact: Public Information Center Fax +63 2 636 2584 [email protected] Contents Maps, Tables, Figures, and Boxes v Foreword viii Acknowledgments x Abbreviations xi Weights and Measures xii Executive Summary xiii 1 Introduction 1 2 Renewable Energy Developments in the Greater Mekong Subregion: An Overview 2 3 Determining the Potential of Selected Renewable Energy Resources in the Greater Mekong Subregion 5 4 Renewable Energy Developments and Potential in Cambodia 12 4.1 Institutional and Policy Framework for Renewable Energy Initiatives 12 4.2 Solar Energy Resources Potential 15 4.3 Wind Energy Resources Potential 17 4.4 Biomass and Biofuel Energy Resources 20 4.5 Biogas Energy Resources Potential 25 4.6 Summary of Renewable Energy Potential and Developments 27 5 Renewable Energy Developments and Potential in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic 28 5.1 Institutional and Policy Framework for Renewable Energy Initiatives 28 5.2 Solar Energy Resources Potential 32 5.3. Wind Energy Resources Potential 33 5.4. Biomass and Biofuel Energy Resources 37 5.5 Biogas Energy Resources Potential 49 5.6 Summary of Renewable Energy Potential and Developments 53 6 Renewable Energy Developments and Potential in Myanmar 54 6.1 Institutional and Policy Framework for Renewable Energy Initiatives 54 6.2 Solar Energy Resources Potential 57 6.3 Wind Energy Resources Potential 59 6.4 Biomass and Biofuel Energy Resources 62 6.5 Biogas Energy Resources Potential 67 6.6 Summary of Renewable Energy Potential and Developments 71 7 Renewable Energy Developments and Potential in Thailand 73 7.1 Institutional and Policy Framework for Renewable Energy Initiatives 73 7.2 Solar Energy Resources Potential 78 7.3 Wind Energy Resources Potential 81 7.4 Biomass and Biofuel Energy Resources 84 iii Contents 7.5 Biogas Energy Resource Development in Thailand 92 7.6 Summary of Renewable Energy Potentials and Developments 96 8 Renewable Energy Developments and Potential in Viet Nam 99 8.1 Institutional and Policy Framework for Renewable Energy Initiatives 99 8.2 Solar Energy Resources Potential 103 8.3 Wind Energy Resources Potential 105 8.4 Biomass and Biofuel Energy Resources 108 8.5 Biogas Energy Resources Potential 118 8.6 Summary of Renewable Energy Potential and Developments 120 9 Conclusions: The Collective Renewable Energy Potential and Need for Regional Development 122 References 126 Annexes 133 1 Calculating Solar Energy Resources in the Greater Mekong Subregion 133 2 Calculating Wind Energy Resources in the Greater Mekong Subregion 139 3 Calculating Biomass Energy Resources in the Greater Mekong Subregion 143 4 Calculating Biogas Energy Resources in the Greater Mekong Subregion 146 iv Maps, Tables, Figures, and Boxes Maps 3.1 Solar Irradiation Levels: Greater Mekong Subregion 6 3.2 Wind Resources: Greater Mekong Subregion 8 4.1 Areas Potentially Suitable for Solar Photovoltaic Development: Cambodia 16 4.2 Wind Resources: Cambodia 18 4.3 Main Crop Residues: Cambodia 21 5.1 Areas Potentially Suitable for Solar Photovoltaic Development: Lao PDR 34 5.2 Wind Resources: Lao PDR 36 5.3 Main Crop Residues: Lao PDR 39 6.1 Areas Potentially Suitable for Solar Photovoltaic Development: Myanmar 58 6.2 Wind Resources: Myanmar 60 7.1 Areas Potentially Suitable for Solar Photovoltaic Development: Thailand 79 7.2 Wind Resources: Thailand 82 7.3 Main Crop Residues: Thailand 86 8.1 Areas Potentially Suitable for Solar Photovoltaic Development: Viet Nam 104 8.2 Wind Resources: Viet Nam 107 8.3 Main Crop Residues: Viet Nam 110 A1.1 Greater Mekong Subregion Areas Unsuited for Solar Photovoltaic 134 Tables 3.1 Technical Solar Potential: Greater Mekong Subregion 7 3.2 Theoretical and Technical Wind Capacity Potential: Five GMS Countries 10 4.1 Technical Solar Energy Potential: Cambodia 17 4.2 Theoretical Wind Energy Potential: Cambodia 19 4.3 Theoretical Biomass Energy Potential of Agricultural Residues: Cambodia 22 4.4 Theoretical Biogas Energy Potential, 2011: Cambodia 25 4.5 Technical Biogas Energy Potential: Cambodia 26 5.1 Renewable Energy Targets: Lao PDR 32 5.2 Technical Solar Energy Potential: Lao PDR 35 5.3 Theoretical Wind Energy Potential: Lao PDR 37 5.4 Theoretical Biomass Energy Potential of Agricultural Residues: Lao PDR 40 5.5 Projected Land Requirements for Jatropha and Biodiesel Production: Lao PDR 44 5.6 Sugarcane and Bio-Ethanol Target Requirements: Lao PDR 46 5.7 Projected Land Requirements for Cassava and Bio-Ethanol Production: Lao PDR 48 5.8 Theoretical Biogas Energy Potential: Lao PDR 51 5.9 Biodigester Volumes and Daily Feed Rates: Lao PDR 51 5.10 Technical Biogas Energy Potential: Lao PDR 52 6.1 Energy Institutional Framework: Myanmar 55 6.2 Technical Solar Energy Potential: Myanmar 59 6.3 Theoretical Wind Potential in Myanmar 61 v Maps, Tables, Figures, and Boxes 6.4 Theoretical Biomass Energy Potential of Agricultural Residues, 2009: Myanmar 65 6.5 Theoretical Biogas Energy Potential: Myanmar 69 6.6 Installed Biogas Projects: Myanmar 70 7.1 Renewable Energy Targets: Thailand 75 7.2 Renewable Energy Feed-in Premium: Thailand 77 7.3 Technical Solar Energy Potential: Thailand 80 7.4 Solar Photovoltaic Feed-in Tariff Rates: Thailand 80 7.5 Theoretical Wind Energy Potential: Thailand 83 7.6 Theoretical Biomass Energy Potential of Agricultural Residues: Thailand 87 7.7 Land Requirement for Palm Oil as Biodiesel Feedstock: Thailand 90 7.8 Land Requirement for Sugarcane as Bio-Ethanol Feedstock: Thailand 91 7.9 Land Requirement for Cassava as Bio-Ethanol Feedstock: Thailand 91 7.10 Theoretical Biogas Energy Potential: Thailand 94 7.11 Technical Biogas Energy Potential: Thailand 95 7.12 Energy Policy and Biogas Promotions for Pig Farms: Thailand 96 8.1 Renewable Energy Targets: Viet Nam 101 8.2 Investment Law Tax Incentives: Viet Nam 102 8.3 Technical Solar Energy Potential: Viet Nam 105 8.4 Theoretical
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