NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION & RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS SECTION 1 - GLOBAL BASICS & THE PALEOLITHIC ERA • Economists SOCIAL SCIENCES • Choices made to meet needs/wants • Anthropologists • Geographer • Study humans and • Landforms, Earth’s culture surface, climate • Political Scientists • Archaeologist • Government and politics • Excavating human remains/artifacts PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES

• Primary • Secondary

• Document/object that was • Scholarly books/articles written/created during the written by someone who time under study was not there MAPS

• Physical/Topographic Map

• Shows landforms (mtns., plains, bodies of water, deserts)

• Political Map

• boundaries of countries, states, counties, major cities LANDFORMS • Archipelago

• Chain of islands (Japan)

• Peninsula

• body of land surrounded by water on 3 sides (Italy)

• Isthmus

• small strip of land connecting two larger landmasses (Isthmus of Panama)

• Straight

• narrow body of water connecting two large bodies of water (English Channel) ECONOMIC SYSTEMS • Barter/Traditional Economy

• Trading goods for goods

• Usually agricultural goods

• Market Economy (Capitalism)

• Business owners make decisions based on supply/demand

• Little/no govt intervention

• Command Economy (Communism)

• Government makes all decisions THE PALEOLITHIC ERA PALEOLITHIC ERA

• Time before people developed civilizations and settled in one place FIRST PEOPLE

• 2.5 million years ago

• Africa

• Hominids

• members of the family of humans HUNTING, GATHERING, & “FARMING”

• People moved with the seasons

• Nomads

• Moving place to place to gather food/hunt animals

• Subsistence farming

• Grow only what is needed, then move on

• Slash and Burn Agriculture

• creating fields by cutting and burning woodlands, plants THE BANTU PEOPLE

• Major African tribe

• Practiced slash & burn agriculture

• Movement spread their language NOMADIC NEGATIVES

• Population growth is small, overall

• Gathering nuts/berries cannot support population

• Birth was dangerous

• Caring for infants took time away from chores

• Labor-intensive/dangerous lifestyle

• Roaming widely for food

• Stalking/killing prey PALEOLITHIC CHARACTERISTICS • Tools/weapons made from stone, bone, wood

• Fires for cooking

• Developed spoken language

• Clothing (furs, animal skins)

• Caves/overhangs for shelter

• “Cave Art”

• Animals, people, abstract signs

NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION (SECTION 2)

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• What hardships do nomads face in the cartoon?

• Why is the Neolithic way a better way of life? THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

• Transition from nomadic lifestyle to permanent agricultural settlements

• Food producers

• Development of cities

• Growth in population

• Social Classes THE FIRST FARMERS

• Humans planted seeds to harvest/domesticate plants, grains, vegetables

• Domestication of animals (pigs, cattle, sheep, goats)

• Raising/training/taming animals to use on a farm or for food

• Metal tools for planting/harvesting VILLAGES

• Farmers provide food for • Social classes villages • Wealthy land-owning class • Surpluses develop at top • Job specialization • Gender roles • Not everyone needs to be a • Men dominate farmer PASTORIALISM

• Nomadic people who used their animal herds to survive

• Move from place to place, village to village METAL & TRANSPORTATION

• 1000 BCE

• Iron smelting techniques make iron weapons/tools

• Advanced farming tools, made labor easier, and diminished the need for many farmers

• The wheel invented around this time THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION Before After

People were nomadic People settled in one place (villages)

People gathered plants Farming - People grew vegetables

People hunted animals Domestication - People tamed/used animals

Food shortages Food surpluses (extra)

People lived in small bands Large populations lived in villages

People were either hunters of gatherers People farmed and had specialized jobs