NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION & RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS SECTION 1 - GLOBAL BASICS & THE PALEOLITHIC ERA • Economists SOCIAL SCIENCES • Choices made to meet needs/wants • Anthropologists • Geographer • Study humans and • Landforms, Earth’s culture surface, climate • Political Scientists • Archaeologist • Government and politics • Excavating human remains/artifacts PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES • Primary • Secondary • Document/object that was • Scholarly books/articles written/created during the written by someone who time under study was not there MAPS • Physical/Topographic Map • Shows landforms (mtns., plains, bodies of water, deserts) • Political Map • boundaries of countries, states, counties, major cities LANDFORMS • Archipelago • Chain of islands (Japan) • Peninsula • body of land surrounded by water on 3 sides (Italy) • Isthmus • small strip of land connecting two larger landmasses (Isthmus of Panama) • Straight • narrow body of water connecting two large bodies of water (English Channel) ECONOMIC SYSTEMS • Barter/Traditional Economy • Trading goods for goods • Usually agricultural goods • Market Economy (Capitalism) • Business owners make decisions based on supply/demand • Little/no govt intervention • Command Economy (Communism) • Government makes all decisions THE PALEOLITHIC ERA PALEOLITHIC ERA • Time before people developed civilizations and settled in one place FIRST PEOPLE • 2.5 million years ago • Africa • Hominids • members of the family of humans HUNTING, GATHERING, & “FARMING” • People moved with the seasons • Nomads • Moving place to place to gather food/hunt animals • Subsistence farming • Grow only what is needed, then move on • Slash and Burn Agriculture • creating fields by cutting and burning woodlands, plants THE BANTU PEOPLE • Major African tribe • Practiced slash & burn agriculture • Movement spread their language NOMADIC NEGATIVES • Population growth is small, overall • Gathering nuts/berries cannot support population • Birth was dangerous • Caring for infants took time away from chores • Labor-intensive/dangerous lifestyle • Roaming widely for food • Stalking/killing prey PALEOLITHIC CHARACTERISTICS • Tools/weapons made from stone, bone, wood • Fires for cooking • Developed spoken language • Clothing (furs, animal skins) • Caves/overhangs for shelter • “Cave Art” • Animals, people, abstract signs NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION (SECTION 2) JOIN THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION! • What hardships do nomads face in the cartoon? • Why is the Neolithic way a better way of life? THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION • Transition from nomadic lifestyle to permanent agricultural settlements • Food producers • Development of cities • Growth in population • Social Classes THE FIRST FARMERS • Humans planted seeds to harvest/domesticate plants, grains, vegetables • Domestication of animals (pigs, cattle, sheep, goats) • Raising/training/taming animals to use on a farm or for food • Metal tools for planting/harvesting VILLAGES • Farmers provide food for • Social classes villages • Wealthy land-owning class • Surpluses develop at top • Job specialization • Gender roles • Not everyone needs to be a • Men dominate farmer PASTORIALISM • Nomadic people who used their animal herds to survive • Move from place to place, village to village METAL & TRANSPORTATION • 1000 BCE • Iron smelting techniques make iron weapons/tools • Advanced farming tools, made labor easier, and diminished the need for many farmers • The wheel invented around this time THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION Before After People were nomadic People settled in one place (villages) People gathered plants Farming - People grew vegetables People hunted animals Domestication - People tamed/used animals Food shortages Food surpluses (extra) People lived in small bands Large populations lived in villages People were either hunters of gatherers People farmed and had specialized jobs.