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A Curriculum for the Black Radicalism Era

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A Curriculum for the Black Radicalism Era A Curriculum for the Black Radicalism Era This collection of handouts is a product of Meridian Academy’s Division 3 Humanities class in 2019-2020. To understand one response to the civil rights movement of the 1960s, students read Assata: An Autobiography, by Assata Shakur, a member of the Black Liberation Army. Shakur’s book describes her disillusionment with the civil rights movement and her frustrations with the lack of gains that it achieved. However, Shakur of course does not represent all perspectives or experiences of her era. For this reason, students researched another movement, group, or facet of this time period. Because teaching is one of the most effective forms of learning, students designed an assignment – including readings, video, or audio and reflection questions – to help others learn about their chosen subject. Together, these assignments comprise a multifaceted curriculum on this era. Major Leaders of the Black Panther Party What do you know about the Black Panther Party? What was the Black Panther Party? The Black Panther Party was one of the major political groups during the 1960’s and 70’s that fought for black rights. The group was started by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966 in Oakland, California. They founded The Black Panther Party when Malcom X was shot and an unarmed black teen named Matthew Johnson was killed by police. Newton and Seale drew their ideas from marxist ideologies and outlined their program with those views (History). While the party was seen as a gang, and it could be interpreted that way, the main goal of the party was to stop police brutality against the African American community and get more black people elected to office (History). Excerpted from “Black Panthers” an article from History. ​ ​ Read this excerpt from Brian Baggins’s article “History of the Black Panther Party,” published on the Marxists Internet ​ ​ Archive. “The practices of the late Malcolm X were deeply rooted in the theoretical foundations of the Black Panther Party. Malcolm had represented both a militant revolutionary, with the dignity and self-respect to stand up and fight to win equality for all oppressed minorities; while also being an outstanding role model, someone who sought to bring about positive social services; something the Black Panthers would take to new heights. The Panthers followed Malcolm's belief of international working class unity across the spectrum of color and gender, and thus united with various minority and white revolutionary groups. From the tenets of Maoism they set the role of their Party as the vanguard of the revolution and worked to establish a united front, while from Marxism they addressed the capitalist economic system, embraced the theory of dialectical materialism, and represented the need for all workers to forcefully take over the means of production In the beginning of … 1968, after selling Mao's Red Book to university students in order to buy shotguns, the Party makes the book required reading. Meanwhile, the FBI, under J. Edgar Hoover, begins a program called COINTELPRO (counterintelligence program) to break up the spreading unity of revolutionary groups that had begun solidifying through the work and example of the Panthers — the Peace and Freedom Party, Brown Berets, Students for a Democratic Society, the SNCC, SCLC, Poor People's March, Cesar Chavez and others in the farm labor movement, the American Indian Movement, Young Puerto Rican Brothers, the Young Lords and many others. To destroy the party, the FBI begins with a program of surgical assassinations — killing leading members of the party who they know cannot be otherwise subverted. Following these mass killings would be a series of arrests, followed by a program of psychological warfare, designed to split the party both politically and morally through the use of espionage, provocateurs, and chemical warfare.” Reflect: How does The Black Panthers' use of Marxism and other practices change the way you see them? Do you think the FBI’s involvement was necessary? Leaders of the BPP You have learned a bit about who was in the party, and who founded it from the articles above, but the main leaders of the party were named Bobby Seale, Elaine Brown, Stokely Carmichael, Huey Newton, Eldridge Cleaver, and Fred Hampton. Together with the help of many others, they fought against police brutality and helped the African American communities that were in poverty. Excerpted from The “Black Panthers” an article from History. ​ ​ ​ Read the following speech (1970) Huey P. Newton, “The Women’s Liberation and Gay Liberation Movements” ​ written on April 17, 2018 by Quintard Taylor Reflect: Do you agree with what Newton said about gaining security within yourself so you can accept others that are different? Why or why not? Read the excerpt below from this interview with Eldridge Cleaver about the Black Panther Party on PBS. ​ ​ ​ ​ CLEAVER: When these riots started all over the country in the aftermath of the assassination of Martin Luther King -- I think he got killed on the fourth of April. This shootout that we had took place on the sixth and the seventh of April. So we saw it coming while the police were acting so we decided to get down first. So we started the fight. There were 14 of us. We went down into the area of Oakland where the violence was the worst a few blocks away from where Huey Newton had killed that cop so we dealt with them when they came upon us. We were well armed, and we had a shootout that lasted an hour and a half. I will tell anybody that that was the first experience of freedom that I had. I was free for an hour and a half because during that time the repressive forces couldn't put their hand on me because we were shooting it out with them for an hour and a half. Three police officers got wounded. None of them got killed; I got wounded. Another Panther got wounded. Bobby Hutton didn't get wounded during the shootout, but they murdered him after we were in custody. That is why I am sitting here today because the police offers to whom we surrendered -- when I came back from my exile and was going to court on those charges. I was facing charges that would give me 82 years in prison. This police officer came to court one day, and the district attorney said, "Eldridge, there is somebody that wants to meet you. Would you mind talking to him?" I said, "well, I will meet anybody, Ben. Bring them on. Who is it?" He said, "it's Lieutenant Hilliard ." I knew his name from the grand jury transcript. This was the guy that we surrendered to. He told me -- he said, "Eldridge, remember that night? Remember when you came out of the building and you looked up and there was a police officer in the window and you had a pistol in your face about three feet from your face?" I said, "I sure do remember that." He said, "you know I was already squeezing the trigger. I was going to blow your head off because three officers had gotten wounded. All that shooting had everybody on edge. So I was pulling the trigger to blow your head off, and something told me not to do it." I said, "praise the Lord." He said, "praise the Lord." He told me, "I am no longer a police officer." He said, "I have my own private security firm now." He said, "the reason that they have not been rushing you to court is because of my testimony and the testimony of 13 other police officers who were that night who do not agree withwhat the police did in the way they killed Bobby Hutton." He said, "they murdered Bobby. They murdered my prisoner." That's what he said. Then he went on to describe -- he said, "the police have the responsibility of enforcing the law, the guardians of the law. But what they did that night was worse than what you did." He said, "if you are going to court, I am going to testify against you because what you did was wrong. But I'm also going to testify against them because what they did was worse. There is no statute of limitation on murder. What they did was first degree murder." This is w hat he said. They just took Bobby and pushed him. They pushed him, and he only went about five feet. He was stumbling and almost falling. They shot him 12 times, man. Murdered him right there on the spot. He fell down. Reflect: How does hearing his story change how you feel about the party? Read the following excerpt from “Was Fred Hampton Executed?” written on December 25, 1976 by By Jeff Gottlieb ​ ​ and Jeff Cohen. In the predawn hours of December 4, 1969, Chicago police, under the direction of the Cook County State’s Attorney’s Office, raided the ramshackle headquarters of the local chapter of the Black Panther Party. When the smoke cleared, Chairman Fred Hampton and party member Mark Clark were dead; four others lay seriously wounded. Today in Chicago, seven years after the raid, the facts are slowly emerging, as a civil trial crawls through its tenth month. The families of Hampton and Clark, along with the seven who survived the foray, have filed a $47.7 million damage suit. Edward Hanrahan, three former and present FBI agents, an ex-FBI informant, and twenty-six other police personnel stand accused of having conspired to violate the civil rights of the Panthers, and then of covering it up.
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