Physics Laboratory, Technical Activities 1995-1996

Home , Carleton (crater), Purcell (crater)

NISTIR 5922

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Technology Administration PHYSICS National Institute of Standards and Technology LABORATORY Submitted to the Board on Assessment of Technical Activities 1995-1996 NIST Programs, National Research Council February 4-5, 1997

NATL INST. OF STAND & TECH R.I.C.

llil lllQS U31SS^ 'PUBUCATIONS

QC 100 .U56 N0.5922 1997 NIST

NISTIR 5922 PHYSICS LABORATORY Technical Activities 1995-1996

! Submitted to the

Board on Assessment of NIST Programs, National Research Council

February 4-5, 1 997

! Katharine B. Gebbie, Director William R. Ott, Deputy Director Physics Laboratory

January 1997

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Michael Kantor, Secretary

Technology Administration Mary L Good, Under Secretary for Technology

National Institute of Standards and Technology Arati Prabhakar, Director DESCRIPTION OF COVER ILLUSTRATION

Magneto-optical trap. Schematic of the apparatus used to cool atoms to almost absolute zero, resulting in the world's first demonstration of Bose-Einstein Condensation. Six laser beams intersect in a glass cell placed between magnetic coils, creating a magneto-optical trap (MOT). The glass cell hangs from a chamber (not shown) containing a vacuum pump and rubidium source. Also not shown are coils for injecting the rf magnetic field for evaporation and the additional laser beams for imaging and optically pumping the trapped atom sample. PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

ABSTRACT i

This report surnmarizes research projects, measurement method developments, j

calibration and testing services, and data evaluation activities that were carried out i during calendar years 1995 and 1996 in the NIST Physics Laboratory. These

| activities fall in the areas of electron and optical physics, atomic physics, optical

technology, ionizing radiation measurements, time and frequency measurements, I quantum physics, fundamental constants, and electronic dissemination of scientific |

information and data. i

Key Words: atomic physics; calibrations: data evaluation: electron physics: fundamental constants: ionizing radiation; measurement methods: optical radiation: quantum physics: standard reference materials: time and frequency

Printed pages: 232

PHYSICS LABORATORY

I TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

TABLE OF * CONTENTS '

j 1 PHYSICS LABORATORY

5 FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS DATA CENTER I

7 OFFICE OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE . IN SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING DATA

9 ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION

19 ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION

33 OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION

47 IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION

63 TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION

79 QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION

Appendices

| 91 A. PUBLICATIONS

135 B. INVITED TALKS

163 C. TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

177 D. SPONSORED WORKSHOPS, CONFERENCES, AND SYMPOSIA

181 E. JOURNAL EDITORSHIPS

183 F. INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS

195 G. OTHER AGENCY RESEARCH i

AND CONSULTING ;

203 H. CALIBRATION SERVICES AND STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS j

221 J. ACRONYMS I Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in this report in order to specify the experimental procedure adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.

PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

PHYSICS LABORATORY

INTRODUCTION

This report is a summary of the technical activi- in the Physics Laboratory work with industry ties of the National Institute of Standards and and the other Laboratories of NIST to develop Technology (NIST) Physics Laboratory for the new measurement technologies that can be period January 1995 to December 1996. The applied to areas such as communications, micro- Laboratory is one of eight major technical vmits electronics, magnetics, photonics, lighting, of NIST. industrial radiation processing, the environment, The mission of the Physics Laboratory is to health care, transportation, defense, energy, and support U.S. industry by providing the best space. Cooperative research and development possible foundation for metrology of optical and agreements, industrial research associates, ionizing radiation, time and frequency, and committee participation, and consultations are fundamental quantum processes. The Physics all powerful mechanisms for transferring mea- Laboratory carries out this mission by conduct- surement capability to the private sector. ing long-term research in measurement science; The Physics Laboratory has identified four developing new physical standards, measure- strategic areas where it beheves its experience ment methods, and critically compiled scientific and distinctive skills can contribute best to and engineering reference data; promulgating industrial and critical national needs, by provid- these standards, methods, and data by providing measurement methods, instrumentation, ing calibration measurement services, standard standards, and data for: reference materials, and electronic information electronic and magnetic devices - to develop services, and by publishing research results, innovative measurement methods and tech- holding conferences, and conducting workshops; niques of use to the electronics industry for participating in quality-assurance programs; and device characterization and electronic informa- collaborating with industry, universities, and tion and communication; other agencies of government. Physics Labora- tory maintains the U.S. national standards for optical technology - to provide the national the Systeme International (SI) base units of the basis for optical radiation measurement and to second, the candela, and the kelvin (above develop optical measurement systems for indus- 1200 K) as well as such SI derived units as the trial and environmental needs; watt, hertz, the becquerel, the optical and the radiation applications and control - to support lumen. the innovative, effective, and safe use of radia- considered Science and technology, once tion by providing standards and measurement separate and sequential, are now becoming quality assurance services, by developing and with this trend, increasingly merged. Consistent evaluating new radiation measurement methods, the Physics Laboratory is vertically integrated, and by providing critical data; spanning the fuU range of programs from tests of fundamental physical quantities - to improve fundamental postulates of physics through definitions and realizations of base cind derived generic technology to the more immediate needs SI units and to pursue opportunities for new of industry and commerce. Its constituencies determinations of fundamental physical con- are broadly distributed throughout industry, academia, and government, and include the stants. other Laboratories of NIST. Its scope spans The Laboratory’s focus on atomic, molec- technologies based upon electronic, optical, and ular, optical, solid state, and ionizing radiation radiation-induced effects. physics reflects the continuing importance of To tighten the relation between the per- these disciplines in developing new measure- formers of directed research and the industrial ment technology to address the needs of U.S. developers of advanced technologies, scientists industry.

1 PHYSICS LABORATORY PHYSICS LABORATORY OFFICE

The Laboratory establishes spectroscopic the NIST synchrotron ultraviolet radiation methods and standards for microwave, infrared, facility (SURF II), two scanning tunneling micro- visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma-ray, and par- scopes, and two scanning electron microscopes ticle radiation; investigates the structure and with unique magnetic imaging capabihties. dynamics of atoms and molecules, singly and in Atomic Physics Division. Carries out theoret- aggregate: and applies these results for practical ical and experimental research into the spectro- purposes. scopic and radiative properties of atoms, mole- The Laboratory generates, evaluates, and cules, and ions to provide measurement and compiles atomic, molecular, optical, and ionizing data support for national needs in such areas as radiation data in response to national needs; fusion plasma diagnostics, processing of mate- develops and operates major radiation sources as rials by plasmas, spectrochemistry, illumination user facUities; and maintains appropriate collab- technology, and laser development; carries out orations with other technical programs in NIST, high accuracy determinations of optical, ultra- the nation, and other institutions throughout the violet, x-ray, and gamma-ray transition energies; world. It conducts a major cooperative research develops atomic radiation sources as radiometric program with the University of Colorado through and wavelength standards to meet national JILA. measurement needs; studies the physics of laser Whatever the criteria of success, the Labora- cooling and electromagnetic trapping of neutral tory is among the world’s leaders in basic and atoms and ions; develops new measurement apphed metrology. Its most productive scientists techniques and methods for analyzing spectro- appreciate an environment where they can con scopic data, for measuring plasma properties tribute to important practical programs as well such as temperature and densities, and for as to strategic, fundamental research. The determining fundamental physical constants; Laboratory’s great strengths include not only its carries out theoretical and experimental research multiple contributions to basic physics, chem- on quantum processes in atomic, molecular, and istry, and materials science and its seminal role nanoscale systems, such as optical control of in fundamental measurement technology, but and semiconductor also the apphcation of this measinrement tech- matter nanodevices and technologies; collects, compiles, criti- nology to specific industrial requirements. and and The Physics Laboratory consists of six Divi cally evaluates spectroscopic data and creates sions. databases to meet major national demands.

Electron and Optical Physics Division. Pro- Optical Technology Division. Provides vides the central national basis for the measure- national measurement standards and support ment of far ultraviolet and soft x-ray radiation; services to advance the use and application of conducts theoretical and experimental research optical technologies spanning the ultraviolet with electron, laser, tiltraviolet, and soft x-ray through microwave spectral regions for diverse radiation for measurement applications in fields industries and governmental and scientific use; such as atomic and molecular science, multi- develops radiometric, photometric, spectro- photon processes, radiation chemistry, space and scopic, and spectrophotometric measurement atmospheric science, microelectronics, electron methods, standards, and data; and promotes spectroscopy, electron microscopy, surface accuracy and uniformity in optical radiation magnetism, and solid state and materials based measurements through standards dissem- science: determines the fundamental mecha- ination and measurement quality assurance nisms by which electrons and photons transfer services; to improve services and increase the energy to gaseous and condensed matter; devel- accuracy, range, and utility of optical tech- ops advanced electron- and photon-based technologies, conducts basic, long-term theoretical niques for the measurement of atomic and and experimental research in optical and photo- molecular properties of matter, for the determi- chemical properties of materials, in radiometric nation of atomic and magnetic microstructin-e, and spectroscopic techniques and instrumenta- and for the measurement and utilization of tion, and in apphcation of optical technologies; ultraviolet, soft x-ray, and electron radiation; through these activities, meets the needs of develops and disseminates ultraviolet, soft x-ray, industries such as the fighting, photographic, and electron standards, measurement services, automotive, and xerographic industries; and and data for industry, imiversities, and govern- provides measurement support to national needs ment; and develops and operates well-character- in solar and environmental monitoring, health ized sources of electrons and photons including and safety, and defense. PHYSICS LABORATORY PHYSICS LABORATORY OFFICE

in terms of present and future user needs and Ionizing Radiation Division. Provides primary implements improvements as appropriate: national standards, dosimetry methods, mea- assists present and potential users to apply NIST surement services, and basic data for application time and frequency services effectively to the of ionizing radiation (x-rays, gamma rays, elec- solution of their particular problems; provides trons, neutrons, and radioactivity, etc.) to radia- publications and consultations, and conducts tion protection of workers and the general seminars and demonstrations relating to NIST public, radiation therapy and diagnosis, nuclear time and frequency dissemination facilities and medicine, radiography, industrial radiation services; and performs research and develop- processing, nuclear power, national defense, ment on new dissemination techniques and. as space science, and environmental protection: appropriate, implements improved services conducts theoretical and experimental research based on these studies. on the fundamental physical interactions of ionizing radiation with matter; develops an Quantum Physics Division. (Boulder) Provides understanding of basic mechanisms involved in fundamental, highly accurate measurements radiation-induced chemical transformations and and theoretical analyses using quantum physics, the parameters that influence the yields of short- quantum optics, chemical physics, gravitational hved intermediates, final chemical products, and physics, and geophysical measurements: devel- biological effects; develops improved methods for ops the laser as a refined measurement tool; radiation measurement, dosimetry, and radi- measures and tests the fundamental postulates ography; develops improved primary radiation and natural constants of physics; apphes atomic, standards, and produces highly accurate stan- molecular, and chemical physics to understand dard reference data for ionizing radiation or predict, and control properties of excited and radioactive materials: provides standard refer- ionized gases and the pathways of chemical and ence materials, calibrations, and measurement material processes relevant to technology: quality assurance services, to users such as improves the theory and instrumentation to quantities as Earth’s hospitals, industry, states, and other federal required measure such distances: agencies: and develops and operates well-charac- gravity, local gravity, and terrestrial its association with terized sources and beams of electrons, photons, and maintains, through JILA, the University of Colorado, and JILA’s and neutrons for primary radiation standards, Visiting Fellows Program, active contact with the calibrations, research on radiation interactions, and measurement methods development. education community. In addition, two groups operate under the Time and Frequency Division. (Boulder) Main- direct supervision of the Laboratory Office. tains. develops, and improves the national stan Fundamental Constants Data Center. Provides dards for time and frequency and the time scales a centralized international source of information based on these standards; carries out research in on the fundamental physical constants, closely areas of importance to the further fundamental related precision measurements, and the inter- improvement of frequency standards and their national system of units; and periodically devel- applications, focusing on microwave and laser ops and widely distributes, in collaboration with devices, atomic and molecular resonances, and outside international organizations, sets of the measurement of fundamental physical phe recommended values of the fundamental con- nomena and constants; adapts time and fre- stants. quency standard devices and concepts to special scientific and technologiccd demands; develops Office of Electronic Commerce in Scientific time and frequency measurement methods in and Engineering Data. Coordinates and facili- the radio-frequency, microwave, infrared, and tates the dissemination of scientific and engi- visible radiation regions; coordinates the neering data, generated by the Physics Labora- national time and frequency standards, time tory, by means of available electronic networks: scales, and measurement methods nationally promotes the organization of the delivery of and internationally in conjunction with the scientific, engineering, and technical data from United States Naval Observatory: operates time its producers and publishers to U.S. industry by and frequency dissemination services, such as electronic means in the standard formats and radio stations and broadcasts, for the purpose of computer readable forms required by U.S. indus- traceability to the national standards of time and try for its timely and effective use; and coordi- frequency: coordinates these services nationally nates the National Information Infrastructure and internationally; evaluates existing services initiatives of the Physics Laboratory.

3 PHYSICS LABORATORY PHYSICS LABORATORY OFFICE

ORGANIZATION OF REPORT committee participation and leadership; workshops, conferences, and symposia organized; This technical activities report is organized in journal editorships; industrial interactions; seven sections, one for the Physics Laboratory other-agency research and consulting; calibra- Office, which includes the Fundamental Con- tion services and standard reference materials; stants Data Center and the Office of Electronic and a list of acronyms used in this report. Each Commerce in Scientific and Engineering Data, appendix is grouped by Division; if a Division is and one for each of the six Divisions. For each not listed in a particular appendix, they have Division the report consists of brief statements of nothing to report in this category. the Division’s mission and organization, followed To obtain more information about particular by a discussion of current directions, highlights work, the reader should address the individual of the year’s accomplishments, and a discussion scientist or the Division office, % Physics Labo- of future opportunities. ratory, Physics Building Room B160, National Following the technical activities sections are Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithers-

Appendices that fist: publications; invited talks; burg, Maryland 20899-0001

4 PHYSICS LABORATORY PHYSICS LABORATORY OFFICE

FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS DATA CENTER B. N. Taylor

MISSION

provide an international information center NIST Journal of Research. Implement poHcies on the fundamental constants and closely related to ensure that the NIST Journal of Research precision measurements; continues to be a widely read, highly respected analyze the consistency of measured values scientific publication and an attractive vehicle of the constants in order to test fundamental for NIST scientists to report the results of their physical theory and to obtain sets of recom- research in measurement. mended values of the constants for international use; SI Units. Generate publications related to the administer the NIST Precision Measurement International System of Units (SI) and dissem- Grant (PMG) Program; inate them widely in order to meet the informa- provide the editorship of the Journal of tion needs of the increased number of users of Research of the National Institute of Standards the SI arising from the Federal Government’s and Technology, conversion to the SI. serve as the NIST-authorized orgcuiization for the interpretation of the International System of HIGHLIGHTS Units (SI) in the United States. Guide for the Use of the SI—1995 Edition of CURRENT DIRECTIONS NIST SP 811. We prepared, published, and widely distributed a new edition of NIST Special Measurement Uncertainty. Contribute to an Publication (SP) 811, Guide for the Use of the international effort under the auspices of the International System of Units (SI). International Organization for Standardization The 1995 edition of SP 811 corrects a (ISO) to generate and widely distribute a guide number of misprints in the 1991 edition on expressing measurement imcertainty, and to (prepared by A.O. McCoubrey), incorporates a have it adopted worldwide. significant amount of additional material intended to answer frequently asked questions Information Center. Maintain an extensive concerning the SI and SI usage, and updates the collection of reprints and other material relating bibliography. The added material includes a to fundamental constants and precision mea- check list for reviewing the consistency of smements in order to respond to inquiries and with the SI. carry out the next Committee on Data for written documents Some changes in Science and Technology (CODATA) least-squares format have also been made in an attempt to improve the ease of use of SP 811. adjustment of the constants, which is to be completed by the end of 1997 and will provide a To date, nearly 15,000 copies have been the world. include new set of recommended values of the constants distributed throughout These technical staff, for international use. This effort includes main- copies to the NIST to the mem- taining the Data Center’s bibliographic data base bers of the National Conference of Standards on the fundamental constants on the Physics Laboratories, to the Members and Corresponding Laboratory’s World Wide Web (WWW) home Members of the International Organization of page. Legal Metrology, to the Committee Delegates, Rapporteurs, and Contact Persons of EUROMET Constants Adjustment. Carry out the work (a European collaboration in measurement necessary to complete the 1997 CODATA con- standards) and of NORAMET (a North American stants adjustment. regional collaboration in national measurement Precision Measurement Grants. Implement standards and services), to the members of the policies to ensure that this grant program con- Coimcil on Optical Radiation Measurements and tinues to attract proposals of the highest quality of the Coimcil on Ionizing Radiation Measure- and provides maximum benefit to NIST. ments and Standards, and to numerous readers PHYSICS LABORATORY PHYSICS LABORATORY OFFICE

of many different trade magazines, newsletters, uncertainty of 1 x 10“^, and their expected technical journals, etc. SP811 is also available significant improvement. These can be used to on the WWW home page of the Physics Labora- determine one of nature’s most important funda- tory. mental constants, the fine-structure constant a, provided the theory has a comparable rmcer- Precision Measurement Grants. We awarded, tainty. One of Sapirstein’s goals is to extend the on behalf of NIST, new Precision Measurement existing Bethe-Salpeter equation calculations, Grants to Siu Au Lee of Colorado State Univer- which include all corrections of order c? relative sity and Jonathan Sapirstein of the University of to the fine structure, to all corrections of order Notre Dame. The grants are in the amotmt of o?. When the corrections are known, a value $50,000 per year, renewable for two additional of a will be available heliinn that can be years. NIST sponsors these grants to promote from with values the fxmdamental research in measurement science compared obtained from quan- Hall effect (QHE); in U.S. colleges and universities and to foster tum and from the quantum contacts between NIST scientists and research- electrodynamic (QED) theory of the magnetic ers in the academic community actively engaged moment anomaly of the electron and its in such work. experimental determination. This will provide a The aim of Sui Au Lee’s project is to directly new, critical check on the theory of the QHE and measure, for the first time, the birefringence of of the internal consistency of QED. light propagating in vacutim in a strong magnetic field, and to conduct an improved labora- FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES tory search for axions. This work is based on the During the next one to two years, we will focus prediction that when a beam of light travels in on (1) continuing to provide guidance to the vacuum in a strong applied magnetic field, the NIST staff and others on expressing measure- quantum electro dynamic (QED) vacuum polar- ment imcertainty based on the ISO Guide to the ization induces a small change in the index of Expression Uncertainty in and refraction of the vacuum. Because the index of Measurement on NIST finalizing change depends on the polarization of the beam TN 1297; (2) an ANSI/ASTM- lEEE joint U.S. standard on metric practice, relative to the direction of the field, the vacuum collaborating with acquires a birefringence. Although this QED other members of the Consul- effect has never been observed, the recent devel- tative Committee on Units of the CIPM on revis- opment of long, high-field superconducting ing the BIPM SI Brochure, emd revising NIST magnets and the progress made in developing Special Publications 330 and 811 on the SI; low-loss mirrors for laser gyroscopes and laser (3) maintaining, in collaboration with Peter J. gravitational detectors has now made its obser- Mohr of the Physics Laboratory’s ECSED pro- vation feasible. This is a unique opportimity to gram and Atomic Physics Division, the Data carry out a new test of QED, the most accurate Center’s fundamental constants bibliographic theory of modern physics. database on the Physics Laboratory’s WWW The aim of Sapirstein’s project is to improve home page; and most importantly; (4) providing the theory of the energy levels of atomic helium. the chairmanship of the CODATA Task Group Accurate measurements of various energy levels on Fundamental Constants, carrying out the of heliinn and helium-like ions have been and work necessary for completing the 1997 are continuing to be carried out. Of particular CODATA least-squares adjustment of the con- interest are recent measurements of the fine stants, and widely disseminating the resulting structure of helium with a relative standard recommended values of the constants, o

6 PHYSICS LABORATORY PHYSICS LABORATORY OFFICE

OFFICE OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE IN SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING DATA

MISSION

coordinate and facilitate the dissemination of defined 19 specific functions that are needed to Physics Laboratory-generated scientific and make such an information capabihty a reality. engineering data by means of computer net- We are creating a WWW page to identify the works; required functions and provide information develop methods and serve as a model for about progress in each of them. In addition, we the effective dissemination of scientific and plan to make our WWW databases available to engineering information by means of computer developers as testbeds to demonstrate their networks; methods of achieving these functions. This promote compatibility and integration in the WWW page will serve both to inform the data electronic defivery of scientific, engineering, and producing and using communities about prog- technical information from its producers and ress towards an effective dissemination system publishers to U.S. industry through the use of and to encourage the computer technology common standards and formats; community to build the capabUities necessary coordinate the National Information Infra- for technical data into its systems. In addition, structure initiatives of the Physics Laboratory. the databases disseminated by PL on its WWW page win serve as models of effective dissem- CURRENT DIRECTIONS ination of scientific and engineering data.

Dissemination of Physics Laboratory Informa- Represent Physics Laboratory in Information- Nationally tion over the Computer Networks. The Office of Related Activities within NIST and Electronic Commerce in Scientific and Engineer- with Physics-Related Organizations. These active with the ing Data (ECSED) is responsible for the Physics activities included participation information dissemination. Laboratory World Wide Web (WWW) pages. It NIPDE in the areas of produces Physics Laboratory (PL) material for Work continues with various groups within NIST publication over the WWW, encourages and concerned with electronic information dissem- supports the production of material by others, ination and with a professional society. and assures the high quality of information disseminated by PL over electronic networks. It HIGHLIGHTS develops methods to display information gen- The Physics Laboratory Information on the erated within PL in an effective maimer over the World Wide Web. The Office of ECSED provides WWW. This Office also is engaged with the PL Physics Laboratory information and data over Divisions in developing physical reference data- the WWW to U.S. industry and the general bases for dissemination over the WWW. It public. This information has been accessible to designs effective interfaces between the informa- the public since June 20, 1994 at the URL tion and the user to facilitate use of the data. http://physics.nist.gov/. By the end of fiscal year Electronic Commerce in Scientific and Engi- 1996, we were supplying 50,000 PL documents neering Data. This Office works to promote each month to users outside of NIST (fully half compatibility and integration in the dissem- from our databases). The rate of use continues to ination of non-product-specific information increase rapidly. required by U.S. industry. It seeks to make A wide range of information is provided by scientific, engineering, technical, codes/stan- PL on the WWW. It includes staff and organiza- dards, and related regulatory information avail- tion information, PL technical activities, publica- able to U.S. industry in a usable, accessible, tion lists, research facilities, physical reference unified manner. data, and bibliographic information about phys- Work on this effort began with an industry/ ical reference data. New information is added government team organized in conjunction regularly. We develop programs to provide this with the National Initiative for Product Data information and innovations to overcome the Exchange (NIPDE). The team identified and limitations of current browsers.

7 PHYSICS LABORATORY PHYSICS LABORATORY OFFICE

Atomic spectroscopic database developed for Wide range of databases developed for WWW PL WWW page and for NASA’s Astrophysics dissemination. This Office has developed and Data System. The Atomic Spectroscopic Data- makes available over the WWW a wide range of base was developed in a collaboration between physical reference databases. In addition to the the Astrophysics Data System, the Atomic three mentioned above, we provide databases of Physics Division, the NIST Standard Reference the Fimdamental Physical Constants, Spectrum of a Platinum Lamp, Bibhographic Database on Data Program, and the Office of ECSED. It Atomic Transition Probabilities, X-Ray Attenua- includes most of the existing critically evaluated tion and Absorption for Materials of Dosimetric NIST data on atomic energy levels, transition Interest, and Bibliography of Photon Attenuation probabihties, and wavelengths that are reason- Measurements. Each of these databases was ably up-to-date. This interactive database has developed for the WWW in close collaboration energy level data for over 500 spectra, transition with the compilers of the information and has an probabilities for Sc through Ni, and wavelength interface appropriate for its intended use. Data- data for spectra of several elements. It involves bases are improved and information is added to obtaining requested data from a repository them on an ongoing basis. computer and delivering it to the user through a WWW page on another computer system. Electronic Commerce in Scientific and Engi- neering Data. A draft of the report of the indus- Database with sophisticated user interface try/government team was circulated to all parti- developed for the WWW. The Office of ECSED cipants. A revised report was completed and was has developed a WWW version of the database posted on the NIPDE WWW page for 18 months. entitled Wavenumber Calibration Tables From We have prepared a draft of the ECSED Testbed Heterodyne Frequency Measurements, by Arthur — a WWW page encompassing updated informa- G. Maki and Joseph S. Wells. This is an atlas of tion from this report as well as links to activities molecular spectra and associated tables of wave- supporting ECSED functions and future oppor- numbers for the calibration of infrared spec- tunities for demonstrating ECSED functions. trometers. Molecule and spectral range can be After appropriate reviews are completed, it will selected by clicking within WWW browsers. be made available on the WWW. This WWW When the graphical presentation is generated for page will aid technical database developers in the user, he/she may then modify the display by keeping current on developments in the elec- changing the range displayed and cHcking on a tronic dissemination of information. new center point. Other modifications of the display can also be made at the choice of the FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES user. This and several other databases developed During the next year the Office of Electronic by the Office of ECSED for the WWW are avail- Commerce in Scientific and Engineering Data able online from the PL WWW page. wiU continue adding to the information dissem- Astrophysical molecular database developed inated on the PL WWW pages. New information is expected to include a database of form factor, for the WWW. A web version of the database of attenuation, and scattering tables, a report that critically evaluated molecular transition frequen- describes methods and computer programs for cies detected in interstellar and circumstellar calculating absorbed-dose distributions in a clouds, recommended by NIST for reference in water target irradiated by proton beams, a future astronomical observations in the micro- bibliographic database for atomic energy levels, wave and millimeter wavelength regions, was a bibliographic database for fundamental con- developed in collaboration with the Optical stants, and a new atomic spectroscopic database. Technology Division. This database can be The Office will advance its mission to promote searched online by frequency and/or molecule, compatibihty and integration in electronic com- telescope, or reference. Detailed information and merce of scientific and engineering data by references are provided for the transitions. establishing its ECSED testbed on the WWW.

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"i 4 PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION

9 PHYSICS LABORATORY ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION

Overleaf

Scanning tunneling microscopy image. Scanning tunneling microscopy image of single atomic-step islands resulting from the deposition of Cr on Fe(OOl) at 300 C. The deposited Cr forms an alloy with Fe substrate resulting in substrate and island levels composed of mostly Fe with a low concentration of isolated Cr impurities. The individual Cr impurities are the slightly raised features decorating both levels.

10 PHYSICS LABORATORY

ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION

MISSION

The Electron and Optical Physics Division’s members of staff, and during the past year had mission is to develop measurement capabilities the equivalent of 12 Guest Researchers working needed by emerging electronic and optical full-time during visits of three or more months. technologies, particularly those required for The Photon Physics Group (841.01) is pri- submicron fabrication and analysis. marily engaged in resetirch in EUV optics, the In pursuit of this mission, it maintains an development of EUV and x-ray microscopy, and array of research, measurement, and calibration the generation of coherent far ultraviolet radia- activities. In particular, the Division tion. It also operates an EUV optics characteriza- provides the central national basis for abso- tion beamline at SURF II that provides custom lute radiometry in the far ultraviolet and cahbrations for the soft x-ray optics community, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) regions of the electro- the only such dedicated facility in the United magnetic spectrum, which together span the States. Presently the Group is in the process of photon energy range of 5 to 250 eV. This basis estabhshtng an infrared microscope facihty at is maintained through a combination of ioniza- SURF for use by the polymer, semiconductor, tion chambers, calibrated transfer standard forensic, and medical communities. detectors, and an electron storage ring, the The Far Ultraviolet Physics Group (841.02) SURF II Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation is responsible for SURF II operations and for Facility, which provides a dedicated source of radiometric caUbration services in the far ultra- radiation over this spectral range. SURF II also violet and soft x-ray spectral regions (spanning supports a range of research activities by mem- the wavelength range 5 to 200 nm). The latter bers of the Division, other NIST organizational mission is pursued by operation of two dedicated units, and external research groups. cahbration beamlines at SURF II: one primarily maintains specialized facilities for Scanning for custom cahbrations of instrumentation,the Electron Microscopy with Polarization Analysis other for cahbration of photodiodes which are (SEMPA), and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy disseminated as transfer standards. (STM). The SEMPA facility provides unique The Electron Physics Group (841.03) per- capabihties for the study of surface magnetism, forms work on the frontiers of electron micros- laser of It and has resulted in a wide range of collaborative copy and manipulation atoms. has research involving the magnetic recording particular expertise in polarized electron technology, which led to the development of the industry. The STM facility is used for studying surface structure and dynamical phenomena, SEMPA technique. It also has designed and constructed some of the world’s most sensitive and for developing the basic measurement tech- scanning tunneling microscopes, which can niques necessary for atomic-level device fabrica- resolve vertical displacements of about a pico- tion. meter. These instruments are presently used for maintains an EUV optics characterization studying a variety of surface phenomena, such facihty to perform measurements of EUV optical as the microstructure of magnetic domains, thin- components and systems, and to support appli- film growth, and the structure of complexes of cations of such optics in microlithography, adsorbed atoms. The Group has had a strong microscopy, and telescopy. historical presence in the fields of electron-atom performs theoretical and experimental scattering and optical pumping of atomic beams, research in atomic and condensed matter phys- and has now applied its capabilities in these ics in support of its basic mission objectives. areas to attain a position of world leadership in the laser control of atomic adsorption on sur- ORGANIZATION faces. The Division consists of three groups, which The Division was saddened by the loss of Dr. together employ about 33 full-time equivalent Richard Watts of the Photon Physics Group, who

11 PHYSICS LABORATORY ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION

died on November 16, 1996. Rich was a produc- A new IR microscope facility is presently tive member of the technical staff, and his under construction. As recently demonstrated at contributions to the EUV optics program and to the NSLS at Brookhaven, synchrotron somces of the development of an x-ray microscope were IR radiation can be vastly superior to conven- major components of the Photon Physics tional sources. Both the NSLS and SURF syn- Group’s output during his tenure. chrotron are over two orders of magnitude brighter in the IR region from 2 to 30 fim than CURRENT DIRECTIONS the conventional globar sources. Thus the recently commissioned IR microscope at the The Division’s daily activities fall into three NSLS has been overwhelmed by demand from categories: facihties operations, cahbration and the polymers, forensic, geochemical, semicon- measurement services, and basic research. ductor, and medical communities because of the Operation of the SURF II facility supports the marked increased sensitivity it can provide. The Division’s measurement services and research NIST facility is expected to be operational early efforts, those of other NIST organizational units, in 1997. and a variety of external users. The past year The success of our research enterprise has seen the completion of a major renovation derives from its focus on the development and which has resulted in a substantial increase of exploitation of novel measurement technology, user space and a general enhancement of ameni- and close interaction with our measurement ties. services programs. The first aspect is best exem- The Division’s activities in calibration and plified by the work of the Electron Physics measurement services are centered around Group, which has appHed its expertise in polar- originally SURF II. They have shown dramatic growth ized electron techniques, acquired for during the past year, largely due to increased application to basic studies of electron-atom world-wide interest in normal-incidence soft scattering, to the development of novel forms of in it continues to x-ray optics. For the past several years we have microscopy which maintain a role world Its focus maintained a dedicated reflectometer system on of leadership. on the continuous advancement of measurement capabilities beamline 7 (BL-7) at SURF II, which is used pri- is founded on its internal capabilities for the marily to determine reflectivities of multilayer design and construction of original instrumenta- optics, and for related investigations such as tion, on subsequent application to fundamental grating efficiencies and film dosimetry. In 1995- research questions in areas of prospective tech- 1996 measurements were made on over 180 nological importance, and, when appropriate, samples, provided primarily by industrial labora- collaboration in commercialization or other tories, other government agencies and universi- dissemination of these capabilities. The principal ties. These services are presently undertaken research activities of the Photon Physics Group, primarily as research collaborations, not on a the other main research-oriented group in the reimbursable basis. As described below, a new Division, are in EUV physics, and are carried out reflectometer is imder construction to accommo- in close association with the EUV Optics Charac- date the large, heavy optics that will be forth- terization Facihty at SURF II. Although the main coming in the field of projection lithography. profile this Group presents to the soft x-ray Two other measurement service programs, of community is that of a provider of measmement longer historical standing, have been relatively services, its stature and credibility depend steady during the year. Spectrometer calibra- critically on the development of frontier mea- tions, done on BL-2, are carried out primarily in surement capabihties. support of NASA programs in solar physics and XUV astronomy. NASA makes substantial TECHNICAL HIGHLIGHTS financial contributions to the operation of this beamline. We also provide absolutely calibrated Calibrations and Instrumentation Develop- photodiodes as trcmsfer standards. This work ment at the NIST/ARPA National EUV Reflec- uses a dedicated beamline (BL-9) and a new dual tometry Facility. The NIST/ARPA National EUV grating monochromator that is mounted on BL-2 Reflectometry Facility at SURF II, the only such during calibration runs. A research effort is facility in the U.S. open to all members of the maintained to investigate improved photodiodes. EUV community, entered its fifth year of opera- As discussed below, this has had some success tion. Over 180 calibrations were performed in in developing solid-state photodiodes as an 1995-1996 on a variety of mirrors, gratings, alternative to our existing photoemissive de- photocathodes, and photographic emulsions for vices. collaborators in industry, national laboratories.

12 PHYSICS LABORATORY ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION

and universities. Fabrication of a new reflec- construct an extreme ultraviolet Schwarzschild tometer is well underway and should be com- microscope with the eventual goal of imaging pleted this summer. The new reflectometer, live biological specimens. The ultimate success which we expect to install in 1997, will be able of the NSF-sponsored program rests on two to accommodate optics up to 35 cm in diameter unique capabilities: the correction and aspheri- and 40 kg in mass. This capabihty, which will be zation of the optical figures (see above) to unique, is necessary for the characterization of tmprecedented accuracy, and the generation of large optical components required for EUV high-intensity, ultra-short EUV radiation using projection systems. (T.B. Lucatorto, C.S. Tarrio, high-harmonic generation. The optical design for and R.N. Watts) a first-generation prototype using spherical First Demonstration of Figuring by Multilayer optics at a wavelength of 13 nm has been com- Deposition. As part of our continuing effort to pleted and construction is imderway. The final support the semiconductor industry’s interest in microscope is anticipated to use at least one EUV hthography as a possible technology for aspherical surface and work in the water window future generation devices, we have begun stud- (2.5 nm to 4.4 nm). (C. Tarrio, E. Spiller, and ies to determine the limits of using multilayer T.B. Lucatorto) deposition as a post-pohshing technique for the SURF III Upgrade. The present SURF II facil- fabrication of precision EUV optics. Thus far, ity, biult in 1974, is soon to imdergo a major traditional pohshing has not been able to simvd- overhaul designed to improve its performance taneously produce optics with the figure and for radiometry and other scientific applications. finish requirements for such advanced appli- In 1994, a contract was let with the University of cations. Our previous experience with making Wisconsin (UW), which built SURF II, to study EUV multilayer mirrors has given us confidence the available options leading to improved perfor- that the multilayer technique has the potential mance. Following that report, delivered in July to make large changes in surfaces (such as let with to aspheric corrections to high-quality spheres) 1995, a second contract was UW with virtually no addition of roughness. During provide a detailed design for the selected this period we have demonstrated the method for approach. That report was delivered in May rotationaUy symmetric errors. We are currently 1996, and a construction contract with UW was investigating the limits of two-dimensional let on September 27, 1996. corrections. (C. Tarrio, E. Spiller, T.B. Lucatorto) The most important aspect of the SURF III concept is improved radiometric accuracy. The magnitude and angular distribution of the flux radiated by SURF III wiU be much more accurately characterized through a better knowledge of the electron energy and trajectory in the storage ring and improved methods of determining the electron current. The improved accuracy of the electron orbit will be achieved by more stringent mechanical tolerances on the magnet, better steel, and optimized magnet design. Thus the SURF II magnet, iron and coils, will be replaced, and the control system wiU be over- hatUed. As a result of the improved iron ia the magnet, a significant gain in field strength wiU

Figure 1. Figuring by deposition: a radially also be realized, aUowing the maximum achiev- symmetric error was polished into a glass test able energy of the electrons in the storage ring to piece. The solid line is the error measured be increased from the 300 MeV for SURF II to

using phase-measuring interferometry. A close to 400 MeV for SURF III. This wiU aUow mask was constructed from this, and a Co-C radiometry and scientific applications to be multilayer was deposited through the station- carried out down through the water window to a ary mask onto the rotating sample. The wavelength of about 2.5 nm ( -500 eV). Changes corrected figure (dashed line) shows almost a to the storage ring itself are planned to increase factor of ten improvement. the number of beamUnes available by two, and Extreme Ultraviolet Microscope Project. In to increase the soUd angle of coUection of the collaboration with H. Milchberg of the University infrared beamline to 90 /xrad. This wiU be an of Maryland, we have recently begun an effort to important enhancement for this new application PHYSICS U\BORATORY ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION

of SURF III, a source which will be competitive to-noise over other available laboratory sources. with the best in the world in the infrared spectral He observes intrinsic intensity noise at a level of region. 10“® in the 10 to 100 Hz region, of pcuramoimt The assembly of the SURF III magnet system importance for observing electroreflectance is scheduled to begin in October 1997, with modulations of typical magnitude 1 part in lO'^. commissioning complete on April 1, 1998. If this These are results obtained in his first experi- schedule holds, we will cease normal operations ment, performed in September/October 1996, on at SURF II on about July 1, 1997 to begin dis- cytochrome-c immobilized on an evaporated gold mantling the SURF II magnet system and pre- electrode. (R. Madden) pare the site for the new one. (A. Hamilton, L. Activity at the SURF Spectrometer Calibration Hughey, smd R. Madden) Facility. During 1995 and 1996 there were 26 instriiments calibrated by 7 user Groups at the Spectrometer Calibration Facility at SURF II. Users of the facility included Lawrence Liver- more National Laboratory, Naval Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Southern California Space Sciences Center, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, and the National Center for Atmo- spheric Research High Altitude Observatory (NCAR/HAO). Lawrence Livermore researchers calibrated their SPRED UV spectrometer with multiple gratings in the wavelength range 10 to 200 nm. The instrument is used to characterize impurities and impurity transport in fusion experi- Figure 2. Electroreflectance spectrum of ments at the DIII-D tokamak at General Atomics cytochrome-c immobilized on em evaporated in San Diego. gold electrode modified with N-acetyl NCAR/HAO scientists calibrated a number of cysteine, as obtained on the UV beamline at detectors for two NASA experiments. The XUV SURF II. Signal is relative change in reflec- Imaging of the Solar Corona experiment will tance in units of 10'®, so that the maximum change exhibited here is about 1.5x10''^. provide helium and hydrogen abundances in the Solid line shows expected spectrum. solar corona. The TIMED/Rocket Solar EUV experiment will explore the energy balance of Protein Electroreflectance Studies at SURF 11. the upper atmosphere above 60 km. (M. Furst Adolfas Gaigalas of the Biotechnology Division and R. Graves) has set up an apparatus on beamline 5 at Activity in Transfer Standard Detector Calibra- SURF II for the measurement of electroreflectance from metal surfaces with adsorbed pro- tions. New detection devices suitable for stan- far ultraviolet teins. This technique requires the measurement dards use in the are being of the change in reflectance induced by a sinu- explored. Filter radiometer photodiodes useful in soidally varying applied potential. The bare solar physics and in plasma diagnostics, for metal surface has a characteristic reflectance example, have been extensively characterized in signature in the 250 to 400 nm spectral region collaboration with industry and academia. A new due to electron plasma oscillations. However, form of semiconductor detector, a platinum adsorbed species can alter the signal dramatic- silicide Schottky barrier silicon photodiode, has ally. This is especially true if the adsorbed been studied and looks very promising. Silicon molecule is a protein with a metal site which can photodiodes with hardened oxide have been be reduced and oxidized by electrons from the developed in collaboration with industry, and are electrode. The photon absorption tends to be now routinely issued as NIST calibrated transfer very different in the two redox states leading to standard detectors for the far ultraviolet, from 5 a large reflection modulation amplitude, which to 250 nm. can be used to determine electron transfer rates Special calibrations of filter radiometer between certain metaloproteins and electrodes. instruments designed to monitor the He II Adolfas is finding that synchrotron radiation 30.4 nm emission line were made at the SURF II from SURF II is highly stable, continuously facility in collaboration with industry, academia, tunable, and gives him greatly improved signal- and NOAA. A primary flight instrument is

14 PHYSICS I^BORATORY ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION

successfully monitoring the solar irradiance (central region in Fig. 3b) and island levels aboard the SOHO international spacecraft, (regions surrounded by a thick black line in launched in 1995. Several similar imderflight Fig. 3b) indicates that both levels are not chemi- instruments have also been characterized. cally uniform but are an Fe/Cr alloy. The white Sixty-three calibrations of transfer standard dots are the individual alloyed Cr atoms sur- detectors were performed during 1995-1996 for rounded by Fe. The imaging contrast is due to applications in astronomy, aeronomy, solar the electronic difference between the Fe and the physics, and plasma diagnostics. A number of Cr and leads to the perceived small height special radiation filters were also characterized contrast between the elements in the STM image in research collaborations. (L.R. Canfield and R. (Fig. 3c). (A. Davies, J.A. Stroscio, D.T. Pierce, Vest) and R. Celotta) Identification Chemical of Alloys on the Reflection in Magnetic Multilayers. In mag- Atomic Scale. As part of our research on magnetic multilayers, electrons in one material can netic multilayers, we have identified alloying reflect from interfaces between the two mater- that occurs in the Cr/Fe(001) system with atomic ials. This reflection contributes to two important scale resolution using scanning tunneling effects, oscillatory exchange coupling and giant microscopy. Our work on magnetic multilayers magnetoresistance. Exchange coupling between is motivated by the fact that these systems the magnetizations of magnetic layers is the exhibit phenomena of exchange coupling and coupling that is mediated by the electrons in a giant magnetoresistance that have technological non-magnetic spacer layer which separates application in areas such as magnetic recording them. For some systems it oscillates in sign as a and non-volatile memory storage. Research and function of the spacer layer thickness and for development in this area has proven challenging particular thicknesses gives antiparallel align- because magnetic properties are strongly influ- ment of the magnetizations in neighboring enced by structural details which can be difficult magnetic layers when there is no apphed field. to characterize and control. In this regard, much The giant magnetoresistance is the change in progress has been made by studying epitaxial resistance when the relative orientation of the Fe/Cr/Fe structures where growth can be magnetizations is switched by applying a mag- controlled to a large extent; however, some of netic field. Devices based on the giant magneto- the magnetic properties of this system have resistance effect have been proposed as magnetic remained anomalous. The alloying which we field sensors and read heads in magnetic disk have identified at the Cr/Fe interface may in part storage. be the cause of these anomalies. To better imderstand such systems, we have Scanning tunneling microscopy measure- calculated reflection probabilities for a series of ments after submonolayer deposition of Cr on noble metal spacer layers and lattice-matched Fe(OOl) at 300 °C show the formation of single ferromagnetic layers from first principles. These atomic step islands on the surface (Fig. 3). If calculations spin for all alloying did not occur, the islands would be pure show strong dependence Cr on top of the Fe(OOl) substrate. A high resolu- systems considered. The strong spin-dependence of layer tion image of the surface showing the substrate results because the bands the spacer

15 PHYSICS LABORATORY ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION

: match well with the majority bands of the ferro- nucleate during growth or with the steps of an magnetic layers, but poorly with the minority unavoidably miscut crystal substrate. Because bands. The calculated reflection probabilities the steps have reduced crystallographic sym- lead to predictions of the coupling strength that metry, the magnetic anisotropy at steps can be

I will be measured in these systems as the quality large compared to the intrinsic anisotropy of the of growth continues to improve. The predictions flat surface. This large, local anisotropy leads to I

' are much larger than measured values, but the non-uniform magnetization reversal. In partic- measured strengths continue to increase as ular, rotated domains, which are nucleated at

I the step edges, start the reversal at fields much I better experiments are done. These results also suggest that the contribution to the giant mag- lower than the field required for tiniform rever- netoresistance from a process called channeling sal. Situations where steps control the magneti- can be quite substantial, particularly in the zation reversal have the feature that the properties Fe/Au(100) and Fe/Ag(100) systems. (M.D. Stiles) of the steps can be readily measured. In these situations, it will be possible to make a Magnetic Hysteresis in Uitrathin Films. The stringent comparison of theory and experiment. performance of devices based on uitrathin mag- (M.D. Stiles) j netic films depends on the films’ coercivity, i.e., I SEMPA Observation of Large Magnetic the field required to reverse the magnetization. Domains in Magnetoresistive Granular Metals. In most magnetic systems, defects reduce the I Using the new high resolution SEMPA facility, coercivity below the value predicted by simple Electron Physics Group researchers showed that models based on uniform rotation of the mag- large (100 nm) magnetic domains exist in cobalt-

I netization. Understanding the effect of defects on silver granular metals (Fig. 5). Few researchers

I coercivity will lead to the ability to predict and anticipated large magnetic domains in granular i control the magnetic behavior of uitrathin films. Co-Ag: the microstructure of these materials was thought to limit the magnetic domains to sizes comparable with the particle size (less than 10 nm). The presence of large domains is particularly noteworthy because these materials exhibit the giant magnetoresistance effect (GMR), which has many potential applications. The presence of large domains implies that a significant fraction of the cobalt in these materials does not contribute to the giant magnetoresistance.

Figure 4. A typical configuration of spins in an uitrathin film in remanence. The square in the center is a magnetic island on the film. Due to the anisotropy at the step edge, the magnetization is starting to reverse.

In collaboration with scientists at the Georgia Institute of Technology, we have theo- Figure 5. SEMPA image of magnetic domain retically modelled magnetic hysteresis in ultra- structure in CoO.35AgO.65. Typical dimen- thin films. We have shown that for uitrathin sion of magnetic domain is 300 to 600 nm. films, defects as small as single atomic steps can In collaboration with researchers at The determine the coercivity. Even the best uitrathin Johns Hopkins University, members of the films have step edges associated either with the Electron Physics Group have investigated the perimeter of monolayer-height islands that composition and fabrication parameters that lead

16 PHYSICS LABORATORY ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION

to the presence of large domains, and have addition, theoretical calculations show that the suggested two alternate models for their origin. ultimate feature size could be as small as 10 nm The domains may represent correlations among or less. Eventual apphcations may include the large numbers of isolated cobalt particles, or fabrication of nanostructured materials or they may be due to residual cobalt in the silver devices for microelectronics or micromagnetics, matrix. A report of this work was published in and the fabrication of length standards on a AppUed Physics Letters. (M.H. Kelley and A. microscopic scale. (R. Gupta, J. McClelland, and Gavrin) R. Celotta). Laser-Focused Deposition of Chromium Z,0 “Nanodots”. Building on our earlier work on - m - 0 making chromium “nanolines” by focusing • -1 atoms in a laser standing wave, we have suc- V ceeded in making an array of chromivun “nano- \ dots” on a silicon surface. While the earlier ^ 16 C experiments used a single standing wave grazing 0 |m| = 2 across the surface of a silicon wafer to make a 1 1.4 one-dimensional pattern, the new work employs Basis act two laser standing-waves at 90° to each other. Large Nc limit (Stringari) At the intersection of the two beams a two- • JILA data dimensional optical standing wave is created, |m|.1 1.0 whose nodes act as atom-optical lenses for 0 2 4 6 8 10 chromium atoms being evaporated onto the No [in'- Atoms] surface. The atoms are concentrated at the Figure 7. Computed excitation frequencies nodes, making an array of dots on the surface for the three lowest modes of the JILA ®^Rb that is essentially a “contact print” of the optical BEC vs. number of condensate atoms; experi- wave. The dots, shown in an atomic force micro- mental results displayed as points. These eire scope image in Fig. 6, are approximately 80 nm the frequencies of the free oscillations of the wide and 13 nm high, and are spaced on a BEC that can be induced by modulation of square lattice at exactly 212.78 nm, as fixed by the confining potential. the laser wavelength. Quantitative Modelling of Atomic Bose- Einstein Condensates. A new theoretical program for modeUing the properties of zero-temperature, dilute atomic Bose-Einstetn condensates (BECs) was initiated in the autumn of 1994, in collaboration with Groups at Georgia Southern University and Oxford University. Its initial focus was on developing practical methods for solving the nonlinear Schrddmger equation (NLSE) that describes the properties of a condensate in the mean-field approximation, and its scope has expanded to treat time- and temperature-dependent phenomena. Codes were developed to solve

Figure 6. Atomic force microscope image of the NLSE for systems of up to a miUion atoms chromium nanodots formed by laser-focused confined in the magnetic traps of experimental atomic deposition. interest. Experiments at JILA first reported the first observation of BEC in the summer of 1995, The research represents another step in the and within the following year, the first experi- development of a wide range of extensions and mental investigations of specific BEC properties apphcations ofnanostructure fabrication by laser had begun. The most detailed comparison of this focusing of atoms. A major advantage that this theory with experimental data is displayed in technique has over other methods such as elec- Fig. 7, which shows the excitation spectrum of tron beam lithography is the efficient, parallel an ®^Rb condensate in the JILA trap. Our mean- nature of the fabrication - an entire square field calculations predicted a maximum attain- millim eter can be patterned in about 10 min. In able condensate size of -1500 atoms for the PHYSICS LABORATORY ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION

case of ^Li, which appears to have been con- allow for the investigation of electron confine- firmed by subsequent measurements made at ment in a variety of sized structures, as the Rice University. Current effort is directed at energy level structure depends critically on solving mean-field theory at finite temperature structure size. The instrument will also have the and describing time-dependent EEC evolution, capability to generate crossed magnetic fields up to provide general tools for modelling the “atom to 8 T to allow for a variety of magnetic mea- laser.” (M. Brewczyk, K. Burnett, C.W. Clark, surements. Magnetic measurements wiU concen- R.J. Dodd, M. Edwards, W.P. Reinhardt, and K. trate on the new magnetoresistive tunneling Rzazewski) device structures, focusing on the role of electron spin in the tunneling process.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS SURF III Applications. The SURF III upgrade wiU provide the Nation with a unified source- Nanoscale Characterization. The Electron based absolute radiometric standard that spans Physics Group is developing a new program to the infrared through extreme ultraviolet spectral characterize nanometer scale structures with regions. The Optical Technology Division has atomic resolution measurements of their struc- made significant commitments to establish IR ture and electronic and magnetic properties. through UV radiometric facilities at SURF III, This program will provide the integration of and we expect close coordination of our UV and nanofabrication efforts currently xmderway in EUV radiometry with their programs, and, in the Group with characterization of the imique general, a more effective and efficient NIST-wide physical properties that result from the nano- approach to radiometry as a whole. In addition, meter scale confinement. This integration will be we are seeing the development of interest in achieved by combining the ongoing activity in scientific applications of synchrotron radiation laser controlled deposition of nanofabricated outside the traditional EUV range that SURF has structures and the metal/semiconductor growth served: for example, the UV electroreflectance capabilities with the measuring of electronic spectroscopy program initiated by the Biotech- properties of the various created structures. nology Division, and infrared microscopy. Thus Properties such as energy level quantization and we expect that the new radiometric focus on the electrical transport will be measured. The new IR, visible, and UV spectral regions will be scanned probe instrument will operate over a accompanied by the development of other new wide range of temperatures, 1.5 to 300 K, to measurement capabilities in those regions, o ' 'V‘»

^ l&f - m

PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION

Spectra from the NIST IR-vis-UV Fourier transform spectrometer

Old data acqiiisitiou system:

intcnnity

no/twali7cd

New data acquisitiou system:

intcnnity

no;maIi7cd

19 PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION

Overleaf

Spectra from the NIST IR-vis-UV Fourier transform spectrometer. We have implemented a sophisticated new data acquisition system for the IR-vis-UV Fourier transform spectrometer obtained in 1994 from Los Alamos National Laboratory. The figure shows the much lower noise and less sensitivity to the effects of non-imiform sampling achieved with the new design. The two plots on the left show the spectnnn of a laser line before (top) and after (bottom) the

new data acquisition system. The laser lines have an intensity of 1, and are the only real features in the spectrum. All other features are ghosts caused by sampling errors and have been virtually eliminated with the new system. The two plots on the right show the same region of a water vapor spectrinn before (top) and after (bottom) the upgrade. The signal-to-noise has increased by an order of magnitude.

20 PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION

MISSION

The Division carries out a broad range of experi- and to materials deposition by plasma sputtering mental and theoretical research in atomic phys- techniques. Furthermore, process monitoring ics in support of emerging technologies, indus- and modeling in plasma chemistry and spectro- trial needs, and national science programs. chemistry are on a fundamental level only Specifically, the Division: possible with reliable radiation and collision undertakes experimental and theoretical data. Research in x-ray metrology and tech- research on quantum processes in atomic, nology provides the imderpinning for a broad molecular, and nanoscale systems, especially on range of industrial and medical applications, the spectroscopic and coUisional properties of particularly materials and semiconductor neutral and ionized atoms, and it explores their research, as well as for space astronomy mis- interactions in plasmas and with other forms of sions. matter; In response to the need for more accurate provides measurement and data support for frequency standards and very high resolution specific needs in such industrial areas as the spectroscopy, we develop advanced techniques processing of materials by plasmas and ion for laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms, beams, commercial and residential lighting, an activity complementary to the trapped-ion optical materials characterization, spectrochem- projects in the Time and Frequency Division. istry, x-ray analysis in mediccd and materials These techniques of optical manipulation are apphcations, and fusion-plasma diagnostics; also being developed for applications to new contributes to the extension and refinement nanofabrication technologies and as a bio-optical of the electromagnetic scale by linking standards research tool. Our theoretical work on ultracold in the visible with others in the x-ray and coUisions and atomic interactions provides key gamma-ray region; predictions for the properties of such systems. develops well-characterized atomic radiation The spectroscopic data we determine for sources and systems as secondary standards for highly stripped ions are used for fusion plasma wavelength calibrations and for vacuum ultra- diagnostics, such as the measurement of ion violet (VUV) source radiometry; temperatmes. The area of highly stripped heavy of laser cooling advances the physics and ions is also the natural laboratory in our funda- electromagnetic trapping, and the manipulation mental quest for the ultimate atomic structure ions; of neutTcd atoms and highly charged and theory that properly considers all relativistic critically evaluates and compiles spectro- effects. scopic data and creates databases on wave- Our vacuum ultraviolet radiometry work lengths, energy levels, transition probabilities, with plasma sources provides miniaturized, shifts, including x-ray and line widths and calibrated radiation soiu-ces. Also, we develop wavelength tables. spectroradiometers and, in a collaboration with activities support areas of These many the Optical Technology Division, interferometer- technology. For example, the detailed advanced based refractometers, including precisely charac- understanding of atomic processes in industri- terized line sources, for the characterization of plasmas is needed both for modeling ally apphed materials used in deep-UV lithography apphed in purposes and diagnostics. As industry strives to semiconductor fabrication. optimize the widely applied plasma etching technique for semiconductors, the imderstand- ORGANIZATION ing of processes on the atomic level becomes critical for achieving the most efficient and The Division is organized into five technical reproducible operating conditions. Similar groups - atomic spectroscopy, quantum pro- comments apply to surface cleaning by plasmas cesses, plasma radiation, laser cooling and

21 PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION

trapping, and quantum metrology - and in each atomic data generation work, and we have group several research projects are pursued. started work on a new x-ray wavelength table. Some of these involve collaborations with other Also, we have put a large part of our comprehen- groups, either within the Division, with other sive databases on the World Wide Web, and will divisions of the Physics Laboratory, other Labo- update and expand this coverage. ratories at NIST, or with outside groups. The ion-Surface Interactions. With the new EBIT Division has currently professional staff 30 beam fine we are investigating the atomic scale postdocs, longer-term members, 6 and 20 (>3 interaction of very highly charged ions (Q»30-ij months) guest scientists. with surfaces. The work is proceeding by a combination of (a) observations with x-ray and CURRENT DIRECTIONS electron spectrometers during surface exposure to the ions, and (b) atomic force microscopy Generation of Atomic Reference Data. We are carried out subsequent to exposure. Also, we producing atomic structme and collision data have demonstrated an approach to projection through innovative theoretical and experimental lithography using ions with extremely high approaches, concentrating on neutral and low- charge states and are now studying this tech- ionization spectra as well as on highly ionized nique in detail. atoms of scientific and technological interest. On Optical Manipulation of Neutral Particles. We the theoretical side, we have developed sophisti- study the physics of laser cooling, electro- cated atomic structure codes and are calculating magnetic trapping, and other radiative manipu- very accurate transition probabilities (=1%) for lation of neutral atoms and dielectric particles. hght atoms (atomic numbers < 20) so that these We are using these fundamental studies to theoretical results serve as benchmarks for may develop applications to new kinds of physics experiments and other theories. measurements and processes, such as high A new theory developed by us for the elec- resolution spectroscopy, atomic clocks, atomic ionization tron-impact of atoms provides reliable collisions, atom optics, bio-molecular interac- for cross sections polyatomic molecules, too, tions, and atomic-scale and nanoscale fabrica- including those used in microchip etching tion. containing fluorine and chlorine atoms. We are developing comprehensive predictive On the experimental side, with our recently theoretical models for atomic interactions and computer-automated electron beam ion trap collision processes in cold trapped atomic gases. (EBIT), we can now directly measure lifetimes of These are also used to model the properties of highly charged ions. A new metal-vapor vacuum such gases and of Bose-Einstein condensates. arc injection source for the EBIT has broadened Plasma Measurements. The Division uses the range of elements (presently up to Z = 83) nonintrusive optical emission measurement and charge states (Q> 70 + ) that we are study- techniques to determine the properties of radio ing. Our new Fourier Transform Spectrometer frequency (rf) and inductively coupled plasmas. (FTS) has received its vacuum housing and is We are engaged in the detailed time- and space- undergoing final tests with a sophisticated new resolved analysis of rf plasmas used in produc- data acquisition system, so that spectroscopic tion-fine plasma etching, and are also applying measurements will soon begin. With wall-stabi- our experience in plasma work to develop and lized arc sources, we are measuring numerous improve plasma radiometric source standards for transition probabilities for LS-allowed and inter- the vacuum ultraviolet region. system fines of neutral and singly ionized fight atoms. Using our newly developed technique of High Resolution X-Ray Probes of Geometrical photoassociation of ultracold atoms we have and Electronic Structure. Our capabilities in determined atomic radiative lifetimes with crystal characterization, dynamical diffraction unprecedented accmacy. modeling, multilayer production, and fundamental metrology of spectra and structure of Data Compilations. Data centers on atomic crystals and multilayers continue to find wide spectroscopy located in the Division are the application. Current work emphasizes x-ray principal resources for spectroscopic reference studies of siirfaces, thin films, and multilayer data in the world community. We are continuing structures, using high performance dual ion the critical evaluations and compilations of beam deposition, multi-axis diffractometry, and wavelengths, atomic energy levels, and transi- theoretical modelling. We are currently provid- tion probabilities, partly supported by our own ing methods for re-standardization of NIST

22 PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION

supplied powder-diffraction standards. We are lines, which are uniformly distributed over the also actively involved with work in x-ray astron- range 560 to 656 nm, were measured with our omy for future thin-shell, nested-mirror tele- Fabry-Perot wavemeter with uncertainties of scopes to reach higher into the hard x-ray about 1 MHz (about 2 parts in 10®). Excellent region. agreement is obtained for six of the lines that have been measured previously with comparable Precision X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Measure- or better accuracy in other laboratories. Our ments. This work has three components: Opti- results wUl be also useful as reference lines for cally-based measurements of a silicon lattice the calibration of wavemeters and inter- period (XROI), inter-specimen comparisons ferometers. (C. Sansonetti) (delta-d), and Bragg-Laue diffraction studies using two-crystal instruments here and in Gren- Spectroscopy with the Large Fourier Trans- oble. The lattice comparator (delta-d) instniment form Spectrometer. We have implemented a measures the difference between the lattice much improved data acquisition system for our spacings of crystal samples used for x- and high-resolution IR-vis-UV spectrometer obtained gamma-ray diffraction with optically based in 1994. The new design replaces VME-bus com- (XROI) standards, e.g., comparison of crystal puters with a more flexible PC-based data acqui- lattice spacings of samples from the standards sition system, with much lower noise and less laboratories that are making absolute lattice sensitivity to the effects of non-uniform spacing measurements (Germany, Italy, Japan], sampling. The figure on the Division cover page The joint NIST-ILL GAMS4 precision double- compares spectra obtained with the old and new crystal spectrometer at the Institut Laue systems. The signal-to-noise ratio in the absorp- Langevin (ILL) measures gamma rays leading to tion spectrum has been increased by almost an the accurate determination of the neutron mass order of magnitude, and the ghosts in the spec- and the molar Plamck constant, N^h. A second trum of the He-Ne laser have been virtually two-crystal transmission spectrometer at eliminated. We have installed the spectrometer Gaithersburg with a 400 kV tungsten x-ray in a vacuum tank, and expect to have the instru- source is currently used to acquire emission ment fuUy operational by the end of 1996. (G. spectra from transuranic elements to comple- Nave, C. Sansonetti, U. Griesmaim) ment the wavelength tables project. Laser-Spectroscopic Tests of Wavelength Properties of Nanoscale Systems. We develop Calibration in Fourier Transform Spectroscopy and apply quantum mechanical methods for (FTS). We have undertaken experiments to calculating the electronic states and optical assess Limitations of the wave number acciuracy properties of quantum dots, wires, and wells. of FTS. In principle, the wave number scale of a Such systems have a wide variety of techno- FT spectrum can be calibrated by applying a logical applications, including semiconductor simple multiplicative correction based on a lasers and advanced semiconductor devices. We single standard Line. Measurements of precisely have had much success in calculating the prop- known lines of Ar II and ^®®Hg made in several erties of quantum wire lasers and are also laboratories, however, have raised doubt about modeling images produced by scanning near- the reliability of this calibration procedure. In held optical microscopy, which offers the pros- our experiments we illuminate a high resolution pect for nanometer-scale optical metrology. UVWIS FTS with red light from a cw dye laser, UV light produced by frequency doubling this HIGHLIGHTS laser, and emission from a ^®®Hg electrodeless discharge lamp. Light from these sources is Precise Measurements of Iodine Lines for combined in an integrating sphere. Regardless of Laser Wavelength Standards. Doppler-free spec- the absolute calibration, the ratio of the wave tra of molecular iodine provide a particularly number of the UV laser light to that of the red convenient source of easily observed and highly light should be exactly 2. We have observed that reproducible lines for use as wavelength stan- deviations from 2 as large as several parts in 10® dards in laser spectroscopy. Precise wavelength can easily result from minor misalignment of values, however, have been reported previously the interferometer that normally would go for only a small number of lines. We have imnoticed. Using the ratio of the UV and red observed a selected group of 102 lines in a room laser wave numbers as a diagnostic, we are temperature, 30 cm iodine cell by using Doppler- working on alignment procedures that will free, frequency modulation spectroscopy. The ensure a calibration error less than one part in

23 PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION

10®. We are also remeasuring wavelengths of New Critically Compiled Atomic Energy Level ^®®Hg, which are recommended by the CCDM as and Wavelength Data and Enhancement of the an optical reahzation of the meter, by locking the Atomic Spectroscopic Database. We have com- red laser to an iodine line that has been precisely pleted a large one-volume compilation of Spec- measured by laser spectroscopy and using the tral Data for Highly Ionized Atoms, including red and UV lasers as calibration standards. (C. wavelengths, energy-level classifications, and Sansonetti and D. Veza with M. Salit and J. transition probabilities for the elements Ti Travis of CSTL) through Cu, and Kr and Mo. Other recently High Resolution Measurements of Atomic completed or ongoing compilations of energy- Spectra for Space Astronomy. Spectral analyses level and wavelength data include all spectra of have been completed for elements of interest for Ar, Zn, and Ga, and of the lighter elements Be, the interpretation of spectra obtained with the B, F, and Ne. As the new compilations are com- Hubble Space Telescope (HST) of chemically pleted, the data are being added to our Atomic pecuhar stars. The over-abundance (factors of Spectroscopic Database on the Internet. H3q)er- lO'^ or 10^) of certain heavy elements in the text links to references and ionization energies atmospheres of such stars continues to be a for particular spectra have been added, and major puzzle of stellar astrophysics. In this other improvements of the interactive selection/ connection, we completed a new energy-level retrieved procedures have been made. A biblio- analysis of Hg II from observations with our graphic database on atomic energy levels and 10.7 m, normal incidence vacuum spectrograph. spectra covering the period since 1988 has also We also calculated oscillator strengths for this been prepared for the NIST Physics Lab Web ion. have provided rapid response to several We site. (W.C. Martin, J. Sugar, A. Musgrove with G. requests for data from HST investigators. For Dalton, SRD Program) example, our new measurements of Bi I, II, and Atomic Transition Probability Data Compila- III in the far UV will be used to estabhsh the abundcmce of Bi in the star HR7775. Similarly, tions Published. A new data volume “Atomic we made an accurate measurement of a Pb III Transition Probabilities of Carbon, Nitrogen, and line near 155 nm, which will be used to deter- Oxygen, A Critical Data Compilation” has been mine the abundance of Pb in the chemically published in 1996. This 530 page book contains pecuhar star chi Lupi. critically evaluated numerical data for about We have also measured the wavelengths of 13,000 allowed and forbidden transitions. Analo- 473 Fe II lines between 93 nm and 200 nm. gous work on He, Li, and Na is nearing comple- Lines were identified in high-resolution grating tion. An expanded bibliographic database on spectra taken with the 10.7 m, normal incidence atomic transition probabilities, which contains grating spectrograph, and precise Ritz wave- over 6600 references, is now accessible on the lengths were derived from energy levels obtained NIST Physics Lab WWW site. (W.L. Wiese, J.R. from ultraviolet, visible, and infrared Fourier Fuhr, D.E. KeUeher, H. Felrice) transform spectra. The uncertainties of the Collision Rates in Bose-Einstein Conden- wavelengths span a range from 9x 10'® nm to sates. Atomic collisions are crucial in deter- 7 X 10‘^ nm (0.005 cm'^ to 0.02 cm'^). The data mining the evaporative cooling rates that lead to wiU be useful for both eahbration of laboratory nanokelvin temperatures and Bose-Einstein spectrometers and also for analyses ofastrophys- condensation of cold atomic gases of ^®Na or ical spectra. (J. Reader, C. Sansonetti, G. Nave) ®^Rb atoms; collisions also control the stability Observation of Spectra of Highly Ionized and lifetime of condensates. Photoassociation Atoms. We have continued our studies of spectra spectra of trapped atoms permit the most accu- of highly ionized atoms of importance for rate measurement of scattering lengths and tokamak diagnostics. We completed measure- other atom interaction parameters that charac- ments of spectra of highly-ionized rare earth terize evaporative cooling kinetics and conden- elements from Gd®^"^ to generated by sate properties. We have therefore constructed focusing a single beam from the Glass Develop- quantitative quantum mechanical computational ment Laser at the University of Rochester onto methods for interpreting such spectra. Using flat metallic targets. The results will provide experimental data provided by the Laser Cooling improved understanding of the iron, cobalt, and Group, we have obtained a very accurate value copper isoelectronic sequences and aid in the for the scattering length of the Na groimd state evaluation of calculations of relativistic effects in F= 1, M= - 1 hyperfine component. We have heavy ions. (J. Reader) also calculated the coUisional relaxation rates for

24 PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION

various combinations of hyperfine components probing nanochannel glass arrays. We include a of ^^Na or ®^Rb atoms in the limiting case of Bethe-Bouwkamp model for the tip, exact calcu- weak magnetic trapping fields. Our results are lations for the biilk photonic modes of the nano- consistent with recent observations on ^^Na and channel glass, and full treatment of the tip/ ®^Rb condensates. {P.S. Julienne, F. Mies, E. sample coupling at the surface, to calculate the Tiesinga, C.J. Williams) optical intensity gathered by the collection Complex Quantum Nanostructures. As semi- optics. With this model we can accurately repro- conductor nanotechnology develops, the nano- duce the observed NSOM images. Our theory structures being fabricated become more com- allows us to directly determine the sensitivity of plex, with complicated geometries and strong the images to tip/sample separation, probe coupling between structures. For example, polarization, aperture size, and other details of complex multilayer quantum dot structures, the probe fields. This information is critical for called quantum dot quantiun wells in analogy developing the understanding of NSOM metrol- with quantum well structures, can be made by ogy needed to interpret images and extract chemical growth techniques. Such structures information from them. (G.W. Bryant and P.S. may be viewed as a generalization of the usual Julienne with L. Goldner and E. Shirley of concept of an atom or molecule, whereby the Division 844) energy states and optical properties are controlled by the design of the structure. We made Fundamental Constants. Work on the new a special effort to assess the effect of electron- least squares adjustment of the fundamental hole correlation in quantum dot quantum wells constants to produce CODATA recommended and T-shaped quantum wires. We find that values is progressing weU and is expected to be simple, effective mass models for the single- completed in FY97. As part of this project, we particle states, combined with a full three-dimen- have carried out a thorough review of the theory sional treatment of pair-correlation, provide of the electron anomalous magnetic moment, the accurate results for pair state transition energies muon anomalous magnetic moment, and the in these structures. Proper inclusion of the pair hyperfine splitting in muonium. This theory is interaction is critical. For T-shaped quantum criticcd for the determination of the fundamental wires, we find that the confinement is much constants from the corresponding measure- weaker than previously inferred from the experiments. Also, there is a bibliographic database on mental data. The confinement in these struc- fundamental constants available on the Physics tures is not strong to confine enough quantum Laboratory WWW server. (P. Mohr emd B. Taylor the electrons and holes. Rather, there is signif- of Division 840) icant pair interaction and correlation in all directions, which must be taken into account in Accurate Electron Impact Ionization Cross future experimental attempts to fabricate Sections for Molecules and Radicals. We have T-shaped structures with enhanced binding. developed a new theory for Ccdcvdating electron- (G.W. Bryant, P.S. Julienne) impact total ionization cross sections for atoms and molecules. Our Binary-Encounter Bethe Theory of Near-Field Optical Microscopy. The (BEB) theory uses orbital energy (in lieu of the diffraction limit in optics, once considered the binding energy), kinetic energy, the occupation ultimate resolution of any optical system (such number of each molecular orbital in the groimd as the light microscope), can be overcome by state, and an analytic formula to generate total exploiting the properties of the “near” opticaf ionization cross sections of molecules. The field. However, a serious drawback of near-field resrdting cross sections are in excellent agree- optics is the complexity of the near-field interac- (within with known, reliable experi- tion between probe and sample. We are working ment 10%) in in collaboration with the Optical Technology mental data from threshold to a few keV Division to develop near-field scanning opticcd incident energies, for a wide range of moleciiles, microscopy (NSOM) as a nanoscale metrology Hg through SFg. The BEB theory works as well tool. We are developing theoretical models for for radicals. Cross sections for over 50 molecules NSOM that fully account for the far field propa- and radicals have been calculated, particularly gating through the probe that is connected to the those for air pollutants and plasma etching of light source or detector, the near fields that semiconductors, as well as hydrocarbons in couple the sample to the probe, and the near tokamaks. These data will be made available to fields that couple parts of the sample together or fusion plasma and plasma etching modelers the sample to the substrate. In our first effort we through the Physics Laboratory WWW server. have modeled the NSOM images obtained by (Y.-K. Kim, M.A. Ali, W. Hwang, and E. Rudd) PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION

Corrections to Relativistic Atomic Calcula- Metastable Atom Lithography. In a collaborations. We have found that relativistic “multi- tion with researchers from the Electron and configuration” wave functions sometimes do not Optical Physics Division and Harvard University, have the correct nonrelativistic limit. This we have provided the first demonstration of a results in inaccurate transition probabilities for new type of microHthography in which excited weak or nonrelativistically forbidden transitions. atoms of noble gases are used to pattern silicon. relies local of This incorrect limit has been overlooked in the The technique on the deposition the atoms’ internal energy, stored in an excited past, causing misleading published results. We metastable state, to expose an ultra-thin, self- are now developing a general method to correct assembled monolayer resist. After projecting the the situation that will apply to a wide range metastable atoms through a grid and onto the of configurations. Such a method will lead to resist, chemical processing was used to produce more reliable transition probabilities for spin- a high-resolution image of the grid in silicon. forbidden transitions, e.g., the 2s^ ^Sq -> 2s2p The 100 nm edge roughness of the image (Fig. 2) transition of Be-like ions. (Y.-K. Kim and was limited by the grid, not the metastable J.-P. Desclaux) exposure process itself. The resist is sensitive to Nanoscale Surface Modification with the exposure by as little as about one metastable Highly Charged EBIT Ion Beam. Our electron atom per resist molecule. (J.D. Gillaspy, S.L. beam ion beam trap (EBIT) has been equipped Rolston and W.D. Phillips with J.J. McClelland of Division with an ion beam extractor to provide ions with 841) extremely high charge states (Q > 40 -i- ) for use in ion-surface interaction studies. The ion beam line delivers continuous and short-pulse beams with orders of magnitude more flux than that of the only other EBIT beam line in the world. We are presently developing novel methods of nanoscale surface modification. A molecular dynamics simulation of the hypothesized ion- induced surface Coulomb explosion has been carried out (Fig. 1), and laboratory data are being collected from a series of experiments (L.P. Ratliff, J.D. Gillaspy, and D. Parks)

Figure 2. This grid-pattern in silicon was the first demonstration of metastable atom microlithography.

Lifetime Measurement of Magnetic Dipole Transitions with EBIT. We have measured the lifetime of a magnetic-dipole transition in Xe"^^^ by using a novel technique, the magnetic trapping mode of EBIT. The measured lifetime is of the order of milliseconds. Such long lifetimes of

Figure 1. Molecular dynamics simulation of highly charged ions have been observed previ- a surface Coulomb explosion at the surface of ously only by using storage rings or accelerators. a silicon lattice (shown in cross section as a (F.G. Serpa, J.D. Gillaspy) crater is being formed). The motion is tracked Characterization of the GEC RF Reference in sub-femtosecond time steps, as nearly Cell. We have observed the spatially resolved 35,000 atoms interact with each other via optical emission (OES) and laser induced fluores- realistic potentials. An explosion such as this cence (LIF) from a pure SFg discharge. SFg and is believed to be initiated by a single incident fluorine containing gasses are used in the highly chctrged ion. other etching of silicon and timgsten. Because SFg is

26 PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION

an electronegative gas, large numbers of nega- structure calculations for hght elements have tively charged ions exist within the plasma. The recently achieved an accimacy that approaches results of this investigation, combined with that of the best available experimental data. In electrical measurements and ion-energy mass response to this development, we have improved spectrometry, have proven to be a more compre- the uncertainty of our measurements (better hensive and consistent characterization of than 10%) by the use of modem experimental 13.56 MHz discharges in SFg than has been techniques such as photon coimting and Fourier possible from previous, single-technique mea- transform (FT) spectrometry. We have measured surements. These results should prove useful relative transition probabilities of O I, and both in validation of theoretical models for SFg branching fractions of weak intersystem lines of discharges and in the interpretation of other N II, Ne II, and Fe I, by observing spectral lines experimental results. This is primarily due to the emitted by a wall-stabilized arc and from a fact that these measurements were performed hollow cathode lamp. (J.M. Bridges, U. Gries- using the GEC reference cell, which exists in mann, W.L. Wiese) many other laboratories and for which proven Development of New Infrared Source. The procedures have been developed. The OES and Atomic Physics and Optical Technology Divi- LIF spatial intensity distribution profiles exhibit sions have collaborated on a project resulting in sharp maxima in narrow regions in front of the the development of a new, brighter IR source. electrodes, consistent with a constricted sheath. This new source yields better signal-to-noise The vertical OE^ and LIF profiles exhibit second- ratios, and therefore higher accuracy, in IR ary maxima, suggestive of a double-layer forma- measurements. The source is a stabilized argon tion, which has been previously predicted. arc, which has been characterized in the spectral We have also developed a new plasma uni- range from 1 /xm to 20 /xm. Its radiance was formity monitor for axially symmetric plasmas. calibrated and found to be approximately equal This device is being tested on the GEC rf refer- over much of this range to that of a 10,000 K ence cell, but is intended for use on commercial blackbody. A high-resolution spectrum taken etching systems which have limited optical with a FTIR instrument shows mostly line access. (E. Bench, J. Roberts, A. Schwabedissen) emission below 5 /xm, and pure continuum Characterization of an Inductively Coupled between 5 /xm and 20 /xm. The stability and Plasma (ICP) Cell. Our new inductively-coupled geometrical properties of the radiance were rf-powered version of the GEC rf reference cell is determined, as well as its dependence on pres- fully operational. This new class of high density, sme and current. As a result of this project, this low pressure plasma sources is becoming source is now being used in caUbrating IR detec- increasingly important to meet the increasing tors, as well as in projects aimed at advancing IR demands of reducing the dimensions of etched measurements and technology. (J.M. Bridges structures. Langmuir probe measurements have and A. Migdall of Div. 844) demonstrated the effects of a variety of different Deep-UV Refractive Index Measurements. We feed gasses on the electron density and energy have teamed with the Optical Technology Divi- distribution function within the inductively sion to make high-accuracy, deep-UV index-of- coupled plasma (ICP), and time-resolved optical refraction measiurements ofmaterials considered emission spectroscopy has been used to study for use in the optical components of photolithog- the sheath region adjacent to an rf-biased elec- raphy steppers for future-generation IC fabrica- trode in an argon discharge. We have foimd that, tion. This is part of a collaborative project with unlike capacitively coupled discharges such as the MIT Lincoln Laboratory and SEMATECH. To the reference cell, rf biasing of electrodes in GEC meet the immediate need for accurate values of ICP provides control, independent of the an the index of refraction of fused sihca at 193 nm, production, of the ion energies involved plasma we have upgraded a precision refractometer, in the etchiag process. (E. Benck, J. Roberts, A. including precisely characterized UV line Schwabedissen) sources, to enable minimum-deviation-angle, Accurate Atomic Transition Probability refractive-index measurements, accurate to 1 Measurements. Atomic transition probabilities part in 10^, with a temperature control of 0. 1 °C. and branching fraction data are of importance to The system also enables the determination of the industrial applications of plasma physics (e.g., temperature coefficient of the index. These the lighting industry and plasma processing), measurements are needed to design the trans- astrophysics, and basic atomic theory. Atomic missive optics for the steppers for 0.18 /xm PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION

minimum-feature-size IC fabrication (1 Gbit after the lattice is switched on, we have mea- DRAM), which is scheduled by the SIA roadmap sured for the first time how fast atoms are laser for production by the U.S. semiconductor indus- cooled. We find that the cooUng rate is propor- try beginning in 2001. We have begun these tional to one parameter, the photon scattering measurements on fused-quartz samples provided rate, over a wide range of lattice laser detunings, via SEMATECH by several of the potential shown in Fig. 3. suppliers. We will also make similar measure- In both 3-D and 1-D we find this proportion- ments on calcium fluoride and other deep-UV ality, although the cooling is about six times optical materials being considered for 0.18 fxm slower in 3-D. In 1-D, where calculations are and shorter wavelength lithography. (J.H. possible, we find essentially perfect agreement Burnett, J.R. Roberts) with our fully quantum treatment of both internal and center-of-mass atomic motion. Bragg Scattering from Optical Lattices. Atoms Although this is satisfying, the result is in laser cooled in intersecting laser beams become disagreement with the semiclassical picture of trapped in the periodic light-shift potentials laser cooling that has guided the thinking of the created by the interference of the laser beams. community since 1989. How to provide a new This optical lattice holds the atoms at precisely physical picture consistent with these as well as periodic locations, as in a solid crystal, but with earlier results, and how to imderstand the differ- a lattice spacing on the order of opticcd wave- ences between 1-D and 3-D remain open ques- lengths. tions. (G. Birkl, G. Raithel, M. Gatzke, S. Rols-

ton, I. Deutsch, W. Phillips) Coherent Atomic Wave Packet Motion. We use Bragg scattering to study induced and driven oscillations of atoms in an optical lattice. By suddenly increasing the intensity of the lattice laser beams, we compress the trapped atoms toward the minima of the potential weUs. The atoms then oscillate about the potential minima, so that the average atom cloud “breathes” at twice the oscillation frequency. We see this as an oscillating Bragg signal that decays due mainly to the anharmonicity of the potential weUs, as seen in Fig. 4. Figure 3. The product of the photon scattering rate T' and the cooling time constaint t for various lattice laser detunings in 1-D. The filled squares are experimented results, and the open diamonds are quantum Monte Carlo simulations for the same parameters.

Just as x-rays Bragg-reflect from regular crystal planes, light timed near an atomic resonance can Bragg-reflect from our optical lattices. Among the properties of this Bragg scattering are that it depends sensitively on satisfying the wavelength and angle conditions for coherent addition of the waves reflected from successive atomic planes and that its amplitude depends on how well localized to those ideal planes the atoms are. Using this latter fact, we have studied Figure 4. Oscillations of the mean square the time-dependent evolution of atomic motion displacement of atoms from the potential in the optical lattice. For example, for a given minima. The oscillations follow a sudden optical lattice, atoms with a higher temperature compression where the intensity of the lattice will be less tightly localized at the precise lattice light is increased by a factor of 4. The oscilla- sites, the periodically located potential minima, tions decay quickly due to anharmonicity and will give less Bragg scattering. By measur- while A^^ returns to equihbrium more slowly ing the Bragg scattering as a function of time due to laser cooling.

28 PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION

In addition to such sudden compression, we atoms. (R. Thompson, A. Steinberg, M. Gatzke, have induced oscillations by continuously modu- G. Birkl, S. Rolston, K. Hehnerson, W. Philli ps) lating the intensity of the lattice beams. This Photoassociative Spectroscopy. When two parametric driving of the atomic motion pro- atoms coUide at very low velocity in the presence duces results similar to quadrature squeezing of of a Hght field, they can absorb a photon during light, in that the position and momentum the colhsion and become boimd together as an spreads of the atoms are modulated periodically excited molecule. This photoassociation of and in quadrature, although we have not yet ultracold atoms allows the study of molecular achieved squeezing below the standard quantum states that are otherwise inaccessible. In limit. {S. Rolston, G. Raithel, G. Birkl, W. particular, we can study “purely long-range” Philhps) molecular states in which both the inner and Atomic Fountain Clock. In collaboration with outer turning point of vibrational motion are the Time and Frequency Division we have built larger than tens of atomic units, well beyond the and installed an atomic fountain frequency range of exchange and chemical forces. Such standard operating with laser-cooled Cs atoms. molecules are particularly easy to understand This standard is just beginning operation and we because their properties are determined almost are using it to study optimal ways of launching, entirely by long-range dipole-dipole forces. By cooling, and probing the atoms. Cooling to a few studying the spectra of such molecules, we have microkelvin is a pre-requisite for a good fountain obtained the best measurements of the ground clock, but atoms even colder than this would be state scattering length and the atomic radiative a significant advantage. Among the strategies lifetime for Na, and we have seen for the first being studied for further temperature reduction time the effect of radiative retardation on a are adiabatic expansion in optical lattices, and molecular spectrum. A portion of such a molec- sub-recoil Raman cooling. (C. Ekstrom, W. ular spectrum is shown in Fig 5. Because the Khpstein, M. Golding, S. Rolston, W. Phillips) excitation probability of the various rotational states is determined by corresponding angular Optically Controlled Biological Collisions. momentiun partial-wave groimd state scattering Collision and adhesion of biological particles wavefunctions, this spectrum allows us to pin- such as cells and pathogens are a process of point the location of the s-wave nodes and fundamental interest in biomedicine. We use therefore the scattering length. This, in turn, optical tweezers to hold and manipulate parti- determines both the elastic collision cross sec- cles, producing controlled collisions for quantitation at low energy and the mean-field interaction tive study of adhesion. We coat glass spheres energy, quantities of central importance in the with viruses and collide them with red blood study of Bose-Einstein condensation of atomic cells, measuring the sticking probabiUty in the presence of chemicals that inhibit adhesion. In collaboration with the Whitesides group at Harvard, we measure inhibition constants that were unmeasurable by any other techniques. (K. Hehnerson, R. Kishore, W. Phillips)

Bose-Einstein Condensation. Building on the success of BEC in the Quantum Physics Divi- sion, we have begun an effort to Bose condense Na atoms as a source of coherent atoms for atom optics experiments. Our approach is a hybrid of successful efforts at JILA and MIT. We load cold atoms into a magneto-optiCcd trap (MOT) using the Zeeman slowing technique first developed in Photoassociation Laser Frequency [MHz] our group. Co-located with the MOT is a time- orbiting-potential (TOP) trap, modified from the Figure 5. Spectrum of the vibrational ground state of the Og" potenticd of singly excited JILA design to make transfer from the MOT Na2. Detection is by ionization of the excited more efficient in phase space. As of this writing, molecule, as shown in the inset. The relative we have trapped about 5x10® atoms in a MOT heights and absolute positions of the peaks cloud about 1 in diameter, a density that mm give information about the atomic radiative for evaporative should be sufficient cooling and lifetime, scattering length, and about radia- condensation of a cloud with close to a million tive retardation effects.

29 PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION

The molecular binding force between the atoms model (aimed at the research market) is to be depends on the same dipole matrix element that available by the end of 1996. A smnmary publi- determines the atomic radiative lifetime of the cation has recently appeared in the journal resonance level, so that measurement of the Medical Physics. (L.T. Hudson, R. Deslattes, A. spacing between the vibrational levels allowed Henins) us to determine the atomic lifetime to an Lattice Changes in Si Epilayers and Si Sub- accuracy of 0.1%, the best Na lifetime deter- strates. Certain high-performance microproces- mination ever. Because the fields bindmg the sors are fabricated using epitaxially deposited, atoms propagate at Hght speed over distances thin Si layers grown on highly doped Si wafers. that are unusually large for molecules, there is In at least one case, it was foimd that material a shift in the energy levels from the retardation. from different vendors gave differing device We measure the shift of u = 0 to be 122(10) MHz, yields, although all sources met stated electrical compared to the calculated shift of 121 MHz. criteria and appeared consistent using the manu- (P. Lett, K. Jones, L. Ratliff, W. Phillips) facturer’s current metrology toolbox. We exam- Three Tunable X-Ray Spectrometers Delivered ined substrate lattices using high-resolution to NASA Programs. NASA missions in x-ray lattice parameter comparison techniques devel- astronomy required widely tunable monochro- oped in the Group. The measurements showed matic x-radiation for pre-flight calibrations and considerable variation (fractional changes of up subsystem development. The AXAF version of to 5x 10"^) among the sources and even a one of these instriunents, covers the range from rather large difference between nominally iden- 0.3 keV to 12 keV; it was installed at Marshall tically processed samples from 20 cm and 15 cm Space Fhght Center (MSFC) in late 1995. This boules. In a second set of measirrements, the instrument uses a MSFC supplied rotating anode lattice constant of the epilayer was measured source and provides monochromatized beams at with respect to that of the substrate using con- the entrance to an 875 m long vacuum whose ventional high-resolution double-crystal diffrac- exit chamber contains the AXAF telescope. The tometry. Fractional differences obtained in these NIST monochromator may be visited at the URL: measurements range from 2x 10“® to 1 x 10“^. http://wwwastro.msfc.nasa.gov/xray/xraycal/ The two measurements can be combined to xssrr/dcm/. (J.-L. Staudenmann, L.T. Hudson, A. obtain the lattice parameter of the epilayer itself. Henins) There is some indication that the lattice parameter differences seen here (somewhat smaller Spectrometric Standardization of Mammo- than can be resolved by conventional diffrac- graphic X-Ray Sources. The NIST curved-crystal tometry) correlate with device yield although the x-ray spectrometer has now been tested in a needed control studies have not yet been imder- variety of medical research environments. This taken. (R. Deslattes, J. E. Schweppe, L.T. device (patented and licensed for commercial Hudson, A. Henins) development) provides high voltage calibration and spectral characterization for mammographic A New X-Ray Optics Geometry for Powder x-ray sources in support of diagnostic radiation Diffraction. The need to recertify powder-diffrac- quality requirements. A significantly overdeter- tion standards required realization of accurate mined calibration is obtained using the well- powder-diffraction measurements with a parallel known location of K absorption edges of a few x-ray beam. In addition, accurate determination metal foils. Data fitted to the formal dispersion of the diffraction angle zero demands an instru- function give residues below 0.1 kV, i.e., well ment operable in mirror symmetric configura- below currently imderstood clinical significance. tions. These geometric constraints and the Additionally, the acquisition of the spectral accuracy needs led us to construct an entirely distribution allows improved modelling and new apparatus for the measurement. The restric- refinement of the mammographic paradigm. In tion to parallel beam geometry leads to a signifi- the framework of a supporting grant from the cant loss in signal levels in comparison with Army’s Breast Cancer Research Program, co- conventional (focussing) geometries. One solu- operative studies have begim at the Center for tion would be to use a synchrotron radiation Devices and Radiological Health (a component of source. This clearly addresses the intensity the Food and Drug Administration), the Univer- problem but requires separate determination of sity of California-Davis Medical Center, and the input wavelength and entails establishing a Radcal Corporation, the commercial licensee. good metrological environment on the floor of an Through Radcal’s efforts, the first commercial accelerator facility. In a recent development, we

30 PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION

have been able to obtain incident beam intensity anode parallel to the chip. The resulting image from a conventional (2 kW) diffraction tube was magnified in a telemicroscope and captured comparable to that available at a synchrotron by a CCD camera. With focussing, the resulting radiation powder-diffraction beamline. The key line image was less than 0.035 mm wide at to this development is a newly realized combina- 10 mm to 20 mm from the anode, while the tion of a graded spacing multilayer paraboloid unfocused image is about 100 times larger. This with a flat multilayer optic having a spacing is the first demonstration of electron beam near the mean value of the graded spacing focusing from field emitter arrays with an inte- mirror. The beam from this mirror pair has a grated planar lens design in a well documented divergence of about 107 /xrad and provides a study with calibrated image registration. (C.M. photon rate exceeding 1 GHz at the sample. The Tang, J. PeduUa) divergence of this beam in the orthogonal direction is restricted to 10 mrad. Preliminary powder FUTURE DIRECTIONS diffraction scans indicate good peak to background ratios, symmetric profiles, and counting Determination of Atomic Properties. We wUl rates sufficient to proceed with the needed continue to determine accurate structure data measurements in the more benign environment for those atoms and atomic ions that are of of the Gaithersburg laboratories. reported in As major interest in industrial and scientific appli- a recent publication, we have shown that the cations, and we will utilize a variety of advanced lattice spacing for powder Si can be measured experimental and theoretical approaches. with our present apparatus with a relative uncer- With our Electron Beam Ion Trap facility we tainty at the 2x 10“® level. This work is sup- shall carry out visible, near UV, and x-ray wave- ported in part by the NIST Standard Reference length and lifetime measurements for highly Material Program. (J.-L. Staudenmann, L.T. charged ions. With our new FTS instrument, we Hudson, A. Henins, R. Deslattes) shall pTorsue analyses of complex spectra and Field Emitter Arrays for Flat Panel Displays. branching ratio meastu-ements, reaching from Field emission displays (FEDs) are being pursued the UV deep into the infrared with greatly by US companies as a leap-frog flat panel tech- improved data acquisition and analysis. This will nology that has the potential of increasing the provide, for example, reliable data needed for the US flat panel display market share from the development of new sources for high-efficiency current 0.4%. The advantages of FEDs over lighting. With precisely characterized plasma other flat panel display technologies include sources, we shall determine transition probabili- CRT-like display quality, a wide operating tem- ties for lines of light elements with much perature range, and low power consumption. increased accuracy, making use of state-of-the- Research on the physics of field emission cath- art data acquisition techniques and the capabili- odes in support of FEDs is performed with ties of the new FTS instrument. funding by the ATP program to provide tech- Critical Evaluation, Compilation and Dissemi- nical support to two ATP-funded companies: nation of Atomic Data. Our critical data compila- FED Corp. and SI Diamond Technologies, Inc. tion work will proceed vigorously on tabulations For FED Corp., we provided simulation of elec- of spectroscopic data, i.e., wavelengths, energy tron emission and electron trajectories from levels, and transition probabilities, for elements gated field emitter arrays and experimental of atomic munbers Z = 1 through 36, and on the testing of FED Corp’s displays. For SI Diamond, establishment of a comprehensive spectroscopic we performed electron trajectory simulations and database. Our new tabulations wiU contain more will fabricate and characterize well-controlled diamond-like-carbon thin films. Additional accurate as well as far more extensive data for support from DARPA has produced the fabri- each spectrum than the older NIST tables of the 1950s which are stiU the standard cation of field emitter cathodes with integrated and 1960s, lenses coplanar to the gate electrode for colli- reference data works for a number of these mating electron beams from tips of gated field elements. We will include these new compila- emitter arrays. Linear planar lens electrodes on tions in an enhanced database for the Internet, both sides of a line of emitters have been demon- with the principal dissemination channel being strated to provide focusing by application of the NIST Physics Laboratory World Wide Web appropriate voltages. The chips were tested in a (WWW) Site. In a multiyear effort we will under- high vacuum chamber where the emitted elec- take a new, all-Z tabulation of x-ray wavelengths trons were accelerated to a phosphor screen to replace the current 35 year old tables. PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION

technique developed for the optical tweezers will Nanoscale Systems. We are developing the be applied to study the adhesion of sialyl- techniques and large-scale computational algo- Lewis-X to selectin and its inhibition. This rithms needed to study nanoscale systems. We adhesion mechanism is fundamental to a mmi- will extend our calculations of the optical proper- ber of important biological systems and has ties of nanostructures to include the effects of potential applications in preventing the spread of valence-band mixing. This will allow us to cancer and in the development of highly effec- accurately model the full range of complex nano- tive contraceptives. structures with a wide range of sizes and confinement geometries by use of one common Metrology. In a new 5 year NIST competence model for band states. High-density arrays of project, which was awarded jointly to the Preci- strongly coupled, close-packed quantum dots sion Engineering Division of MEL and to our can now be made. These arrays are needed for Division, we have embarked on a three-pronged real optical device apphcations to provide the program of combining Michelson, Fabry-Perot, high-density of optical elements required to and x-ray interferometry to achieve length realize the advantages of optical nanostructures. displacement metrology below the nanometer Such systems show significant dot-to-dot energy level over the range of a few micrometers to transfer. We will begin to model the properties several decimeters. Well-documented period- of a new class of materials systems, including icities and other systematic shortcomings in the the effects of intradot band states, interdot individual interferometric techniques will pose ttmnehng, and inter- and intradot interactions. significant challenges to this goal, but should be On the EBIT ion extraction facility, we will overcome by utilizing the three approaches in a install an in situ (vacuum) atomic force micro- mutually reinforcing manner. scope and UHV surface-prepairation chamber at We are collaborating with the Time and the end of the beam line. This will allow us to Frequency Division on the development of a directly study the nanoscale effects of highly Cesium-fountain atomic clock and frequency charged ions on insulating and semiconducting standard. A prototype fountain has been surfaces without atmospheric oxidation. Mea- assembled ia our laboratory and is vmdergoing surement of the physical and electronic changes extensive testing. We will soon study a new xmder such well-controUed conditions is a neces- cooling method and other physics-related issues, sary first step towards using highly charged ions which - if successful - will be incorporated as a possible nanoscale Hthography tool. into the Boulder standard. We are continuing our VUV radiometry source-standards develop- Laser Cooling and Atom Manipulation. Experi- ment, as well as, the refinement of existing ments are underway to achieve Bose-Einstein somces. condensation in our Na trap, with the ultimate We are collaborating with the Optical Tech- goal of obtaining coherent extraction of the nology Division to develop near-field scanning atoms from the Bose condensate. The develop- optical microscopy as a measurement tool for ment of techniques to coherently extract and the optical properties of materials at the scale of measure the properties of a beam of atoms with a few nanometers. We will continue to develop a coherence length longer than the spatial extent computational models of probe-sample interac- of the condensate in the trap is of fundamental tions and optical images to better imderstand importance in the realization of the atom laser. contrast mechanisms and resolution. We will also collaborate with the Electron and Optical Physics Division to construct theoretical Plasma Measurements. In the diagnostic work models for the atom laser. In addition, we will on industrially applied plasmas, we will pursue begin to explore the use of photoassociation nonperturbing approaches that utilize atomic spectroscopy lineshapes as a diagnostic in the radiation to probe low temperature discharges. approach to BEC. A combination of ultracold- We will measure spatially and temporally coUision experiments and theoretical analysis resolved densities of plasma species using laser- will refine measurements of the scattering induced fluorescence. Optical emission measure- lengths and coUision rates relevant to BEC. We ments will also be correlated with mass-selected plan on continuing our studies of optical lattices ion energy distributions of plasma constituents by creating them with a laser tuned very far off and Langmuir probe measurements of electron resonance so that we can study quantum trans- and ion densities. In addition, new techniques port such as tunneling and diffusion in a three- for the measurement of electron densities, such dimensional lattice system with essentially no as an electron plasma wave detector, will be damping. The optically controlled collision investigated.

PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION

33 PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION

Overleaf

Interference oscillations for correlated photons. Pairs of correlated photons at 702 nm, produced by optical parametric down- conversion in a 50 fim. BBO crystal, travel multiple paths to coincidence detectors. The resrdting interference envelope containing high frequency oscillations may be used to measure the polarization mode dispersion of intervening material.

34 PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION

MISSION broad range of products that utilize optical technology. Meeting these needs assists Ameri- The Optical Technology Division of the Physics can industry in maintaining a competitive Laboratory provides national measurement posture in the world market. standards and support services to advance the use and application of optical technologies ORGANIZATION spanning the ultraviolet through microwave spectral regions for use in diverse industries and The Division employs approximately 50 scien- governmental and scientific enterprises. In tists, engineers, and technicians, and maintains addition, the Division has the institutional a balanced mix of research, development, and responsibility for maintaining two SI units; the measurement support services. It is organized temperature scale above 1234.96 K and the unit into five groups and operates under a project of luminous intensity, the candela. The Division: structure which promotes collaborations across develops, improves, and maintains the group administrative lines. Each of the projects national standards for radiation thermometry, has an assigned leader who is responsible for spectroradiometry, photometry, and spectropho- planning and accomplishing the technical objec- tometry; tives of the project. The project teams in the disseminates these standards by providing Division work jointly on various tasks, sharing measurement services to customers requiring resources to achieve common goals. A recent calibrations of the highest accuracy; collaboration with Division 841 has led to the conducts basic, long term theoretical and formation of projects that span divisional boimd- experimental research in photophysical and aries. The project structure is sufficiently flexible photochemical properties of materials, in radio- to allow for redirection of resources to accom- metric and spectroscopic techniques and instru- phsh newly identified program goals and has mentation, and in application of optical technol- proven to be a useful management tool for ogies. assigning responsibihty and tracking progress. To accomphsh these goads in a responsive manner, the Division works closely with indus- CURRENT DIRECTIONS try and other government agencies in developing programs to meet specific optical measurement Cryogenic Radiometry. The Division main- needs. The Division maintauns a broad range of tains an absolute High Accuracy Cryogenic fundamental and applied research programs, Radiometer (HACR) with a combined relative calibration services, and Standard Reference standard imcertainty of 0.02% as the foundation Material (SRM) production to accommodate the for a radiometric measurement chain to main- needs of the opticad technology commiinity and tain scales of spectral radiance and irradiance, to provide leadership in identifying future needs. photometry, and absolute detector responsivity. Additionally, the Division staff is active in profes- A second, high-sensitivity cryogenic radiometer sional societies and participates in the activities serves as the basis for the Low Background of the Councd for Optical Radiation Measure- Infrared (LBIR) cahbration facihty. This facihty ments (CORM) and the International Commis- performs cahbrations and serves as the founda- sion on Illumination (CIE). CORM and CIE are tion for research and development for technology technical organizations that include a strong applications in areas where high-sensitivity industrial constituency. As a result, these organi- infrared sensors are used. A new cryogenic zations provide the Division valuable insight on radiometer has been piurchased for installation at identifying the emerging needs of American the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facihty industry which must be met to support the (SURF) for use on a monochromator system, in growth of quahty manufacturing efforts and the order to estabhsh the SURF spectral radiance

35 PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION

scale on an absolute detector footing. Improve- electrons accelerated in the storage ring, based ment of these radiometers for sensitivity and on fundamental physical principles. Detector- versatility is being pursued. Development of new based radiometry will use SURF III as a bright radiometers incorporating superconducting light source, particularly in the ultraviolet and technology and high T^. materials is also an soft x-ray spectral regions, basing measurements important component of the cryogenic radiom- on absolute detectors including a newly devel- etry program. oped cryogenic electrical substitution radiometer The cryogenic radiometers are used to optimized for short wavelengths. cahbrate transfer standard detectors which are Temperature. The Division has the institu- used throughout the Division in radiometric tional responsibility to maintain temperature apphcations. The Division is also developing a scales above the freezing point of silver series of transfer standard detectors to enable (1234.96 K) and radiation temperature scales at the high-accuracy radiometric scales to be all temperatures. The n-ometry scale is based propagated to other laboratories. Transfer stan- p5 upon the specfrcd radiance scale and hence is dards are also being developed at near-infrared inferred from the absolute detector scale based and ultraviolet wavelengths. In addition, a Laser upon the HACR. A wide range of blackbody Comparator Facility will be brought into service sources are maintained for cahbration purposes to allow the calibration of working standards and span the temperature range from approxi- against the HACR-calibrated transfer standards. mately 100 K to 3000 K. The Division pursues a Synchrotron-Radiation-Based Radiometry. vigorous program in thermal source research NIST is developing SURF III (Synchrotron Ultra- and development to provide the highest qucdity violet Radiation FaciHty), an advanced radio- measurement assurance for our customers metric light source of unprecedented accuracy needing temperature-scale calibration for a and spectral range. When commissioned in variety of industrial and scientific purposes. Two 1998, the SURF III electron storage ring will be NIST competence programs are underway in an extremely bright, absolutely predictable efforts to remove imcertainties from the Interna- source of light spanning the electromagnetic tional Temperature Scale and to improve heat spectrum from soft x-rays through far infrared. flux measuring techniques. New methods of emitted III will critical The radiation by SURF be using synchrotron radiation and blackbodies to for such apphcations as: setting new standards establish a new independent temperature scale for radiation electromagnetic power measure- are being imdertaken in conjimction with the ments; calibrating photodetectors and optical SURF III upgrade. instrimientation for use in the semiconductor industry and in space research; verifying high- Photometry and Colorimetry. Photometry, the temperature radiation thermometry scales; and science of measuring light with the response opening new research opportunities in longer function of an “average” human observer, is wavelength regions (infrared and terahertz). The integral to the detector metrology program. The Optical Technology Division, Electron and SI unit of luminous intensity, the candela, is Optical Physics Division, and Atomic Physics maintained on a set of well characterized, appro- Division are collaborating to develop the new priately filtered detectors. This provides a direct facUity. fink between the HACR and the candela, and SURF has served for many years as the provides axi alternate method, other than con- nationcd standard for radiation power measure- ventional lamps, for transferring cahbrations of ments in the far ultraviolet. The major fachity this unit to customers. While the practice of upgrade to SURF III will substantially improve lamp dissemination will be continued, depending the accuracy and extend the spectral range of upon lamp availability, the Division can offer optical measurement and research available at photometric detector characterization to custom- NIST, primarily by improving the magnetic field ers as a more direct and perhaps more stable imiformity of the storage ring by two orders of cahbration procedure. The Division has devel- magnitude, thereby reducing the imcertainty in oped a total luminous flux scale based upon the SURF III as a radiometric soiurce. SURF III wiU new candela and hence directly upon the HACR. be used for both source-based and detector-based The Division is participating in a new NIST radiometry. Source-based radiometry exploits competence program to develop and improve the the predictability of the power, spectral, and physical measurement basis for colorimetry and spatial distributions of radiation emitted by the associated appearance quantities.

36 PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION

optical scatter methods. Applications include Optical Properties of Materials. Two absolute evaluation of highly polished optical surfaces, spectrophotometric instruments serve to main- bulk optical materials, surface residues, tain the scales of transmittance and reflectance. and diffuse scattering materials. Additionally, the optical density scale will be Optical scattering maintained using the transmittance instnunent. metrology is also used to assess imiformity of The reference transmittance and reflectance periodic structures, such as pits on compact spectrophotometers both provide intrinsic uncer- discs, patterned photoresists, and deposited lines tainties of a part per ten thousand in the 200 nm on semiconductors. Experiments and theoretical to 2500 nm wavelength range. In addition to a modeling are underway to use optical scatter to range of calibration services, the staff uses these distinguish surface microroughness, particulate instrmnents to prepare SRM materials for distri- contamination, and subsurface defects on silicon bution to industrial and scientific customers. wafers. For the spectral range from 2 fim to 25 fim a Near-fleld Scanning Optical Microscopy high-accmacy prism-grating monochromator for (NSOM). NSOM is being developed as a quantita- transmittance measiu-ements has been built, and tive technique for noninvasive optical measm-e- research is being pursued to characterize Foiuier ments. Its resolution is not limited the wave- Transform Infrared (FTIR) instrumentation for by quantitative spectrophotometry. Transmittance, length of light, as in traditional diffraction- specular reflectance, and diffuse reflectance Hmited microscopies, but by the size of the sub- measurements are being performed at close to wavelength aperture or tip used as a probe. WeU- 1 % uncertainty using the FTIR instrumentation. characterized microscopes and small light Laser-based spectrophotometry is also being sources are being constructed, and work on developed to corroborate and supplement these methods to determine the resolution of commer- measurements, and cryogenic capabilities are cially available near-field microscopes is in being added to perform measmements for a wide progress. This requires fundamental imderstand- range of sample temperatmes. ing of contrast mechanisms and modeling the The Division also maintains laser-based fields around small light sources as they interact instruments for hemispherical reflectance. with materials and surface features. The Division Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Function collaborates with other NIST programs applying (BSDF), and Bidirectional Reflectance Distribu- near-field microscopy to problems in chemical, tion Function (BRDF) for high-accuracy, low- biological, optical, and semiconductor tech- level transmitted and reflected scattering mea- nology. surements. These instruments and related ones, as well as a planned infrared beam line and Spectroscopy and Dynamics at Interfaces. microscope at SURF, establish a capability to Femtosecond lasers are used to measure rates characterize optical properties of materials over and mechanisms for technologically important a broad range of conditions. In addition, the Divi- interface processes, such as the coupling and sion is developing material-characterization relaxation of excited carriers, phonons, and methods using advanced optical tools such as siu-face electronic and vibrational states (particu- Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM), larly molecular states) at metal, semiconductor, nonlinear spectroscopy of interfaces, and femto- and dielectric solid and liquid interfaces. The second spectroscopy. A collaborative program initial states are excited by an ultrashort laser among several divisions in the Physics Labora- pulse, and the subsequent evolution is measured tory to develop of theoretical tools to predict the with time-delayed probe laser pulses. Surface- optical properties of materials helps meet the sensitive probe techniques include infrared long-term goal of providing an optical properties absorption and sum frequency generation (SFG). for the Nation’s data base advanced manufactur- Nonlinear optical diagnostics such as SFG are ing efforts. uniquely sensitive to interface structure at the Optical Scattering Metrology. Mechanisms by surfaces of materials, in thin-film systems, or which material properties and surface topog- biuied in layered materials. Additional measure- raphy effect the distribution of light scattered ment applications include spectroscopic charac- from surfaces are studied with an aim toward terization of electronic stnictiu-e at buried epi- developing standard measmement methods and taxial interfaces, assessment of the structure and standard artifacts for use in industry, and to quality of thin films, and vibrationally resonant provide a basis for interpreting scattering distri- SFG of organic films such as self-assembled butions so that industry can optimally use monolayers and molecules at liquid interfaces.

37 PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION

calibration accuracy after launch. NIST has Femtosecond Condensed-phase Transient estabhshed a solar UV monitoring station and Spectroscopy. Ultrashort laser pulses are used will supply the imderpinning of the cahbration to observe fast processes occurring in the con- activities of the worldwide UV monitoring pro- densed phase. Unique femtosecond infrared gram envisioned by the USGCRP as a crucial spectroscopic techniques have been developed to aspect of determining the effects of stratospheric study highly excited vibrational states, vibra- ozone depletion. The Division is also under- tional energy transfer, photochemical reactions, taking spectroscopic measurements of the and the dynamics of hydrogen bond formation absorption spectra of atmospheric molecules for and rupture. The measurements identify tran- the refinement of atmospheric transmission and sient species and determine energy transfer rates radiative transfer models, necessary for remote which serve to improve models of condensed sensing and global change efforts. phase chemistry. Current collaborations with industry include measurements on catalytic Analytic Spectroscopy. Optical technology is systems and polymerization reactions. increasingly important for apphcations in chemical analysis and detection, including atmos- Laser Studies of Elementary Chemical Reac- pheric remote sensing, emissions monitoring, tions. Laser pulses are used to observe and catalysis, industrial process control, forensic manipulate fundamental molecular transforma- science, medical diagnostics, chemical manufac- tions, such as bond breaking and bond forma- turing, and materials development. The Division tion, in order to develop atomic-level an imder- has a vertically integrated research and develop- standing of reactions important in combustion ment effort to support this technology. The effort and propulsion chemistry, in the chemistry of includes: (1) estabhshment and dissemination the upper atmosphere, and in orbital environ- of spectroscopic data bases to facihtate choices ments. Current efforts emphasize elementary of monitoring frequencies and inversion of reactions of O-atoms with H2, HgO, HCN, and measurements to extract concentrations; (2) CH4. The experiments use state-resolved nano- development of quanttim mechanical Hamilton- second and time-resolved femtosecond spectro- ians which provide convenient and concise scopic techniques to produce data to test representations of spectroscopic data and their chemical models of these quantum benchmark vahdation; (3) laboratory spectroscopic measure- systems. ments to provide accmate frequency and inten- Environmental and Remote Sensing. In sity information for instrument cahbration; (4) response to the U.S. Global Change Research development of new optical chemical sensor Program (USGCRP), NASA, NOAA, EPA, and technology in the microwave, infrared, and other government agencies are supporting a visible/UV spectral regions; (5) working with wide range of space-based and terrestrial other government agencies to solve novel and important chemical analysis detection research programs to ascertain the effects of and problems; and interacting with industry to human activities on the biosphere. These pro- (6) technologies grams envision long-term monitoring and survey transfer these and learn about the needs for new optical chemical analysis tech- activity which require consistent cahbration of nologies, standards, and data. instruments from diverse parts of the world. NIST and NASA have established a jointly Consultation and Calibration Services. The funded effort to provide a comprehensive calibra- Division staff provides SRMs and radiometric tion base for radiometric instruments that will cahbrations for use by a variety of industrial and involve reference to the cryogenic radiometers academic customers. The staff has an active and maintained in the Division. In addition to actual vital role in consulting with other government calibrations, NIST will engineer round-robin agencies such as NASA, NOAA, EPA, USDA, calibration efforts among the instrument manu- FAA, and DoD to develop cahbration programs facturers and provide cross calibration with appropriate for their demanding missions. The other national laboratories involved in USGCRP Division has completed an ambitious program to activities. In particular, NIST expects to work implement ISO Guide 25 standards in ah the closely with NASA on the Earth Observing cahbration services during the past year and is System (EOS) platforms to insure calibration developing a protocol for assessment of the quality prior to laimch and to assist in checking quahty program. PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION

HIGHLIGHTS application of correlated photon techniques to metrological problems. Using correlated photons, Optical Metrology for Photolithography. we have developed methods to measure absolute Smaller, faster microelectronic devices can be detector responsivity without externally cali- made by using shorter wavelengths for photo- brated standards. We have also developed lithography, but creating the next generation of methods to measure infrared source radiance in photolithographic tools operating at 193 nm a direct intrinsically absolute manner. An addi- poses unprecedented challenges for the purity tional technique that we are developing uses and characterization of optical materials. The correlated photons to determine absolute polar- Division participates in an extensive collabora- ization mode dispersion in optical materials. In tive effort, involving several NIST laboratories, this application, pairs of correlated photons the National Semiconductor Metrology Program, propagate coUinearly but with orthogonal polar- SEMATECH, materials suppliers, stepper manu- izations. Since photons of a pair are created facturers, and MIT Lincoln Laboratory to provide simultaneously, any shift in the timing between measurements and support for characterization the two is indicative of polarization mode disper- of the optical properties of fused silica and sion in intervening material. The accuracy with calcium fluoride. The Division activity is focused which the time shift is measured determines the in three areas: accuracy of the polarization mode dispersion Critical dimensions at this shorter wave- measurement. The potential accuracy of the length require smaller focus budgets and tighter method is better than 0. 1 fs. control over the lens design, which are not The correlated pairs of photons are produced tenable without accurate knowledge of the by an optical parametric down-conversion source refractive index and the thermal coefficient of and detected via coincidence circuitry. An opti- the refractive index of fused silica and calcium cal arrangement with multiple paths allows for fluoride. We have developed a UV reflectometer coincidences via multiple indistinguishable capable of measuring the refractive index at paths, leading to quantinn interference that is 193 nm with an accuracy of 10“^, which is seen as a modulation of the coincidence rate. sufficient to meet the industry’s immediate need. When the two coincidence paths differ by more For the longer term and for shorter wavelengths, than a coherence length of the photons, the we are developing interferometric methods paths become distinguishable, producing no capable of higher accuracy. (R. Gupta) interference, and the coincidence rates of the Optical scatter at 193 nm from siufaces and two paths are directly summed. When the paths from within lenses degrades photolithographic differ by less than a coherence length, the two images, and complicates critical transmission paths become indistinguishable, resulting in and absorption measurements performed on the destructive interference that causes the coinci- materials. We have performed total integrated dence rate to drop to near zero. This dip in the scatter measurements that show that the intrin- coincidence rate acts as a marker indicating a sic Rayleigh scatter coefficient in fused silica is precise delay between the two photons. When a on the order of 0.001 cm~ ^ at 193 nm, a value sample is added to the optical path, the change considered to be the maximum tolerable level for in the delay between the photons is encoded in this application. The scatter in calcium fluoride, the shift of this dip marker. A new optical which is a candidate to replace fused silica as arrangement with additional paths has the photolithography moves to shorter wavelengths, potential for higher ultimate measurement was substantially lower, as expected for a crys- acciuracy. That arrangement fills the previously talline material. (C.C. Asmail and T.A. Germer) described dip with high frequency oscillations Accurate reflection, transmission, and (see figure on the cover of this section of the absorption measurements are essential to optical annual report), which may allow the shift of the design since absorption modifies the tempera- dip to be determined with even higher resolu- ture-dependent refractive index. NIST has devel- tion. (A.L. Migdall) oped an instrument capable of making these Near-field scanning optical microscopy measurements, and has assisted Lincoln Labora- (NSOM): nanometer-scale characterization of tory researchers in the characterization of their optical fields. NSOM has great potential for transmittance instrument. (D.J. Dummer) noninvasive optical characterization of nano- Intrinsically Absolute Metrology Using Corre- structured materials, but the application of lated Photons. The Division is investigating the NSOM as a metrological tool is limited because PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION

contrast and resolution are poorly understood or the two glasses. By varying the photon energy ill defined. To address this problem, we are and the numerical aperture of the collection studying the fundamental mechanisms in NSOM optic, contributions are observed from different which generate contrast and determine resolu- optical modes of the array. The results demon- tion for different materials. strate that NSOM can be used with detailed models to determine quantitatively nanometer- scale material properties, such as the spatial variation of the index of refraction, that cannot be measvned by other techniques. (L.S. Goldner and E.L. Shirley with G.W. Bryant and P.S. JuHenne of Division 842). Femtosecond Laser-Induced Desorption: Theory and Experiment. Fundamental events which occur at surfaces and interfaces underlie many technologically important processes. For example, the exchange of energy among electrons in a metal and molecules at the metal’s surface underlies catalysis, the non-thermal interaction of light at materials surfaces is responsible for photoetching in semiconductor device fabrication, and the scattering of carriers from interfaces influences the operation of devices. In collaboration with the Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, we have used femtosecond lasers to measure characteris- Figure 1. NSOM image of the optical fields tics of these interactions at smfaces. We studied produced by a nanochannel glass array. The the chemistry of carbon monoxide, CO, adsorbed image reveals local optical modes of the array on a copper single crystal, Cu(lOO), irradiated by which depend on crystal geometry and ultrafast laser pulses. This chosen composition. system was because unique state-of-the-art ab initio calculations for have just available (from In collaboration with the University of Virginia CO/Cu become and the Naval Research Laboratory, we have Lucent Technologies and University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley). Also, this system has been used NSOM to image a nanochannel glass array. well characterized by many other experimental The array is a two-dimensional “photonic crys- techniques that provide key information about tal” composed of two glasses with slightly differ- bond energies, adsorbate vibrations, and sub- ent indices of refraction. An array of glass cylin- strate phonons, making it an ideal test of the ders (the channel glass) is embedded in another theory. glass (the matrix glass). The channel glass Laser pulses of 160 fs dmation impinged on elements are 745 nm in diameter, with a center- initially tempera- to-center separation of approximately 1100 nm. a Cu surface, which was at a ture T = 100 K and covered with an ordered The NSOM image shown in Fig. 1 was recorded 5 half-monolayer (0.5 of is by illuminating the sample with a fiber-optic ML) CO; each CO boimd of the probe positioned about 10 nm above the surface. directly on top a Cu atom, C toward laser pulse initially excites electrons The probe is scanned across the sample surface surface. The in the metal within 20 of the surface, and transmitted light is collected on the opposite bulk nm with temperature side of the sample. This image is not strictly creating hot electrons a analogous to a microscope image, but contains Tg = 3000 K. Over the next several picoseconds, additional information about the optical modes these hot electrons transfer energy to the metal supported by the sample. The NSOM measure- bulk phonons, as well as to adsorbate vibrations ments, supported by quantitative models, show such as the C-O stretch and the Cu-CO stretch sensitivity to the local density of photon states in (the molecule-metal bond). When the latter bond the array, which in turn depends on such prop- gains sufficient energy (about T = 420 K), the CO erties as the index difference between the two molecules desorb, and are detected in the gas glasses, the geometry of the crystal, and the phase by another laser, which determines the composition of an interdiffusion layer between vibrational (Ty), rotational (Tj^), and kinetic

40 PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION

! temperature (T^) of the desorbed CO. Since the Haze on Silicon Wafers. Measurements of electrons and the various vibrations all have ; optical scatter are often employed in production different temperatures for a brief time (2 ps), this j line diagnostics for surface roughness of sihcon type of experiment allows the relative impor- I wafers. However, the geometry of the optical tance of the different excitations to be assessed. scatter instrumentation lacks standardization, making if difficult to compare values obtained by instruments made by different manufacturers. The Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Func- tion (BRDF), on the other hand, is a well-defined quantity, and under conditions usually met with bare silicon wafers, can be related to the power spectral density (PSD) of the surface roughness. We have developed an approach for characterizing low-level optical scatter instrumentation using a spatial frequency response function. The function gives the sensitivity of an instrument with a specified geometry to microroughness on different length scales, allowing the haze signal to be treated as an integration of the PSD with Figure 2. Yield (Y) of CO from a Cu{100) the response function. Algorithms were devel- surface as a function of time delay (t^) oped for calculating this response function for between two laser pulses of equal intensity (1) different geometries, and a computer program which cause CO desorption. Since Y scales as wiU be made available which will allow instru- 1®, Y is strongly peaked at t^j = 0. The ps 3 ment manufacturers to calculate the response width is well fit by a model (solid line) devel- function for each of their products. This method- oped at NIST. Inset shows autocorrelation of ology is being incorporated into ASTM docu- the 140 fs laser pulses. ments describing the standard practice for cahbration of scanning surface inspection sys- The results for desorbed CO were Tj^ = 225 K, tems. (C.C. Asmail and T.A. Germer) Ty= 1330 K, and T.j. = 215 K. The desorption yield varied nonlinearly with laser fluence Large Aperture Biackbody Calibrations at the (y = F^). These data agreed well with the ab NIST Low Background Infrared Calibration initio theory in which energy is exchanged Facility (LBIR). An upgrade to the LBIR facUity between hot electrons and vibrations though has been completed with the addition of an ante- electronic frictions. The results also agreed with chamber to the broadband calibration chamber. an empirical model developed at NIST, in which There has been a demand from infrared space- readily available data (i.e., desorption rate based missions to calibrate higher temperature parameters and vibrational damping times and larger aperture blackbodies than the facility measured imder thermal low-temperature condi- was able to accommodate in its original design. tions) was used to predict the reactions of this This new addition was developed in collabora- system under the experimental conditions which tion with Los Alamos National Laboratory for the were far from equilibrium. The agreement with calibration of two blackbodies which have 10 cm both the theory and the model is very encour- and 18 cm diameter apertures and operating aging, providing insight and a method that can temperatures from 250 K to 350 K. These black- be used to predict results of other surface pro- bodies will be used as sources in a new satellite cesses, whether or not induced by femtosecond sensor calibration facility rmder development at lasers. Since the interaction of ultrashort laser Los Alamos. At NIST, they will be operated in pulses with materials is becoming common in the evacuated ante-chamber with shrouds cooled communications, in measurement technologies, by hquid nitrogen. The ante-chamber is attached and in other fields, vaHdation of such models is at the source end of the LBIR chamber with a increasingly important. These results have been precision aperture. The typical flux levels at the accepted for publication in Physical Review radiometer aperture, which is located one meter Letters. (J.C. Stephenson with Division 837 away in the LBIR chamber, will be in the range researchers L.M. Struck, L.J. Richter, S.A. of 2 /xW to 10 fiW. A two-axis translation stage is Buntin, and R.R. Cavanagh) also available to allow spatial measurements of the radiance temperature. This new capability

41 PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION

removes many of the constraints on customer of such interactions and their effects on x-ray blackbodies that were to be operated in the absorption spectra extremely close to atomic original cryogenic chamber, such as size and x-ray edges (within ~ 10 eV of an edge). In such total power dissipation. (S. Lorentz) energy regions, standard methods used to describe absorption at higher energies are not Medium Background Infrared Facility. Infrared suitable because of their incomplete description radiometry has an important role in space-based of electron interactions. Planned activities for the civilian, defense, and industrial applications. The coming year include an assessment of tech- growing realization among users of infrared niques in a wider range of materials than those radiometers of the critical role for calibration and studied thus far (e.g., hexagonal boron nitride. characterization of these devices has led to the Fig. 3), and adaptations of the techniques to the development of a new Medium Background more difficult problem of visible and soft ultra- Infared (MBIR) Facility in the Division. This violet absorption spectra of semiconductors and facility will be used to maintain an infrared scale insulators, as weU as seeking improvements in for specialized applications that involve radio- the first-principles modeling of infrared absorp- metric instruments that need to operate in a tion because of atomic vibrations. (E.L. Shirley vacuum environment surroimded by a light-tight and R.U. Datla) shroud cooled to as low as 80 K with liquid nitrogen. NIST has had facilities for infrared radiometric measurements in ambient environments and at the 20 K Low-Backgrormd Infrared (LBIR) Facility, but had lacked a facility for the increasingly important medium (80 K) backgroimd applications. In particular, the capability will be established for measurements on large- area, vacuum-operational, blackbody sources operated from 200 K to about 400 K, which are traceable to NIST via infrared radiometry through the radiance temperature of the source. An example of the type of scientific activity that the MBIR facility will support is the use of earth- orbiting satellites for the determination of temperature of the earth’s surface and atmosphere radiance measurements. These measure- by Photon Energy, eV ments are the basis for the study of global warm- ing. To establish radiometric traceability of Figure 3. First-principles x-ray absorption of satellite instruments to NIST, the Division is hexagonal boron nitride, including electron developing a liquid-nitrogen cooled, portable interactions (solid line), and omitting such infrared radiometer. It will be used to inter- interactions (dashed line). Including electron compare large-area blackbody sources at con- interactions dramatically improves agreement with experiment. tractors’ facilities in NASA’s Mission to Planet Earth Project. The MBIR facility will be used to High-Contrast Broadband Infrared Polar- characterize and maintain the NIST calibration izer. The Optical Technology Division has of this portable radiometer. (J. Rice) constructed and tested a linear polarizer for use Modeling Optical Properties of Materials. The with a broad range of visible and infrared radia- Division is developing a capacity to model and tion. The device works on Brewster angle reflec- predict optical properties of materials, using tions from four germanium plates arranged in a state-of-the-art first-principles methods, as part chevron geometry. Tests with 0.633 ixm and of its long-term strategy to facilitate improved 3.39 ixm wavelength laser radiation have shown optical metrology. Optical properties such as a extinction ratios (defined as the ratio of the material’s refractive index and absorption spec- transmittances of p and s polarized light) of tra depend on the description of electron-electron 4x 10“® and 3x 10“^, respectively. The extinc- interactions at a level of detail which challenges tion ratio is expected to be less than 10'® for current algorithms, models, and computers. wavelengths up to at least 25 /xm. Development Present activities are focused on the description of polarization metrology in the infrared at NIST PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION

is being driven by the increasing importance of sphere soturce has been developed for the visible polarized light measurement capability in such and near infirared wavelength ranges. Standard- j

I diverse fields as optical communication, pharma- quality silicon irradiance and radiance detectors cology, and infrared imaging. These applications have been designed and fabricated. Calibration

j depend on the quality and calibration of polariza- equipment has been designed and realized with tion components. The high-quality linear polar- precision geometry in order to make an accurate j izer that has been developed is expected to find flux-measurement transfer between the different use directly in specialized applications, and as a radiometric calibration modes. A detector-based calibration standard. (D. Dummer, S. Kaplan, A. spectral radiance and irradiance response cali-

I Pine, and L. Hanssen) bration system is now available at NIST for accurate and uniform calibration of night-vision NewTHz Source Developed for Spectroscopic j transfer-standard radiometers. (G. Eppeldauer) Studies. A new scheme involving generation of

I coherent, tunable, far-infrared radiation by New Photometry Capabilities. The Division is mixing two visible laser beams in an ultra-high- responsible for the realization of the candela, one

I speed photoconductor has resulted in the devel- of the SI base units, and other photometric units opment of a new THz spectrometer. This work for luminous flux, illuminance, luminance, and

j has been carried out in collaboration with MIT color temperature. The NIST photometric units I Lincoln Laboratory. ultrafast are based on standard photometers which are i The photomixers were fabricated at Lincoln Laboratory using an traceable to the Division’s High Accuracy Cryo- epitaxial layer of low-temperature-growth (LTG) genic Radiometer (HACR), which has a com-

j GaAs on a semi-insulating GaAs substrate. The bined relative standard uncertainty of 0.02%. LTG GaAs material has subpicosecond recombi- Using detector-based methods to reahze the nation lifetimes, enabling a frequency response photometric scales at NIST has reduced uncer- to several THz. Microscopic interdigital elec- tainties of photometric calibrations and has trodes driving a broadband self-complementary resulted in the availability of additional photo- spiral antenna are deposited on the material metric calibration services at NIST. These

' using lithographic techniques. The THz radia- improved services impact on a variety of indus- tion is coupled out of the GaAs photomixer into tries. Examples of products that rely on photo- free-space using a high-index Si aplanatic lens metric standards are lighting, display, optical i and is detected using a conventional liquid-He- instrumentation, and illuminated safety devices

I temperature bolometer. The new spectrometer for the automotive and aircraft industries.

I has been used to record the rotational spectrum Recently, significant advances have been in the Division’s of SO2 in the 0.1 to 1.2 THz region. The new made photometry capabihties.

! spectrometer has also been used to obtain pres- In 1995, a new luminous flux imit was realized

i using innovative integrating sure-broadening parameters for these SO2 transi- an sphere method.

I tions. (A.S. Pine and R.D. Suenram) Using this method, the NIST lumen is now also traceable to the HACR. This new unit has been Calibration of Night-Vision I Equipment. The disseminated to customers since January 1996. available radiometric calibration methods for I Standard lamps for luminous intensity and night-vision transfer-standard detectors and j color temperature were made available in 1994 goggles have been limited to an uncertainty of I and calibration of linear fluorescent lamps approximately 10%, which is inadequate for j for luminous fliix was added in 1995. A high most purposes. This limited accuracy exists illuminance source was developed in 1996, because the calibration chains are long and the I making possible illuminance calibration up to precision of the calibrating equipment is poor. In j 100,000 lux. In addition to these recent develop- order to improve accuracies and calibration ments, the Division accepts various artifacts for techniques in DOD laboratories and in the night- j calibration, such as illuminance meters, lumi- vision industry, standard detectors must be I nance meters, standard photometers, sphere calibrated for both radiance and irradiance [ sources, opal glass, as well as various types of responsivities traceable to high-accuracy stan- I transfer standard lamps for luminous intensity dard detectors. NIST has developed a facility to j and luminous flux. night-vision transfer-standard I calibrate detectors A new publication. Photometric Calibrations in spectral radiance and irradiance response ! (SP 250-37), describes these expanded capabili- modes against NIST detector-based radiometric j ties. It replaces the previous SP 250-15 (1987)

I scales. A large output area, monochromatic and provides extensive information on the

43 PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION

realization of the NIST detector-based photo- the International Register of Certified Auditors. metric units and the new calibration procedures Compliance with the ISO quafity standard and for luminous intensity, illuminance, luminance, the effort to document the quafity system will luminous flux, and color temperature. benefit the services offered by the Division. (T. Work is in progress to establish illuminance Larason and S. Bruce) measurement standards for flashing lights. Accuracy of the measurement of flashing anti- FUTURE DIRECTIONS collision lights is critical to the aircraft industry. The Division plans to offer a calibration service Synchrotron Efforts. A beamfine for infrared for flashing-light meters in late 1997. and far-infrared spectroscopic applications is Another new activity involves the measme- being developed for the SURF III synchrotron ment of color. Colorimeters are often used dur- storage ring. The 100 to 1000 times higher ing the manufacture of commercial display units brightness of the synchrotron soturce offers many (television and computer monitors) to calibrate advantages over conventional high-temperature color. However, it is often difficult and expensive black-body infrared sources for applications in to calibrate these instruments correctly. It is microscopy, polarimetry, and high-resolution especially important in the computer industry to interferometry. An infrared microscope and accurately calibrate colorimeters, since this Fourier transform spectrometer will be attached industry puts a premiiim on correctly calibrating to this beamfine for materials characterization the appearance of computer displays. To answer and analysis, with applications in such areas as these needs, the Division is establishing a project polymer science, forensics, and high-pressure for colorimetry of displays and imaging devices chemistry. Future incorporation of infrared with the goal of ultimately offering calibration array-detectors will provide a unique infrared services in this area. Research will be focused on microscopy facility for large-scale chemical the characterization of various color displays mapping of materials at extremely high sensi- including flat panel displays and color reproduc- tivity. The polarization characteristics of the tion through color imaging devices. (Y. Ohno) synchrotron source will be explored to develop polarimetry and elfipsometry for measurement of Calibration Quality Program. In response to optical properties of materials in the infrared. As NIST customers’ requests and to help lead the a companion effort to the infrared beam fine nation into the futme of laboratory accreditation, development, efforts are also underway to an effort has been established in the Optical explore the utility of SURF III as a far-infrared/ Technology Division to document its quality submillimeter radiation source. At these longer system for the calibration services it offers. The wavelengths, where the wavelength of the radia- calibration services participating in the effort tion approaches the electron bunch size, coher- are: Radiance Temperature Measurements, effects are possible. Spectroradiometric Source Measurements, ence Optical Properties of Materials Measurements, Construction of a Next-Generation High- Photometric Measurements, and Spectroradi- ResolutionLaser/MolecularBeamSpectrometer. ometric Detector Measurements. The quality A new visible/ultraviolet (UV) high-resolution system is based on ANSI Z540-1-1994, the laser spectrometer is being developed to eluci- American National Standard for Calibration and date the structure and dyncunics of molecules Testing Laboratories. Several key sections of the and molecular complexes at full rotational standard have been implemented. Quafity man- resolution in electronically excited states and at uals have been written for each calibration chemically-relevant energies. The instrument service offered by the Division. Computer soft- will permit structural and electronic information ware and calibration methods have been to be obtained from the rotationally-resolved imiformly docvunented in the quafity system. spectra of large, organic molecular species that Uniform test-report formats are issued by the are important in studies of the design of pharma- Division’s calibration laboratories. In addition, ceuticals, acid-base reactions, proton transfer, the Division has adopted a standard procedure hydrogen bonding, and polymeric materials with for handling customer complaints. An interned novel electronic properties. The instrument itself audit was completed in FY 95. In FY 96 the will use a tunable narrow-band (linewidth Division’s quality manager and the deputy < 1 MHz) frequency-doubled cw dye laser. The quafity manager completed both internal auditor sub-Doppler rotational structure wifi be resolved training from NVLAP and lead assessor training with the use of a novel spatially-selective fight approved by Registrar’s Accreditation Board and collection assembly coupled to a CCD detector array.

44 PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION

part by careful monitoring of solar radiation I New Optical Sensors for Flow Diagnostics from space-based and earth-based sensor sys- and Imaging. Optical diagnostics offer an accu- tems. NIST is in a unique position to offer long- rate, sensitive, real-time, non-intrusive method term measurement support to USDA, NASA, for monitoring flowing chemical systems found NOAA, EPA, DOE, universities, and industrial in industrial processes, wind tunnels, rocket j laboratories studying the long-term consequen- exhausts, gas-turbines, and factory emissions. ces of increased solar UV on the biosphere. The The initial development effort, based on mid- space-based sensor systems being developed for infrared lead-salt diode lasers, offers high sensi- deployment in the NASA EOS program have tivity since fundamental vibrational modes of the stringent accuracy requirements for radiometric molecules are probed, but suffers from expense, calibration in the wavelength region from complexity, and poor spatial mapping character- 200 extending into the far infrared. I nm The istics. Future efforts will exploit advances in requirements pose a new challenge for radi- optical communication technology by using low- ometry at NIST and the measurement infrastruc-

I cost, compact, near-infrared diode lasers and tme NIST supports. fiber optics propagation. Efforts are also being

I undertaken to use Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Improved Radiometric Standards. U.S. industry has expressed the need for improved radio- I Spectroscopy (CARS) for optical diagnostics. metric standards for a variety of technical, Applications of THz Optical Technology. j competitive, and production-quality reasons. Recent technological advances in solid-state These needs were documented in the 5th CORM lasers, i devices, and instrumentation have Report and reaffirmed in the 6th CORM Report, enabled development of new broadly-tunable j released in December 1995. Issues raised in the

! spectral sources in the region for new THz reports serve as impetus for many of the Divi- will i applications. One application employ sion’s current and planned programs. A chal- Russian-made, backward-wave-oscillators lenge for the Division remains to continually (BWOs) (a technology only recently available to implement new methodology and instnunenta- j ' Western researchers) coupled with a flow- tion to meet the needs of our customers for the through acoustic absorption ceU for monitoring improvement and availability of a wide range of trace amounts of gases such as CO, HgO, HCl, services, SRMs, and cahbrations. SOg, HgS, H2CO, and NH3 in industrial process j Increased Range of Absolute Detectors. streams. The THz region can be electronically NIST j Technical Note 1421, “A National Measurement scanned in seconds, permitting real-time acquisi- System for Radiometry, Photometry, and P3rrom- tion of spectral data for chemical process control. I etry Based upon Absolute Detectors,” outlines a

I Developments in ultrafast laser technology strategy for the Division’s customers to shift to present opportimities for generation and detec- a detector methodology for many of their radio- tion of pulsed terahertz radiation for use in metric and photometric needs. Over the last diverse appUcations, including imaging, ranging, several decades, absolute detectors have been trace species detection, time-resolved spectrosco- developed to serve as a fundamental radiometric py of biological and chemical systems, and tool to relate, with high-accuracy, optical power characterization of optoelectronic and supercon- to the SI units. A challenge is to develop this ductor materials and devices. We plan to develop capabihty for all wavelengths of interest, from femtosecond THz capabilities to measure indices the ultraviolet through the far-infrared, and at of refraction, carrier dynamics, and other trcins- the various power levels needed by calibration port properties of photonic materials and struc- customers. In terms of optical power, measure- tures, and to characterize protein-surface inter- ment demands can span more than 12 decades actions and metalloprotein electron transfer of intensity, with a variety of detectors and rates in biocatalytic reactions. environments. In many calibration activities, Improved Radiometry for Environmental detector-based radiometry can replace traditional Monitoring. Environmental and health concerns source-based techniques and achieve signifi- about the penetration of UV radiation into the cantly improved accuracy and stability. The biosphere due to ozone depletion imderscore the Division must provide the technical base for this

1 necessity for accurate and reliable UV radi- conversion and the leadership and guidance to ometry. The role of greenhouse gases in deter- achieve operational improvement in the cus- mining the global radiation balance is studied in tomer’s application.

45 PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION

Imaging Radiometry. Electronic rendition and Photophysics of Optoelectronic Molecules storage of images offer new opportunities for and Systems. Intramolecular and interfacial radiometric characterization of light sources and dynamics are critical for the performance of for temperature determination of spatially optoelectronic molecules and molecule-based resolved objects. This field is undergoing a optoelectronic structures. Ultrafast time-resolved fundamental change, from the silver chemistry infrared spectroscopy will be used to measure of conventional image storage and recording, to rates of electron injection from optically excited electronic and magnetic media. To accommodate photosensitizers to nanostructured semicon- this change, radiometric procedures will be ductor substrates. The aim is to develop the developed to characterize and standardize the optical rate measurements as a guide to making measuring processes and to provide a national modifications to the sensitizer. basis for image analysis related to the spectroradiometric output of objects. In an application of Magneto-Raman Scattering User Facility. A imaging radiometry, the Division has embarked program of experimental research in Raman upon a project to use imaging techniques to spectroscopy of solid-state materials has been perform temperature measurements in the rapid started in order to provide critical data to sup- thermal processing (RTF) environment used in port electronic and optoelectronic technology. the semiconductor industry. Equipment includes a DILOR triple-grating Laser-Based Detector Characterization Facil- spectrometer equipped with a liquid-nitrogen- ity from the UV to the IR. The accuracy of cooled CCD camera, an argon ion laser, and a spectral radiometric measurements is often superconducting solenoid magnet in a liquid- limited by the low spectral power density of helium-cooled cryostat. Magneto-Raman spec- traditional lamp/monochromator systems. troscopy of high-temperature superconducting Detector spectral radiance and irradiance materials is being investigated in collaboration response calibrations are best performed using with the Institute for High-Temperature Super- intense, large-area, tunable, narrow-band, conductivity of the University of Maryland. sources, difficult to Lambertian which are Collaborations for using this facility are being achieve with current methods. Another applica- developed with industry, as well as with other tion requiring these source properties is the NIST research groups. accurate measurement of the out-of-band rejection of narrow-band filters used in filter radiom- Direct Emissivity Measurements with LBIR. eters. In answer to these needs, a plan has been The capability of making direct emissivity formulated to couple piilsed lasers and integrat- measurements of low-emissivity opaque and ing spheres to produce intense, large-area, visually transparent materials has been devel- uniform radiation sources. oped using radiometric power measurements with the Absolute Cryogenic Radiometer in the Spectroscopy and Imaging of Biological Inter- This faces. Optical measurements of interface struc- LBIR chamber. method complements tures and dynamics present opportunities for emissivity measurements made using laser and noninvasive characterization of biological films FT spectrophotometric methods where the and living cells, and for biomedical imaging. emissivity is calculated from reflectance and NSOM is being developed to image biomimetic transmittance measurements. Characterization and in vitro biological membranes in order to of matericds having spectral emissive powers as characterize individual and clustered proteins low as 10“^ W/(cm^-/iim-sr) is possible using and phase domains in these films. Sum fre- narrow bandpass filters over the range from quency generation (SFG) will be employed to 3 fim to 5 fim. In the future an infrared monochr- measure orientation and secondary structure of omator or additional filters will be used to cover proteins in biomimetic membranes. the range of 2 ^im to 30 ^m.

PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION

47 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION

Overleaf

NIST/University of Pennsylvania collaboration on medical imaging. NIST has developed nuclear spin polarized helium-3 which has unique applications for Itmg imaging by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). A cell containing the nobel gas helium-3 is prepared at NIST and transported to the University of Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia. A spin-exchange technique is then used to polarize the helium-3 nuclei. A normal human volunteer inhales a voliime of the gas and a conventional MRI device is used to obtain an image of the limg cavity.

48 PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION

MISSION

The Ionizing Radiation Division of the Physics and Federal government, and universities. The Laboratory has the responsibility within NIST for Division has strong interactions in the interna- providing national leadership in promoting tional radiation commimity through scientific accurate, meaningful, and compatible measure- collaborations and committee activities. Division ments of ionizing radiations (x rays, gamma staff members participate in numerous profes- rays, electrons, neutrons, energetic charged sional societies and on many committees. The particles, and radioactivity). The Division: Division is collaborating with industrial com- provides primary national standards, dosim- panies, professional and governmental organiza- etry methods, measurement services, and basic tions and interested individuals from the radia- data for application of ionizing radiation to tion-user commimity repersented by the Council radiation protection of workers and the general on Ionizing Radiation Measurements and Stan- public, radiation therapy and diagnosis, nuclear dards (CIRMS). medicine, radiography, industrial radiation processing, nuclear electric power, national ORGANIZATION defense, space science and environmental pro- Division employs scientists, engi- tection; The about 50 conducts theoretical and experimental neers, technicians and secretaries. Activities include research on weak interaction physics and funda- fundamental research, apphed research, mental quantum physics and on the funda- and a wide variety of measurement services. The structure mental physical interactions of ionizing radiation group consists of three technical groups: Radiation with matter; Interactions and Dosimetry, Neutron Interactions Dosimetry, Radio- develops improved methods for radiation and and measurement, dosimetry, and 2- and 3-dimen- activity. sional mapping of radiation dose distributions; develops improved primary radiation stan- CURRENT DIRECTIONS dards, and produces highly accixrate standard reference data for ionizing radiation and radio- intravascular Brachytherapy Dosimetry. A active materials; potential new application of interstitial brachy- provides standard reference materials, cali- therapy, the prevention of restenosis following brations, and measurement quality assurance angioplasty, could result in an enormous services to users such as hospitals, industry. increase in the use of beta-emitting sources for States and other Federal agencies; radiation therapy. Working with suppUers and develops measurement methods and tech- the medical community, NIST is developing nology for use by the radiation processing indus- dosimetric measurement techniques, suitable for try, health care industry, nuclear electric power these short-range radiations, to provide calibra- industry, environmental technology, and radiations to satisfy regulatory requirements and the tion-using industrial applications; and needs of therapy planning. Current efforts develops and operates well-characterized include the accurate measurement of enclosed sources and beams of electrons, photons, and activity in candidate sources, and the correlation neutrons for primary radiation standards, cali- of this activity with the distribution of absorbed brations, research on radiation interactions, and dose external to the source by means of state-of- development of measurement methods. the-art radiation transport calculations, thereby To accomplish these goals, the Division staff combining our strengths in radioactivity interacts widely in the national radiation com- measurement, in experimental dosimetry and in munity in all sectors including industry. State radiation transport theory.

49 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION

Absorbed Dose Standards and Calibrations. Neutron Fields for Materials Dosimetry and NIST has been preeminent in the direct realiza- Personnel Dosimetry. A diverse array of well- tion of the absorbed dose in water, the quantity characterized and documented neutron fields is of interest for ionizing radiation, particularly in maintained for calibrations and for development radiation therapy. Working with the medical of methods for materials dosimetry and person- physics community, we are implementing the nel dosimetry. A new generation of staff has direct transfer of the absorbed-dose-in-water taken over these activities with continuing calorimetric standard for ®°Co gamma rays guidance from emeritus staff members, who are through new calibrations of ionization chambers. serving on contract or as guest researchers. The calibrations wiU be further disseminated by Symmetries of the Weak Nuclear Force. The the secondary calibration network accredited by end station on cold neutron guide NG-6 is also the Association in American of Physicists Medi- operated as a national user facility for investiga- cine (AAPM), and will support the new AAPM tion of the symmetries and parameters of the protocol for dosimetry based on absorbed dose nuclear weak interaction. Two very different calibrations. neutron lifetime experiments, a search for time- Iodine-125 Brachytherapy Source Standards reversal asymmetry in neutron beta decay, and and Calibrations. The recently developed Wide- measurement of parity non-conserving spin rotation are competing for beam time. Angle-Free-Air Chamber (WAFAC) will be the basis of a new standard for the dosimetry of Laser Polarization of Neutrons. Further prog- brachytherapy seeds containing low-energy ress in development of neutron spin filters by photon-emitters such as ^^^I and ^°^Pd. To sup- laser polarization of ^He has included commis- port the consensus on providing the measure- sioning of our own cell-filling system, tests of a ment that is more useful in therapy applications, polarized cell on a neutron beam, and progress the new standard and calibrations will discount on development of a compact, low-cost compres- the contribution to air kerma by characteristic sor for ^He which is polarized by the metastable x-rays produced in the titanium encapsulation. optical pumping method at low pressures. In NIST is working closely with the medical physics addition, collaboration with the University of commimity and manufacturers to introduce the Pennsylvania Medical School has produced an new standard so as to maintciin complete conti- initial image of the human limg based on polar- nuity in therapy dosimetry planning. ized ^He magnetic resonance imaging.

Medical-Industrial Radiation Facility. The 7 to Neutron Cross Section Data. This work 32 MeV electron linear accelerator facility has focuses primarily on evaluation of standard cross grown to be a significant user facility. The section data and guidance of international data medical beam from the scanner/coUimator head, efforts. Experimental work is also in progress which provides also for 25 MV photons, has been through collaborations at Ohio University, Los characterized and used for scattered radiation Alamos National Laboratory, and the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (Geel, studies. Good progress is being made on the Belgium). high-emittance port, configured for studies in the use of channeling radiation as a source of quasi- Standards, Calibrations and instrumentation monoenergetic photons for digital-subtraction for Environmental Monitoring. The measure- angiography. The high-intensity port is being ment of environmental surface contamination, used for applications ranging from radioisotope particularly arovmd nuclear sites and in environ- production to wastewater treatment to epoxy mental remediation has posed an important and curing. difficult problem. This program addresses the metrological needs in this area. Two systems Neutron Interferometry. The Neutron Interfer- that are under study and evaluation are (i) ometer and Optics Facility is now in full opera- imaging plate technology and (ii) glow-discharge tion as a national user facility with a busy sched- resonance ionization mass spectrometry. ule of experiments. Large new interferometer crystals of NIST design can operate over a Radionuclide Standards for Nuclear Medicine. wavelength range of roughly 0.2 nm to 0.45 nm, NIST, in collaboration with the Nuclear Energy with fringe visibility as high as 88% at the Institute (NEI), is targeting three nuclides for shorter wavelengths. Experiments include standard development/calibration this yeau-. Of applications for materials science as well as these, ®^Cu, a potential positron emission tomog- fundamental physics measurements. raphy (PET) agent for cardiac perfusion studies. PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION

this : is expected to be completed by the middle of radiation dosimetry. Work on charged-particle fiscal year. cross sections and of radiation transport data has entailed significant effort on the evaluation Radionuclide Metrology Development. A pulse of the stopping powers and ranges of electrons, recording technique will be developed which I positrons, protons, and alpha particles, the permits a given data set to be analyzed ex post elastic scattering of electrons and positrons, and facto. Intercomparisons of the various types of the cross section for the production of brems- i analytical reductions on the same sets of data strahlimg by electrons. The quality of the work will be possible and indeed become routine, of the Data Center is reflected in the many which will lead to reduced systematic uncertain- requests for our data from other laboratories and ties and very much faster measurements. Mea- in the use of our data in engineering and scien- ' surements of very short-hved radionuclides will tific compendia, books and review articles, and become significantly easier, I in the reports and protocols of national and There is also a need to compare liquid scin- j international standards organizations. The for I filiation counting results low energy 7-ray compilations of the Data Center rely heavily on and /3-particle emitting radionuchdes with cah- the synthesis of available theory to extend the bration values from other methods such as coin- I data and provide for comprehensive coverage ' cidence counting. Liquid scintillation has, in over broad ranges of energy and materials. Thus recent years, become the most used cahbration we have long been involved in complex compu- method, combining speed, simphcity and high j tational analyses and in the development of efficiency. It, however, must be demonstrated to [ highlysophisticatedtransport-theoreticmethods. give results equivalent to primary methods for j Our Monte Carlo transport calculations also are ' low energy x-ray emitters such as ^^Fe and /3 incorporated into some of the most widely used emitters such as ®^N. general-piirpose radiation transport codes. (S.M. Environmental Management and Nuclear Site Seltzer, J.H Hubbell, and M.J. Berger)

I Remediation. A fast, inexpensive method for Beta-Ray and Hot-Particle Dosimetry Calcula- atom counting based on Resonance Ionization j tions. Highly refined theoretical methods have Mass Spectrometry will continue to be devel- been applied to beta-particle radiation protection oped. Although much progress in this program practice. Participating in the work of an ICRU/ has been made, the sensitivity must be improved ICRP Joint Task Group in updating fluence-to-

! by increasing the duty cycle. dose conversion factors used in radiation protec- The Nuclear Regulatory Commission is tion we have made extensive electron Monte moving toward increasing sensitivity require- Carlo transport calculations of the depth-dose ments for in situ measurements of radioactivity I distribution of electrons incident on phantoms of i by a factor of 10 from that which can be attained water, PMMA, and tissue. These data, along with

! by the present Ge-based systems. CdTe, Hgl , 2 extensive tables of basic electron penetration I and other room temperature, high Z detectors data, a review of the physics of electron interac- will be investigated and their characteristics j tion and transport through matter, and a review developed to attain this goal. of beta-ray transport calculations have been incorporated into ICRU Report Dosimetry HIGHLIGHTS 56, of External Beta Rays for Radiation Protection. Work with the NCRP Scientific Subcommittee on Charged-Particle Center. i Photon and Data hot-particle dosimetry for radiation protection The Data Center compiles, evaluates, and dis- j has involved extensive Monte Carlo calcula- seminates data on the interaction of ionizing tions of the dose distributions from beta and radiation with matter. The data on photons and gamma rays emitted by hot particles, which has charged particles, with energies above about led to the development of new point-kernel-based 1 keV, include fundamental information on calculations for a variety of shapes and arbitrary interaction cross sections as well as transport sizes of beta- and gamma-ray sources containing

I data pertaining to the penetration of radiation virtually any radionuclide. These new calcula- ^ through bulk material. Databases are developed tions are being used for estimates of the dose ' and maintained on attenuation coefficients for distribution from a number of proposed brachy- x-rays and gamma rays, including cross sections therapy sources. (S.M. Seltzer) for Compton and Rayleigh scattering, atomic photoeffect, and electron-positron pair produc- Space-Shielding Radiation Dose Calculations. tion, as well as on energy-transfer, energy- With support from NASA’s Life Sciences Bio- absorption and related coefficients relevant to medical Research Program, a computerized

51 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION

database and code package was developed for response characteristics under a variety of the routine prediction of the absorbed dose from conditions for gamma-rays and electron beams incident electrons and their secondary brems- of different energies. Because films are easier to strahlung, and from incident protons, as func- hcmdle than pellets (presently the most common tions of the thickness of aduminum shielding of alanine dosimeter shape), it is hoped that the structures in space. The database is based on successful use of the thin (50 fim) film version extensive Monte Carlo calculations of the pene- for electron beams will lead to the development tration, scattering and energy loss of electrons in of a more robust film which would be easily aluminnm slabs, the production of secondary adapted to high-dose gamma-ray processing bremsstrahlung, and the penetration and scat- applications. (M.F. Desrosiers) tering of these photons to greater depths. The Radiation Sources. The electron accelerators proton dose distributions were evaluated in a continue to be used for a large variety of radia- straight-ahead approximation: a partial study of tion interaction studies. The principal somces the effects of nonelastic nuclear interactions of currently being employed are the 4 MeV electron the protons with aluminum nuclei and the Van de Graaff and the 32 MeV Medical Industrial transport of nuclear secondaries was included. Radiation Facility (MIRF). The activities carried The user code performs the necessary interpola- out on these sources wfil be specified in greater tion over the database and the integration for detail in other areas of this report but will be any specified spectra of incident electrons and mentioned here. The Van de Graaff has been protons, giving the distribution in a variety of used to check the radiation response of new and simple geometries of dose in small detector existing types of diodes and solar cells. These volumes of various compositions. Numerous include sihcon on silicon, gallium arsenide on copies of this software have been distributed to silicon and gallium arsenide, and indium phos- the international space-radiation-effects commu- phide on germanium and indium phosphide nity, and a collaboration is imderway to incorpo- types. Additionally, this source has been used to rate this new work into an existing commercial investigate the shielding properties of various package for estimating space radiation effects in composites at electron energies between 1 and any earth orbit. (S.M. Seltzer) 2 MeV. The MIRF has been used for a large Waste Treatment by Electron Beam. We have variety of programs including: production of been investigating applications of radiation radioactive isotopes of carbon, chlorine, fluorine, (gamma and electron beam) technology for the iodine and molybdenum; precipitation of heavy reduction and elimination of hazardous waste metals (lead and cadmium) from solution: degra- materials generated in industry (“chemically dation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); hazardous” waste such as polychlorinated bi- investigation of remote laser telemetering dosim- phenyls). We are performing mass spectral etry: radiation curing of epoxies; production of analyses of PCB-contaminated water models. radioactive fullerenes; investigation of radio- Samples are analyzed before and after irradiation chromic dye-gels; and the investigation of scatter with electrons and gamma radiation to deter- from medical treatment beams. In addition to mine the amount of toxins destroyed, yields and these ongoing programs, the beam line for the structures of products formed, and potentially production ofmonoenergetic photon beams from toxic by-products induced by this emerging the interaction of electrons in single crystals is technological application. (L.R. Karam, and W.L. nearing completion. (C.E. Dick and M.R. McLaughlin [with B. Wise and M. Al-Sheikhly, McCleUand) University of Maryland]) International Comparison of X-ray and Alanine-EPR Film Dosimeter. Prototypes of a Gamma-ray Standards. NIST has recently com- new polymer-based film dosimeter containing pleted a number of comparisons of gamma-ray alanine have been manufactured and tested. primary standards with those of other national This development program, under a CRADA and international standards laboratories. with the W.R. Grace Co., is testing a range of Cobalt-60 air-kerma standards were compared polymer/alanine ratios for the film dosimeter. with the Ente Per Le Nuove Tecnologie, These tests were followed by comparative mea- L’Energia E L’Ambiente (ENEA) in Rome, Italy; surements on films of the same polymer/alanine agreement was within 0.1%. A similar compar- ratio manufactured by different methods. The ison was done for ®°Co with the Bureau Inter- selected film formulation was mass produced national des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) in Paris, and is undergoing extensive tests of its radiation France, using the same transfer standards

52 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION

as was used with the ENEA. The agreement eters were placed near the entrance point of the between the NIST and the BIPM standards is beam in the phantom and at the Bragg peak. within 0.2%. These two comparisons provide Time-dependent changes differed slightly NIST with additional corroboration of standards between these two positions. A decrease in used for radiation therapy. In addition, a intensity (<0.5%) over several hours was mea- comparison of air-kerma standards for ^^^Cs sured in the Bragg peak region after which the gamma-rays has been carried out among six intensity remained constant over the next sev- laboratories: the Bundesamt fur Eich- und eral days; dosimeters irradiated at the entrance Vermessungswesen (BEV), Vienna, Austria; the point continued to decrease from the earliest BIPM; the Laboratoire Primaire des Rayonne- time of measurement continuing over the course ments lonisants (LPRI), Gif-sior-Yvette, France; of a few days (< 1%) before reaching a constant the NIST; the Osterreichisches Forschungs- level. (M.F. Desrosiers, V. Nagy, and K. GaU) zentrum (OFS), Vienna, Austria; and the Orzagos Mammographic X-Ray Exposure Standards. Meresiigyi Hivatal (OMH), Budapest, Hungary. The first x-ray calibrations using the NIST This comparison of the standards of the six primary air-kerma standard for mammography laboratories show an overall agreement of 0.8%, were conducted in March of 1996. The param- a satisfactory level for these standards that are eters of the new molybdenum and rhodium used primarily for radiation protection applica- beam quahties were verified including a nonin- tions. This important work contributes to the vasive determination of the kVp endpoints. In harmonization of international radiation dosim- assistance to other laboratories, differences in etry. (P.J. Lamperti) beam parameters due to changes in filtration Absorbed-Dose Calibrations and Development thickness were investigated. Researchers from of Secondary Standards. Radiation therapy has NIST and the University of Wisconsin-Accredited been practiced in the U.S. since the tmn of the Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory (UW-ADCL) century. Approximately 500,000 cancer patients collaborated to determine appropriate transfer are treated annually in 1300 therapy facilities standards for the mammography energy range. using high-energy electron or photon beams The energy dependence of numerous ionization from some 2700 linear accelerators and ®°Co chambers was measured for the NIST molyb- teletherapy units. In 1993, NIST completed denum and rhodium beam quahties. The prelim- extensive development of a water calorimeter inary results of this energy dependence study which can realize the quantity absorbed dose. were used to characterize the chambers NIST The changeover from in-air-kerma cahbrations to acquired for use as reference-class transfer in-phantom absorbed dose calibrations is a standards. These transfer standards will be used logical and necessary evolutionary step in radia- for mtercomparisons with other national labora- tion dosimetry. NIST is collaborating with AAPM tories and ADCLs, as weU as for quahty assur- TG^l to develop a secondary standard for use by ance of routine NIST cahbrations. Initial energy the AAPM Accredited Dosimetry Calibration dependence studies of the six newly acquired Laboratories. Characterization of reference NIST reference-class mammography transfer sources and ionization chambers is currently in standards were conducted. The data from these progress. Protocols for cahbration and round- energy dependence studies has been used to robin performance testing are currently being assist with the estabhshment of guidelines for developed. (J. Shobe and P.J. Lamperti) the secondary cahbration laboratories, in addition to serving as the initial performance history Alanine Dosimeter Response in Proton of the new facility. (C.M. O’Brien and P.J. Therapy Beams. The use of proton beams for Lamperti) radiation therapy of various malignancies is being studied at a number of institutions world- Scattered Fraction Measurements of High- wide. Because of the wide geographic distribu- energy X-rays. High-energy photon beams from tion of these facilities and the variety of dosim- medical electron hnear accelerators, used for etry methods in use, there is a need for a reliable cancer therapy, require radiation shielding of not mailable dosimetry system that has a uniform only the direct beam but also the radiation response over the energy range used in proton scattered from the patient. A program for the therapy. A comparison was made of the time- determination of scattered dose fractions for 6, dependent response of alanine dosimeters irradi- 10, 18 and 25 MeV photon beams has been ated in the radiation-therapy proton beam at the taken using the NIST medical linac in MIRF. The Harvard Cyclotron in Cambridge, MA. Dosim- “patient” is replaced by a cylindrical water PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION

phantom (with radius 12.81 cm) placed at the are confirmed using radiochromic dye film, treatment position in the radiotherapy x-ray which is also used to characterize sources in the beams. Measurements were made at 200 cm cylindrical geometry for transaxial uniformity. In from the isocenter at angles ranging from 0° to addition, irradiation of planar sheets of film at 160° with respect to the central axis of the various depths in water-equivalent plastic were incident beam. The ionization-chamber current used to construct data sets which can be used to measured at each angle is reported as a fraction predict the dose rate at arbitrary locations of the ionization current measured at the center around the sources using a modified form of the of the phantom. The results of these measme- AAPM Task Group 43 Protocol. A publication ments are being compared to Monte Carlo calcu- describing this work is in progress. As an lations which are often used to determine shield- example, spatial distributions of absorbed dose ing requirements in medical radiotherapy facil- rate in tissue-equivalent plastic are shown in ities. Secondary neutron measurements have Fig. 1 for the plane, parallel to the train, at a been made at the same positions for 18 and distance of approximately 2 mm from the encap- 25 MeV beams utilizing thermoluminescence sulating surface. The plot on the left is for a dosimeters (TLDs) placed in a 12.7 cm poly- train of 5 seeds with poor uniformity, that on the ethylene moderating sphere. The results of this right for 9 seeds with good uniformity. Work for work is being used by an AAPM task group Novoste Corporation led to their being the first assigned to reappraise the design and evaluation company allowed by the U.S. Food and Drug of structural shielding for medical facilities that Administration (FDA) to have their system used use high-energy x-rays. (J. Shobe) to perform clinical trials. Collaborations were also begun between NIST and NeoCardia for Intravascular Brachytherapy Source Dosim- dosimetry of a ^^P wire, Isotopen-Technik of etry. The use of beta-particle emitting brachy- Germany for the dosimetry of a wire, and therapy sources for the prevention of restenosis with Washington Hospital Center for dosimetry (re-closing) of coronary blood vessels after angio- of various sources, including a miniaturized plasty continues to be actively explored. The x-ray generating intravascular device. (C.G. procedure of angioplasty is performed over Soares) 300,000 times in the U.S. each year, and in about 40% of the cases restenosis occurs, requir- Novel Approaches in Nuclear Medicine. We ing emother treatment. Research has shown that are performing ongoing research projects invol- a dose of about 10 Gy, delivered to the wall of ving several aspects of nuclear medicine, includ- the blood vessel after the angioplasty has been ing investigations of novel methods of delivering performed, is effective in inhibiting restenosis. radiopharmaceuticals. We have constructed a NIST has taken an early and leading role in the fuUerene production apparatus and have begun calibration of the sources used for this therapy, incorporating specific atoms into the fuUerene employing the NIST extrapolation chamber cage. Application of fuUerenes as carriers of equipped with a 1 mm diameter collecting elec- radioisotopes for use in cancer therapy has been trode to measxrre dose rate at a depth of 2 mm in suggested, but has not been studied either water-eqmvalent plastic. These measurements theoreticaUy or experimentaUy. Since fuUerene

Figure 1. Dose distributions from “trains” of ®°Sr/®°Y seeds being developed for intravascular brachytherapy.

54 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION

cages are capable of physically and chemically time. Redesign of the WAFAC support mecha- isolating radioisotopes from their associated nism will allow for greater flexibility in determin- pharmaceutical, a flexibility in choosing radio- ing the WAFAC parameters. We anticipate that isotopes for specific tracing or therapeutic appli- redesign of the source support mechanism will cations, not possible with currently available reduce uncertainties due to source holder scatter radiopharmaceuticals, would be possible. The and attenuation. In addition, work is in progress successful production of radiofullerenes for to automate the measurement and analysis pro- cancer therapy applications would constitute a cedure, including a motorized filter/shutter significant advance in the field of radiotherapy. wheel. Locating the WAFAC in a separate facility The main objective of this project is the success- will provide an opportunity for a dedicated ful development of radioactive fullerenes suitable measurement facility. (P.J. Lamperti, J.T. for use in medical imaging such as technetium Weaver, and J. Shobe) (^^C). have and radioactive carbon We used the Neutron Interferometry and Optics. Since accelerator convert MIRF electron to non-radio- September 1996, the Neutron Interferometry and active radioactive in fullerenes to C0O Optics Facility (NIOF) in the NIST Cold Neutron obtained commercially, as well as CgQ and larger Guide Hall has been fully operational as a species purified in our facility. Yield and purity national users’ facility, and it has a crowded ^ of heterofullerenes have been determined by schedule of experiments. One third of the beam high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), time is reserved for NIST staff research, focused multiphoton detector (MPD), liquid scintillation primarily on development of new techniques for counting (LSC), thin layer chromatography materials research. The remainder of the beam (TLC), and Fuji phosphoimaging. In addition, we time is allotted to outside users by an advisory have produced, extracted and purified by HPLC committee, based on the merit of research fullerenes produced in the presence and absence proposals submitted. Experiments have already of radioactive ^®"^Tc and have quantified the been done involving researchers from the amount of radioisotope encapsulated by MPD, University of Missouri-Columbia, Exxon, the LSC and Fuji imaging (after separation on TLC Hahn-Meitner Institute (Berlin), and the Atom plates). Work has begun on encapsulation of Institute (Vienna). These experiments have given iodine. (L.R. Karam and B.M. Coursey [with M.G. preliminary results in phase-contrast imaging, Mitch, Univ. Maryland; L. Rodriguez-Rosado and high-resolution two-dimensional absorption L. Laureano-Perez, SURF]) imaging, neutron scattering length measure- Development of Radiosensitive Dosimetric ments, and testing of very large scale interferometer crystals. Most of these experiments are Gels. We have prepared and done preliminary expected to be concluded in the next few months studies of radiochromic gels (gelatin containing after receiviag additional beam time. the radiochromic dye 3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetra- The very keen interest of the national and zolium chloride), showing the dose-coloration international user community in this new facility response to gamma irradiation. Based on those arises from its unique capabilities. Two new results, we have subjected similarly prepared large interferometers of NIST design have been gels to electron beam irradiation (at the MIRF) fabricated and are being used to carry out exper- and have observed a comparable response. Gels iments. These interferometers have novel design were also provided to other laboratories for features allowing elimination of second-order comparison in therapy type beams. (L.R. Karam, beam contamination and operation at low W.L. McLaughlin, P.J. Lamperti, and B.M. neutron energies ( ~ 4 meV) which are advan- Coursey [with L. Francis, SURF; R. Schultz, M. tageous for materials science and solid state Maryanski, and M. Ranade, MGS Research]) physics research. These are the first neutron Wide-Angle Free-Air Chamber for ^^®l. The interferometers in the world that have been wide-angle free-air chamber (WAFAC) will serve successfully operated at such low neutron ener- as the NIST standard for air-kerma-strength gies. When operated at slightly higher energies, measurements for ^^^I brachytherapy seeds and one of these interferometers achieved fringe perhaps other low-energy photon emitters. The visibility as high as 88% at the best spot and chamber and associated fixtures are in the had a large area with fringe visibility exceeding process of being moved to another room. The 70% everywhere within. At 4 meV the fringe mechanical support mechanism, source holder, visibility is about 40% at the best spots. Phase and filter holder are being redesigned at this stability is of the order of a few milliradians per PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION

24 hours. The special foundation under the the Cold Neutron Research Facility. Results from facility, robust vibration isolation systems, an these tests are guiding the design of improved active position stabilization system, and the cells and the choice of cell materials. The new special characteristics of the new NIST-designed materials have been ordered and we expect to interferometer crystals all contribute toward the have a viable spin filter cell within the next few achievement of these unprecedented perfor- months. mance characteristics. In April 1996 we were contacted by a In addition, we have initiated the develop- researcher at the University of Pennsylvania ment of a large scale ( ~ 20 cm diameter) neutron regarding MRI of limgs using polarized ^He. In radiography/tomography capabiHty. (M. Arif, D. collaboration with the Medical Imaging Group at Jacobson, A. Thompson, and T. Gentile) Pennsylvania, we have produced multiple cells containing roughly one liter of polarized ^He, Development of Neutron Spin Filters by Laser and produced initial images of a volunteer’s Polarization of ^He. The developmental program lungs, which are almost impossible to image to produce polarized neutron beams using a ^He using traditional MRI techniques. spin filter at NIST has seen major advances Metastability-Exchange Based Spin Filter: In during the last two years. This method should the metastable method, the gas is polarized at a yield efficient, broadband neutron polarizers that pressure of ~ 1 torr, and then must be com- will have several advantages over conventional pressed up to a pressure of ~ 1 bar for use as a polarizers, both for condensed matter studies neutron polarizer. Maintaintng the polarization and for fundamental physics. In addition, the during compression is a technical challenge, but technology for polarizing the ^He gas is appli- has been achieved by a group in Mainz, cable to the newly emerging medical field of Germany using a two-stage piston compressor. polarized gas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), We are developing a similar compressor in as well as appfications in basic nuclear physics. collaboration with Indiana University. Our The spin filter is based on the spin-depen- collaborators at Indiana have designed this dent absorption of neutrons by polarized ^He in apparatus, and NIST is assisting with the con- the reaction ^He(n,p)^H. We have parallel pro- struction of their optical pumping system. In grams to produce polarized ^He either by (1) addition, we are investigating an alternate spin-exchange with optically pumped rubidium compression apparatus based on modification of vapor or (2) direct optical pumping of metastable a commercial diaphragm pump. Success in this ^He followed by mechanical or cryogenic com- alternate approach could yield a compact, simple pression of the low pressure gas. Progress in apparatus that would allow very economical each program will be discussed separately below. development of the metastable method for Spin-Exchange Based Spin Filter: Milestones neutron polarizers and other appfications. The passed in the last two years include optimization apparatus for optical pumping of ^He at low of ^He polarization using the Ti:Sapphire laser, pressure has been constructed and 80% polariza- conversion to use of inexpensive diode laser tion has been obtained. (A. Thompson, T. arrays for optical piomping of Rb, construction of Gentile, G. Jones, and F. Wietfeldt) a cell filling station, production of cells with properties required by a real polarizer, and initial The Neutron Lifetime and Asymmetries of the testing of cells on a neutron beam. Work has Weak interaction. The NG6 End Station in the begun on a medical imaging spin-off of this Cold Neutron Guide Hall is operated as a nation- technique. al users’ facility for fundamental neutron phys- A ^He polarization of 25% was measmed in ics, under the supervision of the same advisory the spin-exchange setup early in 1995 using the committee mentioned above in regard to the Ti:Sapphire laser. Later in 1995 we measured NIOF. Experiments at this beam station are 15% polarization using a laser diode array. The focused on testing aspects of the standard model diode laser requires higher density ^He for of particle interactions which are accessible from optimal performance, so we have constructed a precise measurements of neutron interactions cell filling system and a new oven to better and decay. match the properties of the diode laser. The For a number of reasons, including two fillin g system was commissioned in April of this longer-than-expected shutdowns of the NIST year, and we have produced multiple cells with research reactor, the neutron lifetime experi- long hfetimes (some near 200 hours). In the ment had to be taken off-line temporarily to siunmer of 1996 we tested some of the cells on allow beam time for two other weak interaction the polarized neutron beam at the end of NG-6 at experiments which were ready to run. The

56 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION

neutron lifetime experiment at NIST collected nuclear reactor safety. After years of ! many NIST

! data during two separate periods, 10/93-5/94 and consultation with experts from industry and

I 1 1/95-5/96. This difficult experiment which had national laboratories, the Draft Regulatory Guide

f run with some success in Grenoble previously, DG-1053 (formerly DG-1025), Calculattonaland has had more serious difficulties in the attempts Dosimetry Methods for Determining Pressure to improve on or even reproduce the Grenoble Vessel Neutron Fluence, in I was issued essen-

i results at NIST. Investigations of several possible tially final form with very little objection from causes of these difficulties are in progress off-line the major reactor vendors or regulated utihties. while the initial runs are made for the two other NIST will continue to support the measurement experiments: Parity-Non-conserving Spin Rota- assurance steps called for in this guide to keep

j tion in Liquid Helium and the emiT Experiment, the national measurement system on track in

! a search for time-reversal asymmetry in neutron this field. Consultation issues have begim to go beta decay. from the generic case to plant specific cases, as Parity-Non-conserving, Neutron Spin Rota- I aging nuclear electric power plants are nearing tion in Liquid Helium: This experiment concem- levels of cumulative neutron radiation exposure j ing details of parity violation is primarily the which could be of concern regarding the risk of j work of a team from the University of Washing- j brittle fracture of a pressure vessel under certain ton, Seattle (D. Markoff, S. Penn, B. Heckel, and extreme conditions. NIST also has carried out I E. Adelberger). NIST physicists have been and published research on fission neutron trans- involved in preparation of the supermirror port through thick steel sections to test the polarizer and analyzer for this experiment, as I relevant nuclear data files employed in calcula- well as other aspects of beamline preparation tions for assessment of reactor safety. (J. Adams, j and shielding; the polarization achieved was E. D. J. Nico, J. j McGarry, and Grundl) 96%. This experiment collected useful data intermittently during 9/96-11/96, but suffered Nuclear Cross Section Standards. Nuclear cross frequent outages for recovery from cryostat section data standards are important for reactor safety performance calcula- problems. The data obtained will be marginal nuclear and statistically for setting a significant bound on the tions, development of fusion energy, under- spin rotation per unit length of travel. A future standing accelerator neutron source dosimetry, in rim with an improved cryostat is expected. and basic studies astrophysics. The NIST The emiT Experiment: This very large program in support of these nuclear data stan- collaboration involves physicists and engineers dards has been substantially reduced in scope in from the Univ. of Washington, the Lawrence recent years, and the emphasis of the remaining Berkeley Laboratory, the Univ. of Michigan, Los program has shifted from measurements to Alamos National Laboratory, and NIST. This evaluation and international coordination of experiment uses the same supermirror polarizer standards efforts. NIST performs its role in arrangement as the spin rotation experiment. motivating and coordinating new standards The experiment will run for about 20 weeks measurements by examining the standards data beginning in December of 1996. base, pursuing the extension of the standards Two experiments besides conclusion of over a larger energy range, and leading efforts i more the beam-type neutron Lifetime experiment are directed toward new evaluations of the stan-

j in the stages for 1997. ultracold dards. These efforts have taken place largely i planning An neutron, bottle-type lifetime experiment with through participation in the Cross Section Evalu- collaborators at Harvard University is in prepara- ation Working Group and our international tion, with an initial run expected in 1997. A involvement through the Nuclear Energy Agency repeat of a Russian spin-antineutrino asymmetry Nuclear Science Committee and the Inter- experiment is also likely to be allocated beam national Nuclear Data Committee. Continuing time. NIST staff participated in an initial nm of experimental collaborations include an effort at this experiment in Grenoble in the summer of the Ohio University Tandem Accelerator to I 1996. (F. Wietfeldt, J. Nico, D. Gilliam, J. refine the angular distribution data for the very Adams, and G. Jones) important hydrogen scattering cross section j standard. (A. Carlson and R. Schrack) Neutron Dosimetry for Reactor Safety Assess- ment. Through a cooperative agreement with the Dissemination of National Standards of

I Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, NIST Radioactivity. The Radioactivity Group dissem- I

I provides measurement assurance services and inated the national standards of radioactivity consultation related to I neutron dosimetry and mainly through the following three activities:

57 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION

(1) Over 700 radioactivity standard reference including ®°Sr, ^^^Cs, 234 239-240py materials (SRMs) were provided. (2) Over 200 232Th, u^ 235u^ 238p^ comparative measurements and reports of trace- certified. The mean values were reported for an ability were provided to federal regulatory additional 10 uncertified radionuclides: ^^^I, agencies, radiopharmaceutical manxifacturers, 155eu, 210po, 210pb, 214p^^ 214^^^ 228^^^ commercial suppliers of calibration sources and ^^'^Np, and ^^lAm. The standard reference services, and the nuclear-power industry. Indus- material in unit quantities of about 100 gm each trial steering committees guided the work of four will be available by the end of 1996. research associates in cooperative testing pro- The second standard for ocean studies is

grams. (3) Over 60 calibrations of customer dried shellfish flesh. Shellfish is a material sources were provided. (L.L. Lucas, J.C. Cessna, widely assayed for radionuclide content because and J.M.R. Hutchinson) it is a bioaccumulator and is part of the human diet. Approximately 350 kg of dried shellfish Glow-Discharge Resonance Ionization Mass from the western Pacific Ocean, Irish Sea and Spectrometry. Work continued on the develop- White Sea are now available for processing. ment of a glow-discharge initiated mass spec- Interlaboratory comparisons are being planned trometer system which would permit the direct with international expert laboratories for 1997. compositional analysis of soils and sediments for Bone as a sink of a number of long-lived radioactive and non-radioactive trace elements. radionuclides is a key organ for biokinetics For effective radioassay, a sensitivity in the model development and dosimetry studies. range of 10“ is useful for most environmental Development of a bone standard for the bone- contaminants. continuous wave titanium- A seeking radionuclides is one of the most impor- (Ti-Saph) laser incorporated sapphire was into tant tasks in ensuring quality control in bone the to initial highly selective system perform sample analysis and for providing a common Z discrimination before isotopic selection in basis for data comparison and evaluation. The the mass spectrometer. Preliminary tests of development of a bone ash standard for low-level this system have been performed. (J.M.R. radioactivity measurements provides a great Hutchinson) analytical challenge in radiochemistry because Natural Matrix Standards. In October 1977, the of its high calciiun and phosphate content. The International Committee for Radionuclide standard is being characterized for ®®Sr, Metrology sponsored a symposium at Woods and U, Th and Pu among international radiobio- Hole, Massachusetts to define needs and initiate assay expert laboratories. (K.G.W. Inn and Z. programs to develop natural matrix radioactivity Lin) standards. The term “natural matrix standard” Chemical Speciation of Environmental Radio- (NMS) refers to a standard of radioactivity which activity. The primary concerns associated with is contained in a matrix, such as homogeneously radionuclides in the environment are: (1) migra- soil or vegetation, in the chemical forms as same tion through natural systems; and (2) bioavail- are found in the environment. Since that time ability via the food chain. The problem is that six NMSs have been issued: River Sediment, ionizing radiation in sufficient doses can affect a Human Lung, Human Liver, Rock Flats Soil ^^1, variety of processes in higher organisms. Since Freshwater Lake Sediment, and Peruvian Soil. the mobility and bio-availability of radioactive Three more are under development as fol- elements in the environment must be dependent lows: upon the element’s chemical speciation, the Over the past decades, on the order of characterization of the element’s physico-chem- lO^^Bq nuclear waste have been stored in the ical forms in soils and sediments is a key factor oceans. Potential contamination of the oceans in understanding and predicting the migrational from leaking nuclear waste has caused world- behavior of trace metals and radionuclides. One wide concern. Because the determination of low- widely used empirical approach for describing level radioactivity in ocean sediment is a difficrdt speciation is the application of sequential-chem- technical task, a basis for measurement quality ical extractions. assurance, methods verification, and data com- NIST is now exploring the possibility of parability is needed. The NIST ocean sediment certifying Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) Standard Reference Material (SRM-4355) is being for soils and sediments by “fraction” as well as developed using a composite of 1% contami- for “total” concentration as indicators of the nated Irish Sea sediment and 99% Chesapeake bioavailability of radionuclides in the environ- Bay sediment by weight. Twelve radionuclides ment. A statistical, experimentally designed.

58 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION

sequential leaching, radiochemical separating, comparison to be made between the three and low-level beta-particle counting procedure sources as a check of both measurement consis- has been designed and will be carried out in tency and solution stability. After adjusting the collaboration with Florida State University to data from the 1968 and 1984 measxurements to establish a reference method. The seven-step include the latest available nuclear data for both extraction procedure will be optimized for Pu, U, ®^Ni and ^H, we found the three measurements and ®°Sr from the following fractions: exchange- to be in agreement to within 0.3%. Because of ables, carbonates, reducibles, organics, iron and this remarkable consistency over a 27 year span, manganese oxides, acid leachables, and silicates. the three data sets provided enough data to Four experimental conditions (reagent concen- make the first-ever determination by radioactive tration, pH, duration of extraction period, and decay of the ®^Ni half-life. Using these data, we temperature of reaction) were identified as determined the half-life to be 101.06 ± 1.97 a. A potentially significant parameters. The study will critical review of measurements of the ®^Ni half- begin by optimizing the method using SRM 4357 life was performed, resulting in a new recom-

(Ocean Sediment). (K.G.W. Inn and M. Schultz) mended value of 101 . 1 ± 1 .4 a. A series of articles addressing all of these topics has been published Photo-nuclear Produced Radioactivities. The (see Appendix A). (B.E. Zimmerman and R. MIRF facility has been used to produce positron CoUe) emitting radioactivities. Techniques have been developed to characterize those sources. Efficien- Final Results for the International Intercom- cies for positron emission, which have been parison of Marine-Atmospheric Radon Measure- stopped and annihilated, have been developed ments. The importance of various kinds of high and compared, when appropriate, with associ- quahty radon measurement data to the world’s ated gamma-ray emission from the decay. Radio- atmospheric transport modelers was identified in activities characterized this last year included the preceding highlight. In 1991-1992, NIST i 26 I8p j The last radionuclide is of conducted an in situ calibration and intercom- particular interest as a high gamma-ray energy parison exercise for marine atmospheric radon emission rate standard for Ge detector cahbra- measurements. The participating laboratories tion. has a 3303.6 keV gamma-ray with a have been responsible for perhaps 95% of the probability per decay of 0.123. This abundant available svudace-level measurements gathered emission and readily prepared radioactivity around the globe over the last decade. The allows the extension of the current efficiency results of this intercomparison exercise have at curve to that energy. (F.J. Schima) last been fully published in a series of articles Standardization and Decay Studies. that appeared in the Journal of Geophysical Standard solutions of ®^Ni have recently been Research and Journal of Research ofNIST. The prepared and were disseminated as NIST SRM intercomparison utilized a common standard- 4226C. The solutions were calibrated by 47r/3 ized, in situ, reference basis (provided by NIST) liquid scintillation (LS) spectrometry with ^H- that could be directly related to U.S. national, standard efficiency tracing. This radionuclide is and internationally, recognized, ^^®Ra and ^^^Rn of interest to the nuclear reactor community standards, and evaluated the performance of all because it is often found in reactor environments principal instruments that are used to measure as the neutron activation product of nickel radon activity concentrations for marine- present in the steel used in construction of those atmospheric studies. The findings will assist facilities. Certain physical properties, namely a various users in the global modeling community low energy (66.945 ±0.004 keV) and a rela- in applying the available and future radon tively long hcilf-life (101.1 ± 1.4 a) also make it measvurement data bases in a more reliable and attractive for radionuchdic metrology studies, as effective maimer. The work went beyond serving it tends to be a more sensitive indicator of effects the needs ofjust this particular intercomparison. in measurement technique and procedures than It also demonstrated the broader utility of the would a radionuclide with a higher jS" energy. developed procedures, i.e., the calibration proto- This SRM is gravimetrically related to two others col and the methodology for providing in situ previously prepared by NIST/NBS (SRM 4226, standardized samples. Most environmental prepared in 1968 and calibrated by microcalo- measurement intercomparisons of field instru- rimetry, and SRM 4226B, prepared in 1984 and ments in actual use merely rely on evaluating calibrated with 47r/3 LS spectrometry with ^H- the relative performance of the participants, or standard efficiency tracing). This allows a some comparison to the pooled results. This PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION

exercise demonstrated, for the very first time, from their respective certified uncertainty assess- the capability of providing a standardized refer- ments, is about 0.7%. A paper on these results ence basis even for such low-level, field-measure- was published in Applied Radiation Isotopes. ment intercomparisons. The developed method- (B.E. Zimmerman and R. CoUe) ologies could be adopted with slight modifica- Development of Standard for the Palliative tions to cover other radon concentration ranges Therapy Radionuclide As part of an and other applications, and could be employed increasingly active program to develop national in many other types of radon environmental standards for radionuclides of interest to the field-measurement intercompairisons. (R. CoUe) nuclear medicine community, this group has International Intercomparison of ®^Ni and recently performed a calibration of ^^^™Sn, ®®Fe. The Radioactivity Group recently partici- which is currently under study for use in pallia- pated in an international measurement inter- tive therapy for pain associated with metastatic comparison for ®^Ni and ^^Fe, which was con- bone cancer. The calibration was performed ducted amongst principal national radionuclidic using three techniques: 7-ray spectrometry with metrology laboratories. The intercomparison was HPGe detectors, 7-ray spectrometry with a 4ir sponsored by EUROMET, and was primarily 30 cm Nal(Tl) system, and 4Trfi liquid scintiUa- intended to evaluate the capabilities of liquid tion (LS) spectrometry. Data were obtained using scintillation spectrometry techniques for assays HPGe spectrometry to confirm the probability of nuclides that decay by low-energy 8 “ emis- / per decay of the major emissions. A procedure sion (like ®^Ni) and by low-Z (atomic number) for the direct standardization of this isomeric electron capture (like ^^Fe). Prelimincuy results radioactivity based on sum coincidence peaks is from this intercomparison reveal an excellent underway. This procedure would aUow calibra- agreement for ®^Ni between the NIST finding tion of sources using an HPGe detector and those from other participating laboratories. with adequate resolution. Data were also The results for ^^Fe suggest that we need to obtained for the re-determination of the half-life conduct rigorous, systematic evaluations of our using aU three detection systems and included LS capabilities in assaying radionuclides that an additional measurement using the NIST decay by low-Z electron capture. (R. CoUe and ionization chamber. The half-life was fotmd to be B.E. Zimmerman) 19.98 d±0.04, the weighted average of the LS, Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry Inter- HPGe, Nal(Tl), and ionization chamber measure- comparison of Tritiated Water Standards. Radio- ments. This value is 3% higher than the ENSDF- - recommended value, which is based upon a activity standards of tritiated water (^H20 ) disseminated by the LPRI and the NIST, the single measurement. Our evaluation of all national radionuclidic metrology and standard- ^^^"^Sn half-life measurements, including our ization laboratories of France and U.S.A., respec- new data, indicates that the ENSDF recommen- tively - have been intercompared by liquid dation is an outlier. scintillation (LS) spectrometry. The ratio of the This radionuclide is particularly exciting certified massic activities for the two standards because of the greater uptake of ^^^'"Sn(4-t-) was compared to that obtained from direct DTPA in bone tissue relative to the marrow. measurements on matched sets of LS cocktails Compared to other commonlyrused bone pallia- prepared from the standards. Seven experi- tion radionuclides such as ®®Sr, ^^P, and ^®®Re, mental trials (involving a total of 21 counting there is as much as a 4-fold increase in the ratio somrces for each standard) were performed for of bone-sixrface dose to bone-marrow dose with the comparison. The trials were performed under the use of ^^^"'Sn(4-i-)DTPA. This suggests that a wide range of experimental conditions, includ- a much higher dose can be given to the patient ing use of two different LS spectrometers and before marrow toxicity levels are reached, possi- three series of LS cocktail compositions (with bly leading to the ability to treat the metastases systematically varied detection efficiencies). themselves. An additional advantage in using The results exhibited an apparent mean dis- is the presence of a 159 keV 7-ray, which agreement between standards of less than 0.4% allows the uptake and distribution of the radio- on a relative basis. For contrast, the relative nuclide to studied with conventional imaging combined standard uncertainty on the massic devices. (B.E. Zimmerman, J.T. Cessna, F.J. activity ratio for the two standards, as obtained Schima, and M.P. Unterweger)

60 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION

Calibration of Large-Area Beta Sources. FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Calibrations of the 27r|3 emission rates and measurements of homogeneity of several large area Industrial High-Energy Computed Tomog- raphy. sources have been completed. The effects of /3- The MIRF electron linear accelerator backscattering are under investigation in order should provide an adequate source for a test bed to provide accurate values of activities of these for high-energy CT applications. With past and sources for use in cahbrating jS field monitors. current experience apphcations in low- and high- These investigations include comparison of these energy CT, the establishment of capabilities at measurements with Monte Carlo calculations MIRF would provide a valuable resource to performed by Martin Berger. In addition, a pursue collaborations in iimovative areas such method has been developed to estimate the as studies of the solidification front in metal effective source thickness, an important param- castings, a subject for which we have been eter in relating the measured rate to the activity. approached. The construction of a high-energy (M.P. Unterweger and P. Hodge) x-ray camera system, scheduled for this year, will help position us to contribute in such Iodine-129. is a very long-hved (the half studies. fife is 15 milhon years) fission product that can be significantly concentrated by some organ- Radiofullerene Tracer Development. Based on isms. Hence there is interest in monitoring this the progress to-date on the development of radionuclide in food and in the environment. radiofuUerenes, NIST should soon be poised to Isotopically-enriched was obtained from the produce radioendofuUerenes, based on a variety Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This material of useful radionuclides, for applications as contains approximately 96 atom-percent tracers in biomedical, materials and process The activity was calibrated by 47r6(LS)-7-anti- studies. The potential advantage, particularly for coincidence counting and the material is now biomedical apphcations, is the rather complete available as Standard Reference Material (SRM) chemical and biological isolation of the chosen 4949C. (L.L. Lucas) radionuclide in the fullerene nano-chamber

Iron-55. ^^Fe is a radionuclide with a half fife which, along with the ability to attach site- of 2.9 years that is produced with great effi- specific molecules to the fullerene cage, will ciency whenever iron is irradiated with neu- provide for far greater flexibihty in constructing trons. It is a very common byproduct of reactor an effective radiopharmaceutical than is pres- operation. ^^Fe decays by electron capture and ently available. The availability of the MIRF emits only low-energy (5 keV) x-rays. Hence, its electron linear accelerator, the NIST reactor, and calibration is more difficult than most of the the resident expertise in otir division provides a radionucUdes for which standards are issued. strong base for such development. The massic activity is being measured in the Brachytherapy Dosimetry. An estimated NIST 4Tr(e -I- X)-7-anticoincidence counting sys- 60,000 brachytherapy procedures are currently tem using ^^Mn as the efficiency-tracing radio- performed annually in the U.S., with the poten- nuclide. The half-life data are being reevaluated tial to increase to 500,000 with the advent of and SRM 4929E will be issued shortly. (L.L. intravascular brachytherapy in the treatment of Lucas) heart disease. Critical to the quahty assurance of Cesium-137. ^^^Cs is a long-lived (the half life absorbed dose measurements in such procedures is 30 years) fission product that is used as a is traceabihty to national standards. We have gamma-ray source for irradiation and detector provided early leadership in the dosimetry of cahbration and as a fission monitor for nuclear beta-emitting brachytherapy sources, and now fuel. For this reason, SRM 4233 and its subse- we should develop a coherent program for the quent reissues have been certified in terms of measurement of absorbed dose in water or tissue activity both and number of ^^^Cs atoms. The for all such sources, including photon-emitting ^^^Cs massic activity was measured in the NIST radionuchdes. 4Tr(e + X)-7-anticoincidence counting system using ^^“^Cs as the efficiency-tracing radio- Industrial Electron-Beam Dosimetry Calibra- nuchde. The massic number of ^^^Cs atoms was tions. Radiation processing by electron beams measured by isotope dilution mass spectrometry with energies from about 0.1 to 25 MeV are using ultra-pure ^^^Cs as the diluting isotope. carried out in an estimated 700-1000 facihties, The latest reissue of this standard is now avail- with such use on an increasing path. With the able as SRM 4233D. (L.L. Lucas) MIRF electron accelerator capable of beam

61 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION

energies of 7 to 32 MeV, and the electron Van de application, (ii) The Nuclear Regulatory Commis- Graaff, with energies from 1 to 4 MeV, NIST has sion is moving toward increasing sensitivity the resources to address the need for the direct requirements for in situ measurements of radio- electron-beam calibrations and traceable refer- activity by a factor of 10 from that which can be ence measurement services for much of the attained by the present Ge-based systems. NIST range involved in industrial processing. will investigate and develop imaging plate technology for the measurement of very low level Magnetically Trapped Ultra Cold Neutrons. In activities in site remediation, breakdown in collaboration with physicists at Harvard Univer- m microchips by alpha particle contaminants and sity an Ultra Cold Neutron (UCN) experiment is other areas. planned, based on “superthermal” cooling of neutrons with wavelength 0.89 nm to the ultra Radiopharmaceuticals and Nuclear Medicine. cold neutron energy range by exchange of a National laboratories, universities, and radio- single phonon (per neutron) in a superfluid bath pharmaceutical companies report that they are of liquid helium. The initial application of this investigating about three dozen potential radio- UCN source will be a neutron lifetime experi- pharmaceuticals. In many cases, the decay ment with potential improvement in accuracy of scheme and calibration data are suspect. In better than a factor of 10 compared to the pres- order to facilitate licensing of these materials, ent best value. NIST must provide the necessary calibration data and accompanying measurements prior to Neutron Tomography. Recent improvements Food and Drug Administration approval. The in CCD imaging systems and the widespread Radioactivity Group will continue to collaborate availability of computed tomography (CT) and with researchers in the early phases of radio- 3D image reconstruction software have made it pharmaceutical development to hopefully possible to set up a neutron CT imaging system decrease the amoimt of time necessary to com- with only modest resources. Neutron CT imag- plete the approval process. ing can complement x-ray CT scans by providing higher sensitivity to hydrogen, boron, lith- Traceability for Low-level Radiochemistry ium and certain other elements and isotopes in Metrology. Many tens of thousands of low-level many important industrial apphcations. radiochemical measurements are made annually to support environmental remediation and Laser Polarization of Neutrons. Commercial occupational health programs. The credibility of developments in the production of inexpensive these measurements have been based on partici- diode lasers may make laser polarization of pation in regulation driven performance evalua- neutrons by spin exchange the method of choice tion programs of limited scope. The fundamental for both materials science and neutron physics flaw that the metrology community recognizes is experiments. However, research in non-perturb- that there is a lack of direct linkage to the ing compression of low density polarized ^He national radioactivity standards. This situation from direct optical pumping of metastable ^He is being addressed in the publication of three may lead to an even less expensive method. ANSI Standards. These three consensus stan- Both possibilities are being pursued. The apph- dards call for a traceability testing program that cation of laser-polarized inert gases to medical links the quality of operational measurements to magnetic resonance imaging is also being inves- the national standards. The Radioactivity Group tigated through a collaboration with the Univer- is planning a user group workshop for early sity of Pennsylvania. January 1997 to establish such a traceability Development and Calibration of Very-low testing program for low-level radiochemistry. Level Measurement Techniques, (i) A fast, Laboratories expressing early interest include: inexpensive method for atom cotmting based on Westinghouse Carlsbad, University of New Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry will Mexico at Carlsbad, Sandia National Laboratory, continue to be developed. Although much prog- and EPA Montgomery. Initially, it is anticipated ress in this program has been made, the sensi- that the program will include both the environ- tivity must be improved by Licreasing the duty mental restoration and radiobioassay communi- cycle. A Ti(Saph) laser is being adapted for this ties.

PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION

63 PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION

Overleaf

Image of Mercury Ions in a Linear Electromagnetic Trap. This picture shows three identical images of the same string of trapped ^®®Hg ions being studied as a possible atomic frequency standard. The ions are illuminated with radiation at 194 nm and fluoresce to produce this image in a special ultra-violet imaging system. Studies involving both microwave and ultra-violet transitions indicate strong potential for higher-accuracy frequency standards. The gaps m the string result from the presence of impurity ions, most likely other isotopes of mercury that do not fluoresce at the same frequency as does ^^^Hg.

64 .

PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION

MISSION

The mission of the Time and Frequency Division for WWVB. At a somewhat higher output power, is to support U.S. industry and science by pro- these LF broadcasts could become substantially viding measurement services and research in more useful for mobile and consumer applica- time and frequency and related technology. To tions, because the antenna/receiver cost and size fulfill this mission the Division engages in: would be very small. The Division also operates development and operation of standards of telephone and network time services, including time and frequency and coordination of them the Automated Computer Time Services (ACTS), with other world standards; designed for setting clocks in digital systems. development of optical frequency standards The network (Internet) service is the newer of supporting wavelength and length metrology; the two and already receives nearly 200,000 provision of time and frequency services to calls per day. These broadcasts serve applica- the United States; and tions in a broad range of systems in business, basic and applied research in support of telecommunications, science, transportation, future standards, dissemination services, and and radio/TV broadcasting. Industry calibration measurement methods. laboratories are served by the Division’s Fre- The work supporting length metrology quency Measurement Service, a system that derives from the definitional dependence of the provides these laboratories with continuous meter on the second. This Division work con- assurance of the accuracy of their frequency tributes to a larger program in the Precision measurements Engineering Division (MEL), which has primary Improved Time Scales. The NIST Time Scale responsibility for length and its dissemination. is the flywheel clock system that provides accu- ORGANIZATION rate signals for services and appfications and that serves as a reference for research on new The Division is organized into eight technical standards and measurement methods. The Groups: Time & Frequency Services, Time Scale reliability and stability of this time scale is based & Coordination, Cesium Standards, Ion Storage, on the use of an ensemble of commercial Phase Noise Measurements, Laser Spectroscopy, cesiiim-beam standards and hydrogen masers Optical Frequency Measurements, and Network combined under the control of a computer- Timing. The Groups are necessarily small, and implemented algorithm. The Division is working the Group Leaders are thus able to function to improve the performance of the time scale by primarily as technical leaders within their areas. acquiring more-stable clocks and improving The unifying theme of time-and-frequency electronic systems that read the clock outputs. technology requires strong interactions among These improvements are critical to the success- the Groups. During 1995 and 1996, the Division ful evaluation and use of the next generation of hosted 44 guest researchers and 12 postdocs. primary standards now being developed by the Division.

CURRENT DIRECTIONS New Frequency Standards. The accuracy of Time and Frequency Broadcast Services. The the time scale is derived from primary frequency Division provides time and frequency broadcasts standards that provide the practical realization definition advanc- from stations WWV and WWVB in Fort CoUins, of the of the second. To meet Colorado and from WWVH in Hawaii and a time ing needs, the Division built a new frequency code broadcast from NOAA’s GOES weather standard, NIST-7, which went into operation in satellites. Last year, the Division initiated an early 1993. This atomic-beam standard is based effort to upgrade the equipment and power level on optical pumping methods (using diode lasers)

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rather than the traditional magnetic methods standards in making accurate spectroscopic used for state selection and detection. The measurements in industrial and scientific pro- " ^ current uncertainty for this standard is 5 x 1 0 ® grams. The program has recently been expanded but further improvement in evaluation methods to include a responsibility for developing should allow for improvement perhaps to the advanced optical-frequency standards to support level ofl or 2x10“^^. The Division is construct- improved length measurement and standards. ing a new cesium-fountain frequency standard Development of Improved Spectral-Purity that should be in operation within the next year Measurements. The Division’s development of (this work is joint with the Atomic Physics new spectral-purity measurements supports Division). Looking toward still higher accuracy, sound specifications for a range of aerospace the Division is studying standards based on systems. Systems capable of making highly trapped, laser-cooled atomic ions. Ion standards accurate measurements of both phase-modula- offer promise of accuracy improvements of many tion (PM) and amplitude-modulation (AM) noise orders of magnitude. While the ion studies have have been developed for carrier frequencies involved demonstrations of protot3q3e clocks, the ranging from 5 MHz to 75 GHz. Portable systems work is treated as basic research providing the covering this same range have also been devel- knowledge base for future, more-accurate stan- oped and these are being used to validate dards. measurements made in industrial and govern- Improved Methods of Time Transfer. Since the ment laboratories. Further work will broaden the world operates on a unified time system. Coordi- spectral coverage and simplify comparison of nated Universal Time (UTC), highly accurate measurement accuracy among standards labora- time transfer (to coordinate time internationally) tories. New PM and AM calibration services have is a critical ingredient in standards operations. been brought into operation over the last several The Division has long been a world leader in this years. field. The Division is working to further improve SynchronizationforTelecommunications.The the NIST-developed, GPS Common-View Time Division has been actively engaged with the Transfer Method which is the standard for telecommunications industry in issues relating international time coordination. The Division is to synchronization of advanced generations of also continuing efforts to improve the Two-Way telecommunications networks. NIST has made Time Transfer Method which promises still useful contributions to emerging telecommxmica- higher transfer accuracy. A two-way link to tions systems, but with expansion of effort by Europe has been implemented, and another two- the Division, it is clear that NIST could con- way link to the Pacific region is imder develop- tribute even more significantly to this industry. ment. The industry has requested such expansion. The improved Optical Frequency Standards. The Division is working through the initiative process to increase base funding in this area. Division is also engaged in developing improved optical frequency measurements important for Application of Time and Frequency Tech- primary frequency standards, secondary wave- nology. Finally, the Division is engaged in the length standards based on atomic-and-molecular application of time and frequency technology to transitions, advanced optical communication, important problems in high-resolution spectros- analytical instrumentation, and length measure- copy and quantum-limited measurements. ment. There are several facets to this program. There is of course the interest in developing TECHNICAL HIGHLIGHTS future primary frequency standards based on optical transitions, since in general, higher Rabi Pedestal Shifts as a Diagnostic Tool in frequency transitions yield a better fractional- Primary Frequency Standards. Jon Shirley, frequency uncertainty. Another area of effort is David Lee, and Bob DruUinger of the Time and on diode lasers which can have very high spec- Frequency Division in Boulder, in collaboration tral purity, tunability, simplicity, and low cost. with Daniel Rovera of the Laboratoire Primaire The approach taken in this work is to prove du Temps et des Frequences in Paris, have concepts through demonstration of working developed a new method for evaluating certain systems. The Division also develops accurate systematic frequency shifts in primary cesium optical frequency and wavelength references frequency standards. They use a digital servo to the offset between such as the CO2 laser and the calcium-stabilized system measure frequency diode laser. Such frequency references serve as the Rabi pedestal and the Ramsey fringe for aU PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION

seven components of the hyperfine transition perform the various ftmctions needed to rim the observed in a cesium-beam standard. Measure- standard. These software objects are not speci- ment of the dependence of each of these shifts fically designed around a given piece of hard- on microwave power enables them to separate ware, but rather define the very general func- three distinct causes: Rabi pulling, cavity tionality of the object. The software objects pulling, and magnetic field inhomogeneity. interact with the hardware components through The method was used to evaluate these three device drivers. Thus, new or different hardware shifts for NIST-7, NIST’s new optically pumped components can be introduced without major cesium-beam frequency standard. The method rewriting of software. This will greatly simplify indicates a shift due to magnetic-field inhomo- development work on future frequency stan- geneity of2xlO“^^,a shift due to cavity pulling dards. Furthermore, the objects can communi- of 6x 10"^^, and a shift due to Rabi pulling cate with each other through the network, so of less than lx 10"^®. One advantage of the that interactions among the various components method is that it requires frequency measure- can be easily reconfigured. One benefit of this ments no better than 1x10“^^ to evaluate these work is that new concepts for evaluating errors exceedingly small frequency biases. This work is or modifying the mode of operation of the stan- part of a continuing effort to find additional dard can be tested quickly, since httle effort is independent methods for measuring each of the needed to implement such changes. (D. Lee) systematic errors in NIST-7. The shifts measured Development of a Cesium-Fountain Fre- in this manner are consistent with previous quency Standard. A cesium-fountain frequency measurements using other methods, and add standard has been designed and is now imder confidence to the NIST-7 uncertainty statement construction in a collaborative effort involving which is now 5 x 10" staff of the Time and Frequency Division and the This and other new evaluation methods hold Atomic Physics Division as well as staff of the the potential for improving accuracy, perhaps by Politecnico di Torino and the Istituto Elettro- a factor of five. This means that the original goal tecnico Nacionale Galileo Ferraris (also in of an improvement of a factor of ten could be Torino). An agreement between NIST and the extended to a factor of one hundred, producing two Italian institutions formally estabhshes the the largest performance advance for any fre- international collaboration. The end point of this quency standard constructed at NIST. These work will have two fountain standards at NIST advances give NIST a more comfortable margin and one at each of the two Italian Institutions. over commercial frequency standards which are Bob DruUinger, Fred Walls, Tom Parker, Steve now approaching uncertainties of 1 x 10” (R. Jefferts, David Lee, Jon Shirley, Leo HoUberg, DruUinger) Don Jennings, and Dawn Meekhof of the Time Electronic Control Systems for Primary Fre- and Frequency Division are now assembling the quency Standards. David Lee and Craig Nelson first of these devices in Boulder. This should be are developing completely new electronic control in preliminary operation by early summer. Steve systems for NIST-7. While their first system will Ralston and Bill PhiUips of the Atomic Physics be specific to NIST-7, their design philosophy Division are studying a new method for trans- provides for an evolution that can support future verse cooling. If successful, this coohng method standards such as cesium-fountain and hnear- might then be incorporated in the Boulder ion-trap frequency standards. The design brings standard allowing for operation at a higher flux together four work stations interconnected with without serious collisional effects. Andrea a local optical-fiber network. The fiber connec- DeMarchi of the PoUtecnico di Torino has been tions dramatically reduce problems associated involved with the design, particularly that of the with electrical groimd loops bringing substan- microwave cavity. tially more order to the overall grounding of the This new standard operates by launching different components of the standard. laser-cooled cesiiun atoms vertically through a The hardware changes are the most visible microwave cavity. Then, under the influence of aspect of this advance, but perhaps the most gravity, they fall back through the same cavity important progress in the new system is the allowing Ramsey-type interrogation without the introduction of object-oriented programming usual end-to-end cavity phase shift. The atoms techniques in the software. Using these tech- move more slowly than those in an atomic beam niques, software objects such as microwave standard, so the Doppler shifts are much lower. frequency synthesizers, digital c-field supphes, Furthermore, the long observation time results and cesium-oven controllers are developed to in a narrower linewidth. This standard should PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION

operate with an uncertainty of less than Presently, the ion used for both standards is

I 1 10" the is^Hg"^. first- i X and has advantage of using the Trapping of ions eliminates the same time-defining transition as is used in order Doppler shift and laser cooling reduces the

I present cesium-beam standards. (R. DruUinger) second-order Doppler shift to a very low value. Since observation times can be extremely long, Frequency Synthesizers for Primary Fre- linewidths can be very narrow leading to high quency Standards. Over the last several years stability, even for a small number of ions. For Fred Walls of the Division has developed a state- this system, fundamental systematic uncertain- of-the-art synthesizer design that should prove ties are known to nearly one part in 10^® on the useful for the next several generations of pri- optical clock transition. Of course, other tech- mary atomic frequency standards. These new nical problems might limit performance short of generations of standards demand exceptionally this goal. low-phase-noise sources for interrogation of the I In a preliminary test of the microwave stan- clock transition. His synthesizer exhibits a I dard, the group has demonstrated a frequency fractional frequency stability of 1x10"^® at i stability of 3x10"^^ at 1 ,000 s, but further work 20 min and 1 x 10" at 1 day. This should be should improve this result. The dominant more than adequate for all frequency standards systematic effect appears to be caused by a now under development. The synthesizer is second-order magnetic field shift due to the being used on NIST-7 and the linear ion stan- presence of currents flowing in the trap elec- dard, and it will be used for cesium-fountain trodes at the trap drive frequency. Efforts are projects in both the Time and Frequency Divi- currently underway to reduce this shift and sion and the Atomic Physics Division. Copies of establish a calibration procedure to remove its the synthesizer have also been delivered to the effects. (J. Bergquist) Naval Research Laboratory and to a standards laboratory in Brazil, and four more synthesizers Crystalline Nonneutral Plasmas. An atomic are being constructed for standards projects in frequency standard with good signal-to-noise other coimtries. (F. Walls) performance can be constructed using large numbers (>10^) of ions contained in a Perming A 100 MHz Timing Distribution Amplifier. Fred trap (which achieves trapping using static mag- Walls, in collaboration with Marco Siccardi, netic and electric fields). However, to date it has Stephania Romisch, and Andrea De Marchi of been difficult to precisely characterize and the Politecnico de Torino in Italy, have devel- control the Doppler shifts associated with the oped a 100 MHz frequency distribution amplifier magnetron rotation of such a stored ion plasma. that can support advanced timing measure- Recently, Joseph Tan, John Bollinger, Pei ments, even at the performance levels of the Huang, Wayne Itano, Brana Jelenkovic, and next generations of atomic frequency standards. Dave Wineland of the Division have cooled such Typical timing distribution systems use 5 or a plasma to form a rigid solid, and have devel- 10 MHz signals, but, due to the sensitivity of oped a method for controlling the rotation rate of currently available phase detectors to both this rotating solid. Their methods bring promise temperature and rf amplitude, much better for the development of a frequency standard of timing performance can be achieved at 100 MHz. high accuracy and excellent short-term stability. The amplifier provides five outputs for one In addition, they now have strong indications input and exhibits signal isolation of better than that their plasmas are sufficiently large that they 100 dB. The 1/f noise added by the amplifier exhibit bulk behavior and could be used to study stages is extremely low, - 163 dBc/Hz at 10 Hz. infinite, strongly coupled one-component In addition, a very good match to 50 Q at both plasmas. This is significant because such the input and output reduces the voltage- plasmas are models of dense astrophysical standing-wave ratio, thus minimizing the phase matter and this is the first laboratory system errors that accompany signal reflection. (F. with the potential of generating them in the WaUs) strongly coupled regime.

' Demonstration of a Cryogenic Linear-ion-Trap The group had previously observed Bragg Frequency Standard. John Miller, Dana Berke- scattering of laser light from crystallized I land, Bergquist, Itano, Dave the rotation of the con- I Jim Wayne and plasmas, but plasma Wineland of the Time and Frequency Division verted the usual Laue dot pattern to one of

I have developed a cryogenic linear-ion-trap concentric rings. This did not allow identification system that can be used to investigate both of the lattice type. In recent experiments they microwave and optical frequency standards. to the j have gated (gate time small compared

68 PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION

rotation period) an imaging system synchron- fluctuations in the measured number of absorb- ously with the plasma rotation. This has allowed ers (atomic ions in this case) that are observed to them to recover the Laue dot pattern and helped undergo the transition of interest. This was the identify the favored lattice type as body centered first observation of this noise source in spectros- cubic (bcc). This is the predicted lattice for an copy, and the Group developed and confirmed infinite, strongly coupled one-component the theory that describes it. plasma. The group has also used a “rotating Having reached this noise floor, John wall” to precisely control the magnetron rotation Bollinger, Wayne Itano, and Dave Wineland of of the crystalline plasma. The rotating wall is a the Group then proposed a method for using rotating electric field generated by six electrodes quantum-mechanically correlated states to arranged around the equator of the trap. Bragg reduce the noise below this level. The promise of scattering studies show that the crystalline this method was sufficiently high that a program plasma orientation can be phase locked to the aimed at realizing the concept was initiated. rotating electric field. This allows precise repro- Their approach involved the development of a duction of the same rotation rate from experi- linear ion trap capable of storing one-dimen- ment to experiment, an important step in con- sional “strings” of ions along the trap axis. As trolling the time dilation shift due to the plasma this work progressed, I. Cirac and P. ZoUer from rotation. Other conditions that need to be the University of Innsbruck proposed using an controlled to produce a constant time dilation identical configuration to produce a quantum shift are the number of trapped ions and the computer. The synergism of these two appar- strengths of the trapping fields. (J. Bollinger) ently disparate projects, an atomic frequency standard and a quantum computer, is extremely high. In fact, the work that needs to be done to prove the quantum-computer idea will lead quite naturally to the reduced-noise frequency standard, so work on these two projects is now being 0 pursued concurrently. In the first phase of the computer project, Chris Monroe, Dawn Meekhof, Brian King, Wayne Itano, and Dave Wineland of the Time I and Frequency Division have demonstrated the operation of a two-bit “controlled-NOT” quantum logic gate, a fundamental building block of a quantum computer. The two quantum bits are stored in the internal and external degrees of freedom of a single trapped ion which is first laser-cooled to the zero-point energy. This gate is a simplified version of the Cirac/Zoller scheme. Although this minimal system is not useful for computation, it illustrates the basic Figure 1. Synchronized Bragg-scattering operations and the problems associated with pattern for a cooled ion plasma. The crystal- constructing a large scale quantum computer. lized plasma rotates at a frequency of The interest in quantum computation stems 140 kHz, so the imaging system required for from the fact that certain problems can be more these observations must be gated in proper efficiently solved on a quantum computer than phase with the rotation to obtain this pattern. classical computer. particular, The rectangulcir outline near the center is a on a In a quan- stop inserted to block the direct laser beam. A tum computer should be able to factorize large regular grid can be drawn through these dots numbers very efficiently. This is of interest, providing evidence that this is a bcc lattice because the security of many data encryption schemes relies on the inability of classical com- Quantum Limits to Measurement and a Quan- puters to factorize large numbers. (D. Wineland) tum Computer. In earlier experiments, the Ion Observation of a Schrodinger Cat State. In Storage Group observed what can be called recent experiments in the Division, Chris "quantum projection noise." In spectroscopy, Monroe, Dawn Meekhof, Brian King, and Dave this source of noise is caused by the statistical Wineland generated a “Schrodinger cat-like” PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION

state of matter at the single atom level. In 1935 the number state basis, and the other deter- Schrodinger developed a thought experiment mines the Wigner function. Their techniques, where a cat is placed in a quantum superposi- which are extendable to several simultaneously tion of being dead and ahve (correlated with a trapped ions and to other quantum systems, single radioactive atom that has and has not should allow for weU-controUed experiments on decayed, respectively). The state of the system is decoherence and related phenomena on the represented by an entangled quantum mechan- quantmn-classical borderline. (W. Itano) ical wavefunction involving a superposition of Improvements in the AT1 Time Scale. Tom two different states. This situation of course Parker, Jim Gray, and Judah Levine have imple- defies our sense of reality, where we only mented a number of improvements in the ATI observe live or dead cats and we expect that time scale allowing the Division to more accu- there exist only live and dead cats independent rately realize UTC in real time. Over the last 17 of our observation. This is a classic illustration months, UTC(NIST) has been held within 50 ns of the conflict between the existence of quantum of the international UTC maintained by the superpositions and our real world experience of BIPM. This provides a more accurate time scale observation and measurement. Although super- for dissemination to high-end users in the United position states such as Schrodinger cat states States, and improves the quality of input data to appear to be absent from the macroscopic world, the BIPM on the frequency of the primary- there is great interest in creating mesoscopic frequency standard, NIST-7. systems (systems having both microscopic and The key improvements involve the addition macroscopic feattures and hence bridging the gap of new commercial hydrogen masers and between the quantum and classical worlds). cesium-beam standards to the scale and the These types of experiments may provide an development of new reset procedures m the ATI interesting proving groxmd in the controversial algorithm. The drift rate of the scale was theory of quantum measurement. reduced from 1 x 10“ ^®/day to 3 x 10“ ^^/day. In their experiments, a single laser-cooled The level of random fluctuations of ATI was also and trapped ^Be"^ ion is prepared in a quantvun reduced by a factor of 2 to 2 x 10 “ at 100 days. superposition of two separate localized positions These improvements, shown in Fig. 2, continue correlated with different internal states of the a long history of world leadership in time scale ion. This state is prepared by applying several operation. Further improvements are expected pulses of laser radiation, which “entangle” the as two additional masers are added to the scale. internal (electronic) and external (classical-like (T. Parker) motional) states of the ion. They verify the superposition by detecting the quantum 1/ 1/93 1/ 1/94 1/1/95 1/ 1/96 mechanical interference between the localized wavepackets. Of critical importance in these experiments is the high level of control of the motion of the ion, from the initial laser cooling to the zero-point of energy to the excitation to higher-energy coherent states of motion in the harmonic potential. (C. Monroe)

Quantum States of Motion of a Trapped Atom. In a generalization of the “Schrodinger cat” work. Dawn Meekhof, Didi Leibfried, Chris Monroe, Brian King, Wayne Itano, and Dave Wineland have recently reported the creation and full determination of several quantum states MJD (days) of motion of a ^Be ion bound in a rf (Paul) trap. The states were coherently prepared from an ion Figure 2. NIST time scale performance. UTC that was initially laser cooled to the zero-point of - UTC(NIST) is plotted against the Modified motion. They have created states having both Julian Date (MJD). The time constant for classical and nonclassical character including, steering to intemationed UTC is apparent in thermal, number, coherent, squeezed, and the oscillations. The BIPM feedback of offsets “Schrodinger cat” states. They have then fully between UTC and UTC(NIST) occurs between reconstructed the motional state using two novel 1 and 2 months after data is provided to the schemes. One determines the density matrix in BIPM.

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PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION

carrier-phase ambiguity, that is, in determining Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Trans- that both sites have identified the same cycle of fer (TWSTFT). Christine Hackman, Tom Parker, the carrier and that this identification does not Franklin Ascarrunz, Steve Jefferts, and Victor slip during the observation period. (J. Levine) Zhang have advanced NIST’s TWSTFT capability through four separate projects. In the first, Telecommunications Synchronization. Marc an empirical method was developed for correct- Weiss is leading efforts to integrate synchroniza- ing for effects of imevenly spaced data. Two-way tion concepts developed by the telecommunica- time transfer data is typically taken three days tions industry and by the time-and-frequency per week. Traditional analysis methods, based community. As part of this effort, NIST has now on evenly spaced data, could not properly ac- sponsored five (annual) workshops on synchroni- coimt for the noise in the imevenly spaced data, zation with attendance growing to more than 60 thus limiting knowledge of the measurement participants per year, mostly from U.S. industry. uncertainty. In a second project, a complete These workshops grew out of earlier NIST work analysis was made of the time transfer noise on synchronization interface standards. The first between averaging times of 1 s and 100 days. one was held to familiarize the industry with This first-ever analysis indicated a time variance, NIST-developed methods for characterizing ffx(r), of 100 ps at an averaging time of 100 s and synchronization systems. NIST became involved 1 ns with averaging of 1 day clearly establishing when the industry asked for assistance in devel- the value of the method. In the third project, an oping more useful timing measures. The very investigation was made of systematic variations rapid success of this venture along with the in the delays through the earth station caused rapid acceptance of the measures as national by variations in temperature and microwave and international standards cemented a working power. These measurements provide the basis relationship that has stimulated the continuation for correcting for these effects. Finally, improved of the workshop into something that more nearly automation of analysis of the TWSTFT data was represents a conference on telecommunications implemented saving substantial staff effort in synchronization handling of the large data files involved. (T. In a related project, Steve Jefferts and Marc Parker) Weiss are developing a system for two-way time Multi-Channel GPS Receivers for Time Trans- transfer in optical-fiber (SONET) links for application to synchronization of fer. Judah Levine of NIST, A1 Gifford of the U.S. network nodes. The Naval Observatory, and Tom Bartholomew of system stability has been shown to be better The Analytical Sciences Corporation are collabo- than 100 ps over a period of 4 hours. This work rating on the characterization of time transfer responds to growing international interest in using commercial multi-channel GPS receivers. transmitting timing signals for use within the These receivers make simultaneous observations network. (M. Weiss) of eight GPS satellites and support dual-wave- Possible Standard for SONET Time Transmis- observations can be to esti- length which used sion. A format for transmitting time through mate the satellite-receiver delay associated with SONET systems has recently been developed. the ionosphere. Variations in ionospheric delay The format involves a single byte of SONET uncertainty in are an important contribution to overhead, a part of the SONET frame that does current by GPS time transfer. The method used not go through transmission buffers which cause NIST involves simultaneous “common-view” variation in transmission delay. The format is observations of the same satellite by different already being used by one company that is observers, and subsequent processing of many developing SONET timing systems for the observations to remove common-mode delay Department of Defense. It has also been submit- errors. This new approach uses a simpler “melt- ted to the International Telecommunications ing-pot” algorithm for the time transfer process. Union (ITU) for consideration as an international The current experiments are being carried standard. The ITU has subsequently submitted out between NIST and the Naval observatory. the proposal to a study group for more detailed Making use of the same type of commercial consideration. (J. Levine) receivers, the group also plans to make measurements between NIST and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Algorithm for Improving Time Dissemination Laboratory using carrier-phase observations. Through Networks. In a collaborative effort, Such measruements are potentially more accu- Judah Levine along with David Mills of the rate, but pose a challenge in resolving the University of Delaware and Greg Woods of the

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National for ! Center Atmospheric Research have instabilities in precision bulk-acoustic-wave

! developed an algorithm that is now in use for (BAW) quartz crystal oscillators. This is the most disseminating time signals through the Internet. comprehensive review of this topic in the litera-

I The algorithm separates the noise in the calibra- ture. Their examination of the fundamental I

i tion channel from the noise in the clock itself limits on achievable frequency stabilities and the and adjusts parameters of the algorithm to degree to which these fundamental limits have

j optimize performance. The concept used is an been approached provide researchers with a road

j of earlier for improving the performance of oscilla- I application an patent (granted to NIST) map on a “Smart-Clock” concept for maintaining tors. Highlights of their study include thermody-

I limits to stability, the limits I synchronization of a remote clock to a master namic temperatmre clock with a minimal number of transmissions, imposed by noise generated in the electronic The NIST-patent concept was developed by Dave sustaining stage, the effects of static and

I Allan, Dick Davis, Judah Levine, and Marc dynamic temperature fluctuations, and the Weiss. Their system permits time servers to be possible role of background ionizing radiation on located anywhere on the Internet and minimizes long-term frequency drift. They conclude their variabilities introduced by long network paths. A study with a discussion of the ideal resonator new version of the algorithm is imder develop- and suggest a levitation method for suspending ment. It will improve characterization of the a resonator so as to minimize (or eliminate) the network delays. (J. Levine) non-ideal effects of resonator suspensions. (F. Walls) An Improved Variance for Characterizing Portable Microwave Phase Noise Standards. Oscillators. Dave Howe of the Time and Fre- Fred Walls has designed and constructed quency Division has developed an improved new portable phase noise standards covering the variance, closely related to the Allan variance, frequency range from 10 GHz to 40 GHz. These that provides increased confidence level at long devices generate stable and quantifiable levels of averaging time. This is important because long- phase noise and are used in roimd-robin tests of term data, requiring long measimement time, is user measurement systems. These were devel- the most costly to obtain. As the method is oped with Department of Defense support and adopted, manufacturers of oscillators can expect three of the standards are being suppfied to to either reduce measurement time or increase military calibration laboratories. A fourth system measurement accuracy. is being retained by NIST for its own calibration The improvement follows from the simple services. The device has already been used in observation that the procedure for the Allan several tests of commercial measurement sys- variance, sometimes called the two-sample tems and has proven useful in establishing the variance, measures only frequency variations accuracy of those systems. (F. Walls) with an odd symmetry at and near the longest averaging time resulting in a bias. This work Low Noise RF Devices. Fred Walls, Eva Ferre- constructs a three-sample variance of even Pikal, and Steve Jefferts of the Division have symmetry and combines this result with the collaborated in the development of design rules are proving highly effective in reducing two-sample variance in order to minimize the that close-to-the-carrier noise in semiconductor bias and thus improve the confidence interval. amplifiers and related devices. They initially The process bears a similarity to the method of developed the theory describing just 1/f complex demodulation used in signal processing. how noise enters these devices and then generated The gain in measvuement confidence depends on design rules that would minimize the noise. the noise type involved. For white phase-modula- Amplifiers constructed using their methods tion noise, the improvement for the longest exhibit 1/f noise that is below thermal noise for averaging time in a data set can be better than £ill frequencies above a few hertz. By compar- an order of magnitude. The improvement is ison, in conventional amplifiers this crossover significant, but not quite as dramatic, for higher occurs somewhere between 100 Hz and 1 kHz. A order noise processes. (D. Howe) key component of this research effort was the Fundamental Limits on the Frequency Stabili- development of measurement systems for mea- ties of Crystal Oscillators. Fred walls of NIST suring very low levels of both PM and AM noise. and John Vig of the U.S. Army Research Labora- In order to transfer this capability to industry, tory have recently published a review of the the Division now offers special courses on low

72 PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION

noise amplifier design, and several have been 10 kHz. This noise level is consistent with the presented. Figure 3 shows an example of perfor- Johnson noise produced by the 0.2 Q internal mance improvement (F. Walls) resistance of the cell. The study involved nickel- cadmium, alkaline, Hthium, and mercury cells. -130 A general conclusion of the study was that the . IJ.Li dominant broadband noise process in cells is the -135 N PM - CE amplifier 1 Johnson noise arising from the internal resis- PM -CE amplifier 2 m -140 tance. This clearly indicates that larger capacity batteries with lower internal resistance should U -145 ..V. produce lower voltage noise. The voltage noise V 1 -150 was found to be independent of bias current 2 P- -155 suggesting that shot noise is not significant. The results of this study should provide guidance in A J A 1 electronics applications demanding the lowest \ / possible levels of voltage noise. (F. Walls) Computer Time Services Expand. The Time and Frequency Division operates two time 1 10 1C

Fourier Frequency, Hz services, one through the telephone system and one through the Internet. Both systems have recently been expanded to accommodate ure 3. Phase noise £IS a function of frequency measured from the carrier for a increased usage. The Automated Computer Time bipolar-junction-transistor amplifier. This Service (ACTS), which provides digital signals figure shows the noise performance of both a through the telephone system has been conventional state-of-the-art amplifier and the expanded to fourteen telephone lines, twelve for same amplifier eifter improvements have been use with high-speed modems and two for use at made using the techniques described here. low speed where the modem delay is more predictable. Since this system provides a mecha- for Voltage Noise in Chemical Cells. Chadwick nism measuring telephone transmission delay, the latter Boggs and Alan Doak of the University of Colo- option provides lower time uncertainty (1-3 ms). rado, along with Fred Walls of the Division have ACTS now handles more than calls is still recently reported measurements of voltage noise 10,000 per day and usage growing. on a variety of chemical cells. Chemical cells The NIST Network Time Service (NNTS), have often been used in electronics for their low introduced less than three years ago, has grown ciu-rent drift, isolation of a particular circuit from even more dramatically. Three servers are now other circuits, and low voltage noise. While it is handling nearly 200,000 calls per day and three clear that voltage noise on these cells is small, new servers wfil be added this year bringing the actual values for the voltage noise have not been total to six. Two wiU be in Boulder, two in Gaith- reported, so there has been Httle evidence sug- ersburg and two on the west coast. This will gesting that one type of cell might be better than allow users in the U.S. to select a server in another. reasonable proximity, thus minimizing transmis- This work was made possible by the develop- sion delay. (J. Levine) ment ofa cross-correlation measurement system capable of measuring voltage noise below Windows Software for Net and Telephone - 200 dBV/Hz. The method involves two parallel Time Services. Judah Levine of the Division has measurement channels. Because the measure- recently developed two windows programs, one ment noises in these two channels are com- for use with the Automated Computer Time pletely independent, a cross-correlation of the Service (ACTS) and one for use with the NIST outputs of the two channels effectively rejects Network Time Service (NNTS). These user the measurement noise while recovering the friendly programs will be available for distribu- noise on the device under test. tion upon completion of beta testing. The soft- Nickel-cadmium cells exhibited the lowest ware, including aU source code is made available noise of all cells tested over the frequency range so that commercial software writers can incorpo- from 1 Hz to 60 kHz. An AA-size nickel- rate it into systems with broader application. (J. cadmium cell showed a noise of - 205 dBV/Hz at Levine) PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION

the Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory. By Upgraded Time Broadcasts from WWVB. The comparison with commercial, tunable, visible Services Group of the Division has embarked on diode lasers, the one developed at NIST can a major renovation and enhancement of the time sweep either 100 times farther than those with broadcasts from radio station WWVB in Fort comparable rate or 100 times faster than those Collins, Colorado. These broadcasts are attrac- with a comparable range. With its unique abihty tive for a number of applications because to continuously and rapidly sweep its central receivers and their antennas can be particularly wavelength near 680 nm over a range of 2 nm, simple, small, and inexpensive, and because the laser will allow development of an absolute- signal reception within buildings is feasible. distance interferometry system which can over- However, the presently available signal strength come the limitations of present displacement has been marginal, particularly in areas along interferometry systems which require an un- the U.S. east coast. One of the key objectives of interrupted beam. With the new interferometer this effort is to increase the signal strength by at system, absolute distance between the reflectors least 6 dB. This will provide U.S. industry of the interferometer can be measured directly options for new products serving both high-end many times per second rather than requiring the timing apphcations and consumer needs. position of one reflector to be physically trans- A key roadblock to this project has been the lated over the distance to be measured. (M. very high cost of new transmitters. This diffi- Stephens, L. Howard) culty was overcome when the Navy agreed to provide NIST with three spare high-power trans- lUPAC Sets Wavenumber Standards for the mitters which they had in storage. Purchased infrared. The International Union of Pure and new, these transmitters would have cost NIST Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) Working Group on more than $1M. Installation of the transmitters “Unified Wavenumber Standards” has recently requires substantial engineering modifications at issued a set of recommendations for high resolu- the site. These include new transmission lines to tion wavenumber standards for the infrared antennas, new impedance matchmg networks, region of the spectrum. The document provides and modified interfacing to the transmitters. The wavenumber standards for calibration of high- present plan (barring major changes in available resolution infrared spectrometers where funding) is to complete installation and modifica- measurements have traditionally been more tions by September of 1997. (D. Hanson) precise than accurate. The most accurate standards are derived from direct frequency- Diode-Laser Wavelength Standard for Abso- measured, saturated infrared absorptions. These lute Distance Measurement. A major milestone are converted to wavenumber using the 1983 has been reached in a collaboration on wave- redefinition of the meter in terms of the second. length standards between Divisions of the The spectral lines cited by the Group cover the Physics Laboratory and the Manufacturing range from about 4 cm" ^ to about 7,000 cm" Engineering Laboratory. Swept-frequency lasers, The standards will allow much better compari- developed jointly by staff of the Time and Fre- son of measurements made at different labora- quency Division in Boulder and the Precision tories. Engineering Division in Gaithersburg, are now NIST representation in this report included being used in studies on improved absolute- Joe Wells and Ken Evenson of the Division and distance measurement being conducted by the Art Maki of the University of Washington (for- Precision Engineering Division. Both Divisions merly with the former NIST Molecular Physics contributed to the design and both will charac- Division). A very large share of the measure- terize the laser for this application. The Precision ments cited in the recommendations were made Engineering Division has responsibility for at NIST. Many of these recommendations are length metrology, while the Time and Frequency taken from NIST Special Publication 821, “Wave- Division has responsibility for providing access number Calibration Tables from Heterodyne to the second, in part via laser wavelength Frequency Measurements” by A.G. Maki and reference standards. J.S. Wells. (K. Evenson) The laser system for this project was developed by Michelle Stephens and Leo HoUberg of Optical Frequency Division by a Factor of the Division, who converted a commercial diode Three. Joe Wells and Leo HoUberg of the Divi- laser into a tunable laser with the desired sweep sion, along with Olivier Pfister of the University characteristics. The laser system is now being of Colorado, Manfred Murtz of the University of evaluated by Lowell Howard and Jack Stone of Bonn, and James Murray of the University of PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION

Arizona have developed a new scheme for coher- Optical-Delay-Line Oscillator. John Kitching, ently connecting optical frequencies in a 3:1 Leo Hollberg, and Fred Walls of the Division ratio. They have demonstrated the method by have recently demonstrated a 1 GHz optical- locking the outputs of a Nd:YAG laser at delay-line oscillator driven by a diode laser. This 1064 nm with a CO overtone laser at 3192 nm. is not the first such oscillator, but this one This is a significant step in the development of differs from previous devices in its use of a simpler frequency synthesis chains, since in directly modulated diode laser rather than a combination with divide by 2 devices, greater fixed-frequency laser and an electro-optic modu- flexibility in design is achieved. There are a lator. Light from the diode laser travels down the number of examples where division by 3 is fiber to strike a detector where it is converted to advantageous. For example, at NIST the very an electronic signal that is filtered, amplified, high-Q ultraviolet transition at 282 nm in Hg"^ and then applied back to the injection current of will be excited with the twice-frequency-doubled the diode laser. When the loop gain exceeds ND:FAP laser at 1126 nm. When divided by a unity, the system oscillates at a frequency factor of 3, this yields a wavelength of 3378 nm, consistent with phase shift closure (a multiple of which is close to the very important methane 27r) around the loop. The very low phase noise of reference. the system derives from the long delay time and This work is part of a larger Division effort to very low loss provided by the optical fiber. develop new methods and components that can The study concludes that optical-delay-line contribute to the simplification of optical fre- oscillators might be good alternatives to crystal quency measurement and the construction of and dielectric-resonator oscillators if the oscilla- much simpler frequency synthesis chains. The tion frequency can be increased beyond 10 GHz. long term objective is a robust and simple chain At 1 GHz they observe a single-sideband phase linking the cesium frequency standard to the noise spectrum decreasing as roughly 1/f^ attain- optical region. (L. HoUberg) ing a value of - 138 dB below the carrier in a Optical Molasses. Michelle Stephens, Calcium 1 Hz bandwidth at 20 kHz offset. These oscilla- Chris Oates, and Leo Hollberg have cooled and tors are in their infancy and there is much room trapped calcium using frequency-doubled diode for improvement. For example, the fiber-gener- lasers. They had previously done high-resolution ated noise can be reduced by rimning at 1.3 ixm spectroscopic studies of the line in 657 nm rather than 850 nm, since fibers at 1.3 fim calcium, but this earher was limited the work by exhibit much lower loss and scattering. Extend- Ramsey-method, interaction-time linewidth of a ing this work to higher frequency will require few kHz. The cooled and trapped atoms should high power lasers with large modulation band- allow to observe the intrinsic line- now them widths and high-speed photodiodes that can width of 400 Hz. Furthermore, the use of diode handle tens of mW of optical power. (L. Hollberg) lasers at 423 nm for cooling and trapping of the atoms and for interrogation of the 657 nm 30 THz Mixing Experiments Using High-T^ transition results in a relatively small system Josephson Junctions. Eric Grossman, Leila that could be made transportable for compari- Vale, and David Rudman of the Electromagnetic sons. This is a particularly attractive optical Technology Division of EEEL along with Ken frequency standard because the first-order Evenson and Lyndon Zink of the Time and Doppler shift is removed by the trapping, the Frequency Division recently published a paper second-order shift is substantially reduced by describing their experiments on high-frequency cooling, and the 657 nm line is only slightly mixing in high-T^ Josephson junctions. They sensitive (in second order) to electric and mag- directly observed second-order difference fre- netic fields. quencies from 10 MHz to 12.8 GHz between two The system that generates the 423 nm COg laser lines near 30 THz. Applying a third radiation is particularly efficient. Infrared diode- microwave signal to the jimction, they observed laser radiation is doubled to 423 nm using a laser difference frequencies up to 27 GHz. This potassium niobate crystal. The excellent match- is the first observation of Josephson mixing at ing of this laser and crystal is such that the blue CO2 frequencies in high-T^, junctions. The hope output is down in power from the IR laser by is that these devices can be further developed only a factor of 3. More power is now available at to provide simpler means for synthesizing and the 423 nm wavelength than at 657 nm. (M. measuring optical signals at arbitrary frequen- Stephens) cies.

75 PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION

The thin-film YBa Cu superconductor- 2 307 .g Improved CO2 Laser. Ken Evenson, using a normal-superconductor junctions were fabri- new grating produced by a local Boulder optical cated in EEEL’s Boulder facilities. The dc-bias manufacturer, has developed a CO2 laser that dependence of the difference signal, as well as oscUlates on more than 275 lines with a maxi- other evidence, suggests two distinct mixing mum power output of 30 W. Most CO2 lasers wUl mechanisms: hot-electron mixing in the Jimction oscUlate on only about 80 lines. The laser uses banks at high dc bias, and bolometric Josephson a grating to couple power out of the laser in zero mixing at low dc bias. The latter mixing mech- order. The new laser, when locked to sub-Dopp- anism is superior for third and higher-order ler lines in is infrared fre- CO2 , an excellent mixing products. (K. Evenson) quency and wavelength standard. The laser is Observation of Laser Oscillation Without also a good somrce of radiation for pumping far- infrared lasers. Population Inversion. In a recent collaboration Three years ago, Evenson developed a new with scientists from Texas A&M University and ribbed laser tube. The ribs act as irises and Russia’s Lebedev Institute of Physics, Leo greatly increase the grating resolution of the HoUberg and Hugh Robinson of the Time and laser cavity. This provided a big improvement in Frequency Division have demonstrated laser performance, because the ribbed structure oscillation without population inversion (LWI). reduces or eliminates modes associated with Collaborators at Texas A&M included A.S. radiation boimcing off the tube waUs. The latest Zibrov, M.D. Lukin, D.E. Nikonov, and M.O. improvement is a direct result of the improved Scully. V.L. Vehchansky of the Lebedev Institute grating which couples out 3% of the power over also participated in the work. The experiments, the region from 9 to 11.5 iim. The new grating, carried out at NIST, followed the surprising with 150 lines/mm, was developed by a local theoretical prediction that, in a V-type configura- optical manufacturer in direct response to NIST tion of energy levels, atomic coherence can requirements and was tested and proven at result in gain without population inversion. A NIST. Figure 4 below shows the laser output as strong driving field on one transition has a the grating amgle is scanned to select the various significant effect on a second transition that laser Lines. The laser has a mirror separation of shares the same ground state as the driven 2.16 m and a diameter of 18 mm. (K. Evenson) transition. Related coherence effects had already been observed, but this was the first demonstration of actual lasing without inversion. The experiments were done in a rubidiiim cell using only 10 mW of drive power from diode lasers. Measurements showed that the observed oscUlation occurred without population inversion, and that it was the presence of the coherent drive-laser radiation that produced the conditions necessary for oscillation. Earlier, the 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 group reported cw amplification without inver- WAVELENGTH, pm sion in the same system, but more efficient containment of photons was needed before the Figure 4. Output of the new CO2 laser as a system would oscillate. function of wavelength. This plot was made The work has possible practical impHcations. by scanning the grating angle to select the In particular it suggests the possibility that short veirious laser lines. wavelength lasers (in the ultraviolet region and beyond) might be feasible. While the work High Resolution Spectroscopy Supporting described here involved laser oscillation at a Atmospheric Chemistry Studies. Diode-laser wavelength not too far from the wavelength of systems developed for use with optical and the drive laser, there is now the clear possibihty microwave frequency standards are also proving that the same approach could be used to pro- useful for spectroscopic detection of molecular duce laser oscillation at much shorter wave- species important in the chemistry of the upper length, fair removed from the wavelength of the atmosphere. With NOAA’s atmospheric scientists drive laser. Experiments to test this possibility sharing adjacent facilities, a natural collabora- are in progress. (L. HoUberg) tion has developed on the application of these

76 PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION

lasers to their measiirement problems. A notable measurements are not disturbed by varying recent success is a collaboration between NOAA water concentration. The 3.3 /xm radiation is scientists and Rich Fox of NIST on the detection generated by difference mixing the outputs of a

. radical role in of NO3 This plays a key nighttime diode-pumped YAG laser at 1.06 ^m and a diode atmospheric chemistry, interacting for example laser operating at 805 nm. The system could

with molecides involving chlorine. NO3 dissoci- easHy be designed to be transportable. It could ates in sunhght. Their recently reported mea- also be installed at fixed locations to provide

surements quantify NO3 reactions with other key continuous monitoring. An additional benefit of species providing input to atmospheric models. spectroscopic monitoring is that the system can electronic NO3 has a strong absorption band be timed to be sensitive only to methane con- at 662 nm that can be reached with commercial taining rather than the usual atoms. red diode lasers. In these experiments a sohtary Thus, it should be possible to use this non- diode laser is used to detect the time-dependent radioactive species in a method similar to radio- ^Re- concentration of NO3 in a cell containing gases active labeling to monitor the movement of of atmospheric interest. Good detection sensi- labeled methane through any type of system. (S. tivity is achieved with direct absorption Waltman) measurements. The interaction path is increased New Observations Using LMR Spectroscopy. using reflected multiple passage of the laser Ken Evenson of the Time and Frequency Divi- beam through the cell. In addition, they have sion, along with John Brown of Oxford Univer- frequency doubled the hght from infrared diode sity and Helga Koersgen of the University of lasers to produce precisely tunable blue hght Bonn, have recently made several new observa- that can be used to detect other important tions using laser magnetic resonance (LMR) atomic and molecular resonances. For example, spectroscopy. They have made the first direct laser hght at 425 nm, generated by this tech- observation of the far-infrared, J = 3/2 -* J = 1/2 nique, has been apphed to the high-sensitivity transition of the Fe"^ ion at 86.7 /xm. Their detection of the lO molecule. Both NO and 10 3 measurement uncertainty for this transition is play important roles in determining the concen- about 100 times smaller than that of indirect tration of ozone in the atmosphere. (R. Fox) observations made using differences of optical- Detection of Methane in Air. In a cohaborative wavelength measurements. They have also used program, Frank Tittel of Rice University, Ed LMR to observe the spectrum of the FeD2 mole- DIugokencky of NOAA, and Steve Waltman of cule near 6.9 THz (43 /xm). This required modifi- the Division have developed a laser-spectros- cation of their spectrometer so that it could copy-based system that can determine methane operate at these high frequencies. To date, these concentration inairtolxlO"®. The approach is are the highest frequency FIR LMR observations dramatically simpler and the system much more and the first FIR observations of a vibrational portable than the chemical processing and gas bending spectrum made using LMR spectros- chromatography methods currently used. copy. Furthermore, the new spectroscopic method is a Iron is presumed to be an abundant inter- non-destructive, real-time measurement as stellar species, and its spectnun is prominent in opposed to the laborious and destructive analyti- solar observations. However, it has never been cal measurements now employed. Methane observed in interstellar space. These new obser- concentrations in the atmosphere are beheved to vations provide radio astronomers with reference have a substantial impact on the greenhouse spectra for searches for these particular iron effect, so simpler methods for long-term monitor- species. The development of a capability for ing are especially important. The normal con- higher frequency observations opens up signifi- “®, centration of methane in air is about 2 x 10 cant new opportunities for measurements of and measurements over the last decade indicate importance not only to radio astronomy, but also that its average concentration has been increas- to upper-atmospheric research. The modified ing at a rate of about 1 x 10 “® per year for spectrometer now covers frequencies to the reasons that are not yet well imderstood. upper limit used by radio astronomers. This The spectroscopic system used for this expanded range covers fine-structiue transitions detection operates at a laser wavelength of in a number of atoms and molecules allowing for approximately 3.3 ^m on a methane line that is the exacting laboratory frequency measurements weU separated from a weak water line, so the needed to support searches for these atoms in

77 PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION

space. Furthermore, CIO, an important molecule Improvement of Performance and Quality in the upper atmosphere, has a fine structure Control of Services. Improvements will be made transition at 8.2 THz. This transition might in WWVB, the telephone time service and the provide the best means for determining the Internet time service. Conforming with ISO 9000 abimdance of this species in the upper atmo- trends, the Division will further document and sphere, contributing information on atmospheric improve quality control of all services. (ozone) chemistry. (K. Evenson) Improvement of International Time Coordina- FUTURE DIRECTIONS tion. To support increasing accuracy of primary frequency standards, improvements will be During the next few years the Division will place made in common-view and two-way time trans- special emphasis on four topics. These are: fer.

Development of New Primary Frequency Developmentof a Frequency Synthesis Chain. Standards. With the wide range of new concepts Simpler methods for optical frequency synthesis for controlling states and motions of atoms, the will be developed to support length metrology opportimity for dramatic advances is enormous. and optical, primary-frequency standards, o

PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION

79 PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION

Overleaf

Magneto-optical trap. Schematic of the apparatus used to cool atoms to almost absolute zero, resulting in the world’s first demonstration of Bose-Einstein Condensation. Six laser beams intersect in a glass cell placed between magnetic coils, creating a magneto-optical trap (MOT). The glass cell hangs from a chamber (not shown) containing a vacuiim piimp and rubidium source. Also not shown are coils for injecting the rf magnetic field for evaporation and the additional laser beams for imaging and optically pumping the trapped atom sample. PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION

MISSION

A recently approved mission statement reflects time, 62 graduate students and postdocs are the interdisciplinary nature of the Division by supervised by NIST scientists, and approxi- replacing the previous “group” structure with mately 22 JILA staff are directly associated with several thrusts in which any or all of the mem- NIST activities. bers participate: The unique Visiting Fellows program brings, Fundamental and Precision Measurements each year, some 6 to 10 internationally distin- Optical and Nonlinear Optical Physics guished scientists to spend up to twelve months Materials Interactions and Characterization. at JILA collaborating with resident scientists. The Division accomplishes its mission by Their presence is an important factor in main- interacting with University faculty and visiting taining the atmosphere of change and scientific scientists to maintain expertise at the forefront excellence at JILA. The Visiting Fellows Pro- of research in physics; by transferring the results gram has been steered to attract additional of its research and the technology developed to visitors from industry, specifically allocating the Nation’s industries and other government some of the funds to be used for shorter term agencies; and by exchanging ideas and skills visits by industry representatives. with other scientists in NIST and in industry through scholarly pubhcations, visits, seminars, CURRENT DIRECTIONS and exchanges of personnel. Bose-Einstein Condensation. Work continues ORGANIZATION in this field pioneered by JILA scientists. Now that the condensate can be formed, the current Through the Quantum Physics Division, NIST research focuses on discovering its character- participates in JILA, a cooperative enterprise istics, which consititutes “new physics.” between NIST and the University of Colorado Improved Resolution in NSOM. The atomic (CU) located on the University campus in Boul- scale sharpness of nanocolumns is used to der, Colorado. enhance the electric field of a laser in the field of The Division’s objectives include: an STM probe tip, and thereby to seek dramatic developing the laser as a refined measure- improvement in spatial resolution over conven- ment tool and applying it to tests of fundamental tional NSOM fiber optic methods. physical postulates and to measurements of physical constants and properties; Detection of Flaws in Films. STM images only devising and applying measurement tech- a few nanometers wide have been recorded of niques to advance imderstanding of criticcd rates particles in films for solar panels and large flat- and pathways for important chemical species panel displays. This type of flaw (included and materials processing; particles) can reduce the efficiency of certain researching new techniques to produce and light-sensitive films. measure fundamental properties of matter, such as Bose-Einstein condensation. TECHNICAL HIGHLIGHTS Seven Division senior scientists and one NIST scientist from the Time and Frequency Characterizing the Bose-Einstein Condensate. Division (all JILA Fellows) share facilities and The world’s first observation of Bose-Einstein responsibility for the success of JILA with the 14 condensation (BEC) in a dilute gas was made at JILA Fellows who hold University of Colorado JILA in June of 1995. Since then the JILA BEC appointments. The NIST scientists are Adjoint group has performed a variety of experiments Professors or Lecttuers at the University, six in with the goal of characterizing the basic proper- Physics and two in Chemistry. At the present ties of this novel quantum fluid. One study

81 PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION

produced a relatively precise measurement of A small and low-cost method has been the critical temperature and a preliminary developed for reading the actual index of refrac- measure of the specific heat near the transition. tion in situ, based on video camera capture and It turned out that the basic value predicted in computer processing of the interference rings of 1925 was correct. A second rormd of observa- a simple stable interferometer designed with an tions determined the frequencies of the lowest- air flow channel between its mirrors. This order standing-wave acoustic modes in the system has been patented. In future technology, sample. These phonon-hke excitations are pro- it is clear that a semiconductor diode laser will viding an important handle on the fluid proper- be the laser of choice, due to its long life, higher ties of the condensate. The rate at which the light output and vastly lower heat generation. excitations damp out, for example, is a measure Frequency-comparison of a 633 nm semicon- of the viscosity of the condensate fluid. Most ductor diode laser with the HeNe laser standard recently, it has been discovered that as the based on iodine molecular absorption shows temperature of the sample is decreased further very attractive stability: drift below 2x 10“® in and further below the transition temperature, one week in the very first trials. Thus when the the excitations take longer and longer to damp cavity is exposed to ambient air, there is confi- out, indicating that the viscosity of the sample dence that a stabilized wavelength source is gets very small at low temperatures. (Cornell achieved for precision interferometry whose [Wieman, CU], Jin) wavelength is constant in the laboratory. Indus- trial design of this system can be packaged m the volume of a box of the current 3.5 inch minifloppy disks. One can foresee wide application of this stabilized laser, in either its constant wavelength or constant frequency modes in many practical tasks in engineering and science. (HaU)

Optical Frequency Measurement Techniques. Preliminary results have been obtained on the

0 5 10 15 20 use of a strongly-driven electro-optic modtdator t (ms) situated within a low-loss and resonant cavity. World-Wide interest in these devices is exploding Figure 1. Widths of each component, conden- for their use as an “optical comb generator.” sate and non-condensate, of the freely oscil- Better parameters achieved have lating cloud are fit by an exponentially have been than damped sine wave. For each pair of points been so far reported from other laboratories. A (condensate aind non-condensate widths) a novel frequency-selective cavity mirror allows fresh cloud of atoms is cooled, excited, and effective in-coupling of the monochromatic light allowed to evolve a time t before a single to be modulated, and out-coupling of the selected destructive measurement. frequency-shifted “comb” component. Observa- tions of useful sidebands shifted by > 1.5 THz Mechanical measurements. The expanding have been made. (Hall) need is being addressed for accurate and less costly methods of measurement in the produc- Super Spring. Work continues on developing tion of, for example, microprocessors, which and understanding the limitations of simple require the accurate positioning of up to 25 spring systems designed to achieve long periods successive patterning masks over a period of with compact-structured springs. This develop- about two weeks. Optical interferometry with the ment should have enormous practical conse- ubiquitous HeNe laser is commonly used to quences. The basic pretensioned spring system sense and control for any minor flextnres, but the has been modified through the addition of limited accuracy of this measurement is a spring-constant-canceling auxiliary spring growing problem. The heat of the HeNe laser can elements to overcome the slow scaling improve- distort the measuring apparatus by thermal ments beyond that initially achieved from expansion, and the speed of light which scales extreme pre-stressing. The improvement is not frequency into length depends importantly upon rapid enough to justify the required increase in the ambient temperature, pressure, moisture the number of elements. Using the auxiliary and other compositional variations of the ambi- springs, one can in principle get an infinite - ent air. period with just a single element 10 s is the PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION

JILA record to date. Research is focusing on Active Low-Frequency Isolation System. ways to eliminate or at least greatly reduce the Excellent progress has been made by Division complications of internal modes. (Faller) researchers on this isolation system planned for Measurement of Newtonian Gravitational use on the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Constant. An FG5 absolute gravimeter is being Observatory (LIGO). The now operating prelim- used, together with a moveable 1200 kg trmg- inary single stage provides more isolation at sten mass smrounding the dropping chamber, 1 Hz than any other research or commercial to measure big G, the Newtonian constant of isolation system. Preliminary tests with the gravitation. This work, with a large cast of single stage operating in aU 6 degrees of freedom collaborators from the National Geological and the next stage with only the three vertical Society, Micro-g solutions, and JILA is motivated loops locked have also been carried out and the by the present nearly 1% discrepancy between initial results are very encouraging. In addition the recent Physikahsch Techniche Budesanstalt to the LIGO (Caltech and MIT) group there is a (PTB) measirrement and the “accepted” value. possibility of working with the British-German The fact that the PTB measurement appears to GEO-600 gravity wave detector group. Since the have been competently and thoughtfully done GEO-600 involves smaller sized mirrors, a makes the discrepancy even more intriguing. A cooperative venture could provide an excellent proof-of-concept experiment was carried out proof of concept test for the larger versions of the using an existing 100 kg bronze mass and the JILA isolators that will be required for LIGO. (Faller [Bender, CU]) data analysis is nearing completion. It appears that a preliminary result of 1 % or better will be obtained and that optimization of the mass geometry together with an increase of its mass should yield an order of magnitude better result. (Faller)

Figure 3.

Atom Guiding in Hollow Fibers. JILA researchers have been using the force that light exerts on atoms to guide atoms through hollow glass fibers. Glass fibers can guide fight, and fight can guide atoms, preventing them from touching the inside of the glass. The result is a flexible atom guide, a useful building block for many atom optics experiments, including atom interferometry. In recent work, atoms have been guided using the evanescent fight field from laser fight confined in the annular region sur- rounding the hollow core. Researchers have been successful in demonstrating the cooling of Figure 2. Graduate student Sam Richman the atoms inside the fiber. Current research with the isolation chamber. directions include loading atoms with a laser PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION

cooled, intense atomic beam and guiding 10 nm resolution. Such measurement capabili- through ever smaller diameter fibers. (Cornell ties will ultimately also be invaluable to the [Anderson and Wieman, CU]) broadermicroelectronics and photonics industry. In a competence initiative through NIST, the Tests of QED. A new and potentially impor- Division is investigating the application of near tant test of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) has field optical microscopy for both time-resolved become of interest due to the abrupt availability and spectral characterizations of materials and of powerful dipole magnets originally developed molecules. NSOM images have been obtained in for the Superconductor Super Collider (SSC). transmission and fluorescence using conven- QED theory predicts that in a “light-by-light” tional transparent fiber optic probes with spatial scattering process, even an ideal vacuum resolutions of 100 nm or less. Aggregates of dye becomes slightly birefringent due to a powerful molecules have been imaged successfully with transverse magnetic field. For the experiment at the home-built arrangement. A project has been Fermilab, the readout methods are based on use initiated to study hybrid NSOM assisted by of a Direct Digital Synthesis to produce a test scanning tunneling methods. The basic idea is to frequency of adequately high resolution and low use the atomic scale sharpness of nanocolumns noise and, of course, on the use of “super to enhance the electric field of a laser in the near mirrors” and a long interaction region (50 m). field of an STM probe tip, and thereby achieve Some new modulation methods that optimally dramatic improvement in spatial resolution over isolate the desired birefringence signal from the conventional NSOM fiber optic methods. In influence of residual laser frequency noise will future experiments, two time-delayed pulses also be used. In view of the importance of the from a ps pulsed laser will be used to prepare subject and the general utility of new laser and probe optically induced changes in trans- locking techniques, a research phase is now mission, which will introduce time-contrast underway, mainly at JILA, to prove the new mechanisms into the images. (Leone, Cornell, techniques and identify limiting factors. (Hall) Gallagher, Nesbitt) Kinetic-Energy-Enhanced Etching of Silicon. STM Images Reveal Flaw Formation in Films Potentially damaging effects of the dry process for Solar Panels and Large Flat-Panel Displays. plasma etching steps will become a critical issue Images of particles only a few when gate oxides of semiconductor devices nanometers wide, which can reduce the efficiency of certain light- shrink to 5 nm thicknesses. Thus there is con- sensitive films, are observed in the pro- siderable recent interest in the possibility of plasma cessing of solar panel films. Large area films are supplying energy for the etching process in the used in making solar energy panels and large form of neutral-species kinetic energy. New work flat-panel displays. The efficiency of the film in in this area by the Division involves the develop- converting light into electrical current is best for ment of a more general source of kinetic-energy- very enhanced neutrals by extraction and charge thin homogeneous films about 500 nm thick. neutralization of ions from a plasma soiu*ce. The A custom bunt system for both growing thin kinetic energy distributions of ion and neutral films and examining with species emanating from those plasmas contain- them an ultra-sensitive scanning tunneling microscope is used. The ing rare gases, chlorine, or nitrogen have now apparatus can grow amorphous (noncrystalline) been characterized. Laser single photon ioniza- films of silicon and hydrogen atoms with tion has also been used to measure the SiCl and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition SiCl2 products of thermal chlorine etching of (PECVD). Images of the film are taken at various Si(lOO). (Leone) stages throughout the growth process. The Time-Resolved Near Field Optical Microscopy images show particles 3 to 5 nm in size, which (NSOM). Ultraminiature devices, such as record- form in the vapor and bond to the film surface ing heads for hard disk storage based on the during growth. As a new layer of silicon and magnetoresistive effect, already exceed the limits hydrogen atoms deposits on the surface, these of measurement capabifity required to analyze clumps cause voids within the film. the size and quality of the layered structures. Many people have studied the production of When the devices fail or are fabricated improp- larger particles during PECVD, but these parti- erly, there is no way to determine what went cles are suspended in the plasma and do not wrong in the process. New kinds of measure- reach the growing film. No one appears to have ment capabilities are eventually needed that realized that small particles can reach the grow- have both element-specific sensitivity and 1 to ing film. If these particles can be prevented from -

PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION

forming or reaching the surface, it should be absorption experiments, 5 mm above a tempera- possible to improve the films’ abfiity to convert ture-controlled surface. Such direct absorption light into electrical current. New work will methods have been developed by the Division to detect develop a laser-scattering system to the study COg sublimation dynamics from thin CO2 silicon/hydrogen clumps as they are forming in films, using frequency-swept diode laser the plasma. Laser scattering detects larger methods to obtain 1 monolayer/s detection particles, but provides a method for real-time sensitivities. The single-mode diode laser pro- monitoring of particulate behavior in the plasma. vides resolution of aU vibration/rotation states in well selective (Gallagher) CO2 , as as a probe of higher clusters (n = 2,3) in the subliming flux. From 90 K to STM Controlled Aluminum Deposition. The 120 K, however, all J<40 sublimation popula- scanning tunneling microscope (STM) can be tions are indistinguishable ( ± 5 K) from thermal used to measure surface features with atomic prediction at the surface temperature, indicating resolution and has the potential to produce no quantum state dependence to the reverse gas- atomic scale objects. Silicon semiconductor surface sticking event. Translational velocity devices generally use aliiminum contacts, so it distributions are obtained from high resolution is highly desirable to learn how to “write” nano- analysis of the 4.3 mm Doppler profiles, yielding meter scale aluminiun features on silicon. The a speed distribution also consistent with the Division has made such nanoscale alumintim surface temperature. Since absolute fluxes can deposits onto silicon by pinning the aluminum be readily measured by the direct absorption from tri-methyl-aluminum (TMA) vapor with the method, this data can be converted into an electron beam from the STM. Detailed studies absolute sticking coefficient of 1.010.1. Model- have revealed the veuious physical and chemical ing of the surface dynamics with CO -CO pair steps involved, and the electrical characteristics 2 2 potentials predicts a surprisingly “soft” landing of these nanometer size contacts. (Gallagher) for is the impinging CO2 , which most probably responsible for such efficient and quantum state independent sticking behavior. (Nesbitt)

Electron Collisions. The merged electron-ion beams energy loss (MEIBEL) technique developed at JILA has been used to measure the cross sections for electron-impact excitation of multiply charged ions to spin-forbidden states. ^ Most recently, the process e 1- Ar®'^(3s^ ^S) e + (3s3p ^P°) was studied using the technique. As expected, resonances dominated the cross section in the threshold region. Comparison with theory shows that there is significant resonance interference. In fact, the interference is so sensitive to the exact location (energy-wise) of the resonances that present computational techniques may not be capable of giving accurate

Figure 4. Pad deposited on x-Si(OOl) at -10 V enough energy values to predict the resonance and 8.8 L of TMA. interference adequately. A collaboration between JILA and Swedish Quantum State Resolved Sublimation and German scientists has resulted in measure- Dynamics of Thin Molecular Films. The ments of the effects of ambient electric fields on dynamics of how molecules coUide with, stick to, dielectronic recombination cross sections for and bounce off a surface is of considerable It was shown in JILA experiments in the importamce in molecular beam epitaxy applica- 1980’s on Mg"*" that dielectronic recombination tions. By virtue of microscopic reversibility, such cross sections could be increased by large factors dynamics can also be probed by monitoring the through state mixing by external fields. How- nascent quantum state distributions of mole- ever, there have been no further definitive cules subliming from thin films. Under suffi- measurements despite many efforts by others. ciently low vapor pressure conditions, such The recent work on on the heavy ion quantum state resolved studies can be per- storage ring (CRYRING) in Stockholm has formed by high resolution diode laser direct yielded very clear effects that will complement PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION

the earlier work on Mg"^. Hot plasma environ- Calcium Rydberg State Alignment Effects. An ments very often have fields large enough to area of active control in collisions involves affect this key process significantly so that preparation and manipulation of orbital direc- imderstanding the effect is essential to modeling tions to study how the rates of processes are and imderstanding such plasmas. (Dunn) affected by this directionality. Division research- Natural Lifetime of Sodium Atom Resonance ers developed a new method to detect aligned Level. The Division completed the lifetime Rydberg states of alkali or alkaline earth atoms measurement of the Na resonant state and by a stimulated-emission "dump" pulse with a resolved a long-standing discrepancy between laser. Rydberg states of atomic Ca were detected the best experiment and the best theoretical from 8 d to 40 d by selectively dumping the state calculations. The attained lifetime accuracy of interest and detecting fluorescence emission was 0.22%, near the best that has ever been from the lower level. The first state-to-state obtained. An important aspect of this new orbital alignment experiments on Rydberg states method is that it is subject to different system- were performed for an energy transfer process atic effects compared with the traditional atomic that has an observed alignment dependence, beam method, and may be optimiim for atoms of Ca(4sl8d ^Dg) + Xe-* Ca(4sl7p ^P^) + Xe, by even shorter lifetime which are increasingly using the stimulated-emission dumping method. difficult for traditional methods. Studies of Through a theoretical collaboration, the state-to- parasitic effects, such as radiative momentiim state Rydberg alignment effects were predicted transfer during interrogation, will be of great by quantum mechanical scattering calculations. value for imderstanding the true possibilities of An unanticipated velocity dependence was the several atomic fountain projects being imder- observed, indicating oscillations in the taken by NIST. (HaU) m-sublevel dependence, which motivates additional velocity-selected experiments in the labo- Noise-Immune, Cavity-Enhanced Optical ratory. Heterodyne Molecular Spectroscopy. Division State-of-the-art experiments in orbital align- researchers discovered/invented and applied an ment dynamics will be addressed by studying extremely powerful new principle that allows four-vector correlations on a new machine one to combine the signal-enhancing technique designed to study energy pooling, associative of cavity enhancement (placing the sample ionization, and Penning ionization processes of within an ultra-finesse cavity gives a signal alkaline-earth excited states with alignment enhancement of ~ 30,000 fold) with our earlier- probing of final states. (Leone) developed method of optical heterodyne detection. This allows one to reach near the shot- Photophysics and Photochemistry in Quan- noise-limited detection level even with real laser tum State Selected Clusters. Division research- systems. With this method, the small residual ers have been developing high resolution tun- laser-frequency noise is not converted into able, optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) for use detected noise as in previous work, but rather is in studies of chemical reactions in quantum- suppressed to below the shot-noise level. The state and size-selected clusters. The method is key concept is to match the local oscillator side- based on cw injection seeding of a 4 mirror, bands’ frequency offset to the enhancement (3-barium borate (BBO), ring resonator pumped cavity free-spectral range: in this way the noise- by a single mode 355 nm laser. The resonator is induced phase-shifts are made to be common servo loop locked, and therefore automatically mode. A detection sensitivity of < 1 x 10“^^ for scans with the injection seed laser, delivering up absorption has been made, which is better by to 10 mJ of Fourier transform limited light two orders of magnitude than the best results (0.005 cm" ^) on both “signal” and “idler” fre- achieved to date by cavity ring-down or laser/ quencies. This is sufficient to saturate u = 3-0 intracavity absorption spectroscopy methods. By vibrational overtone transitions in OH, CH, FH, use of this new method and C2HD for stabili- and NH chromospheres, and, as a result of vibra- zation of a 1.064 fim laser, stability has been tional Franck Condon shifts, can be used to achieved of 3 x 10“^^ at Is, and better than switch on/off the subsequent breaking of the 1x10“^"*^ after 1000 s. This method can be called excited bond by subsequent photolysis with an Noise-Immune, Cavity-Enhanced Optical Hetero- excimer laser pulse. This apparatus has been dyne Molecular Spectroscopy, i.e., NICE OHMS, used to study far-off-resonance single UV photon and is the object of interest by spectroscopic dissociation in HOH, HOD, and DOD, as well as research groups worldwide. (Hall) vibrationally mediated photodissociation in PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION rotationally state selected Uqh = ^ HOH mole- New methods have recently been developed cules. The method has recently been used to to investigate the HO^^ chain cycle by monitoring study vibrationally mediated photophysics in the concentrations of the OH radical with time- quantiim-state selected clusters of Ar with HOH resolved IR laser absorption in fast flow cells. and HOD. The current focus is evolving toward The process relies on pulsed excimer laser clusters with reactive channels energetically photolysis to produce OH radicals in a flow open, such as studies of HO/OD -i- H2/D2 reac- mixture of O3 and buffer gases and thereby tions from vibrationcdly mediated photolysis of initiate the chain reaction. By detecting OH in isotopically labeled H2 -HOH clusters. (Nesbitt) the near IR, this method circumvents problems associated with LIF/resonance-fluorescence State-to-State Inelastic Collision Dynamics in detection of OH radical, specifically, the unavoid- Crossed Supersonic Jets. High sensitivity, able photolysis of O3 by the UV probe source. direct IR-laser absorption methods have been This alternative IR method permits operation at developed as a powerfully general, quantum- more than an order-of-magnitude higher ozone state selective probe of inelastic collision dynam- concentrations, and has led to real-time detec- ics in crossed supersonic jets. The approach is as tion and kiaetic analysis of the HO^^, chemical follows. The “target” and “collider” molecules are chain reaction under laboratory conditions. cooled to their lowest (rotational) states quantum These studies indicate that the room tempera- in a pair of supersonic jets, crossed to achieve a ture rate of the chain propagation step (a) is reasonably well defined center-of-mass collision - significantly faster ( 20 30 %) than the values energy. These species then interact in the single currently used in the atmospheric models. collision in the density 10^ ^/cm^) regime low (< Construction of temperature-controlled flow cells region of the jet. final states The populated by will permit kinetic mvestigations of these chain these single collisions are then probed by direct reaction rates at temperatures relevant to the absorption of a tunable IR laser propagating upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. (Nesbitt) perpendiculeir to the scattering plane. Informa- tion on final-state velocity distributions can also be obtained, by high resolution analysis of the Doppler profiles. This method has been used to investigate state-to-state scattering of CH4, HF, and H2O with rare gases. By comparison with full, close-coupled quantum scattering calculations, these studies are now providing new tests for inelastic collision dynamics and refinement of potential-energy surfaces. (Nesbitt)

IR Laser Studies of Ozone Chemical Chain Reaction Kinetics. In the past decade there has been a steadily growing concern about the chemistry of the ozone layer, and in particular the influence of “anthropogenic” sources of chemicals on the atmosphere. One of the dominant chemical reaction cycles responsible for removal of ozone is the so-called HOj,. chain cycle,

OH -I- 03^H02 + 02(a), and HO2 + O3 -^OH -1- 2O2 (b), which cycles OH into HO2 and back, thereby catalytically converting O3 into O2. This has lead to considerable concern with regard to proposed high speed air traffic in the upper troposphere Figure 5. OH absorption profile. and lower stratosphere, which would release considerable amoimts of water vapor into what Femtosecond Wave-Packet Dynamics in would otherwise be a quite “dry” region of the Lithium Dimer. The behavior of molecules pre- atmosphere, thus generating OH and HO2. pared by ultrafast lasers and with coherent Kinetic information on the HO^ chain reaction control represents an important new area of has therefore assumed particular importance in active manipulation of materials; for example, developing reliable atmospheric models. the direction of photocurrents in semiconductor

87 PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION

quantum wells can be manipulated with coher- generating “sub-Doppler” absorption profiles that ent light fields. New experiments at JILA involve are as much as 10-fold narrower than under two-color preparation and probing, which give non-supersonic discharge conditions. Third, the preliminary evidence that the ionization proba- closed-shell precursor species move supersoni- bility is dependent on internuclear separation. In cally in the discharge for only a few micro- addition, compositional control and pvdse shap- seconds, which permits reactive species to be ing experiments have been used to demonstrate formed faster than they can be removed via several new effects: a new form of two-level rota- secondary chemical reactions. These laser tional coherence spectroscopy, compositional absorption studies have verified number densi- control of the wave packet state amplitudes, and ties on the order of 10 ^"^/cm^ for radicals such as specific modification of state amplitudes by pulse OH and CHg, and of order 10^^/cm^ for molec- shaping. (Leone) ular ions such as Hg and H3O . (Nesbitt) v^=13, L=18

- } -f T-l f \ 1 - 'i

Time (psec)

Figure 6. Mcinipulating wave packets.

Supersonic Slit Discharges: an Intense New Source of Jet Cooled Molecular Ions and Radi- cals. The vast majority of chemical reactions taking place in the atmosphere, combustion, flames, plasmas, chemical vapor depositions, semiconductor etching, etc., occur via open-shell “radical” species and/or molecular ions. The reactivity of these open-shell radicals is so much higher than the corresponding closed-shell species that they dominate the reaction kinetics, even though typically present in extremely low concentrations. It is this high reactivity that makes them a challenging species to generate in sufficient density to characterize spectroscopic- Slit Width ally under controlled gas-phase laboratory condi- 300 nm tions. The Division has developed new methods for Figure 7. Slit jet discharge method. A pulsed generating intense sources of radicals and negative voltage applied to two insulated molecular ions, based on striking a pulsed metal jaws causes electrons to flow upstream discharge in the stagnation region behind a slit in the expansion, with transient species being supersonic jet. This has several key advantages cooled to supersonic jet temperatures. over more common discharge sources. First, the species are formed and then supersonically cooled down into the lowest few quantum states. Slit Jet IR Laser Spectroscopy of Combustion Second, the molecules have their velocities Radicals. One of the most fundamental organic colhmated perpendicular to the slit direction, species relevant to fuel combustion processes is which is both ideal for long path, direct absorp- the methyl radical, CHg. However, as a result of tion spectroscopy with tunable lasers and for both its high reactivity and planar equilibritim PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION

Structure (i.e., zero dipole moment), this has quantum calculations, these high resolution been an extremely elusive radical species to spectroscopic results are providing an imprece- characterize in the gas phase. The slit jet dis- dentedly rigorous test of current state-of-the-art charge method developed in the Division now ab initio and semiempirical potentials for hydro- provides access to sufficient densities of CHg gen bonding. As one specific example, these radicals under jet cooled, sub-Doppler conditions results indicate a significantly stronger coupling to monitor them via direct absorption in the CH of stretching and bending degrees of freedom in stretching region. As a consequence of the high the hydrogen bond than was previously pre- resolution and jet cooling, the near IR spectra dicted. (Nesbitt) resolve fine and hyperfine splittings due to the spin interaction between the unpaired electron FUTURE spin on the C atom and the H atoms. This is the first time the so-called Fermi contact interaction Trapped-Atom Collisions and Wavelength has been vmambiguously determined for such a Standards. The Division has trapped strontivun fundamental radical species in the gas phase, (Sr) atoms in a magneto-optical trap (MOT), and was found to be negative due to spin polar- using the 461 nm resonance line. These atoms ization of the CH bond. These results, both in have a rather short trap lifetime due to shelving sign and magnitude, are in good agreement with in metastable states, and this is being addressed ab initio theoretical calciilations. (Nesbitt) with additional repump lasers. When these are Probing the Potential Surface Topology of a operational and -Is trap lifetimes are achieved, Hydrogen Bond. Although weak by comparison two applications will be followed. The Sr intercombination line offers a very narrow resonance to normal chemical bonds, hydrogen bonding is with which the Sr can be trapped at very responsible for a truly vast array of chemical, atoms low temperatures, by loading the relatively physical, and biochemical processes, ranging cold atoms from the resonance-line Transition from the 3-dimensional folding structure of MOT. to Sr metastable states then offers the potential proteins to the short-range order of liquids. Any for exceedingly fine-width visible predictive understanding of such phenomena narrow transitions, with a natural width Av such that Av^^/v requires a detailed knowledge of the potential <10"^^. Depending on collisional shifts and energy surface as a function of intermolecular other perturbations, these fines may provide geometry, i.e., the relative distances and angles exceptional opportunities for or of the bonding subunits. Division researchers wavelength frequency standards. have been developing spectroscopic methods for The second use of the trap will be to study indirect but precise probing of the shapes of collisions of pairs of these very cold atoms. Most these potentials, based on high resolution IR studies elsewhere have been with alkali atoms or laser absorption of hydrogen-bonded clusters in with noble gases in the metastable and higher a slit jet supersonic expansion. The method states. The interatomic potentials are not well exploits the high sensitivity of the long path understood for these interacting pairs. In con- length slit geometry to probe low frequency “hydrogen bond” modes as combination bands trast, collisions of Sr pairs involve a minimum of molecular states that can be exceptionally weU bunt on top of high frequency “intramolecular” characterized. This is an ideal system for testing HX stretching modes. Such work nicely comple- the myriad of assumptions and methods utilized ments the prospects for studies of these modes in theories of cold collisions. Ultimately, the in the far-IR, but with the considerable advan- improved knowledge that results will allow tage of a much wider single-mode laser scanning better utilization of atom trapping for frequency range in the near IR. standards and fundamental tests of physical Recently this method has been successfully principles. (Gallagher, Hall) applied to one of the simplest hydrogen-bonded molecules, HF-HF and its isotopic equivalent Nonlinear Light Interactions with Matter. DF-DF. As a result of the method’s high resolu- Techniques developed to measure the full elec- tion and sensitivity, combination band excitation tric field (both amplitude and phase) of a single into all 4 hydrogen-bond intermolecular modes ultrashort laser pulse provide a new way to has been observed for both HF-HF and DF-DF, study, with femtosecond resolution, various corresponding to stretching, bending (both aspects of the interaction of fight with materials. symmetric/antisymmetric), and twisting of the A program has been started to extend the use of hydrogen bond. In conjunction with full 6D these diagnostics to areas such as materials PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION

characterization and ultrafast dynamic spectros- physical applications, such as exploring the copy. Basic properties of electronic and optoelec- kinetics of proteins, to electrical engineering and tronic materials can be determined by measur- physics problems, such as examining carrier ing the change of phase of an optical pulse after relaxation in semiconductors. (Clement) the pulse traverses a given material. This tech- STM Assisted Near-field Scanning Optical nique will be used to determine, with a high Microscopy (NSOM). A new project has been degree of accuracy, linear and nonlinear optical initiated for study of hybrid near field scanning properties of materials such as dispersion, non- optical microscopy assisted by scanning ttmnel- linear refraction, and two-phase absorption, as ing (STM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) well as other and higher order nonlinear methods. An STM apparatus is currently opera- properties. tional, and a chamber for the combined A novel dynamic spectroscopic technique is NSOM/STM efforts is constructed. An AFM is being developed to elucidate ultrafast processes under construction. Signals are detected via fiber in gaseous, liquid, and solid-state materials. This optic coupling of the laser-excited molecular technique involves measuring the induced phase fluorescence into a scanning double-mono- change of an ultrashort pulse after traversing a chrometer and dielectric notch filter for >10^^ material that has been perturbed by a synchron- incident light rejection. As a necessary first step, ized laser pulse with femtosecond resolution. the studies wfil begin with fluorescence spectra Including phase information along with the and quantum yields for dye molecules spin intensity in a single shot can enhance a wide coated on fused silica, gold, silver, and indium range of ultrafast experiments ranging from bio- tin oxide surfaces. (Gallagher, Nesbitt) o

APPENDIX A PUBLICATIONS A PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

PUBLICATIONS

LABORATORY OFFICE

Gebbie, K.B., “Why Encourage Women to Enter Taylor, B.N., Kuyatt, C.E., et al., “Guide to the Physics,” APS News, APS Views (July 1996). Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement,” corrected and reprinted, 1995 (International Gebbie, K.B., “Oversight Review of Research Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Laboratory Programs at the National Institute of Switzerland, 1995), 109 p. Standards and Technology,” Hearing before the Subcommittee on Technology, Committee on Taylor, B.N., Kuyatt, C.E., et al, “Guide pour Science, House of Representatives, May 2, 1996. I’expression de I’certitude de mesure,” French Dragoset, R.A., Mohr, P.J., Olsen, K.J., Saloman, language version of “Guide to the Expression of E.B., Wiersma, G.G., and Zucker, D. NIST Uncertainty in Measurement,” Taylor, B.N., Physics Laboratory World Wide Web Page URL: Kuyatt, C.E., et al (International Organization http ://physics. nist. gov/. for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1995), 109 p. Martin, W.C., Dalton, G.R., Fuhr, J.R., Kelleher, D.E., Kramida, A., Mohr, P.J., Musgrove, A., Taylor, B.N., “Determining the Avogadro Con- Reader, J. Saloman, E.B., Sansonetti, C.J., stant from Electrical Measurements,” Metrologia Sugar, J., Wiersma, G.G., Wiese, W.L., Zucker, 31, 181-194 (1995). D., Blaise, J., Wyart, J.-F., Eichorn, G., and Grant, C.S., “NIST Laboratory Program on Taylor, B.N., “Report on the 1 1th Meeting of the Atomic Spectroscopic Data for Astronomy,” ecu,” Metric Today 30(3), 4 (May-June 1995).

Astron. Soc. Pacific, Conf. Ser. 81 , 567 (1995). Taylor, B.N., and Cohen, E.R., “Fundamental Taylor, B.N., “Guide for the Use of the Interna- Constants and Energy Conversion Factors,” in tional System of Units (SI),” NIST Special Publi- Handbook of Nuclear Properties, ed. by D.N. cation 811, 1995 Edition (U.S. Government Poenaru and W. Greiner (Clarendon Press, 183-193. Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1995) 84 p. Oxford, 1996), pp.

92 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION (841)

Abdoli, S., Tarrio, C., Christensen, F.E., and Celotta, R.J., McClelland,J.J., Scholten, R.E., Schnopper, H.W., “Soft X-Ray Calibration of the and Gupta, R., “Using Atom Optics to Fabricate Co/C Multilayer Mirrors for the Objective Crystal Nanostructures,” in Proc. of the NATO Advanced Spectrometer (OXS) on the Spectrum Rontgen- Research Workshop on the Ultimate Limits of

Gamma SateUite (SRG),” in Proc. SPIE 2805 , 67 Fabrication and Management, Cambridge, (1996). England, April 3-9, 1994, in Ultimate Limits of Fabrication and Measurement, ed. by M.E. Band, A. and Unguris, J., “Optically Isolated Gimzewski, J.K. Welland (Kluwer Academic Current to Voltage Converter in an Electron Publishers, The Netherlands, 1995), p. 75. Optics System,” Rev. Sci. Instrum, (in press). Celotta, R.J. and McCleUand, J.J., “Method of Band, A. and Stroscio, J.A., “A Closed Loop Fabricating Laser ControUed NanoUthography,” Controller for Electron-beam Evaporators,” Rev. US. Pat. no 5,360,764. Sci. Instru. 67, 2366 (1996). Cromer, C.L., Lucatorto, T.B., O’Brian, T.R., and Barnett, S.M., Burnett, K., and Vacarro, A., Walhout, M. “Improved Dose Metrology in “Why a Condensate can be Thought of Having a Optical Lithography,” SoUd State Techn. 39, 75 Definite Phase,” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. (1996).

Technol. 101 , 593 (1996). Davies, A., Stroscio, J.A., Pierce, D.T., Unguris, Bergeson, S.D., Balakrishnan, A., Baldwin, K., J., and Celotta, R. J., “Observations of AUoying in Lucatorto, T.B., “Doppler-free RIS of the He ls2 the Growth of Cr on Fe(OOl),” J. Mag. Mat. (in Is - ls2s IS Transition at 120.4 nm,” in Proc. of press). 8th Int. Symp. Reson. Ion. & Its Applications (in press). Davies, A., Stroscio, J.A., Pierce, D.T., Unguris, J., StUes, M.D., and Celotta, R.J., “Characteriza- Berggren, K.K., Bard, A., Wilbur, J.L., Gillaspy, tion of MetaUic Thin Film Growth by STM,” in J.D., Heig, A.G., McCleUand, J.J., Rolston, S.L., Proc. of the Scanned Probe Microscopy Work- Phillips, W.D., Prentiss, M., and Whitesides, shop, Gaithersbiu-g, MD, May 3-4, 1995, NISTIR G.M., “Microlithography By Using Neutral Meta- 5752 p. 103. stable Atoms and Self-Assembled Monolayers,” (1996), Science 269 , 1255 (1995). Davies, A., Stroscio, J.A, Pierce, D.T., and Celotta, R.J., “Atomic-Scale Observations of Brewczyk, M., Rzazewski, K., and Clark, C.W., AUoying at the Cr-Fe(OOl) Interface,” Phys. Rev. “Appearance Intensities for Multiply-Charged Lett. Ions in a Strong Laser Field,” Phys. Rev. A 52, 76 , 4175 (1996).

1468 (1995). Dodd, R.J., Edwards, M, WiUiams, C.J., Clark, C.W., Holland, M.J., P.A., Brewczyk, M. Rzazewski, K., and Clark, C.W., Ruprecht, and “Multielectron Dissociative Ionization of Mole- Burnett, K., “The Role of Attractive Interactions cules by Intense Laser Radiation,” Phys. Rev. on Bose-Einstein Condensation,” Phys. Rev. A Lett, (in press). 54, 661 (1996).

R.J., K., Clark, Bruno, P. Stiles, M.D., and Yafet, Y., “Comment Dodd, Edwards, M., Burnett, and on ‘Exchange Coupling in Magnetic Multilayers: C.W., “Solutions of the Nonlinear Schrodinger A Quantum-Size Effect’,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, Equation for Bose-Einstein Condensates of AUtaU 3087 (1995). Atoms,” Opt. Photon. News 7, 39 (1996).

Celotta, R.J., Gupta, R., Scholten, R.E., and Dodd, R.J., “Approximate Solutions of the Non- McCleUand, J.J., “Nanostructure Fabrication Via linear Schrodinger Equation for Ground and Laser-Focused Atomic Deposition,” J. Appl. Excited States of Bose-Einstein Condensates,” J. Natl. Inst. Phys. 79, 6079 (1996). Res. Stand. Technol. 101 , 545 (1996).

Celotta, R.J., Pierce, D.T., and Unguris, J., Edwards, M., Dodd, R.J., Clark, C.W., Ruprecht, “SEMPA Studies of Exchange Coupling in Mag- P.A., and Burnett, K., “Properties of a Bose- netic Multilayers,” Mater. Res. Bull. XX(IO), 30 Einstein Condensate in an Anisotropic Harmonic (1995). Potential,” Phys. Rev. A 53, 1950R (1996). PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

Edwards, M. and Clark, C.W., “Population Trap- Gavrin, A., Kelley, M.H., Xiao, J.Q., and Chien, ping in Short-Pulse Multiphoton Ionization,” J. C.L., “Domain Structures in Magnetoresistive Opt. Soc. Am. B 13, 100 (1996). Granular Metals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 1683 (1995). Edwards, M., Ruprecht, P.A., Burnett, K., and Clark C.W., “Finding the Elementary Excitations Gillaspy, J.D., Berggren, K.K., Bard, A., Wilbur, of Bose-Condensed Neutral Atoms in a Trap, J.L., McClelland, J.J., Rolston, S.L., Phillips, Phys. Rev. A 54, 4178 (1996). W.D., Prentiss, M., and Whitesides, G.M., “Meta- for Edwards, M. Ruprecht, P.A., Burnett, K., Dodd, stable Atom Lithography: A New Technique R.J., and Clark, C.W., “Collective Excitations of Creating Nanostructures,” IEEE Lasers Electro-

Atomic Bose-Einstein Condensates,” Phys. Rev. Opt. Soc. Newslett. 10 , 9 (1996). Lett. 77, 1671 (1996). GuUikson, E.M., Korde, R., Canfield, L.R., and Edwards, M., Dodd, R.J., Clark, C.W., Ruprecht, Vest, R.E, “Stable Silicon Photodiodes for Abso- P.A., and Burnett, K., “Zero-Temperature, Mean- lute Intensity Measurement on the VUV and Soft Field Theory of Atomic Bose-Einstein Conden- X-Ray Region,” J. Elect. Spect. Rel. Phenomena J. Inst. sates,” Res. Natl Stand. Technol. 101 , 80 , 313 (1996). 553 (1996). Gupta, R., McClelland, J.J., Celotta, R.J., and Egelhoff Jr., W.F., Chen, P.J., Powell, C.J., Marte, P., “Raman Induced Avoided Crossing in Stiles, M.D., McMichael, R.D., Lin, C.-L., Adiabatic Optical Potentials: Observation of Sivertsen, J.M., Judy, J.H., Takano, K., and Lambda/8 Spatial Frequency in the Distribution Berkowitz, A.E., “The Trade-Off Between Large of Atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 , 4689 (1996). Magnetoresistance and Small Coercivity in Symmetric Spin Valves,” J. Appl. Phys. 79, Gupta, R., McClelland, J.J., Jabbour, Z., and 8603 (1996). Celotta, R.J., “Nanofabrication of a Two- Dimensional Array Using Laser-Focused Atomic Egelhoff Jr., W.F., Chen, P.J., Powell, C.J.,

Deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67 , 1378 (1995). Stiles, M.D., and McMichael, R.D., “Growth of Giant Magnetoresistance Spin Valves Using Hyman, R.A., Moschel, A., Zangwill, A., and

Indium as a Surfactant,” J. Appl. Phys. 79 , 2491 Stiles, M.D., “Magnetization Reversal in Ultrathin (1996). Films with Monolayer-scale Surface Roughness,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, (1996). Egelhoff Jr., W.F., Chen, P.J., Powell, C.J., 3653 Stiles, M.D., McMichael, R.D., Lin, C.-L., Sivert- Jonsson, L., Levine, Z.H., and Wilkins, J.W., sen, J.M., Judy, J.H., Takano, K., Berkowitz, “Large Local-Field Corrections in Optical A.E., Anthony,m T.C., and Brug, J.A., “Opti- Rotatory Power of a-Quartz and Selenium,” mizing the GMR of Symmetric and Bottom Spin Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 , 1372 (1996).

Valves,” J. Appl. Phys. 79 , 5277 (1996).

Kotochigova, S., Levine, Z., Shirley, E., Stiles, Egelhoff Jr.,W.F., Misra,R.D.K., Ha.,T., Kadmon, M., and Clark, C.W., “Atomic Reference Data Y., Powell, C.J., Stiles, M.D., McMichael, R.D., for Electronic Structure Calculations,” http:// Bennett, L.H., Lin, C.-L., Sivertsen, J.M., and math.nist.gov/DFTdata (1996). Judy, J.H., “Low Temperature Growth of Giant Magnetoresistance Spin Valves,” J. Appl. Phys. Kotochigova, S., Levine, Z., Shirley, E., Stiles, 79 , 282 (1996). M., and Clark, C.W., “High-Precision Local-

Egelhoff Jr., W.F., Ha,T., Misra.R.D.K., Kadmon, Density Fimctional Calculations of the Energy of Y., Nir, J., Powell, C.J., Stiles, M.D., McMichael, Atoms,” Phys. Rev. A (in press). R.D., Lin, C.-L., Sivertsen, J.M., Judy, J.H. Krumrine, J.R., Musgrove, A. and Lucatorto, Takano, K., Berkowitz, A.E., Anthony, T.C., and T.B., Comment on: “Two-Photon Absorption Brug, J.A., “Magnetoresistance Values Exceeding Series of Calcium,” Canadian Journal of Physics 21 Percent in Symmetric Spin Valves,” J. Appl.

3 , 403 (1995). Phys. 78, 273 (1995). Liu, Clark, C.W., “Intensity Furst, M.L., Graves, R.M., Canfield, L.R., and W.-C. and -Depen- dence of the Phase of Harmonics in One- and Vest, R.E., “Radiometry at the NIST SURF II Laser Fields,” Phys. Rev. Storage Ring Facility,” Rev. Sci. Instriim. 66, Two-Frequency A 53 , 2257 (1995). 3582 (1996). PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

Louis, E., Spiller, E., Abdali, S., Christensen, Moschel, A., Hyman, R.A., Zangwill, A., and F.E., Voorma, H.-J., Koster, N.B., Frederiksen, Stiles, M.D., “Magnetization reversal in ultrathin P.K., Tarrio, C., Gullikson, E.M., Bijkerk, F., films with monolayer-scale surface roughness,” “Multilayer Mirrors for the Objective Crystal Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3653 (1996). Spectrometer on the Spectnun Rontgen Gamma Mueller, D.R., Wallace, J.S., Jia, J.J., O’Brien,

Satellite,” in Proc. SPIE 2515 , 194 (1995). W.L., Dong, Q.-Y., Callcott, T.A., Miayano, K.E., Madden, R.P., O’Brian, T.R., Parr, A.C., and Ederer, D.L., “Barium Contributions to the Valence Electronic Structure of Saunders, R.D., and Sapritsky, V.I., “A Method Yba2Cu307 . 3 ,

PrBa Cu , and Other to Realize Spectral Radiance and Irradiance 2 307 , 5 Barium-Containing Scales Based on Intercomparison of Synchrotron Compounds,” Phys. Rev. B 52, 9702 (1995). Radiation,” and High Temperature Blackbody Mueller, D.R., Clark, C.W., Ederer, D.L., Jia, Metrologica 32, 4255 (1995/96). J.J., O’Brien, W.L., Dong, Q.-Y., and Callcott, T.A., “Charge Transfer Induced Multiplet Struc- McClelland, J.J., “Exposure of lithographic ture in the Njy Oj^ Soft X-Ray Emission resists by metastable rare gas atoms,” (patent y Spectrum of Lanthanum,” Phys. Rev. A 52, allowed, pending official award). 4457 (1995). McClelland, J.J., Gupta, R., and Celotta, R.J., Mueller, D.R., Ederer, D.L., O’Brien, W.L., Dong, “Laser Focusing of Chromium Atoms for Nano- Q.Y., Jia, J.J., and Callcott, T.A., “Soft X-Ray structures Fabrication,” in proc. of the CLEO/ Emission and the Local p-Type Partial Density of Conference, Hamburg, Germany, Europe EQEC ,” Electronic States in Y2 O 3 Phys. Rev. B (in September 13, 1996 (in press). press).

McClelland, J.J., Gupta, R., Jabbour, Z.J., and Parker, J., Taylor, K.T., Clark, C.W., and Celotta, R.J., “Laser Focusing of for Atoms Blodgett-Ford, S., “Intense-Field Multiphoton J. Nanostructure Fabrication,” Aust. Phys. 49 , Ionization of a Two-Electron Atom,” J. Phys. B 555 (1996). 29 , L33 (1996).

McClelland, J.J. and Prentiss, M., “Atom Optics: Parker, J. and Clark, C.W., “Study of a Plane- Using Light to Position Atoms,” in Nanotech- Wave Final-State Theory of Above-Threshold nology, ed. by G. Timp (AIP Press, 1996), p. 1. Ionization and Harmonic Generation,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13, 371 (1996). McClelland, J.J., “Optical State-Preparation of Atoms,” in Experimental Methods in the Phys- Penn, D.R., Lewis, S.P., and Cohen, M.L., “Total ical Sciences, ed. by F.B. Dunning and R.G. Dielectric Function Approach to Electron and in Solids,” Phys. Rev. Hulet (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1995), Phonon Response B 51 , 6500 (1995). p. 1 .

McClelland, J.J., “Atom-Optical Properties of a Penn, D.R., Clark, C.W., Powell, C.J., Fulop, T., and Tanuma S., “Theory of the Cross Sections Standing-Wave Light Field,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B for Inelastic Scattering of Electrons by Core- 12 , 1761 (1995). Level Excitations in Solids,” Ultramicroscopy (in McClelland, J.J., “Nanostructures Made by press). Focusing Atoms with Laser Light,” in Physics Peters, P.N., Hoover, R.B., Watts, R.N., Tarrio C., News in 1994, ed. by P.F. Schewe and B.P. Stein and Walker Jr., A.B.C., “Fabrication of Multi- (American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD, layer Optics by Sputtering: Application to EUV 12. 1995), p. Optics with Greater than 30% Normal Reflec-

tance,” in Proc. SPIE 2515 , (1995). Misra, R.D.K., Ha, T., Kadmon, Y., PoweU, C.J., 576

Stiles, M.D., and McMichael, R.D., “STM Studies Pierce, D.T., “Spin Polarized Electron Sources,” of GMR Spin Valves,” in Proc. of the Materials in Experimental Methods in the Physical Research Society, San Francisco, CA, April 17- Sciences, ed. by F.B. Dimning and R.G. Hulet 21, 1995, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 384, 373 (Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 1995), (1995). Vol. 29A, p. 1.

Morgan, H.D., Seyoum, H.H. Fortna, J.D.E., and Proukakis, N.P. and Burnett, K., “Generalised Furst, M.L., “High Resolution Vuv Photo-Absorp- Mean Fields for Trapped Atomic Bose-Einstein

tion Cross Section of O2 near 83.4 nm,” J. of Condensates,” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol.

Elect. Spect. Rel. Phenom. 79 , 389 (1996). 101 , 457 (1996).

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Proukakis, N., Bumett, K., Edwards, M., Dodd, tures,” in Proc. NATO Advanced Research Work- R., and Clark, C.W., “Theory of Bose-Einstein shop on the Ultimate Limits of Fabrication and Condensed Trapped Atoms,” in Trends in Optics Measurement, Cambridge, England, April 3-9, and Photonics: 7, Ultracold Atoms and Bose- 1994, in Ultimate Limits of Fabrication and Einstein Condensation, ed. by K. Bumett (Opti- Measurement, ed. by M.E. Gimzewski, and J.K. cal Society of America, Washington, DC, 1996). Welland (Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 1995), p. 181. Saito, T., Hughey, L.R., Proctor, J.E., and O’Brian, T.R., “Polarization Characteristics of Stroscio, J.A., Pierce, D.T., Davies, A.D., and Silicon Photodiodes and its Dependence on Celotta, R.J., “Tunneling Spectroscopy of Oxide Thickness,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67(9), 3362 bcc(OOl) Surface States,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, (1996); also, http://www.aps.anl.gov/xfd/WWW/ 2960 (1995). xfd/communicator/announce 1095/abstracts/ a 10. pdf. Tarrio, C., Spiller, E., Evans, C.J., Lucatorto, T.B., and Clark, C.W., “Post-Polish Figuring of Scholten, R.E., Gupta, R., McClelland, J.J., Optical Surfaces Using Multilayer Deposition,” Celotta, R.J., Levenson, M.S. and Vangel, M.C., Trends in Optics and Photonics, ed. by G. “Laser CoUimation of Chromium Beam,” Phys. Kubiak and D. Kania (1996), Vol. IV, p. 144. Rev. A (in press). Unguris, J., Scheinfein, M.R., Kelley, M.H., SpiUer, E., Wilczynski, J. Golub, L., Nystrom, G., Gavrin, A., Celotta, R.J., and Pierce, D.T., “Scan- E., C., “Normal-Incidence GuUikson, and Tarrio, ning Electron Microscopy with Polarization Optics for Solar Coronal Imaging,” in Proc. SPIE Analysis (SEMPA),” in Handbook of Microscopy

2515 , 136 (1995). (VCH Verlagsgesellschaft) (in press).

Stiles, M.D., “Oscillatory Exchange Coupling in Vest, R.E. and Canfield, L.R., “Evaluation of

Fe/Cr Multilayers,” Phys. Rev. B 54 , 14679 Au/GaAsP and Au/GaP Schottky Photodiodes as (1996). Radiometric Detectors in the EUV,” Rev. Sci. Stiles, M.D., “Spin-Dependent Interface Trans- Instnim. 67, 1 (1996). mission and Reflection in Magnetic Multilayers,” Xia, Y., McClelland, J.J., Gupta, R., Qin, D.,

J. Appl. Phys. 79 , 5805 (1996). Zhao, X., Sohn, L.L., Celotta, R.J., and White-

Stroscio, J.A., Pierce, D.T., Stiles, M.D., Zang- sides, G.M., “Replica Molding Using Pol3mieric will. A., and Sander, L.M., “Coarsening of Materials: A Practical Step Toward Nanomanu-

Unstable Surface Features During Fe(00 1 ) Homo- facturing,” Advanced Mater, (in press). epitaxy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 , 4246 (1995). Xia, Y., Whitesides, G.M., Gupta, R., McClelland, Stroscio, J.A., Pierce, D.T., Unguris, J., and J.J., and Celotta, R.J., “Nanoscale RepUca Mold- Celotta, R.J., “Influence of Thickness Fluctua- ing Using Polymeric Materials,” (patent pending). tions on Exchange Coupling in Fe/Cr/Fe Struc-

96 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

ATOIVIIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842)

Arp, U., Cooper, J., LeBrun, T., Southworth, (SEMATECH Technol. Trans. 95012686A-TR, S.H., Jung, M., and MacDonald, M.A., “Angular June 30, 1995). Correlation Between Ka Photons and Auger- Electrons Following Argon Is Photoionization,” Bridges, J.M., Hardis, J.E., Cromer, C.L., and Roberts, J.R., “Spectroradiometers for Deep- J. Phys. B 29 , L837-L842 (1996). Ultraviolet Lithography,” in Semiconductor Arp, U., Deslattes, R.D., Miyano, K.E., South- Characterization: Present Status and Future worth, S.H., and Karlin, B.A., “Resonant Inelas- Needs, ed. by W.M. BuUis, D.G. Seiler, and A.C. tic X-Ray Scattering from Molecules and Atoms,” Diebold (AIP, New York, 1996). in Proceedings of the Raman Emission by X-Rays (REX 1) Workshop held in New Orleans, Bridges, J.M. and Migdall, A., “Characterization LA, December 7-9, 1995 (in press). of an Argon Arc Source in the Infrared,” Metro-

logia 32 , 625 (1996). Bagnato, V., Horowicz, R., Marcassa, L., Muniz, S., Zilio, S., Napolitano, R., Weiner, J., and Bridges, J.M., Wiese, W.L., and Griesmann, U., Julienne, P.S., “Polarization Dependence of “An Accurate Branching Ratio Measurement of Optical Suppression in Photoassociative Ioniza- Astrophysically Important N II Intercombination tion Collisions in a Sodium Magneto-optic Trap,” Lines in the UV,” Astron. Soc. Pacif. Conf. Ser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (1996). , 2033 (in press).

Band, Y.B. and Julienne, P.S., “Ultracold Mole- Bryant, G.W., “Theory for Quantum Dot Quan- cule Production by Laser Cooled Atom Photo- tum Wells: Pair Correlation and Internal Quan- association,” Phys. Rev. A 51 , R4317 (1995). tum Confinement in Nanoheterostructures“,

Bartos, A. and Southworth, S.H., “Threshold Phys. Rev. B 52 , R16997 (1995). Dependence of X-Ray Emission of the Ag Lg Bryant, G.W., “Quantum Dots in Quantum Well Edge,” Phys. Rev. A. (in press).

Structures,” J. Lumin. 70 , 108 (1996). Berggren, K.K., Bard, A., Wilbur, J.L., Gillaspy, Bryant, G.W., P.S., Y.B., J. D., Helg, A.G., McClelland, J.J., Rolston, S.L., Julienne, and Band, Phillips, W.D., Prentiss, M., and Whitesides, “Excitons in Complex Quantum Nanostruc- tures”, Surf. / G.M., “Microlithography by Using Neutral Metas- Sci. 361 362 , 801 (1996). table Atoms and Self-Assembled Monolayers,” Bryant, G.W., Julienne, P.S., and Band, Y.B.,

Science 269 , 1255 (1995). “Exciton Binding and Delocalization in T-shaped Beyer, H.F., Liesen, D., Bosch, F., Finlayson, Quantum Wires”, Physica B (in press). K. D., Jung, M., Klepper, O., Moshammer, R., Bryant, G.W., Julienne, P.S., and Band, Y.B., Beckert, K., Eickoff, H., Franzke, B., Nolden, F., “Exciton Trapping, Binding, and Diamagnetic Spadtke, P., Steck, M., Menzel, G., and Deslattes, Shift in T-Shaped Wires,” Superlat. R. D., “X-Rays from Radiative Electron Capture of Quantum Free Coohng Electrons for Precise Lamb-Shift Microstruc. (in press). Measurements at High Z: Au^®"^,” Phys. Lett. A Biunett, K, Julienne, P, Lett, P, and Suominen,

184 , 435-443 (1995). K.-A., “Cold Atoms See the Light,” Phys. World Beyer, H.F., Menzel, G., Liesen, D., Gallus, A., 8, 42 (1995). Bosch, F., Deslattes, R.D., Indelicate, P., Stohl- Burnett, K., Jufienne, P.S., and Suominen, K.-A., ker, Th., Klepper, O., Moshammer, R., Nolden, “Laser Driven Collisions between Atoms in a F., Eickhoff, H., Franzke, B., and Steck, M., Bose-Einstein Condensed Gas,” Phys. Rev. Lett. “Measurement of the Ground-State Lambshift of 77, (1996). Hydrogenlike Uranium at the Electron Cooler of 1416 the ESR,” Z. Phys. (in press). Chantler, C.T., “Theoretical Form Factor, Atten-

Birkl, G., Gatzke, M., Deutsch, I.H., Rolston, uation and Scattering Tabulation for Z= 1-92 S. L., and Phillips, W.D., “Bragg Scattering from from E=l-10 eV to E = 0.4- 1.0 MeV,” J. Phys.

Atoms in an Optical Lattice,” Phys. Rev. Lett. Chem. Ref. Data 24 , 71-643 (1995).

75 , 2823 (1995). Chantler, C.T. and Deslattes, R.D., “Systematic Bridges, J.M. and Hardis, J., “Spectroradiometer Corrections in Bragg X-Ray Diffraction of Flat Developments for Ultraviolet Irradiamce Measure- and Curved Crystals,” Invited Rev. Sci. Instrum. ment Technology for the SVGL Microscan,” 66, 5123-5147 (1995). PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

Chantler, C.T. and Staudenmann, J.-L., “Energy- Foest, R., Olthoff, J.K., Van Brunt, R.J., Benck, Dependences of Absorption in Beryllium Win- E. C., and Roberts, J.R., “Optical and Mass dows and Argon Gas,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, Spectrometric Investigations of Ions and Neutral 1651-1654 (1995). Species in SFg Radio-Frequency Discharges,” Phys. Rev. E 54(2), 1876 (1996). Chantler, C.T., Deslattes, R.D., Henins, A., and Hudson, L.T., “Flat and Curved Crystal Spec- Fuhr, J.R. and Wiese, W.L., “NIST Atomic tregraphy for Mammographic X-Ray Sources,” Transition Probability Tables,” (revised and Br. J. Radiol, 69, 636-642 (1996). enlarged edition), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77th Edition (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Charron, E., Giusti-Suzor, A., and Mies, F.H., FL, 1996). “Coherent Control of Isotope Separation in HD + Photodissociation by Strong Fields,” Phys. Rev. Gatzke, M., Birkl, G., Deutsch, I.H., Rolston, Lett. 75, 2815 (1995). S.L., and Phillips, W.D., “Bragg Scattering from Optical Lattices,” in Laser Spectroscopy XII, ed. Charron, E., Giusti-Suzor, A., and Mies, F.H., by M. Inguscio, M. AUegrtni, and A. Sasso (World “Coherent Control of Photodissociation in Scientific, Singapore, 1996), p.49-50. Intense Laser Fields", J. Chem. Phys. 103, 7359 (1995). Gillaspy, J.D., “Visible and UV Light from Highly Charged Ions: Exotic Matter Advancing Tech- Cheng., H.-P., and Gillaspy, J.D., “Nano-scale nology,” IEEE Lasers Electro-Opt. Soc. Newslett. Modification of Silicon Surfaces via Coulomb 9, 19 (1995). Explosion,” Phys. Rev. B (in press). Gillaspy, J.D., Berggren, K.K., Bard, A., Wilbur, Deilamian, K., Gillaspy, J.D., and KeUeher, D.E., J.L., McClelland, J.J., Rolston, S.L., Phillips, “Search for Small Violations of the Symmetriza- W.D., Prentiss, M., and Whitesides, G.M., “Metas- tion Postulate in an Excited State of Hehum,” table Atom Lithography: a New Technique for Phys. Rev. Lett. 4787 (1995). 74, Creating Nanostructures,” LEGS Newsletter, Deslattes, R.D. and Kessler, E.G., “Challenges to 10(1), pp.9-11 (1996). Opto-Mechanical Design from X-Ray Inter- Gillaspy, J.D., Aglitskiy, Y., Bell, E., Brown, ferometry and Gamma-Ray Diffraction,” in SPIE C.M., Chantler, C., Deslattes, R.D., Feldman, U.,

Proc . Optomechanicaland Precision Instrument Hudson, L., Laming, J.M., Meyer, E.S., Morgan, Design, Vol. 2542, pp. 92-102 (1995). C.A., Pikin, A., Roberts, J.R., Ratliff, L.P., Serpa, Deslattes, R.D. and Tang, C.-M., “X-Ray Genera- F. G., Sugar, J., and Takacs, E., “Overview of the tion and Image Capture: Monoenergetic X-Ray EBIT Program at NIST,” Physica Scripta, T59, Sources,” Acad. Radiol. 1995: 2:S113-S114. 392-395 (1995).

Deslattes, R.D., Staudenmann, J.-L., Hudson, Giusti-Suzor, A., Mies, F.H., Dimauro, L.F., and L.T., Henins, A., and Cline, J.P., “Parallel Beam Charron, E., “Dynamics of H + 2 in Intense Laser Powder Diffractometry Using a Laboratory X-Ray Fields,” J. Phys. B 28. 309 (1995). Source,” in Proceedings the Annual (Confer- of Helmerson, K., Kishore, R., Phillips, W.D., and in Analysis, August 3- ence on Advances X-Ray Weetall, H.H., “An Optical Tweezers Based 8, 1996, Denver, (in press). CO Immimosensor for the Detection of Femtomoles per Liter Concentrations of Antigens,” Clinical Deutsch, I., Spreeuw, R., Rolston, S., and Phil- (in press). lips, W., “Photonic bandgaps in optical lattices,” Chem. Phys. Rev. A 52, 1394 (1995). Hodapp, T.W.. Gerz, C., Furtlehener, C., West- C.I., Phillips, W.D., “Three-Dimen- Dulieu, O. and Julienne, P.S., “Coupled Channel brook, and Bound States Calculations for Alkali Dimers sional Spatial Diffusion in Optical Molasses,” using the Fourier Grid Method,” J. Chem. Phys. Appl. Phys. B 60, 135 (1995). (1995). 103, 60 Hudson. L.T., Deslattes, R.D., Henins, A., Chant- Dzierzega, K., Musiol, K., Benck, E.C., and ler, C.T., Kessler, E.G., and Schweppe, J.E., “A Roberts, J.R., “Electron Density Measurement in Curved Crystal Spectrometer for Energy Calibra- Characterization of a rf Helium Plasma by Laser-Collision Induced tion and Spectral Mammo- 1659- Fluorescence Method,” J. Appl. Phys. 80(6), graphic X-Ray Sources,” Med. Phys. 23, 3196 (1996). 1664 (1996). PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

Hutton, R., Huldt, S., Nystrom, B., Martinson, I., Kim, Y.-K., “Energy and Angular Distributions of Ando, K., Kambara, T., Kanai, Y., Nakai, Y., Secondary Electrons Produced by Electron Awaya, Y., and Sugar, J., “Experimental Life- Impact Ionization,” in Atomic and Molecular times for the 3p Levels in Na-like Nb Processes in Fusion Edge Plasmas, ed. by R.K. (Nb^o + j,” Phys. Rev. A 51 , 143-146 (1995). Janev (Plenum Press, New York, 1995), Chapt. 10, pp. 263-277. Hwang, H., Kim, Y.-K, and Rudd, M.E., “New Model for Electron-Impact Ionization Cross Kim, Y.-K., “Modeling Ionization Cross Sections: Two Decades of Dreams Come True,” Invited Sections of Molecules,” J. Chem. Phys. 104 , 2956 (1996) Papers, Symposium on Two-Center Effects in Ion-Atom Collisions, 13-14 May 1994, Lincoln, Indelicate, P. and Mohr, P.J., “Asymptotic Nebraska, AIP Conf. Proc. No. 362 (Am. Inst. Expansion of the Dirac-Coulomb Radial Green’s Phys., Woodbmy, NY, 1996), p. 214. Function,” J. Math. Phys. 36, 714 (1995). Kim, Y.-K., Hwang, H., and Rudd, M.E., “New Jentschel, M., Heinig, K.H., Bomer, Jolie, J., and Model for Electron-Impact Ionization Cross Kessler, E.G., “Atomic Collision Cascades Stud- Sections of Atoms and Molecules,” Invited ies with the Crystal-GRID Method,” Nucl. Papers, 10th APS Topical Conf. on Atomic

Instrum. Meth. B 115 , 446-451 (1996). Processes in Plasmas, 14-18 Jan. 1996, San Francisco, CA, AIP Conf. Proc. No. 381 (Am. Jones, K., Julienne, P., Lett, P., Phillips, W., Inst. Phys., Woodbury, NY, 1996), p. 93. Tiesinga, E., and Williams, C., “Observation of Retardation in the Interaction Between Two Na Kim, Y.-K., Hwang, H., Weinberger, N.M., Ali, Atoms Bound in a Molecule and a Determination M.A., and Rudd, M.E., “Electron-Impact Ioniza- Lifetime,” Lett., tion Cross Sections of Atmospheric Moleciiles,” of the Atomic 3P Europhys. 35 , 85 (1996). J. Chem. Phys. (in press).

Jones, K.M., Maleki, S., Bize, S., Lett, P.D., Klose, J.Z., Fuhr, J.R., and Wiese, W.L., “Atomic WiUiams, C.J., Tiemann, E., Richter, H., Wang, Branching Ratio Data for Nitrogen-Like Species,” H., Gould, P.L., and Stwalley, W.C., “Direct J. Quant. Spectros. Radiat. Transfer 55, 413 Determination of the Dissociation Energy of (1996).

Nag,” Phys. Rev. A 54 , R1006 (1996). Koc, K., Ishikawa, Y., Kagawa, T, and Kim, Y.-

K. , “Relativistic Modification of Asymptotic Jones, K.M., Maleki, S., Ratliff, L.P., and Lett, Configuration Interaction in the Isoelec- P.D., “Two-color Photoassociation Spectroscopy Carbon tronic Sequence,” Chem. Phys. Lett, (in press). in Ultracold Sodium,” J. Phys. B (in press). Kramida, A. and Martin, W.C., “A Compilation of Julienne, P.S., “Cold Binary Atomic Collisions in Energy Levels and Wavelengths for the Spec- a Light Field,” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. trum of Neutral Beryllium (Be I),” J. Phys.

101 , 487 (1996). Chem. Ref. Data (in press).

Kastberg, A., Phillips, W., Rolston, S., Spreeuw, Kulander, K.C., Mies, F.H., and Schafer, K.J. R., and Jessen, P., “Adiabatic Cooling of Cesium “Model for Studies of Laser-Induced Nonlinear to 700 nK in an Optical Lattice,” Phys. Rev. Lett. Processes in Molecules“, Phys. Rev. A 53, 2562

74 , 1542 (1995). (1996).

Kelleher, D.E., for Spectros- “Database Atomic LaVilla, R.E., Cowan, P.L., Jach, T., Lindle, copy,” Database distributed Stan- NIST 61, by D.W., Brennan, S., and Deslattes, R.D., “Thresh- dard Reference Data, NIST (1995). old X-Ray Spectroscopy and Core Binding Energy,” J. Electron Spectros. (in press). Kessler, E.G., Jr., Schweppe, J.E., and Deslattes, R.D., “Intercomparison of Silicon Samples from LeBrun, T., Arp, U., Southworth, S.H., and the Avogadro Project,” in Proceedings of the MacDonald, M.A., “Electron/X-Ray Coincidence Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Spectroscopy of Atomic Inner-Shells,” Phys. Rev. Measurements, June 17-20, 1996, Braun- Lett, (in press). schweig, Germany, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. Lett, P., “Photoassociation in Ultracold Colli- (in press). sions: High Resolution Spectroscopy from the Kildiyarova, R.R., Joshi, Y.N., and Sugar, J., Collision Continuum,” in Electronic and Atomic “Analysis of the 5d5/Configuration of Os VII and Collisions, Proc. 19th ICPEAC, ed. by L. Dube (AIP Press, New York, 667. Ir VIII,” Phys. Scr. 53 , 560-564 (1996). 1995) p. PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

Lett, P.D., Julienne, P.S., and Phillips, W.D., Martin, W.C. and Wiese, W.L., “Atomic Spectros- “Photoassociative Spectroscopy of Laser Cooled copy,” in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Phys- Atoms,” Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 46, 423 (1995). ics Handbook, ed. by G.W.F. Drake (AIP Press, Woodbury, New York, 1996), Chap. 10, 135-153. Lett, P.D., Molmer, K., Gensemer, S., Tan, K-Y.,

Kumarakrishnan, A., Wallace, C., and Gould, Martin W.C. and Sugar, J., “Designations of ds^p P.G., “Hyperfine Structure Modifications of Energy Levels in Neutral Zirconium, Hafnium, Collisional Losses from Light-Force Atom and Rutherfordium (Z= 104),” Phys. Rev. A 53, Traps,” J. Phys. B 28, 65 (1995). 1911-1914 (1996).

Lett, P., Phillips, W., and Julienne, P., “Photo- Mies, F.H., Williams, C.J., Julienne, P.S., and associative Spectroscopy of Laser Cooled Krauss, M., “Estimating Botmds on Collisional Atoms,” Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 46, 423 (1995). Relaxation Rates of Spin-Polarized ®^Rb Atoms

Lett, P.D., Ratliff, L.P., Wagshul, M.E., Phillips, at Ultracold Temperatures,” J. Res. Natl. Inst. W.D., and Rolston, S.L., in “Photoassociative Stand. Technol. lOl, 521 (1996). Ionization Spectroscopy of Ultracold Na,” in Mohr, P.J., “Tests of Fimdamental Physics,” in Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy 94, ed. by Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Hand- H.-J. Kluge, J.E. Parks, and K. Wendt (AIP Conf. book, ed. by G.W.F. Drake (AIP Press, New York, Proc. No. 329, 1995) p. 289. 1995), Chap. 28, pp. 341-351. MacDonald, M.A., Southworth, S.H., Levin, J.C., Mohr, P.J. and Taylor, B.N., “Fundamental Henins, A., Deslattes, R.D., and LeBrun, T., Constants Bibliographic Database,” http:// “Evolution of X-Ray Resonance Raman Scatter- physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/fundconst/html/ ing into X-Ray Fluorescence from Excitation of Xenon Near the Lg Edge,” Phys. Rev. A 51, cover.html. (1995). 3598-3603 Morgan, C.A., Serpa, F.G., Takacs, E., Meyer,

Machhohn, M., Giusti-Suzor, A., and Mies, F.H., E.S., Gillaspy, J.D., Sugar, J., and Roberts, J.R., “Photoassociafion of Atoms in Ultracold Colli- “Observation of Visible and uv Magnetic Dipole sions Probed by Wave-Packet Dynamics,” Phys. Transitions in Highly Charged Xenon and Barium,” Phys. Rev. Lett. Rev. A 50, 5025 (1994). 74 , 1716 (1995).

Manxmen, M., Helmerson, K., Kishore, R., Choi, Musielok, J., Wiese, W.L., and Veres, G., S.-K., Phillips W.D., and Whitesides, G.M., “Atomic Transition Probabilities and Tests of the “Optically Controlled Collisions of Biological Spectroscopic Coupling Scheme for N I,” Phys.

Objects to Evaluate Potent Pol5rvalent Inhibitors Rev. A 51, 3588 (1995). of Virus-Cell Adhesion,” Chem. & Biology 3, 757 Musielok, J., Bridges, J.M., Djurovic, S., and (1996). Wiese, W.L., “Oscillator Strengths for N II Lines, Marcassa, L.G., Helmerson, K., Tuboy, A.M., including Intersystem Lines, and Tests of the Milori, D.M.B.P., Muniz, S.R., Flemming, J., ZUio Spectroscopic Coupling Scheme,” Phys. Rev. A S.C., and Bagnato, V.S., “Collisional Loss Rate of S3, 3122 (1996). Sodium Atoms in a Magneto-Optical Trap Opera- ting on the D1 Line,” J. Phys. B 29, 3051-3057 Musielok, J., Veres, G., and Wiese, W.L., “Some (1996). Experimental Tests of the Spectroscopic Coupling Scheme of C I,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Marksteiner, S., Savage, C.M., Zoller, P., and Radiat. Transfer (in press). Rolston, S.L., “Coherent Atomic Waveguides from Hollow Optical Fibers: Quantized Atomic Nave, G., Johanson, S., and Thorne, A.P., “Preci- Motion,” Phys. Rev. A 50, 2680 (1994). sion VUV Wavelengths of Fe II Measured by Fourier Transform and Grating Spectrometry,” Martin, W.C., Dalton, G.R., Fuhr, J.R., Kelleher, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (in press). D.E., Kramida, A., Mohr, P.J., Musgrove, A., Reader, J., Saloman, E.B., Sansonetti, C.J., Otto, R., Huhnermann, H., Reader, J., and Sugar, J., Wiersma, G.G., Wiese, W.L., Zucker, Wyart, J.-F., “Hyperfine Structure Investigations D., Blaise, J., Wyart, J.-F., Eichorn, G., and and Identification of New Energy Levels in the Grant, C.S., “NIST Laboratory Program on Ionic Spectrum of ^"^^Pm,” J. Phys. B 28, 3615 Atomic Spectroscopic Data for Astronomy,” (1995). Astron. Soc. Pacific, Conf. Series 81, 597 (1995).

100 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

PediiUa, J., Deslattes, R.D., Joensen, K.D., and Reader, J., Sansonetti, C.J., and Sugar, J., Gorenstein, P., “Characterizing Surfaces and “Wavelengths and Oscillator Strengths from Overlying Multilayer Structures Using Grazing NIST in Support of GHRS,” in Proceedings of the Incidence X-Ray Reflectivity,” in Materials Scientific Impact of the Goddard High Resolu- Research Society Symposium Proceedings - tion Spectrograph-, Astron. Soc. Pac. (in press).

Polycrystalline Thin Films II Symposium I Reynolds, M., SUvera, I., Spreeuw, R., Gerz, C., (1996), Vol. 403, pp. 219-224. Goldner, L., Phillips, W., Rolston, S., and West- Pedulla, J. and Deslattes, R.D., “Short Period brook, C., “Trapping Laser-Cooled Atoms with

( < 3nm) Multilayers on Bn/Ni and Si/W for X-Ray Microwave Radiation,” in Physics News in 1994, Applications,” in Proceedings of the 3rd Inter- April 1995 suppl. APS News 4(4), p. S17. national Conference on the Physics of X-Ray Multilayer Structures, Short-Period X-Ray Ritchie, N.W.M., Abraham, E.R.I., Xiao, Y.Y., Multilayers, Brekenridge, CO, March 3-7, 1996. Bradley, C.C., Hulet, R.G., and Jufienne, P.S., “Trap Loss Collisions of Iltracold Lithium Philhps, W.D., Ekstrom, C., Golding, W., and Atoms,” Phys. Rev. A 51, R890 (1995). Rolston, S.L., “Laser Coohng of Neutral Atoms for Frequency Standards,” in Symposium on Roberts, J.R., “Optical Emission Spectroscopy on Frequency Standards and Metrology, ed. by J. the Gaseous Electronics Conference rf Reference Cell,” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Bergquist (World Scientific, Singapore, 1996), p. 100(4), 5-10. 353 (1995).

Philhps, W.D., “Atoms In Optical Lattices: Cool- Robey, S.W., Hudson, L.T., Henrich, V.E., ing, Trapping and Squeezing Atoms with Light,” Eylem, C., and Eichom, B., “Resonant Photo- Adv. Quantum Chem. (in press). electron Spectroscopy Studies of BaTiOg and Related Mixed Oxides,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids Phillips, W.D., “Quantum Motion Of Atoms 57, 1385-1389 (1996). Confined In An Optical Lattice,” Mater. Sci. Eng. B (in press). Rolston, S.L., Birkl, G., Deutsch, I.H., Gatzke, M., Orzel, C., Phillips, W.D., Sterr, U., and A.I., E.W., Ratliff, L.P., Pikin, Morgan, C.A., BeU, Walhout, M., “Optical Lattices,” in Laser Spec- Church, D.A., and GiUaspy, J.D., “A Line Beam troscopy XII, ed. by M. Inguscio, M. AUegrini, for Highly Charged Ions Extracted from the NIST and A. Sasso (World Scientific, Singapore, 1996), EBIT,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 2528 (1996). p.35-38.

Radovanov, S.B., Dzierzega, K., Roberts, J.R., Ryabtsev, A.N., Joshi, Y.N., and Reader, J., “The and Olthoff, J.K., “Time-resolved BaJmer-alpha - - 4d®-4d® (4f 1 6p) Transitions of In V,” Physica emission from fast hydrogen atoms in low pres- Scripta 51, 359 (1995). sure, radio-frequency discharges in hydrogen,” Phys. Lett. Sansonetti, C.J., Richou, B., Engleman, R., and Appl. 66 , 2637 (1995). Radziemski, L.J., “Measurements of the Reso- Raithel, G., Birkl, G., Kastberg, A., Rolston, S., nance Lines of ®Li and ^Li by Doppler-Free Fre- and Phillips, W.D., “Cooling and Localization quency Modulation Spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. A Dynamics in Optical Lattices,” Phys. Rev. Lett 52, 2682 (1995). (in press). Sansonetti, C.J., Salit, M.L., and Reader, J., Reader, J., Sansonetti, C.J., and Bridges, J.M., “Wavelengths of Spectral Lines in Mercury “Irradiances of Spectral Lines in Mercury Pench Pencil Lamps,” Appl. Opt. 35, 74-77 (1996). Lamps,” Appl. Opt. 35, 78 (1996). Sansonetti, C.J., “Precise Measurements of Reader, J., “Atomic Spectroscopy at NIST- 1995,” Hyperfine Components in the Spectrum of Phys. Scr. T65, 15-22 (1996). Molecular Iodine,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (in press).

Reader, J., “Transition Arrays in Atomic Spec- Santos, M.S., Nussenzveig, P., Marcassa, L.G., troscopy with a Commercial Spreadsheet Pro- Helmerson, K., Flemming, J., Zilio, S.C., and gram,” Comput. Phys. (in press). Bagnato, V.S., “Simultaneous Trapping of Two Reader, J. and Acquista, N., “Spectrum and Different Atomic Species in a Vapor-Cell Energy Levels of Doubly Ionized Zirconium,” Magneto-Optical Trap,” Phys. Rev. A 52, R4340 Physica Scripta (in press). (1995).

101 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

Scherdin, A., Schafer, A., Greiner, W., Soff, G., Suominen, K.-A., Burnett, K., and Julienne, P.S., and Mohr, P.J., “Coulomb Corrections to Del- “The Role of Off-Resonant Excitation in Cold bruck Scattering,” Z. Phys. A 353, 273 (1995). Collisions in a Strong Laser Field,” Phys. Rev. A 53, R1220 (1996). Serpa, F.G., Meyer, E.S., Morgan, C.A., Gillaspy, J.D., Sugar, J., Roberts, J.R., Brown, C.M., and Takacs, E., Meyer, E.S., Gillaspy, J.D., Roberts, Feldman U., “Anomalous Z Dependence of a J.R., Chantler, C.T., Hudson, L.T., Deslattes,

Magnetic Dipole Transition in the Ti I Isoelec- R.D., Brown, C.M., Laming, J.M., Dubau, J., and tronic Sequence,” Phys. Rev. A 53, 2220-2224 Inal, M.K., “Polarization Measurements on a (1996). Magnetic Quadrupole Line in Ne-Like Barium,” Phys. Rev. A 54. 1342-1348 (1996). Shaw, P.S., Arp., U., and Southworth, S.H., C.-M., T.A., A.C., “Measuring Nondipolar Asymmetries of Photo- Tang, Swyden, and Ting, “Planar Lenses for Field-Emitter Arrays,” J. Vac. electron Angular Distributions,” Phys. Rev. A Sci. Tech. B 13, 571-575 (1995). 54, 1463-1472 (1996). Tang, C.-M., Swyden, T.A., Yadon, L.N., Temple, Shirai, T., Okazaki, K., and Sugar, J., “Spectral D., Ball, C.A., Palmer, W.D., Mancusi, J.E., Data for Highly Ionized Krypton, Kr V through Vellenga, D., and McGuire, G.E., “Experiment Kr XXXVI,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 24, 1577 and Simulation of Field-Emitter Arrays with (1995). Planar Lens Focusing,” Vacuum Electronics Solts, R., Ben-Reuven, A., and Julienne, P.S., Annual Review Abstracts (Palisades, VA, “Optical Collisions in Ultracold Atom Traps: Madison, Wisconsin, 1995), pp. V51-V55. Two-Photon Distorted Wave Theory,” Phys. Rev. Tang, C-M., “Microelectric Applications for RF A 52, 4029 (1995). Somces and Accelerators,” Proceedings of the 1995 Particle Accelerator Dallas, Someda, K., Nakamura, H., and Mies, F.H., Conference, TX, 1-5, (in press). “Competition Between Intramolecular Vibra- May 1995 tional Energy Redistribution and Unimolecular Tang, C.-M., “Theory and Experiment of Field- Dissociation: A Scattering Theoretical Point of Emitter Arrays with Planar Lens Focusing,” in View,” Laser Chem. 15, 145 (1995). Proceedings of the 1995 Particle Accelerator Conference and International Conference on Sterr, U., Bard, A., Sansonetti, C.J., Rolston, High-Energy Acelerators, Dallas, TX, May 1-5, S.L., and Gillaspy, J.D., “Determination of the 1995. Xenon 6s[3/2]2 - 6s’[1/2]q Clock Frequency by Interferometric Wavelength Measurements, ” Opt. Tang, C.-M., “Analysis of Beam CoUimation Data Lett. 12, 1421 (1995). from Field-Emitter Arrays with Linear Planar Lens,” in Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE Interna- Levels Sugar, J. and Musgrove, A., “Energy of tional Conference on Plasma Science, Boston, Zinc, I J. Phys. Zn through Zn XXX,” Chem. MA, June 3-5, 1996 (in press) Ref. Data 24, 1803 (1995). Tang, C.-M., “Beam CoUimation from Field- Sugar, J., Reader, J., and Rowan, W.L., “Elec- Emitter Array with Linear Planar Lenses,” in tric-Quadrupole Lines of Mo XVI,” Phys. Rev. A Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting, APS 51, 835 (1995). Division ofPlasmaPhysics, Denver, CO, Novem- ber 11-15, 1996 (in press). Sugar, J. and Rowan, W.L., “Improved Wave- lengths for Prominent Lines of Fe XX to Fe Tang, C.-M., “Collimated Sheet Electron Beam XXIII,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 12, 1403 (1995). for Compact Smith-Purcell Free Electron Laser,” in Proceedings of the 1 7th International Free Suominen, K.-A., Holland, M., Burnett, K., and Electron Laser Conference, Rome, Italy, August Julienne, P.S., “Optical Shielding of Cold Colli- 26-30, 1996 (in press). sions,” Phys. Rev. A 51, 1446 (1995). Tang, C.-M., Swyden, T.A., Thomason, K.A., Suominen, K.-A., Burnett, K., Julienne, P.S., Yadon, L.N., Temple, D., Ball, C.A., Palmer, Walhout, M., Sterr, U., Orzel, C., Hoogerland, M., W.D., Mancusi, J.E., Vellenga, D., and McGuire, and Rolston, S.L., “Ultracold Collisions and G.E., “Emission Measurements and Simulation Optical Shielding in Metastable Xenon,” Phys. of Silicon Field-Emitter Arrays with Linear Rev. A 53, 1678 (1996). Planar Lens,” J. Vac. Soc. Technol. B (in press).

102 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

Tayag, T.J., Mackie, D.M., and Bryant, G.W., “A Wiese, W.L., “Astrophysical Applications of Manufacturable Technique for Implementing Powerful New Atomic Databases,” in Highlights Low-Loss Self-Imaging Waveguide Beamsplit- of Astronomy, 10, 569 (1995). ters“, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 7, 896-898 Wiese, W.L., “News on Fundamental Reference (1995). Data,” Spectrochimica Acta B 50, 917 (1995). Tayag, T.J. and Bryant, G.W., “A Guide/Anti- Wiese, W.L. and Adelman, S.J., editors.. Astro- guide Structure for Implementing Self-imaging physical Applications Powerful New Atomic Waveguide Beamsplitters", Proc. of the Int. of Databases, Astron. Soc. Pacific Conf. Ser. Symp. on Guided-Wave Optoelectronics: Device 78, XXX (1995). Characterization, Analysis and Design (in press). Wiese, W.L., Fuhr, J.R., KeUeher, D.E., Martin, Tiesinga, E., Williams, C.J., Julienne, P.S., W.C., Musgrove, A., and Sugar, J., “Critically Jones, K.M., Lett, P.D., and PhiUips, W.D., “A Evaluated Data for Atomic Spectra,” Spectroscopic Determination of Scattering Astrophys- ical Applications Powerful New Databases, Lengths for Sodimn Atom CoUisions,” J. Res. of Astron. Soc. Pacific, Conf. Ser. 78, 105-123 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 101, 505 (1996). (1995). van het Hof, G.J., Joshi, Y.N., Wyeurt, J.F., and Wiese, W.L., “News on Fundamental Reference Sugar, J., “Analysis of the (5d^ -i- 5d6s) -5d6p Data “ A New Reference Data Table for Carbon, Transition Arrays of Os VII and Ir VIII, and the Nitrogen and Oxygen Spectra,” Spectrochim. 6s ^S-6p ^P Transitions of Ir IX,” J. Res. Natl. ActaB 51, 775 (1996). Inst. Stand. Technol. 100, 687 (1995). Wiese, W.L., “The NIST Spectroscopic Database Veres, G. and Wiese, W.L., “Experimental and Two New Critical Data Tables, AIP Conf. Atomic Transition Probabilities for O II Lines, Proc. 381, 177 (1996). Phys. Rev. A 54, 1999 (1996). Wiese, W.L., Fuhr, J.R., and Deters, T.M., Walhout, M., Sterr, U., Orzel, C., Hoogerland, M., “Atomic Transition Probabilities for Carbon, and Rolston, S.L., “Optical Control of Ultracold Nitrogen and Oxygen,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, CoUisions of Metastable Xenon,” Phys. Rev. Lett. Monograph No. 7 (1996). 74, 506 (1995). Wiese, W.L. and Fuhr, J.R., “Spectra”, in Astro- Walhout, M., Sterr, U., Witte, A., and Rolston, physical Quantities, New Edition, C.R. Cowley, S.L., “Lifetime of the Metastable 6s’[1/2]q Clock ed. by A.N. Cox (in press). State in Xenon,” Opt. Lett. 20, 1192 (1995). Wiese, W.L., “Atomic Transition Probabilities,” Walhout, M., Sterr, U., and Rolston, S.L., “Mag- in Reports on Astronomy (Trans. Int. Astron. netic Inhibition of Polarization-Gradient Laser Union) XXIIIA (in press). Cooling in cr-f-ff- Optical Molasses,” Phys Rev. A 54, 2275 (1996). Wiese, W.L., “Atomic Spectroscopic Databases on the World Wide Web,” Spectrochim. Acta B Weiss, A.W., “Multireferent Superposition-of- (in press). Configurations Calculations of Core-Correlation Effects on Energy Levels and Oscillator Wiese, W.L., “The Critical Assessment of Atomic Strengths: Be and B"^,” Phys. Rev. A 51, 1067 Oscillator Strengths,” Physica Scripta (in press). (1995). WiUiams, C.J., Tiesinga, E., and Jufienne, P.S., Weiss, A.W. and Kim, Y.-K., “Relativistic Modifi- “Hyperfine Structure of the Na2 0" Long Range cations of Charge Expansion Theory,” Phys. Rev. Molecular State,” Phys. Rev. A 53, R1939 A 51, 4487 (1995). (1996).

Wiese, W.L., “Spectroscopic Processes and Data WUson, M.W., Zukic, M., Park, J.H., Torr, D.G., for Fusion Edge Plasmas,” Chapter 2 in Atomic and Pedulla, J., “Optical Behavior Values of and Molecular Processes in Fusion Edge Plas- Substrates, Single Films and Two Film Combi- mas, ed. by R.K. Janev (Plenum Press, NY., nations in the X-Ray Region,” SPIE Vol. 2515, 1995). 131-170 (1996).

103 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844)

Ainetschian, A., Fraser, G.T., Pate, B.H., and Sympositun on Resonance Ionization Spectros- Suenram, R.D., “High-Order Torsional Couplings copy (RIS 96) (in press). in the Infrared Spectrum of 3,3,3-Trifluoropro- Biermann, S., Hoeft, J., Torring, T., Mawhorter, pene,” Chem. Phys. 190, 231 (1995). R., Lovas, F.J., Suenram, R.D., Kawashima, Y., Andrews, A.M., Tretyakov, M.Y., Pate, B.H., and Hirota, E., “Microwave Spectroscopy of

Fraser, G.T., and Kleiner, I., “Fourier-Transform Mixed Alkah Hahde Dimers: LiNaFg,” J. Chem. Infrared and Jet-Cooled Diode-Laser Spectra of Phys. (in press). the 867 cm'^ Band of Acetaldehyde,” Mol. Boyce, C.W., GilHes, C.W., Warner, H., Gillies, Phys. 84, 201 (1995). J.Z., Lovas, F.J., and Suenram, R.D., “Micro- Arrivo, S.M., Dougherty, T. P., Grubbs, W.T., wave Spectra, Structure and Electric Dipole and Heilweil, E.J., “New Advances in Measuring Moment of the Ar-Isocyanic Acid van der Waals Hydrogen Bonding Dynamics,” in Ultrafast Complex,” J. Mol. Spectrosc. 171, 533-545 Phenomena, X, Springer-Verlag Series in Chemi- (1995). cal Physics (1996), p. 292. Bridges, J.M. and Migdall, A., “Characterization Arrivo, S.M., Dougherty, T. P., Grubbs, W.T., of Argon Arc Source in the Infrared,” Metrologia

and Heilweil, E.J., “Ultrafast Infrared Spectros- 32 , 625-628 (1996). copy of Vibrational CO-Stretch Up-Pumping and Bruce, S.S. and Larason, T.C., “Building a Relaxation Dynamics in Metal Hexacarbonyls,” Quahty System Based on ANSI/NCSL Z540-1- Chem. Phys. Lett. 235 , 247 (1995). 1994 - An Effort by the Radiometric Physics Arrivo, S.M., Dougherty, T. P., Grubbs, W.T., Division at NIST,” Proc. NCSL Workshop and and Heilweil, E.J., “Hydrogen-Bond and Vibra- Symposium, Dallas, TX July 16-20, 1995, pp tional Up-Pumping Studied by Broadband Tran- 631-641. sient Infrared Spectroscopy,” Time-Resolved Bruce, S.S. and Larason, T.C., “Developing Vibrational Spectroscopy VII, 1995 Springer Quahty System Docmnentation Based on ANSI/ Proceedings in Physics (in press). NSCL Z540-1-1994 The Optical Technology Arrivo, S.M. and Heilweil, E.J., “Conservation of Division’s Efforts,” NISTIR 5866 (1996). Vibrational Excitation during Hydrogen Bonding Butler, J.J. and Johnson, B.C., “Cahbration in Reactions,” J. Phys. Chem, 100(29) 11975 the Earth Observing System (EOS) Project, Part (1996). 1: Organization and Implementation,” The Earth Asmail, C.C., Cromer, C.L., Proctor, J., andHsia, Observer, A Bimonthly EOS Publication, NASA J.J., “Instrumentation at the National Institute of Goddard Space FUght Center 8(1), 22 (1996). Standards and Technology for Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) Butler, J.J. and Johnson, B.C., “Cahbration in the Earth Observing System (EOS) Project, Part Measurement,” Proc. SPIE Conference on Stray 2: Implementation,” The Earth Observer, A Light in Optical Systems (in press). Bimonthly EOS Publication, NASA Goddard Barnes, P.Y. and Hsia, J.J., “45°/0° Reflectance Space Fhght Center 8(2), 26 (1996). Factors of Pressed Polytetrailuorethylene (PTFE) Butler, J.J. Johnson, B.C., Radio- Powder,” NIST Tech. Note 1413, Jiily 1995. and “EOS metric Measurement Comparisons at Hughes Berden, G., Meerts, W.L., PlusqueUic, D.F., and Santa Barbara Remote Sensing and NASA’s Jet Pratt, D.W., “High Resolution Fluorescence Propulsion Laboratory,” The Earth Observer (in Excitation Spectroscopy of 1 -Aminonaphthalene. press). Sq & Sj Geometries and Sq ^ Transition Moment Orientations,” J. Chem. Phys. 104(11), Celotta, R.J., Gupta, R., Scholten, R.E., and via 3935 (1996). McClehand, J.J., “Nanostructure Fabrication Laser-Focused Atomic Deposition,” J. Appl. Bergeson, S.D., Balakrishnan, A., Baldwin, E., Phys. 79(8), 6079 (1996). Lucatorto, T.B., Marangos, J., Mcllrath, T.J., O’Brian, T.R., Rolston, S.L., and Vansteenkiste, Celotta, R.J., McClehand, J.J., Scholten, R.E., N, “Dopier-free RIS of the He ls^-»ls2s ^S Transi- and Gupta, R., “Using Atom Optics to Fabricate tion at 120.3 nm,” Proc. of Eighth International Nanostructures,” in Proceedings of the NATO

104 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

Advanced Research Workshop on the Ultimate Early, E.A. and Thompson, E.A., “Report on Limits of Fabrication and Management, ASRC/RSI Ultraviolet Spectroradiometers,” NIST Cambridge, England, April 3-9, 1994, in Ulti- IR 5871 (1996). mate Limits of Fabrication and Measurement, Early, E.A. and Thompson, E. A., “Terrestrial ed. by M.E. Gimzewski, J.K. Welland (Kluwer Ultraviolet Monitoring Spectroradiometer Inter- Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 1995) p. comparison: Results and Field Standard Develop- 75-78 Series E: Appl. Sciences 292 . ment,” SPIE Proc. Ultraviolet Technology VI, Chenault, D., Snail, K.A., and Hanssen, L.M., 2831 (1996). “Improved Integrating Sphere Throughput with Early, E.A. and Thompson, E.A., “Irradiance of a Lens and Nonimaging Concentrator,” Appl. Horizontal Quartz-Halogen Standard Lamps,” J. Opt. 34(34) 7959-7964 (1995). Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. lOl, 141 (1996). Chen, W., Right Walker, A.R., Novick, S.E., and Eppeldauer, G., Migdall, A.L., and Cromer, C.L., Tao, F-M, “Structural Determination of the HBr “A Cryogenic Silicon Resistance Bolometer for DBr van der Waals Complex,” J. Chem. Phys. (in use as an Infrared Standard Detector,” Thermal press). Phenomena at Molecular and Microscales and Christen, D., Coudert, L.H., Suenram, R.D., and in Cryogenic Infrared Detectors, ed. by M, Lovas, F.J., “The Rotational/Concerted Torsional Kaviany, D.A., Kaminski, A. Majuimda, P.E. Spectrum of the g'Ga Conformer of Ethylene Phelan, M.M. Youvanovich, and Z.M. Zhang,

AIAA/ASME HTD 277 , 63-68 (1994). Glycol,” J. Mol. Spectrosc. 172 , 57-77 (1995).

Craig, N.C., Brandon, D.W., Stone, S.C., and Eppeldauer, G.P., “Near-Infrared Radiometer Lafferty, W.J., “A Partial Structure for trans-1.2- Standards,” SPIE 2815 (1996). Difluoroethylene from High Resolution Infrared Eppeldauer, G., Migdall, A.L., Gentile, T.R., and Spectroscopy,” J. Phys. 5310-5317 Chem 100 , Cromer, C.L., “Absolute Response Calibration of (1996). a Transfer Standard Cryogenic Bolometer,” SPIE

, 36-46 Cromer, C.L., Lucatorto, T.B. O’Brian, T.R., and 2550 (1995). Walhout, M., “Improved Dose Metrology in Flaud, J.-M., Betrencourt, M., Areas, Ph., Burger, Optical Lithograph,” State Sohd Technology 39 , H., Polanz, O., and Lafferty, W.J., “Simultaneous 75 (1996). Analysis of the 2v2,Vj and Vg Bands of Hydrogen Tellvuide,” J. Mol. Spectros. (in press). Cromer, C.L., Eppeldauer, G., Hardis, J.E.,

Larason, T.C., Ohno, Y., and Parr, A.C., “The Forney, D., Jacox, M.E., and Thompson, W.E., NIST Detector-Based Luminous Intensity Scale,” “The Infrared and Near-Inffared Spectra of HCC J. Res. Natl. Inst. 109- Stand. Technol. 101 , 2, and DCC Trapped in Solid Neon,” J. Mol. Spec- 132 (1996). trosc. 170 , 178-214 (1995).

Datla, R., Grossman, E., and Hobish, M.K., Forney, D., Jacox, M.E., and Thompson, W.E., “Conference Report - Metrology Issues In Tera- “The Vibrational Spectra of Molecular Ions hertz Physics and Technology,” J. Res. Natl. Isolated in Solid Neon. XII. HC1+ (HC1)2'^,

Inst. Stand. Technol. 100 , 717 (1996). ClHCr, and 02"HC1+,” J. Mol. Spectrosc. 103 , 1755-1766 (1995). Datla, R., Grossman, E., and Hobish, M.K., “Proceedings - Metrology Issues In Terahertz Fowler, J.B. and Dezsi, G., “High Accuracy Physics and Technology,” NIST IR 5727 (1995). Measurement of Aperture Area Relative to a Standard Known Aperture,” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Deo, M.N., Cunha, R.D., Weber, A., and Olson, Stand. Technol., lOO, 277 (1995). W. B., “High Resolution FTIR Study of the Band of the CH2 F2 Molecule, J. Mol. Spectrosc. (in Fowler, J.B., “A Third Generation Water Bath press). Based Blackbody Source,” J. Res. Natl. Inst.

Stand. Technol., 100 , 591 (1995). Dougherty, T.P. and HeilweU, E.J., “Broadband Transient IR Spectroscopy of Metal Carbonyl Fowler, J.B., “An Oil Bath Based 293K to 473K Photochemistry,” Springer-Verlag Series in Blackbody Source,” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand.

Chem. Phys. 60 , 82-83 (Berlin 1994). Technol. 100 (in press).

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Fraser, G.T., Lovas, F.J., Suenram, R.D., Spectrum, Large-Amplitude Motions, and ab Karyakin, E.N., Grushow, A., Bums, W.A., and initio Calculations for N2O5,” J. Chem. Phys. Leopold, K.R., “Microwave and Submillimeter- 105, 7249-7262 (1996). Wave Spectra of the Mixed Deuterated-Proton- Gmbbs, W.T., Dougherty, T. P., and Heilweil, ated Water-Dimer Isotopomers,” J. Mol. Spec- E.J., “Bimolecular Interactions in (EtlgSiOH: trosc. (in press). Base:CCl4 Hydrogen-Bonded Solutions Studied Gabard, T, Nikitin, A., Champion, J.P., Pierre, by Deactivation of the ‘Free’ OH-Stretch Vibra- G., and Pine, A.S., “The 2v^ Band of ^^CF4 and tion,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 11989 (1995). Its Simultaneous Analysis with ,” J. Mol. Grubbs, W.T., Dougherty, T.P., and Heilweil, Spectrosc. 170, 431-448 (1995). E.J., “H-bonded Pyrrole Complexes,” J. Phys. Gentile, T.R., Houston, J.M., and Cromer, C.L., Chem. 99 , 10716 (1995). “Realization of a Scale of Absolute Spectral Gupta, D., Wang, L., Hanssen, L.M., Hsia, J.J., Response using the NIST High Accuracy Cryo- and Datla, R.U., “Standard Reference Materials: genic Radiometer,” Appl. Opt. 35, 4392-4403 Polystyrene Films for Calibrating the Wave- (1996). length Scale of Infrared Spectrophotometers - Gentile, T.R., Frenkel, A., Migdall, A.L., and SRM #1921,” NIST Spec. Publ. 260-122 (1995). Zhang, Z. M., “Neutral Density Filter Measure- Gupta, R., McClelland, J.J., Jabbour, Z., and ments at the National Institute of Standards and Celotta, R.J., “Nanofabrication of a Two-Dimen- Technology,” in Spectrophotometry, Lumines- sional Array Using Laser-Focused Atomic Depo- cence and Colour; Science and Compliance, ed. sition,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(10), 1378 (1995). by C. Burgess and D.G. Jones (Elsevier Science,

1995), 129-136. Gupta, R., McClelland, J.J., Celotta, R.J., and Marte, P., “Raman Induced Avoided Crossing in Gentile, T.R. and Cromer, C.L., “Mode-locked Adiabatic Optical Potentials: Observation of X/8 Lasers for High-accuracy Radiometry,” Metrolo- Spatial Frequency in the Distribution of Atoms,” gia 32, 585-587 (1995/96). Phys. Rev. Lett. 76(25), 4689 (1996). Gentile, T.R., Houston, J.M., Hardis, J.E., Hanssen, L.M., “New Instrumentation Develop- Cromer, C.L., and Parr, A.C., “National Institute ment at National Institute of Standards and of Standards and Technology High-Accuracy Technology for Spectral Diffuse Reflectance and Cryogenic Radiometer,” Appl. Opt. 35, 1056- Transmittance Measurement,” in Spectro- 1068 (1996). photometry, Luminescence and Colour: Science George, M.W., Dougherty, T.P., and Heilweil, and Compliance, ed. by C. Burgess and D.G. E.J., “UV Photochemistry of [CpFe(CO)2]2 Stud- Jones (Elsevier, New York, 1995). ied by Picosecond Time-Resolved Infrared Spec- Hanssen, L.M., “Effects of Non-Lambertian troscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. 100 , 201 (1996). Surfaces on Integrating Sphere Measurements,” Glab, W.L., Dehmer, P.M., and Dehmer, J.L., Appl. Opt. 35(19), 3597-3606 (1996). “High-resolution Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Hardis, J.E., “Improving Color Measurements of the 3d7r Grade States of Molecular Oxygen,” J.

Display,” SPIE 2658 , 182-191 (1996). Chem. Phys. 104 , 4937 (1996). Hilpert, G., Fraser, G.T., Suenram, R.D., and Glab, W.L., Glynn, P.T., Dehmer, P.M., Dehmer, Karyakin, E.N., “Proton Interchange Tunneling J.L., Wang, K., and McKoy, B.V., “Rotationally and Internal Rotation in HSN-NH3“, J. Chem. Resolved Energy-dispersive Photoelectron Spec-

Phys. 102 , 4321 (1995). troscopy of H2O: Photoionization of the C(0,0,0) State at 355 mm,” J. Chem. Phys. (in press). Hilpert, G., Fraser, G.T., and Pine, A.S., “Vibra- tional Coupling and Energy Flow in Complexes Grabow, J.-U., Pine, A.S., Fraser, G.T., Lovas, of NH3 with HCN, HCCH, and HCCCCH,” J. F.J., Suenram, R.D., Emilsson, T., Arunan, E., Chem. Phys. 105, 6183 (1996). and Gutowsky, H.S., “Rotational Spectra and van der Waals Potentials of Ne-Ar,” J. Chem. Hight Walker, A.R., Lou, Q., Bohn, R.K., and Phys. 102 , 1181-1187 (1995). Novick, S.E., “Rotational Spectra of Methyl Ethyl and Methyl Propyl Nitrosamines. Conformationsd Grabow, J.-U., Andrews, A.M., Fraser, G.T., Assignment, Internal Rotation and Quadrupole Irikura, K.K., Suenram, R.D., Lovas, F.J., Coupling,” J. Mol. Struct. 346, 187 (1995). Lafferty, W.J., and Domenech, J.L., “Microwave

106 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A; PUBLICATIONS

Might Walker, A.R., Chen, W., Novick, S.E., Johnson, B.C., Bruce, S.S., Early, E.A., Houston, Bean, B.D., and Marshall, M.D.,” Determination J.M., O’Brian, T.R., Thompson, E.A., Hooker, of the Structure of HBr OCS,” J. Chem. Phys. S.B., and MueUer, J.L., “The Fourth SeaWiFS 102, 7298 (1995). Intercalibration Round-Robin Experiment, SIRREX-4,” May 1995, NASA Tech. Memo HoUis, J.M., Jewell, P.R., and Lovas, F.J., “Con- 1 04566, ed. by S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, firmation of Interstellar Methylene,” Astrophys. 35(6), 1 (1996). J. 438, 259-264 (1995). Johnson, B.C., “EOS AM-1 Preflight Radiometric Hougen, J.T., “Coordinates, Hamiltonian, and Measurement Comparison Using the Advanced Symmetry Operations for the Small-Amphtude Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Vibrational Problem in Methyl-Top Internal- Radiometer Visible/Near Infrared Integrating Rotor Molecules like CHgCHO,” J. Mol. Spec- Sphere,” Earth Observing System, SPIE 2820 trosc. (in press). (1996). Hsia, J., Larason, T.C., and Barnes, P.Y., Jones, G.R., Kelley, E.F., and Germer, T.A., “CompUance in Spectrometry: - Quality Assur- “Specular and Diffuse Reflection Measurements ance of Spectrophotometric Measurements at of Electronic Displays,” Society of Information NIST,” Spectrophotometry, Luminescence and Displays 96 Digest, 203-206 (1996). Colour; Science and Compliance (Elsevier Science, 1995) pp. 65-68. Kaplan, S.G., Wu, S., Lihn, H-T.S., Drew, H.D.,

Li, 9 ., Fenner, D.B., Phillips, J.M., and Hou, loannou, 1. 1., Kuczkowski, R.L., and Hougen, S.Y., “Normal State ac HaU Effect in YBa2Cug07 J.T., “The Rotational-Tunneling Spectrum of Thin Films,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 696 (1996). Argon-Acetaldehyde: Theory and Analysis,” J. Mol. Spectrosc. 171, 265 (1995). Kaplan, S.G., Quijada, M., Drew, H.D., Tanner, D.B., Xiong, G.C., Ramesh, R., Kwon, C., and Jacox, M.E. and Thompson, W.E., “Matrix Venkatesan, T., “Giant Magneto-Resistance in Isolation Study of the Interaction of Excited Ndn vSrn oMnOo at Optical Frequencies,” Phys. Neon Atoms with NFg. Infrared Spectra of NFg"^, Rev. Lett 77, 2081 (1996). + NF . , and NF.',” J. Chem. Phys. 102, 6-12 (1995). Kaplan, S.G., Quijada, M., Drew, H.D., Tanner, D.B., Xiong, G.C., Ramesh, R., Kwon, C., and Jacox, M.E. and Thompson, W.E., “Matrix Venkatesan, T., “Optical Evidence for the Isolation Study of the Interaction of Excited Dynamic Jahn-TeUer Effect in Ndo 7Sro gMnOg,” Neon Atoms with BFg. Infrared Spectra of BF , 2 Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2081 (1996). '^, + BFg’,” J. Phys. 102, BF2 BFg , and Chem. 4747-4756 (1995). Karyakin, E.N., Fraser, G.T., Lovas, F.J., Suenram, R.D.,cmd Fujitake, M., “Donor-Accep- Jacox, M.E., Irikiira, K.K., and Thompson, W.E., tor Interchange Tunneling in HDO-DOH and the “Matrix Isolation Study of the Interaction of Higher Energy HDO-HOD Isotopomer,” J. Chem.

Excited Neon Atoms with SiF : Infrared Spectra 4 Phys. 102, 1114-1121 (1995). of SiFg"^ and SiFg',” J. Chem. Phys. 103, 5308- 5314 (1995). Kawashima, Y., Suenram, R.D. and Hirota, E., “Determination of the Nuclear Quadrupole Jacox, M.E., Irikura, K.K., and Thompson, W.E., Coupling Constants of NaOH, KOH, RbOH, and “Matrix Isolation Study of the Interaction of CsOH and Electric Dipole Moment of NaOH,” J. Excited Neon Atoms with BClg: Infrared Spectra Mol. Spectrosc. 175, 99 (1996). + '^, BClg“,” J. Phys. of BClg , BCl2 and Chem. 104, 8871-8878 (1996). Kleiner, I., Hougen, J.T., Grabow, J.-U., Belov, S.P., Tretyakov, M.Yu., and Cosleou, J., ”The Johnson, B.C., Gibson, C., Machin, G., Ricolfi, Third and Fourth Torsional States of Acetal- T., Battuello, M., Fischer, J., and Jung, H.J., dehyde,” J. Mol. Spectrosc. 179, 41 (1996). “Intercomparison of Temperatvure Scales with a

Transfer Standard Radiation Thermometer Kleiner, I., Lovas, F.J., and Godefroid, M., Among Five National Institutes,” The Society of “Microwave Spectra of Molecules of Astro- Instrument and Control Engineers (Japan), physical Interest. XXIII. Acetaldehyde,” J. Phys. Proc. of July 1995 Hokkadio Meeting (1995). Chem. Ref. Data, (in press).

107 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

Lafferty, W.J. “Applications of High Resolution Lovas, F.J. and Lugez, C.L., “The Microwave Spectral Data as Applied to the Quantitative Spectrum and Structure of CH2O-H2O,” J. Mol.

Intensity Determination of the 2500 cm‘^ Atmo- Spectrosc. 179 , 320-323 (1996). spheric Window Band of 302,” Proceedings of Lovas, F.J., Belov, S.P., Tretyakov, M.Yu., Stahl, the 88th Annual Meeting, Air & Waste Manage- W., and Suenram, R.D., ”The a-Type K = 0 ment Association, 95 , WA73A.04 (1995). Microwave Spectmm of the Methanol Dimer,” J. Mol. Spectrosc. 487-492 Lafferty, W.J., Pine, A.S., Hilpert, G., Sams, 170 , (1995).

R.L., Flaud, J.M., I'j 2v^ -t-j/g and “The + and Lugez, C.L., Thompson, W.E., and Jacox, M.E., Band Systems of SO2: Line Positions and Intensi- “Matrix Isolation Study of the Interaction of ties,” J. Mol. Spectrosc 176 , 280-286 (1995). Excited Neon Atoms with O3: Infrared Spectra of O3" and Evidence for the Stabilization of Larason, T.C., “The Radiometric Physics Divi- + ,” O2O4 J. Chem. Phys. 105 , 2153-2160 (1996). sion’s Efforts at Building a Quality System Based on ISO/IEC Guide 25,” Metrologia (in press). Lugez, C.L., Jacox, M.E., and Thompson, W.E., “The Vibrational Spectra of Molecular Ions Larason, T.C., Bruce, S.S., and Cromer, C.L., Isolated in Solid Neon. XIII. Ions Derived from “The NIST High Accuracy Scale for Absolute J. 3901-3910 HBr and HI,” Chem. Phys. 105 , Spectral Response From 406 to 920 nm,” J. nm (1996).

Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 101 , 133-140 (1996). Lugez, C.L., Forney, D., Jacox, M.E., and Irikura, K.K., “The Vibrational Spectra of Molec- Lihn, H-T.S., Choi, E.-J., Kaplan, S., Drew, H.D., ular Ions Isolated in Solid Neon, XIV, CHgT"^, Li, Q., and Fenner, D.B., “Grain Boundary CHgCI"^, CHgEr"^, and their Ylidion Isomers,” J. Induced Magneto-Far Infrared Resonances in Chem. Phys. 106 (in press). Superconducting YBa2Cu307.§ Thin Films,” McClelland, J.J., Gupta, R., Jabbom, Z.J., and Phys. Rev. B 53, 1 (1995). Celotta, R.J., “Laser Focusing of Atoms for Lihn, H-T. S., Wu, S., Drew, H.D., Kaplan, S., Li, Nanostructure Fabrication,” Aust. J. Phys. 49, Q., and Fenner, D.B., “Measurement of the Far- 555 (1996). infrared Magneto-conductivity Sensor of Super- McCormack, E.F., Dehmer, P.M., Dehmer, J.L., conducting YBa2Cu307 Thin Films,” Phys. Rev. and Pratt, S.T., “Multistate Interactions in Nitric Lett. 76, 3810 (1996). Oxide Probed by Laser-induced Grating Spec-

troscopy,” J. Chem. Phys. 102 , 4740 (1995). Lorentz, S.R., Ebner, S.C., Walker, J.H., and Datla, R.U., “NIST Low Background Infrared McCormack, E.F., Pratt, S.T., Dehmer, P.M., and Spectral Calibration Facility,” Metrologia 32, Dehmer, J.L., “Excited-state Structure and 621-625 (1996). Dynamics of Nitric Oxide Probed by Resonant Four-wave Mixing Techniques,” Austral. J. of Lovas, F.J., Pereyra, W., Suenram, R.D., Fraser,

Phys. 49 , 445 (1996). G.T., Grabow, J.-U., and Hight Walker, A.R., “Using Fourier Transform Microwave Spectros- McDonald, D.G., Phelan, R.J., Vale, L.R., Ono, copy to Detect Hazardous Air Pollutants,” in R.H., Rice, J.P., Borcherdt, L., Rudman, D.A., Proceedings of Optical Sensing for Environ- Cosgrove, J., and Rosenthal, P., “Noise from mental and Process Monitoring, ed. by O.A. YBCO Films: Size and Substrate Dependence,” IEEE Trans, Appl. Superconductivity (in press). Simpson, A&WMA Vol. VIP-37 (SPIE 2365 , 1995), 58-69. Madden, R.P., Parr, A.C., Saunders, R.D., O’Brian, R.R., and Sapritsky, V.I., “A Method to Lovas, F.J., Zobov, N., Fraser, G.T. and Realize Spectral Radiance and Irradiance Scales Suemam, R.D., “The Microwave Spectrum and Based on Intercomparison of Synchrotron and Structme of the CH3NO2-H2O Dimer,” J. Mol. High Temperature Blackbody Radiation,” Metrol-

Spectrosc. 171 , 189-199 (1995).

ogia 32 , 425 (1996). Lovas, F.J., Kawashima, Y., Grabow, J.-U., Majewski, W.A., Pfanstiel, J.F., Plusquellic, D.F., Suenram, R.D., Fraser, G.T., and Hirota, E., and Pratt, D.W., “High Resolution Optical Spec- “Microwave Spectra, Hyperfine Structure, and troscopy in the UV,” in Laser Techniques in Electric Dipole for Conformers I II Moments and Chemistry, Vol. XXIII, ed. by A.B. Myers and

of Glycine,” Astrophys. J. Lett. 455 , L201-L204 T.R. Rizzo (Wiley & Sons, New York, 1995) p. (1995). 101 .

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Mehringer, D.M., Snyder, L.E., Miao, Y., and Sensing: Methods and Instrumentation, SPIE Lovas, F.J., “Detection and Confirmation of 2831 (in press). Interstellar Acetic Acid,” Astrophys. J. Lett, (in Ohashi, N., Tsuura, M., and Hougen, J.T., “Effec- press). tive Rotation-Pseudorotation Hamiltonian for Migdall, A.L., Eppeldauer, G.P., and Cromer, Xg-Type Molecules in the High Barrier Limit,” J. C.L., “IR Detector Spectral responsivity Cali- Mol. Spectrosc. 173, 79 (1995). bration Facility at NIST,” SPIE 2227, 46-53 Ohashi, N. and Hougen, J.T., “Analysis and (1994). Global Fit of Timneling Splittings in the K = 0 Migdall, A.L., Datla, R.U., Sergienko, A., Orszak, A-Type Microwave Spectrum of the Methanol J.S., and Shih, Y.H., “Absolute Detector Quan- Dimer,” J. Mol. Spectrosc. 170, 493 (1995). tum Efficiency Measurements Using Correlated Photons,” Metrologia 32, 479-483 (1996). Ohashi, N., Tsuura, M., Hougen, J.T., Ernst, Migdall, A., “Polarization Directions of Non- W.E., and Rakowsky, S., “Effective Rotation- CoUinear Phase Matched of Optical Parametric Pseudorotation Hamiltonian for Xg-Type Mole- Down-Conversion Output,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. cules: Application to the B~-X~ Transition of ,” (in press). Na3 J. Mol. Spectrosc. (in press).

Migdall, A.L., Datla, R., Sergienko, A., and Shih, Ohno, Y., Lindermann, M., and Sauter, G., Y.H., “Absolute Radiometry Using Correlated “Analysis of Integrating Sphere Errors for Lamps Photons,” Applications of Photonic Technology, Having Different Angular Intensity Distribu- ed. by G.A. Lampropoulos (Plenum Press, 1995) tions,” 1996 Conf. Proc. J. Ilium. Eng. Soc. 895-906. 475-479. (1996), pp.

Ohno, Y., “Realization of NIST 1995 Liuninous Mueller, J.L., Johnson, B.C., Hooker, S.B., Flux Scale Using Integrating Sphere Method,” J. McLean, J.T., Biggar, S.F., “The Third SeaWiFS International Round-Robin Experiment Ilium. Eng. Soc. 25(1), 13-22 (1996). [SIRREX-31, 19-30 September 1994,” NASA Ohno, Y. and Sauter, G. “1993 Intercomparison Tech. Memo 104566, ed. by S.R. Hooker, E.R. of Photometric Units Maintained at NIST (USA) Firestone, and J.G. Acker, 34, 78 (1996). and PTB (Germany),” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 100(3), 227-239 (1995). O’Brian, T.R., Johnson, B.C., and Sakuma, F., “Direct Intercomparison of Copper and Gold Ohno, Y. “Realization of NIST Luminous Flux Freezing Point Blackbody Primary Standards Scale Using an Integrating Sphere with an from NRLM and NIST,” Metrologia 32, 445 External Source,” CIE 23rd Session Proceedings (1996). 87-93 (1995).

O’Brian, T.R. and Lawler, J.E., “Excited Level Ohno, Y. “New Method for Realizing Total Flux Lifetime Measurement,” Experimental Methods Scale Using an Integrating Sphere with an in the Physical Sciences: Atomic, Molecular and External Source,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc. 24(1), 106- Optical Physics, Vol. 29B (Academic Press, 115 (1995). 1996), Chapter 12. Ohno, Y., “New Technologies for Optical Radia- O’Brian, T.R. and Lawler, J.E., “Radiative Life- tion Measurements,” CIE 23rd Session Proceed- times in Cl and an Atomic Carbon Beam ings 498-499 (1995). Source,” J. Quant. Spectros. Radiat. Trans, (in press). Ohno, Y. and Jackson, J.K., “Characterization of Modified FEL Quartz-Halogen Lamps for Photo- O’Brian, R.R., Lorentz, S.R., Byrd, D.A., metric Standards,” Metrologia 32, 693-696 Michaud, F.D., Bender, A.L., Luettgen, A.L., and (1996). Holland, R.F., “Design, Manufacture, and Cali- bration of Infrared Radiometric Blackbody Ohno, Y., “Improved Photometric Standards and Source,” Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Calibration Procedures at NIST,” Proceedings of 343- Analysis, Modeling, and Testing VII, SPIE 2743 NCSL 1996 Workshop and Symposium 1, (1996). 353 (1996).

Ohno, Y., “NIST Measurement Services: Photo- O’Brian, T.R., “SURF III: The Next Generation Radiometric Storage Ring Facility at NIST,” metric Calibration,” NIST Spec. Publ. 250-37 (in Ultraviolet Atmospheric and Space Remote press).

109 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

Omron, R.M., Hight Walker, A.R., Hilpert, G., Seeded Optical Parametric Oscillator,” Appl. Opt. Fraser, G.T. and Suenram, R.D., “Rotational 35(9), 1464 (1996). Spectra of CH3CCH-NH3, NCCCH-NH3, and Plusquelhc, D.F., Votava, O. and Nesbitt, D.J., NCCCH-OHg,” J. Mol. Spectrosc. 179, 85 (1996). “Part I: Far-off Resonance Photodissociation Parr, A.C., “A National Measurement System for Dynamics of Jet-cooled HgO and D2O: Relative Radiometry, Photometry, and Pyrometry Based Absorption Cross Section and Product State upon Absolute Detectors,” NIST Tech. Note Distributions at 193 nm,” J. Chem. Phys. (in 1421, September 1996. press).

Pereyra, W. And Dummer, D.J., “An Optical Podobedov, V.B., Rice, J.P., Weber, A., and Polarimeter with Rotating Poiari2ers and Rota- Drew, H.D., “Raman Scattering from Single ting Sample,” Proceedings of Workshop on Crystal YBa2Cu307.g in a Magnetic Field,” J. Infrared and Millimeter Wave Polarimetry, Superconductivity (in press). 5-7, (in press). December 1996 Rice, J.P. and Johnson, B.C., “A NIST Thermal Infrared Transfer Standard Radiometer for the Peterson, K.I., Suenram, R.D., and Lovas, F.J., Observing “The Structure and Internal Dynamics of Earth System (EOS) Program,” The Earth Observer, Bimonthly Publication, CO-CO-HgO Determined by Microwave Spectros- A NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 8, 31 (1996). copy,” J. Chem. Phys. 102, 7807-7816 (1995). Rice, J.P. and Zhang, Z.M., “Liquid-Nitrogen- Pine, A.S., “N2and Ar Broadening and Line Mixing in the P and R Branches of the Vg Band Cooled High-Tc Electrical Substitution Radi- of CH4,” J. Quant. Spectres. Radiat. Trans, (in ometer as a Broadband IR Transfer Standard,” press). NIST Tech. Note 1414 (1996).

Pine, A.S., “Line Mixing Sum Rules for the Rice, J.K., Lovas, F.J., Fraser, G.T. and Suenram, R.D., “Pulsed-Nozzle Fourier-Trans- Analysis of Multiplex Spectra,” J. Quant. Spec- form Microwave Investigation of the Large- tres. Radiat. Trans, (in press). AmpHtude Motions in HBr-COg,” J. Chem. Phys. Pine, A.S., “Collision Dynamics Studied by 103 , 3877-3884 (1995). Pressme Broadenings and Shifts, Dicke Narrow- Saito, T., Hughey, L.R., Proctor, J.E., and ing, Correlations and Line Mixing,” Proceedings O’Brian, T.R., “Polarization Characteristics of of the CCP6 Workshop on Inelastic Collision and Silicon Photodiodes and Its Dependence on Dynamics in the Atmosphere, University of Oxide Thickness in the Far UV Region,” Rev. Durham, England (July 1995). Sci. Instnnn. (SRI Proceedings) (1996). Pine, A.S. and Stone, S.C., “Torsional Tunneling Sakuma, F., Sakate, H., Johnson, B.C., Gibson, and Aj-Ag Splittings and Air Broadening of the C., Machin, G., Ricolft, T., Buttuello, M., Fishcer, and PQo Subbranches of the Pj Band of J., and Jimg, H.J., “Intercomparison of Radia- Ethane,” J. Mol. Spectrosc. 175, 21-30 (1995). tion Temperature Scales Among Five National Pine, A.S., Suenram. R.D., Brown, E.R., and Metrological Laboratories Using a Transfer McIntosh, K.A., “A Terahertz Photomixing Standard Radiation Thermometer,” Metrologia Spectrometer: Application to SOg Self Broaden- 33, 241 (1996). ing,” J. Mol. Spectrosc. 175, 32-47 (1996). Sakuma, F., O’Brian, T.R., and Johnson, B.C., “Intercomparison of Pittman, T.B., Strekalov, D.V., Migdall, A.L., NRLM Copper Point and NIST Gold Point Blackbodies,” Society Rubin, M.H., Sergienko, A.V., and Shih, Y.H., The of Instrument and Control Engineers (Japan), “Can Two-photon Interference be Considered the Proc. of July 1995 Hokkadio Meeting (1995). Interference of Two Photons?” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1917-1920 (1996). Shaw, P.S., Arp, U., and Southworth, S.H., “Approaches to Measuring Non-dipolar Asymme- Pliva, J., Pine, A.S., and CUvis, S., “The Perpen- tries of Photoelectron Angular Distributions,” dicular C-H Stretching Band Pj^ and the Torsional Phys. Rev. A (in press). Potential of Dimethylacetylene,” J. Mol. Spec- trosc. 180 , 15-25 (1996). Shaw, P.S., Arp, U., and Southworth, S.H., “Measuring Nondipolar Asjnnmetries of Photo- PlusqueUic, D.F., Votava, O. and Nesbitt, D.J., electron Angular Distributions,” Phys. Rev. A “Absolute Frequency Stabilization of an Injection 54(2), 1463-1472 (1996).

110 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

Shi, J., Grindle, S., Chen, S., Owen, G., Insalaco, Suenram, R.D. and Andrews, A.M. “Microwave L., Cromer, C., and Goldner, L., “UV Radiometry Spectroscopy,” in Experimental Methods in the Issues for UV Stabilization of Photoresist,” SPIE Physical Sciences, Vol. 29B, ed. by F.B. Dunning and R.G. 2440 , 136-145 (1995). Hulet (Academic Press, 1996), Chapter 14, pp. 273-296. Shirley, E.L., Himpsel, F.J., Terminello, L.J., and Klepeis, J.E., “Detailed Theoretical Photo- Suenram, R.D., Lovas, F.J., Grabow, J.-U., Right electron Angular Distributions for LiF(lOO),” Walker, A.R., Lugez, C.L. and Chu, P.M., “Analytical Applications of Fotuier Transform Phys. Rev. B 53 , 10296-10309 (1996). Microwave (FTMW) Spectroscopy to Trace Gas Shirley, E.L. and Louie, S.G., “Photoemission Analysis.” Proc. 1996 On-Site Analysis Confer- and Optical Properties of Cgp FuUerites,” Quan- ence, Orlando, Florida, 1996. tum Theory of Real Materials, ed. by J.R. Tamm, L.K., Bohm, C., Ynag, J., Shao, Z. Chelikowsky and S.G. Louie (Kluwer, New York, Hwang, J., Edidin, M,. and Betzig, E., “Nano- 1996) pp. 515. structure of Support Phospholipid Monolayers Shirley, E.L. , "Self-consistent GW and Higher- and BUayers by Scanning Probe Microscopy,” order Calculations of Electron States in Metals,” Thin Solid Films (in press). Phys. Rev. B 54, 7758-7764 (1996). Tsai, B.K., Johnson, B.C., and Saunders, R.D., Shirley, E.L. and Datla, R.U., “Optimally “Calibration and Characterization of a High- Toothed Apertures for Reduced Diffraction,” J. temperatvure Blackbody,” Infrared Spacebome Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. (in press). Remote Sensing III, 2553, 514-523 (1995).

Shirley, E.L., “Optimal Basis Sets for Detailed Tsai, B.K., “Developments in the New Spectral Irradiance Scale at the National Institute of Brillouin-zone Integrations,” Phys. Rev. B (in Standards and Technology,” Preparing Metrol- press).

ogy for the Next Millennium, 1 , 325-341 (1996). Shirley, E.L., Benedict, L.X., and Louie, S.G., Tsai, B.K., Johnson, B.C., Saimders, R.D., and “Excitons in SoUd Cgg,” Phys. Rev. B 54 , 10970- Cromer, C.L., “Comparison of Filter Radiometer 10977 (1996). Spectral Response with the NIST Spectral Irradi- Shirley, E.L., “Simulating X-ray Fluorescence in ance and Illuminance Scales,” Metrologia 32(6), Graphite and Boron Nitride,” Proc. Raman 473-477 (1996). Emission of X-rays Conference (in press). Tseng, S.-H., Eggers, D.F., Beck, R., Blake, T.A.,

Snail, K.A., Lu, Z.P., Weimer, R., Heberlein, J., Watts, R.O., Lovas, F.J., and Zobov, N. “Infrared Pfender, E., and Hanssen, L.M., “Confirmation of and Microwave Spectra of the N 2 -Propyne Dimer,” J. Mol. (in {113} Facets on VD-Grown Diamond,” J. Crystal Spectrosc. press).

Growth 137 , (1994). 676 Van Zee, R.D. and Stephenson. J.C., “Lifetime of the CH OH* Intermediate in the Reaction Snyder, L.E., Kuan, Y.-J., Miao, Y., and Lovas, 3 -I- (^D ^ -> CH 0 ) CHgOH* CH OH,” J. Chem. F.J. “Search for Biomolecules in Sgr B2,” Proc. 4 2 3

Phys. 102 , 6946 (1995). of the 1993 Bioastronomy Symposium, Progress in the Search for Extraterrestrial Life, ed. by S. Votava, O., Plusquellic, D.F., Riedler, E., and Shostak, Santa Cruz, CA (in press). Nesbitt, D.J., “Injection Seeded Ring Optical Parametric Oscillator: Single Mode Near-IR Light Stone, S.C., Miller, C.C., Philips, L.A., Andrews, with High Spectral Brightness,” J. Chem. Phys. A.M., Fraser, G.T., Pate, B.H., Xu, L.-H., “Infra- (in press). red Spectra of the 10 ^m Bands of 1,2-Difluoro- ethane and 1,1,2-Trtfluoroethane: Vibrationally Walker, J.H. and Thompson, A., “Spectral Mediated Torsional Timneling in 1,1,2-Trifluoro- Radiance of a Large-Area Integrating Sphere

Source.” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 100 , ethane, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 174 , 297 (1995). 37 (1995). Struck, L.M., Richter, L.J., Buntin, S.A., Cavanagh, R.R., and Stephenson, J.C., “Femto- Weber, A., “Interferometric Raman Spectroscopy second Laser-Induced Desorption of CO from of Gases,” in Fourier Transform Raman Spec- Cu(lOO); Comparison of Theory and Experi- troscopy: From Concept to Experiment,” ed. by ment,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 25 (1996). J. Rabolt and B. Chase (Academic Press, 1995), Chapter 7, 209-270. PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A; PUBLICATIONS

West, J.B., Parr, A.C., Hayes, M.A., Dehmer, Xu, L.-H., Andrews, A.M., and Fraser, G.T., J.L., Dehmer, P.M., Siggel, M.R.F., and Hardis, “Study of the Overtone C-O Stretching Band of J.E., “A High Resolution Study of the Photoelec- Methanol by Multiple Resonance Spectroscopy,” tron Angular Distributions and Branching Ratios J. Chem. Phys. 103, 14 (1995). for the Carbon Dioxide Molecule in the Wave- Xu, L.-H. and Lovas, F.J., “Microwave Spectra of length Region 685-795A,” J. Electron Spectros. Molecules of Astrophysical Interest. XXIV: Relat. Phenom. (Netherlands) 79, 511-514 13 I OH),” J. Phys. Methanol (CH 3 OH and CH 3 ! (1996). Chem. Ref. Data (in press). West, J.B., Hayes, M.A., Siggel, M.R.F., Dehmer, Zhang, Z.M., Hanssen, L.M., Datla, R.U., and J.L., Dehmer, P.M., Parr, A.C., and Hardis, J.E., Drew, H.D., “An Apparatus for Transmittance “Vibrationally Resolved Photoelectron Angular and Reflectance Measurements at Cryogenic Distributions and Branching Ratios for the Temperatures,” Int. J. Thermophys. 17(6) 1441- Carbon Dioxide Molecule in the Wavelength 1454 (1996). Region 685-795 A,” J. Chem. Phys. 104(11), 3923-3924 (1996). Zhang, Z.M. and Hanssen, L.M., “A Computer Simulation of the Nonlinearity Effect on FT-IR Wu, S., Kaplan, S.G., Quijada, M., Sengupta, K., Measurements,” Mikrochimica Acta (in press). and Drew, H.D., “Improved Circular Polarizer for Far-infrared Lightpipe Systems,” Rev. Sci. Inst. Zhang, Z.M., Zhu, Z.U., and Hanssen, L.M.,

66 , 5559 (1995). “Methods of Correcting Nonlinearity Errors in Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometers,” Wu, S., Kaplan, S.G., Lihn, H-T. S., Drew, H.D., Appl. Spectrosc. (in press). Hou, S.Y., Phillips, J.M., Barbour, J.C., Venturini, E.L., Li, Q., and Fenner, D.B., “Tem- Zhang, Z.M., Hanssen, L.M., Hsia, J.J., and perature Dependence of the Far-infrared Mag- Datla, R.U., “A Procedure for Testing the Radio- neto-transmission of YBa2Cu307 Films,” Phys. metric Accmacy of Foruier Transform Infrared Rev. B. (in press). Spectrometers,” Mikrochimica Acta (in press).

Xu, L.-H. and Hougen, J.T., “Global Fit of Rota- Zhang, Z.M., Hanssen. L.M., and Datla, R.U., tional Transitions in the Ground Torsional State “High-optical-density Out-of-band SpectralTrans- of Methanol,” J. Mol. Spectrosc. 169, 396 (1995). mittance Measurements of Bandpass Filters,” Opt. Lett. 20(9), 103 (1995). Xu, L.-H., Fraser, G.T., Lovas, F.J., Suenram, R.D., Gillies, C.W., Warner, H. E. and Gilhes, Zhang, Z.M., Datla, R.U., and Hanssen, L.M., J.Z., “The Microwave Spectrum and OH Internal “Development of Neutral-Density Infrared Filters Dynamics of £rauche-2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol,” J. Using Metallic Thin Films,” Mat. Res. Soc. Chem. Phys., 103, 9541 (1995). Symp. Proc. 374, 117-122 (1995).

Xu, L.-H. and Hougen, J.T., “Global Fit of Torsi- Zhang, Z.M., Hanssen, L.M., and Datla, R.U., onal-rotational Transitions in the Groimd and “Polarization-Dependent Angular Reflectance of First Excited Torsional States of Methanol,” J. Silicon and Germaniiun in the Infrared,” Infrared Mol. Spectrosc. 173, 540 (1995). Phys. Tech. 37, 539-546 (1996).

112 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846)

Abdurashitov, J.N. and Nico, J.S. (with SAGE Al-Sheikhly, M. and McLaughlin, W.L., “Inter- Collaboration), “The Russian-American Gallium penetrating Polymer Network (IPN) Formation by Experiment (SAGE) Cr-Neutrino Source Measure- Electron-Beam Curing of Acrylated Epoxy Resin ment,” Phys. Rev. Lett, (in press). Blends,” in Radiation Effects on Polymers, ed. by R.L. Clough, J.H. O’Donnell and S.W. J.N. Nico, (with Abdurashitov, and J.S. SAGE Shalaby (American Chemical Society, Washing- Collaboration), “Results from II,” Nucl. SAGE ton, DC, 1996) pp. 188-195.

Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 38 , 54 (1995). Al-Sheikhly, M. and McLaughlin, W.L., “On the Abdurashitov, J.N. and Nico, J.S. (with SAGE Mechanisms of Radiation-Induced Curing of Collaboration), “Results from SAGE,” Nucl. Phys. Epoxy-Fiber Compositions,” Radiat. Phys. Chem. B (Proc. Suppl.) 48, 299 (1996). 48, 201-206 (1996).

Abdurashitov, J.N. and Nico, J.S. (with SAGE AUisy-Roberts, P.J., Boutillon, M., and Lamperti, Collaboration), “Preliminary Results from the P., “Comparison of the Standards for Air Kerma Russian-American Gallium Experiment Cr- of the NIST and the BIPM for ®°Co y Rays,” Neutrino Source Measurement,” Nucl. Phys. B Metrologia (in press).

(Proc. Suppl.) 48 , 370 (1996). Barcelo, M., Uribe, R.M., McLaughlin, W.L., and Abdurashitov, J.N. and Nico, J.S. (with SAGE Belmont, G., “The Effect of Formulation Changes Collaboration), “SAGE Chromium Experiment,” on the Response to Ultraviolet and Ionizing International Conference on Neutrino Tele- Radiation of Radiochromic Dye Films,” Proc. 11** scopes, Venice, Italy, 1996 (in press). Inti. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Buda- pest, July 1995, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 66, 237- Abdurashitov, J.N. and Nico, J.S. (with SAGE 242 (1996). Collaboration), “SAGE II Results,” International Conference on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice, Bamea, G., Dick, C.E., Ginzburg, A., Navon, E., and Seltzer, S.M., “A Study of Multiple Scatter Italy, 1996 (in press). Background in Compton Scatter Imaging,”

Abdurashitov, J.N. and Nico, J.S. (with SAGE NDT&E. Inti. 28 , 155 (1995). Collaboration), “The Russian-American GaUiiun Berger, M.J. and Hubbell, J.H., “Photon Attenua- Experiment,” Rencontre de Moriond Conference tion Coefficients,” in CRC Handbook of Chemis- on Electroweak Interactions and Unified Theory, try and Physics, 76th Edition (1995-1996), ed. Les Arcs, France, 1995 (in press). by D.R. Lide, pp. 10 284-288 (1995). Adams, J.M., McGarry, E.D., Hawaii, A.I., and Berger, M.J., Unterweger, M.P., and Hutchinson, Venkataraman, R., “The Materials Dosimetry J.M.R., “The Influence of Backing and Covering Reference Facility Round Robin Tests of ^^^Np Materials on the 27r-Counting Efficiencies of 238y Fissionable Dosimeters,” American and Beta-particle Sources,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Society for Testing and Materials (in press). 369 ( 2 , 3 ), 684 (1996).

Adams, J.M., Catchen, G.L., Fu, J., and Miller, Carlson, A.D., “Status of the NEANSC Subgroup D.L., “Hyperfine Interactions of ^^^In/^^^Cd Working on Improving the ^°B(n, alpha) Stan- Probe Atoms on GaAs(lll)B Reconstructed dard Cross Sections,” Proc. 9th International Surfaces Measured Using Perturbed Angular Symposium on Reactor Dosimetry, Prague,

Correlation Spectroscopy,” Surface Science 337 , Czech, September 2-6, 1996 (in press).

118-134 (1995) . Catchen, G.L., Adams, J.M., Fu, J., and Miller, Akselrod, M.S., McKeever, S.W.S., Moscovitch, D.L., “Hyperfine Interactions of ^^^In/^^^Cd M., Emfietzoglou, D., Durham, J.S., and Soares, Probe Atoms on GaAs(lll)B Reconstructed

C.G., “A Thin-Layer AlgOgrC Beta TL Detector,” Surfaces,” Hyperfine Interactions 97/ 98 , 193- Rad. Prot. Dosim. 66, 105-110 (1996). 202 (1996).

Al-Sheikhly, M., Chaychian, M., and Cheng, T.Y., Soodprasert, T.C., and Hutchinson, McLaughlin, W.L., “Radiation-Initiated Removal J.M.R., “Radioactivity Measurements Using of Heavy Metals from Water,” Trans. Amer. Storage Phosphor Technology, Appl. Radiat. Nucl. Soc. 72, 128-130 (1995). Isotopes (in press).

113 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

Chouffani, K., Uberall, H., Dick, C.E., Genz, K., Colle, R., Unterweger, M.P., Hodge, P.A., Hoffman-Stascheck, P., Morokhovski, H., Hutchinson, J.M.R., Whitttestone, S., Polian, G., Nettling, U., and Richter, A., “Channeling Radia- Ardouin, B., Kay, J.G., Friend, J.P., Blomquist, tion of Low-Energy Electrons in a Germanium B.W., Nadler, W., Dang, T.T., Larsen, R.J., and Crystal,” Proc. Inti. Conference on the Inter- Hutter, A.R., “An International Intercomparison action of Electron Beams with Sohds, Tomsk, of Marine-Atmospheric ^^^Rn Measurements in

Russia, Sept. 4-8, 1995, Nucl. Phy. (in press). Bermuda,” J. Geophys. Res. 100 , 16617-16638 (1995). Colle, R. and Schima, F.J., “A Quantitative, Verifiable, and Efficacious Protocol for Spiking CoUe, R., “A Precise Determination of the ^^^Rn Solid, Granular Matrices with Radionuclidic Half-Life by 4ira-i8 Liquid Scintillation Measme- Solutions, Radioact. Radiochem. 7(3), 32-48 ments,” Radioact. Radiochem. 6(1), 16-29(1995). (1996). Colle, R., “Critically Evaluated Half-life for ^^^Rn Colle, R. and Zimmerman, B.E., “Nickel-63 Radioactive Decay and Associated Uncertain- Standardization: 1968-1995,” Radioact. Radio- ties,” Radioact. Radiochem. 6(1), 30-40 (1995). chem. 7(2), 12-27 (1996). Colle, R., “Cocktail Mismatch Effects in Colle, R. and Zimmerman, B.E., “®^Ni Half-Life: Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry: ImpUcations A New Experimental Determination and Critical Based on the Systematics of ^H Detection Effi- Review,” Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 47, 677-691 ciency and Quench Indicating Parameter Varia- (1996). tions with Total Cocktail Mass (Volume) and H2O Fraction,” Appl. Radiat. Isotopes (in press). Colle, R. and Kishore, R., “An Update on the Colle, R., “Systematic Effects of Total Cocktail NIST Radon-In-Water Standard Generator: Its Performance Efficacy and Long-Term Stability,” Mass (Voltune) and HgO Fraction on Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry of ^H,” Appl. Radiat. Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. (in press). Isotopes (in press). Colle, R., Hutchinson, J.M.R., and Kotrappa, P., “Calibration of Electret-Based Integral Radon CoUe, R., “Use of the Harmonic Mean: On Aver- Monitors Using NIST Polyethylene-Encapsulated aging Coimt-Rate Data for Variable-Time, Fixed- Coimt Intervals,” Radioact. Radiochem. 7(1), 13- ^^®Ra/^^^Rn Emanation (PERE) Standards,” J. 629-639 17 (1996). Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 100 ,

(1995). Cross, W.G., Bohm, J., Charles, M.W., Piesch, E., and Seltzer, S.M., Dosimetry ofExternal Beta Colle, R., Lin, Z., Schima, F.J., Hodge, P.A., Thomas, J.W.L., Hutchinson, J.M.R., and Radiationfor Radiological Protection, Report 56 of the International Commission on Radiation Comsey, B.M., “Preparation and Cahbration of Units and Measurements, Bethesda, MD (in Carrier-Free ^°®Po Solution Standards,” J. Res. press). NIST 100(1), 1-36 (1995).

Dannon, Y., Moore, M.S., Koehler, P.E., Littleton, Colle, R., Unterweger, M.P., Hodge, P.A., and P.E., Miller, G.G., Ott, M.A., Rowton, L.J., Hutchinson, J.M.R., “An International Marine- Taylor, W.A., Wihelmy, J.B., Yates, M.A., Atmospheric ^^^Rn Measurement Intercompar- Carlson, A.D., HiU, N.W., Harper, R., and Hilko, ison in Bermuda. Part I: NIST Calibration and R., “Fission Cross-Section Measurements of the Methodology for Standardized Sample Addi- Odd-Odd Isotopes ^^^Pa, ^^®Np, and ^^®Np,” tions,” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 101 , Nucl. Sci. Eng. (in press). 1-19 (1996). Desrosiers, M.F., “The Current Status of the EPR CoUe, R., Unterweger, M.P., Hutchinson, J.M.R., Method for the Detection of Irradiated Foods,” Whitttestone, S., Polian, G., Ardouin, B., Kay, Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 47 (in press). J.G., Friend, J.P., Blomquist, B.W., Nadler, W.,

Dang, T.T., Larsen, R.J., and Hutter, A.R., “An Desrosiers, M.F., Bm-Linska, G., Kuppusamy, P., International Marine-Atmospheric ^^^Rn Zweir, J., Yaczko, D.M., Auteri, F.P., McCleUand, Measurement Intercomparison in Bermuda. Part M.R., Dick, C.E., and McLaughlin, W.L., II: Results for the Participating Laboratories,” J. “Research and Development Activities in Elec-

Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 101 , 21-46 tron Paramagnetic Resonance Dosimetry,” (1996). Radiat. Phys. Chem. 46, 1181 (1995).

114 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

Desrosiers, M.F., Yaczko, D.M., Basi, A., and Publishers, Inc., New York, 1996), Vol. 1, Chapt. McLaughlin, W.L., “Inter-Laboratory Trials of the 3, pp. 41-64. EPR Method for Detection of Irradiated Spices, Hofmarm, W., Heistracher, T., Caswell, R.S., and Nutshell, and Eggshell,” in Detection Methods Karam, L.R., “Track Structure Predictions of for Irradiated Food - Current Status, ed. by C.H. Radon-Induced Biological Effects in Human McMurray, E.M. Stewart, R. Gray and J. Pearce Bronchial Epithehum,” Environ. Inti, (in press). (Royal Soc. Chem. Special Publication, Cam- bridge, UK) (in press). Hubbell, J.H., “Experimentally Measured Total X-Ray Attenuation Coefficients Extracted from Desrosiers, M.F., Bensen, D.L., and Yaczko, Previously Unprocessed Documents Held by the D.M., “Response to Optimization of Experimental NIST Photon and Charged particle Data Center,” Parameters for the EPR Detection of the Cellu- NISTIR 5893 (1996). losic Radical in Irradiated Foodstuffs,” Int. J. Hubbell, J.H. Seltzer, S.M., “Tables of Food Sci. Tech. 30 , 675-680 (1995). and X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients and Mass Energy- N.B., Y-D., M.L., Al- El-Assy, Chen, Walker, Absorption Coefficients 1 keV to 20 MeV for Sheikhly, M., and McLaughlin, W.L., “Anionic Elements Z = 1 to 92 and 48 Additional Sub- Triphenylmethane Dye Solutions for Low-Dose stances of Dosimetric Interest,” NISTIR 5632 Food Irradiation Dosimetry,” Radiat. Phys. (1995).

Chem. 46 , 1189-1197 (1995). Hutchinson, J.M.R., “A Review of ICRU Report Farahani, M., Antonucci, J.M., and Karam, L.R., 52,” Metrologia (in press). “Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Polymers Inn, K.G.W., “NIST Programs for Environ- Derived from N-aryl-a-Amino Acids Initiators,” MQA mental Radioactivity and Radiation Monitoring,” Appl. Poly. Sci. (in press). Proc. 4th S5nTiposium on Environmental Radia- Fattibene, P., Duckworth, T., and Desrosiers, tion Monitoring Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, M.F., “Critical Evaluation of the Sugar-EPR April 11-13, 1995 (in press). Dosimetry System,” Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 47 (in Inn, K.G.W., Lin, Z.-C., Liggett, W.S., Schima, press). F.J., Krey, P., Feiner, M., Liu, Z.-C. Holloway, Gall, K., Desrosiers, M.F., Bensen, D., and R., Harvey, J., Larsen, I.L., Beasley, T., Huh, Serago, C., “Alanine EPR Dosimetry Response in C.-A., McCurdy, D., Germain, P., Yamamoto, M., Proton Therapy Beams,” Appl. Radiat. Isotopes Handl, J., Popplewell, D.S., Woods, M.J., 47 (in press). Jerome, S., Bates, T.H., Holms, A., Harvey, B.R., Odell, K.J., Warren, B.B., and Yoimg, P., “Low- Haight, R.C., Bateman, F.B., Grimes, S.M., Level Radioactivity Ocean Sediment Standard Brient, C.E., Massey, T.N., Wasson, O.A., Reference Material,” Appl. Radiat. Isotopes (in Carlson, A.D., and Zhou, H., “Measurement of press). the Angular Distribution of Neutron-Proton Inn, K.G.W., Lin, Z.-C., FlUiben, J.J., Lagergren, Scattering at 10 MeV,” Fusion Eng. Des. (in E.S., Liggett, W.S., “The NIST Low-Level press). and Radionuclide Ocean Sediment Standard Refer- Halbleib, J.A., Kensek, R.P., and Seltzer, S.M., ence Material,” Proc. International Committee for “Version 4.0 of ITS Electron/Photon Monte Carlo Radionuclide Metrology Low-Level Working Transport Codes,” Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc. 73, Group, Seville, Spain, October 2-6, 1995, Appl. 329-330 (1995). Radiat. Isotopes (in press).

Harbert, J.C. and Coursey, B.M., “Radiation Jacobson, D.L., Allman, B.E., Zawisky, M., Detector Systems,” in Nuclear Medicine: Diag- Werner, S.A., and Rauch, H., “Neutron Inter- nosis and Therapy, ed. by J.C. Harbert, W.C. ferometric Measurement of Neutron Pair Correla- Eckelman, and R.D. Neumann (Thieme Medical tions for Multiple Detectors,” J. Phys. Soc. Jap., Publishers, Inc., New York, 1996), Vol. 1, Chap. January 1996 (in press). 21-40. 2, pp. Karam, L.R. and Simic, M.G., “Hydroxylated Harbert, J.C. and Coursey, B.M., “Counting Amino Acids as Markers of Irradiated Meats: Radioactivity,” in Nuclear Medicine: Diagnosis Detection of ortho-Tyrosine,” in Food Irradia- and Therapy, ed. by J.C. Harbert, W.C. Eckel- tion, Molecular and Medical Implications, ed. by man, and R.D. Neumann (Thieme Medical E.B. Henderson and M.C. Grootveld (in press).

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Karam, L.R., Mitch, M.G., and Coursey, B.M, by L.H. Keith (American Chemical Society, “Encapsulation of within FuUerenes: a Washington, D.C., 1996), pp. 185-202. Novel Radionuclidic Carrier,” Appl. Radiat. Makepeace, J.L., Day, F.E., and Unterweger, Isotopes (in press). M.P., “Intercomparison of Measurements of Kaurin, D.G.L., Baum, J.W., Charles, M.W., Tritiated Water by Internal Proportional Gas Darley, D.P.J., Durham, J.S., Scannell, M.J., Coimting,” Nucl. Instru. Methods (in press). and Soares, C.G., “Hot Particle Intercomparison McGarry, E.D., Adams, J.M., et ah, USNRC Draft Dosimetry,” Proc. 1996 Inti. Congress on Radia- Regulatory Guide: DG-1053, “Calctdational and tion Protection, Vienna, April 14-19, 1996 Dosimetry Methods for Determining Pressure (1996), Vol. 3, p. 28-30. Vessel Neutron Fluence,” United States Nuclear

Klemic, G., Shobe, J., Gesell, T., and ShebeU, P., Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear Regu- “Results of the Tenth International Intercompar- latory Research (June 1996). ison of Environmental Dosimeters,” Rad. Prot. McLaughliln, W.L., Al-Sheikhly, M., Lewis, D. F., Dosim. 58, 133-142 (1995). Kovacs, A., and Wojnarovits, L., “A Radio- Kojima, T., Kashiwazaki, S., Tachibana, H., chromic Solid State Polymerization Reaction,” in Tanaka, R., Desrosiers, M.F., and McLaughlin, Radiation Effects on Polymers, ed. by R.L. W.L., “Orientation Effects on ESR Analysis of Clough, J.H. O’Donnell, and S.W. Shalaby Alanine-Polymer Dosimeters,” Appl. Radiat. (American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, Isotopes 46, 1407-1411 (1995). 1995) pp. 152-166.

Kovacs, A., Wojnarovits, L., El-Assy, N.B., McLaughlin, W.L., Puhl, J.M., Al-Sheikhly, M., Afeefy, H.Y., Al-Sheikhly, M., Walker, M.L., and Christon, C.A., Miller, A., Kovacs, A., McLaughhn, W.L., “Alcohol Solutions of Tri- Wojnarovits, L., and Lewis, D.F., “Novel Radio- 1** phenyl-Tetrazolium Chloride As High-Dose chromic Films for Clinical Dosimetry,” Proc. 1 Inti. Conference Solid Stat Radiochromic Dosimeters,” Proc. 9th Inti. Meet- on Dosimetry, Buda- ing on Radiation Processing, Istanbul, Turkey, pest, July 1995, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 66, 263- 268 (1996). September 1994, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 46 , 1217-1225 (1995). McLaughlin, W.L. and Desrosiers, M.F., “Dosim- etry Systems for Radiation Processing,” Proc. Kovacs, A., Wojnarovits, L., Ebrahim, S.E., 9th Inti. Meeting on Radiation Processing, Istanbul, McLaughlin, M.L., and Miller, A., “Radiation Turkey, September 1994, Radiat. Phys. Chemical Reactions of Triphenyl-tetrazolium Chem.

46 , 1163-1174 (1995). Chloridein Liquid and Solid State Componds.” Proc. 8th “Tihany” Symposium on Radiation McLaughlin, W.L., “The Calibration of High-Dose Chemistry. Balatonszeplak, Hungary, 1994, Dosimeters in High-Energy Electron Beams,” Radiat. Phys. Chem. 47 , 483-486 (1996). Proc. IAEA Coordinated Research Meeting, Rise National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, April Kovacs, A., Slezsak, I., McLaughlin, W.L., and 1995, IAEA TechDoc, International Atomic Miller, A., “OsciUometric and Conductometric Energy Agency, Vienna (in press). Analysis of Aqueous and Organic Dosimeter Solutions,” Proc. 9th Inti. Meeting on Radiation McLaughlin, W.L., Al-Sheikhly, M., Christou, Processing, Istanbul, Turkey, September 1994, C.A., Puhl, J.M., and Miller, A., “Temperature

Radiat. Phys. Chem. 46 , 1211-1215 (1995). and Relative Humidity Dependence of Radio- chromic Film Dosimeter Response to Gamma Lee, S., Hutchinson, J.M.R., Inn, K.G.W., and and Electron Radiation,” Proc. 9th Inti. Meeting Thein, M., “Bioassay Procedures for Neptxmimn- on Radiation Processing, September 1994, 237,” Health Phys. 68(3), 350-358 (1995). Istanbul, Turkey, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 46 , Letner, A., Witzani, J., Boutillon, M., 1227-1233 (1995). Allisy-Roberts, P., Delaunay, F., Lamperti, P., McLaughlin, W.L., Walker, M.L., and Strachotinsky, C., and Csete, I., “International Humphreys, J.C., “Calorimeters for Calibration Comparisons of Air Kerma Standards in ^^^Cs of High-Dose Dosimeters in High-Energy Elec- Gamma Rays,” Metrologia (in press). tron Beams,” Proc. 9th Inti. Meeting on Radia- September 1994, Istanbul, Liggett, W.S. and Inn, K.G.W., “Pilot Studies for tion Processing,

Turkey, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 46 , 1235-1242 Improving Sampling Protocols,” in Principles of Environmental Sampling, Second Edition, ed. (1995).

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McLaughlin, W.L., “Color Centers in LiF for Pitt, M.L., Ackerstaff, K., Carr, R.W., Court, G.R., Measurement of Absorbed Doses up to 100 Mgy,” DeSchepper, D., Dvoredsky, A., Gentile, T.R., Proc. 11^ Inti. Conference on Solid State Dosim- Golendoukhin, A., Kelsey, J.F., Korsch, W., etry, Budapest, July 1995, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. Kramer, L.H., Li, Y., McKeown, R.D., Milner, 66, 197-200 (1996). R.G., Niczyporuk, M., Pate, S.F., Shin, T., Sowinski, J., Steffens, E., Stewart, J., Stock, F., McLaughlin, W.L., Walker, M.L., and Hum- Wise, T., and Zapfe-Duren, J., “TOM: A Target phreys, J.C., “Calorimeters for Calibration of Optical Monitor of Polarization and Luminosity High-Dose Dosimeters in High-Energy Electron for Polarized Internal Gas Tartgets,” in Proceed- Beams,” Proc. 9th Inti. Meeting on Radiation ings the International Processing, September 1994, Istanbul, Turkey, of Workshop on Polarized Beams and Polarized Gas Targets, Cologne, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 46, 1235-1242 (1995). Germany, dime 6-9, 1995, ed. by H.P.G. Schieck Mincher, B. J., Zaidi, M. K., Arbon, R. E., and and L. Sydow (World Scientific, Singapore, McLaughlin, W. L., “Calibration and Perfor- 1996). mance of GafChromic™ DM- 100 Radiochromic Dye Dosemeters,” Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 66, 237- Saylor, M. and McLaughlin, W.L., “Dosimetry: “2000”, 242 (1996). Systems and Standards,” in Sterilization Proc. of Health Industry Manufacturers Associa- Nablo, S.V., Kneeland, D.R., and McLaughlin, tion Conference, April 1994, Rockville, MD, W.L., “Real-Time Monitoring of Electron Proces- HIMA, Washington, DC (in press). sors,” Proc. 9th International Meeting on Radia- tion Processing, Istanbul, Turkey, September Schauer, D.A., Desrosiers, M.F., Kuppusamy, P., 1994, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 46, 1377-1383 and Zweier, J.L. “Radiation Dosimetry of an (1995). Accidental Overexposure Using EPR Spec- trometry and Imaging of Human Bone,” Appl. Nagy, V. and Desrosiers, M.F., “A Complex Time Radiat. Isotopes 47 (in press). Dependence of the EPR Signal of Irradiated L-a- Alanine,” Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 47, 789-793 Schauer, D.A., Coursey, B.M., Dick, C.E., (1996). McLaughlin, W.L., Puhl, J.M., Desrosiers, M.F., and Jacobson, A.D., “An Overview of a Radiation Nagy, V., Komozin, P.N., and Desrosiers, M.F., Accident at an Industrial Accelerator Facility,” in “Choosing Reference Samples for EPR Concen- Advances in the Treatment of Radiation tration Measurements, Part 3, Systems of Injuries, ed. by T.J. MacVittie, J.F. Weiss and D. S = 3/2,” Anal. Chim. Acta (in press). Browne (Pergamon, Elsevier Science, N.Y.) (in Nagy, V. Yu., Sokolov, D.P., and Desrosiers, press). M.F., “Choosing Reference Samples for EPR Schima, F.J. and CoUe, R., “Alpha-Particle and Concentration Measurements, Part 4, Systems of Electron Capture Decay of ^°®Po,” Nucl. Instrum. S = 5/2,” Anal. Chim. Acta (in press). Methods Phys. Res. A369, 498-502 (1996). Nichiporov, D., Kostjuchenko, V., Puhl, J.M., Schultz, M.K., Burnett, W.C., Inn, K.G.W., Bensen, D.L., Desrosiers, M.F., Dick, C.E., Thomas, J.W.L., and Lin, Z.-C., “Partitioning of McLaughlin, W.L., Kojima, T., Coursey, B.M., Radioactive Elements in NIST Natural Matrix and Zink, S., “Investigation of Applicability of Standards,” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Alanine and Radiochromic Detectors to Dosim- etry of Proton Clinical Beams,” Appl. Radiat. (in press). Isotopes 46, 1355 (1995). Schultz, M.K., Burnett, W.C., Inn, K.G.W., Lin, Z.-C., Nico, J.S., Adams, J.M., Eisenhauer, C., Gihiam, Thomas, J.W.L., and “New Directions D.M., and Grundl, J.A., Fission Neutron for Natural-Matrix Standards - the NIST Specia- Transport Through an Iron Sphere,” Proc. 9th tion Workshop,” Radioact. Radiochem. 7(1), 9-12 International Symposium on Reactor Dosimetry, (1996). Prague, Czech Republic, 1996 (in press). Seltzer, S.M. and Hubbell, J.H., “Tables and Nico, J.S. (with emiT Collaboration), “Search for Graphs of Photon Mass Attenuation Coefficients Time-Reversal Non-Invariance in Neutron Beta and Mass-Energy Absorption Coefficients for Decay,” Proc. XXXth Moriond Conference on Photon Energies 1 keV to 20 MeV for Elements Dark Matter in Cosmology, Clocks, and Tests of Z=1 to 92 and Some Dosimetric Materials,” Fundamental Symmetries, Switzerland, 1995 (in Japanese Society of Radiological Technology press). Report ISBN 1340-7716(1995).

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Seltzer, S.M., “Physics of ETRAN and ITS Elec- Kaiser, H., Hamacher, K., Jacobson, D.L., and tron-Photon Monte Carlo Codes,” Trans. Amer. Werner, S.A., “Neutron Interferometric Separa-

Nucl. Soc. 73 , 332-333 (1995). tion of Geometric and Dynamical Phases,” J. Phys. Soc. Jap. (in press). Shobe, J., Rodgers, J.E., Taylor, P.L., Jackson, J., and Popescu, G., “Scattered Fractions of Walker, M.L., McLaughlin, W.L., Puhl, J.M., and Dose from 18 and 25 MV Linear Accelerator Gomes, P., ”Radiation-Field Mapping of Insect X Rays in Radiotherapy Facilities,” Health Phys. Irradiation Canisters,” Appl. Radiat. Isotopes (in

70 , S44 (1996). press).

Shobe, J., Rodgers, J.E., Taylor, P.L., Jackson, Witczak, S.C., Schrimpf, R.D., Galloway, K.F., J. and Dick, C.E., “Scattered Fractions of Dose Fleetwood, D.M., Pease, R.L., Puhl, J.M., from 6, 10, 18 and 25 MV X-Ray Radiotherapy Schmidt, D.M., Combs, W.R., and Suehle, J.S., Linear Accelerators,” Proc. 1996 Inti. Congress “Accelerated Tests for Simulating Low Dose Rate on Radiat. Prot., IRPA9, Inti. Radiat. Prot. Assoc. Gain Degradation of Lateral and Substrate PNP 3, 540-542 (1996). Bipolar Jxmction Transistors,” IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. (in press). Soares, C.G. and Martin, P.R., “A Comprehen- sive Set of Conversion Coefficients for Photons,” Xiong, X., Hutchinson, J.M.R., Fassett, J.D., Proc. TLD Users Symposium: Changes and Lucatorto, T.B., Schima, F.J., Bowman, W.A., Opportunities in Dosimetry, Las Vegas, NV, and Hess, K.R., “Study of Laser Resonance March 13-17, 1995 (1995), Section 3. Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using a Glow Discharge Source,” in Resonance Ionization Soares, C.G., “Comparison of NIST and Manufac- Spectroscopy 1994, ed. by H.J. Kruger, H.J. turer Calibrations of ®°Sr -i- Ophthalmic Kluge, J.E. Parks, and K. Wendt (American Applicators,” Med. Phys. 22, 1487-1493 (1995). Institute of Physics Press, 1995) pp. 316-319. Soares, C.G. and Martin, P.R., “A Consistent Set Xiong, X., Hutchinson, J.M.R., Hess, K.R., of Conversion Coefficients for Personnel and Fassett, J.D., and Lucatorto, T.B., “A Novel Environmental Dosimetry,” Proc. 14th Panasonic Approach to RIMS Employing a Glow Discharge User’s Group Meeting, Somerset, PA, June 5-9, Atom Source,” Spectrochim. Acta, Part B (in 1996, 261-286 (1996). press). Summhammer, J., Hamacher, K.A., Kaiser, H., Zimmerman, B.E. and CoUe, R., “Cocktail Vol- Weinfurter, H., Jacobson, D.L., and Werner, S.A., “Multiphoton Exchange Amplitudes ume Effects in 4ir^ Liquid Scintillation Spec- Observed by Neutron Interferometry,” Phys. Rev. trometry with ^H-Standard Efficiency Tracing for Low-Energy j8-Emitting Radionuclides,” Appl. Lett. 75 , 3206 (1995). Radiat. Isotopes (in press). Thompson, A.K. and Gentile, T.R., “Status of the Zimmerman, B.E., Cessna, J.T., Schima, NIST Spin Filter Project,” J. Neut. Res. (in and press). F.J., “The Calibration of the Potential Bone Palliation Radiopharmaceutical ^ ^^Sn(IV)DTPA,” Unterweger, M.P., and Mann, W.B., “The NBS/ Med. Phy. 23, 1089 (1996). NIST Peltier-Effect Microcalorimeter: A Four- Decade Review,” Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 46(3), Zimmerman, B.E. and CoUe, R., “Comparison of the U.S. National (Tritiated 185-190 (1995). French and ^H HgO) Standards by 4-170 Liquid Scintillation Spec- Wagh, A.G., Rakhecha, V.C., Smnmhammer, J., trometry,” Appl. Radiat. Isotopes (in press). Badurek, G., Weinfurter, H., Allman, B.E.,

118 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION (847)

Ascarrunz, F.G. and Walls, F.L., “A Standard for Kao, K., Toth, R., Urban, W., Valentin, A., PM and AM Noise at 10.6, 21.2 and 42.4 GHz,” Verges, J., Wagner, G., Wappelhorst, M., Wells, 1996 IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. Symp., Honolulu, HI, J., Winnewisser, B., Winnewi, M., “High Resolu- June 5-7, 1996, pp. 852-853. tion Wavenumber Standards for the Infrared” (lUPAC Recommendations 1995), Pure & Appl. Ascarrunz, F.G., Jefferts, S.R., and Parker, T.E., Chem., 68, 193-208 (1996). “Earth Station Errors in Two-Way Time Trans- fer,” 1996 IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. Symp., Hono- Boggs, C.K., Doak, A.D., and Walls, F.L., “Mea- lulu, HI, June 5-7, 1996, pp. 1169-1172. surement of Voltage Noise in Chemical Batter- ies,” Proc. 1995 IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. Symp., Ascarrunz, F.G., Jefferts, S.R., and Parker, T.E., San Francisco, CA, May 31-June 2, 1995, pp. “Environmental Effects on Errors in Two-Way 367-374. Time Transfer,” CPEM ’96 Digest, Braunsch- weig, Germany, June 17-20, 1996, pp. 518-519. BoUinger, J.J., Wineland, D.J., Itano, W.M., and Heinzen, D.J., “Spin Squeezing AppUed to Fre- Ashworth, S.E., Evenson, K.M., and Brown, J., quency Standards,” Proc. Fifth Symp. on Fre- “Identification and Analysis of the Far-Infrared quency Standards and Metrology, Woods Hole, Laser Magnetic Resonance Spectrvun of the HSg MA, Oct. 16-19, 1995, pp. 107-113. Radical,” J. Mol. Spectrosc. 172, 282-295 (1995).

Bollinger, J.J., Itano, W.M., Wineland, D.J., and Avramov, I.D., Walls, F.L., Parker, T.E., Heinzen, D.J., “Optimal Frequency Measure- Montress, G.K., “Extremely Low Thermal Noise ments with Maximally Correlated States,” Phys. Floor, High Power Oscillators Using Surface Rev. Lett, (in press). Transverse Wave Devices,” IEEE Trans. Ultra- 20-27 sonics, Ferroelectrics, Freq. Control, 43, Brown, J.M. and Evenson, K.M., “Atomic Iron in (1996). its ^D Groimd State: The J = 0^1 and J=l*-2 Fine-Structure Intervals,” Astrophys. J., Bennett, G.E. and Sullivan, D.B., eds., “Time 441, and Frequency: BibUography of NIST Publica- L97-L100 (1995). tions,” NISTIR 5035 (1995). Brown, J.M., Evenson, K.M., Zink, L.R., and Vasconcellos, E.C.C., “Laser Magnetic Resonance Bergquist, J.C., Volume II. “Atoms and Mole- cules,” in Methods of Experiments of Physics Measurement of the ^Pj-^Pq Fine Structure (Academic Press) (1995). Separation of P"^,” Astrophys. J. Lett., 464, L203-L206 (1996). Bergquist, J.C., Bollinger, J.J., Itano, W.M., Monroe, C.R., and Wineland, D.J., “Trapped Ions Chance, K.V., Park, K., Evenson, K.M., and Zink, ,’’ and Laser Cooling IV,” NIST Technical Note L.R., “The Far Infrared Spectrum of HO2 J. 1380, 1-194 (1996). Mol. Spectrosc. 172, 408 (1995).

Bergquist, J.C., Doppler-Free Spectroscopy, in Chou, C., Evenson, K.M., Zink, L.R., Maki, A.G., J.-T., Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences, and Shy, “New CO 2 Laser Lines in the Vol. 29B, ed. by F.B. Dimning and R.G. Hulet 11 mm Wavelength Region: New Hot Bands,” (Academic Press, 1996), pp. 255-272. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 31, 343-345 (1995).

Berkeland, D.J., Cruz, F.C., and Bergquist, J.C., Drullinger, R.E., “Clocks, Atomic,” MacMillan “Sum-Frequency Generation of Continuous- Encyclopedia of Physics (in press). Wave Light at 194 nm, Opt. Lett, (in press). Drullinger, R.E., Lee, W.D., Shirley, J.H., and Besson, R.J., Boy, J.J., Mourey, M., Ferre-Pikal, Lowe, J.P., “The Accturacy Evaluation of NIST- E.S., and Walls, F.L., “Phase Noise Limitation 7,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., CPEM ’94, 44, Due to Amphtude Frequency Effects in State-of- 120-123 (1995). the-Art Quartz,” Proc. 1996 IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. DruUinger, R.E., Itano, W.M., and Rolston, S.L., Symp., Honolulu, HI, Jime 5-7, 1996, pp. 839- “New Developments in Primary Atomic Fre- 843. quency Standards,” Rev. Radio Science 1993- Birk, M.. Borde, Ch., Brault, J., Brown, L., Carli, 1996, ed. by W. Ross Stone (Oxford University R., Cole, A., Evenson, K., Fayt, A., Hausamann, Press), 11-41 (1996). D., Johns, J., Kauppinen, J., Kou, Q., Maki, A.,

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DruUinger, R.E., Jennings, D.A., Lee, W.D., and Garcia Nava, J.F., WaUs, F.L., Shirley, J.H., Lee, Lopez-Romero, J.M., “DBR Laser Diodes for W.D., and Delgado Aramburo, M.C., “Environ- Optically Pumped Cs Frequency Standards,” mental Effects in Frequency Synthesizers for CPEM ’96 Digest, Braimschweig, Germany, Jtme Passive Frequency Standards,” 1996 IEEE Int. 17-20, 1996, pp. 269-270. Freq. Cont. Symp., Honolulu, HI, June 5-7, 1996, pp. 973-979. Ekstrom, C.R., Golding, W.M., DruUinger, R.E., Walls, F.L., DeMarchi, A., Rolston, S.L. and Grossman, E.N., Vale, L.R., Zink, L.R., and PhiUips, W., “The Design of an Atomic Foimtain Evenson, K.M., “Harmonic Generation and Frequency Standard Prototype at NIST,” Proc. Mixing in High-T^^; Josephson Junctions with Fifth Symp. Frequency Standards and Metrol- Terahertz Bandwidth,” 1995 IEEE Int. Freq. ogy, Woods Hole, MA, Oct. 15-19, 1995, pp. Control Symp., San Francisco, CA, May 31 -June 411-412. 2, 1995, pp. 205-206.

Evenson, K.M. and Brown, J.M., “Free Radical Hackman, C. and Sullivan, D.B., “Resource Production,” to be published in Methods of Letter TF-1 ; Time and Frequency Measurement,” Experimental Physics (Academic Press) (1995). Am. J. Phys., 63, 306-317 (1995). Evenson, K.M., “Laser Spectroscopy in the Sub- Hackman, C. and Parker, T.E., “Noise Analysis millimeter Far Infrared Region,” Atomic, and of Unevenly Spaced Time Series Data,” Metrol- Molecular, and Optical Physics Reference Book, ogia (in press). ed. by G.W.F. Drake (AIP Press, New York), 473-478 (1995). Hackman, C., Jefferts, S.R., and Parker, T.E., “A Common-Clock Two-Way SateUite Time Transfer Evenson, K.M. and Brown, J.M., “Free Radical Experiment,” 1995 IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. Symp., Sources,” Chapter in Experimental Methods in San Francisco, CA, May 31-Jime 2, 1995, pp. the Physical Sciences, Vol. 29B (Academic 275-282. Press, 1996), pp. 85-94. Harwood, M.H., Burkholder, J.B., Hunter, M., Ferre-Pikal, E.S., WaUs, F.L., and Nelson, C.W., and Fox, R.W., “Absorption Cross-Sections and “Design Criteria for BJT Amplifiers with Low 1/f Self-Reaction Kinetics of the lO Radical,” J. AM and PM Noise,” 1995 IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. Phys. Chem. (in press). Symp., San Francisco, CA, May 31-Jime 2, 1995, pp. 305-314. HoUberg, L., Aman, J., Waltman, S., Marquardt, J.H., Stephens, M., Fox, R.W., Van Baak, D.A., Ferre-Pikal, E.S., Walls, F.L., Vig, J.R., and Weimer, C.S., Robinson, H.G., Zibrov, A.S., Garcia-Nava, J.F., “Experimental Studies on Mackie, N., Zibrova, T.P., PendrUl, L., “Diode Flicker Noise in Quartz Crystal Resonators as a Function of Electrode Volume, Drive Current, Lasers for Frequency Standards and Precision Type of Quartz and Fabrication Process,” 1996 Spectroscopy,” 1995 IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. Symp., San Francisco, CA, May 31-Jime 2, 1995, IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. Symp., Honolulu, HI, June 185-190. 5-7, 1996, pp. 844-851. pp.

V.L., Ferre-Pikal, E.S., WaUs, F.L., and Garcia Nava, HoUberg, L., VeUchansky, Weimer, C.S., J.F., “Relationship of AmpUtude and Resonant and Fox, R.W., “High Accuracy Spectroscopy Frequency in Quartz Crystal Resonance,” Proc. with Semiconductor Lasers: With AppUcation to 1996 European Frequency and Time Forum, Laser Frequency Stabilization,” in Frequency Brighton, UK, March 5-7, 1996 (in press). Control of Semiconductor Lasers: Microwave and Optical Engineering Series (1995). Fox, R.W., D’Evelyn, L., Robinson, H.G., Weimer, C.S., and HoUberg, L., “Amplitude Mod- Howe, D.A., “An Extension of the AUan Veulance ulation on Frequency Locked Extended Cavity which Removes a Bias at Long Term,” Int. IEEE Diode Lasers,” Proc. SPIE Conference, ^2378, Freq. Cont. Symp., San Francisco, CA, May 31- San Jose, CA, February 4-8, 1995, pp. 58-62. Jime 2, 1995, pp. 321-330.

Fox, R.W., Rudich, Y., Talukdar, R.K., Ravishan- Howe, D.A., “Circular Representation of Infin- kara, A.R., and HoUberg, L., “Two Laser Differ- itely Extended Sequences,” 1995 IEEE Int. Freq. ential Absorption for Wide Moleciilar Bands,” Control S3anp., San Francisco, CA, May 3 1-Jime, SPIE Conf. Proc. (in press). 1995, pp. 337-346.

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Howe, D.A. and Percival, D.B., “The Wavelet Kitching, J.E., HoUberg, L.W., and Walls, F.L., Variance, Allan Variance, and Leakage,” IEEE “A 1 GHz Diode Laser-Driven Optical-Delay-Line ’94, Trans. Instrum. Meas., CPEM 44 , 94-97 Oscillator,” Proc. 1996 IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. (1995). Symp., Honolulu, HI, June 5-7, 1996, pp. 807- 814. Howe, D.A. and Lainson, K.J., “Simulation

Study Using a New Type or Sample Variance,” Kohl, M.L. and Levine, J., “Measmement and Proc. 1995 PTTI Mtg., San Diego, CA, Nov. Interpretation of Tidal Tilts in a Small Array,” J. 29-Dec. 1, 1995, pp. 279-299. Geophys. Res., 100 , 3929-3941 (1995).

Howe, D.A. and Lainson, K.J., “The Effect of Kurosu, T., Ishikawa, J., Ito, N., and Fox, R.W., Drift on TOTALDEV,” 1996 IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. “High Resolution Diode Laser Spectrometer for Symp., Honolulu, HI, Jime 5-7, 1996, 883-889. the Ca^So-^Pi Transition,” Proc. SPIE Confer- ence, Laser Frequency Stabilization and Noise Imamiu-a, T, Rudich, Y., Talukdar, R.K., Fox, Reduction, San Jose, CA, February 9-10, R.W., and Ravishankara, A.R., “Uptake of NO 1995, 3 236-244. onto Water Solutions: Rate Coefficients for pp. Reactions of with Cloud Water,” J. Phys. NO3 Lee, W.D., Shirley, J.H., Walls, F.L., and Chem. (in press). DruUinger, R.E., “Systematic Errors in Cesium

Itano, W.M., “High-Magnetic-Field Corrections to Beam Frequency Standards Introduced by Cesium Hyperfine Structure,” Proc. Fifth Symp. Digital Control of the Microwave Excitation,” on Frequency Standards and Metrology, Woods Proc. 9th European Freq. and Time Forum, Hole, MA, Oct. 16-19, 1995, pp. 503-504. Besganson, France, March 8-10, 1995, pp. 166- 169. Itano, W.M., “Atom Bouncers Have It Taped,” Lee, W.D., Shirley, J.H., Walls, F.L., and Nature (London), 377 , 291-292 (1995). DruUinger. R.E., “Systematic Errors in Cesium Hackman, C. and Parker, T.E., “Variance Analy- Beam Frequency Standards Introduced by sis of Unevenly Spaced Time Series Data,” Proc. Digital Control of the Microwave Excitation,” 27th Ann. PTTI Mtg., San Diego, CA, Nov. 1995 IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. Symp., San 29-Dec. 1, 1995, pp. 323-334. Francisco, CA, May 31-June 2, 1995, pp. 113- Jefferts, S.R., Barton, A.S., Monroe, C., and 118. Wineland, D.J., “A Paul Trap Apparatus for Lee, W.D., “Advances in Primary Frequency Optical Frequency Standards,” IEEE Trans. Standards,” Proc. Nat. Conf. of Standards

Instrum. Meas., CPEM ’94, 44 , 148-150 (1995). Laboratories, Monterrey, CA, Aug. 25-29, 1996 Jefferts, S.R., Monroe, C., Bell, E.W., and (in press). Wineland, D.J., “A Coaxial-Resonator Driven Lee, W.D., Shirley, J.H., Jennings, D.A., Jefferts, rf(Paul)-Trap for Strong Confinement,” Phys. S.R., Parker, T.E., and DruUinger, R.E., “An Rev. A, 75. 3112-3116 (1995). Atomic Beam Velocity Servo for Optically Jefferts, S.R., Weiss, M.A., Levine, J., Dilla, S., Pumped Cesium Frequency Standards,” 1996 Bell, E.W., and Parker, T.E., “Two-Way Time IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. Symp., Honolulu, HI, Jime and Frequency Transfer Using Optical Fibers,” 5-7. 1996, pp. 1082-1085. CPEM ’96 Digest, Braimschweig, Germany, June Levine. J., “An Algorithm to Synchronize the 17-20, 1996, pp. 520-521. Time of a Computer to Universal Time,” IEEE/ Jefferts, S.R., Weiss, M.A., Levine, J., and Dilla. ACM Trans. Networking. 3. 42-50 (1995).

S. , “Two-Way Time Transfer Through SDH and J., Synchronization of SONET Systems,” Proc. 10th European Fre- Levine, “Precise Com- quency and Time Forum, Brighton, UK, March puter Network Clocks,” Encyclopedia of Science 5-7, 1996 (in press). and Technology (in press).

Jungner, P.A., Swartz, S., Eickhoff, M., Ye, J., Levine, J., Authentication, “Time-Stamping and Hall, J.L., and Waltman, S., “Absolute Fre- Digital Signatures,” Proc. of Precise Time and quency of the Molecular Iodine Transition Time-Interval Application and Planning Mtg., R(56)32-0 Near 532 nm,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. San Diego, CA, Nov. 29-Dec. 1, 1995, pp. 439- 445. Meas., 44 , 151-154 (1995).

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Levine, J., “UTC Dissemination to the Real-Time Meekhof, D.M., Monroe, C., King, B.E., Itano, User,” Proc. Precise Time and Time-Interval W.M., and Wineland, D.J., “Generation of Non- Plarming and Applications Mtg., San Diego, CA, classical Motional States of a Trapped Atom,” Nov. 29-Dec. 1, 1995, pp. 103-109. Phys. Rev. Lett., 76, 1796-1799 (1996).

Levine, J., “A Review of the Methods of Distribu- Mileti, G., Deng, J.Q., Walls, F.L., Lowe, J.P., ting Time and Frequency,” Rev. Radio Science and Drullinger, R.E., “Recent Progress in Laser 1993-1996, ed. by W. Ross Stone (Oxford Univer- Pumped Rubidium Gas Cell Frequency Stan- sity Press), 51-69 (1996). dards,” 1996 IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. Symp., Hono- lulu, HI, June 5-7, 1996, pp. 1066-1072. Levine, J., “Incorporating Data from a Primary Frequency Standard into a Time Scale,” 1996 Miller, J.D., Poitzsch, M.E., Cruz, F.C., IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. Symp., Honolulu, HI, June Berkeland, D.J., Bergquist, J.C., Itano, W.M., 1137-1145. 5-7, 1996, pp. and Wineland, D.J., “A Cryogenic Linear Ion Linnartz, H., Zink, L.R., and Evenson, K.M., Trap for ^^^Hg'^ Frequency Standards,” 1996 “The Pure Rotational Spectrum of ^^KrH"^ and IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. Symp., Honoliilu, HI, June ^^KrH"^,” J. Mol. Spectrosc. (in press). 5-7, 1996, pp. 1086-1088.

Lombardi, M.A., “The NIST Frequency Measure- Miller, J.D., Poitzsch, M.E., Cruz, F., Berkeland, ment Service,” CAL LAB, Int. J. Metrology, 2, D.J., Bergquist, J.C., Itano, W.M., and Wineland, 11-17 (1995). D.J., “Progress on a Cryogenic Linear Trap for ^^®Hg'*' Ions,” 1995 IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. Symp., Lombardi, M.A. and Nelson, L.M., “Recent San Francisco, CA, May 31-June 2, 1995, pp. Improvements Made to the NIST Frequency - 110 112 . Measurement Service,” 1995 Nat. Conf. Stand. Laboratories (NCSL), Dallas, TX, July, 16-20, Monroe, C., Barton, A.S., Bergquist, J.C., 1995, pp. 793-814. Berkeland, D.J., Bollinger, J.J., Cruz, F., Itano, W.M., Jefferts, S.R., Jelenkovic, B.M., King, B.E., Lombardi, M.A., “Time,” Chapter in Measure- Meekhof, D.M., MiUer, J.D., Poitzsch, M.E., and ment, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook Tan, J.N., “Experiments at NIST with Trapped (CRC Press) (in press). Ions: 3-D Zero-Point Cooling, Quantmn Gates, Lombardi, M.A., “Computer Timekeeping,” Proc. Bragg Scattering, and Atomic Clocks,” Proc. Measurement Science Conference, Anaheim, CA, 12th Int. Conf. on Laser Spectroscopy, Capri, Jan. 25-26, 1996 (in press). Italy, June 12-16, 1995, pp. 179-182.

Lombardi, M.A., “An Introduction to Frequency Monroe, C., Meekhof, D.M., King, B.E., Jefferts,

Cahbration - Part I,” Cal Lab Magazine, Part I, 3, S.R., Itano, W.M., Wineland, D.J., and Gould, 17-28 (1996). P., “Resolved-Sideband Raman Cooling of a Boimd Atom to the 3D Zero-Point Energy,” Phys. Lombardi, M., “An Introduction to Frequency Rev. Lett., 75, 4011-4014 (1995). Cahbration - Part II,” Cal Lab Magazine, 3, 28-34 (1996). Monroe, C., Meekhof, D.M., King, B.E., Itano, W.M., and Wineland, D.J., “Demonstration of a Lombardi, M.A., “Frequency,” in The Measure- Fimdamental Universal Quantum Logic Gate,” ment, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, 4714-4717 (1995). (CRC Press) (in press). Monroe, C., Meekhof, D.M., King, B.E., and Maki, T. and Evenson, K.M., “Two-Laser Sequen- Wineland, D.J., “A ‘Schrodinger Cat’ Superposi- tial Pumping of Far-Infrared Molecular Laser,” tion State of an Atom,” Science, 272, 1131-1 136 SPIE Proceedings (in press). (1996). Marquardt, J.H., Cruz, F.C., Stephens, M., and C., Meekhof, D.M., King, B.E., Hollberg, L.W., “Grating-Tuned Semiconductor Monroe, Leibfried, Itano, W.M., Wineland, D.J., MOPA Lasers for Precision Spectroscopy,” SPIE D., and “Manipula- of Single Conf. (in press). ting the Motion a Trapped Atom,” Accounts of Chemical Research (in press). Marquardt, J.H., Robinson, H.G., and Hollberg, L., “Line Shapes of Cascade Two-Photon Transi- Monroe, C., “Single Atom Quantum Logic Gate tions in a Cesium Magneto-Optic Trap,” J. Opt. and ‘Schrodinger Cat’ State,” Opt. and Photonics Soc. B, 13, 1384-1393 (1996). News, 1996 (in press).

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Monroe, C. and Bollinger, J.J., “Atom Control in Pfister, O., Murtz, M., WeUs, J.S., Murray, J.T., Ion Traps,” Physics World, 1996 (in press). and Hollberg, L., “Division by 3 of Optical Frequencies by Use of Difference-Frequency Murtz, M., Schaefer, M., George, T., Wells, J.S., Generation in Noncritically Phase-Matched and Urban, W., “Application of an Optically ,” RbTi0As04 Optics Lett., 21 , 1387-1389(1996). Stabilized Tunable Diode Laser System for Poitszch, M.E., Bergquist, J.C., Itano, W.M., and Saturation Spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B. 60 , 31-37 (1995). Wineland, D.J., “A Cryogenic Linear Ion Trap for

I Accurate Spectroscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum., 67 , Murtz, M., Pfister, O., Marquardt, J.H., Stephens, j 129-134 (1996). M., Wells, J.S., Waltman, S., Hollberg, L., [ P., Robinson, H.G., Fox, R.W., Mehuys, D., Brown, Roos, Stephens, M., and Wieman, C.E., I “Laser Vibrometer Using Optical Feedback- I E.R., and McIntosh, K.A., “Nonlinear Optics for Induced Frequency Optical Frequency Synthesis and an Optical Modulation of a Single Mode j Laser Diode,” Appl. Opt. (in press). Divide by 3,” Proc. Fifth Symp. on Frequency

j Standards and Metrology, Woods Hole, MA, Oct. Rudich, Y., Talukdar, R.K., Fox, R.W., and j 15-19, 1995, pp. 171-178. Ravishankara, A.R., “Reactive Uptake of on j NO3 Pure Water and Ionic Solutions,” J. Geophys. I Nelson, C.W., Walls, F.L., And Boggs, C.K., Res., 1995 (in press). “Extending the Range for Precision AM Noise Measurements,” 1996 IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. Rudich, Y., Talukdar, R.K., Fox, R.W., and Symp., Honolulu, HI, June 5-7, 1996, pp. 854- Ravishankara, A.R., “Rate Coefficients for the i 857. Reaction of NO 3 with a Few Olefins and Oxygen-

ated Olefins,” J. Phys. Chem., 100 , 5374-5381 Park, K., Zink, L.R., Evenson, K.M., Chance,

j (1996). K.V., and Nolt, I.G., “Pressure Broadening of the j Schneider, M., Evenson, K.M., and Johns, cm'^ Rotational Lines of , 83.869 OH by N2 O2 , J. J.W.C., “Far-Infrared cw Laser Emission from H2 , and He,” Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans- H O and from NH Optically Pumped by a CO fer 55 , 285-287 (1996). 2 3

Laser,” J. Quant. Electron. 21 , 1038-1039 Park, K., Nolt, I.G., Steele, Zink, L.R., Evenson, (1996). K.M., Chance, K.V., and Murray, A.G. “Pressure I Shirley, J.H., Lee, W.D., Rovera, D., and i Broadening of the 50.873 cm'^ and the Drullinger, R.E., “Rabi Pedestal Shifts as a 83.469 cm'^ Molecular Oxygen Lines,” J. Quant, j Diagnostic Tool in Primary Frequency Stan- Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 56 , 315-316 (1996). i dards,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., CPEM ’94,

Parker, T.E. and Levine, J., “Recent Improve- 44 , 136-139 (1995).

I ments in the Performance of the NIST ATI Time Shirley, J.H., Lee, W.D., and Drullinger, R.E., Scale,” Proc. 1996 IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. Symp., I “The Evaluation of NIST-7: A New Era,” Proc. Honoliilu, HI, June 5-7, 1996, pp. 1131-1136. Fifth Symp. on Frequency Standards and Metrol-

Parker, T.E. and Levine, J., “Impact of New High ogy, Woods Hole, MA, Oct. 16-19, 1995, pp. Stability Frequency Standards on the Perform- 380-383. amce of the NIST ATI Time Scale,” IEEE Trans. Shirley, J.H., Lee, W.D., and Drullinger, R.E., Ultrason. Ferroelec., and Freq. Cont. (in press). “The Evaluation of NIST-7: A New Era,” CPEM ’96 Digest, Braunschweig, Germany, June 17-20, Petrov, K.P., Waltman, S., Simon, U., Cmrl, R.F., 1996, 185-186. Tittel, F., Dlugokencky, E.J., and Hollberg, L., pp. “Detection of Methane in Air Using Diode-Laser Shirley, J.H., “Velocity Distributions from the Pumped Difference-Frequency Generation Near Fourier Transforms at Ramsey Lineshapes,” Phys. B., 3.2 m,” Appl. 61 , 553-558 (1995). CPEM ’96 Digest, Braxmschweig, Germany, Jime 17-20, 1996, pp. 275-276. Petrov, K.P., Waltman, S., Dlugokencky, E.J., Arbore, M., Fejer, M.M., Tittel, F.K., and Siccardi, M., Romisch, S., Walls, F.L., and HoUberg, L.W., “Precise Measurement of Meth- DeMarchi, A., “A New 100 MHz Low Noise ane in Air Using Diode-Pumped 3.4 nm Differ- Distribution Amplifier,” Proc. 9th European ence-Frequency Generation in PPLN,” Appl. Freq. and Time Forum, Besganson, France, Phys. (in press). March 8-10, 1995 (in press). I B

123 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

Simon, W., Waltman, S., Loa, I., Tittel, F.K., and VasconceUos, E.C.C., Zerbetto, S.C., Stroh, F., Hollberg, L., “External-Cavity Difference- and Evenson, K.M., “Tunable Far-Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy of and Frequency Source near 3.2 fixn. Based on CH2F2 , CH3OH Combining a Tunable Diode Laser with a Diode- ^^CDgOH Laser Transitions,” Proc. 12th Int. Pumped Nd:YAG Laser in AgGaSg,” J. Opt. Soc. Conf. Laser Spectroscopy, Capri, Italy, June 12-16, 255-257. Am. B., 12 , 323-327 (1995). 1995, pp.

Steinbach, A., Rauner, M., Cruz, F.C., and Vig, J.R. and WaUs, F.L., “Fimdamental Limits Bergquist, J.C., “CW Second Harmonic Genera- on the Frequency Stabilities of Crystal Oscil- tion with Elliptical Gaussian Beams,” Opt. lators,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelec., and Freq. Cont., Comm., 123, 207-214 (1996). 42 , 576-589 (1995).

SuUivan, D.B., “The Effect of Materials on Time,” WaUs, F.L., Ascarrunz, F., Nelson, C.W., and Nelson, L.M., “Frequency Synthesis and Metrol- MRS BuUetin, 20 , 51-55 (1995). ogy at 10"^^ and Beyond,” Proc. Fifth Symp. on SuUivan, D.B., Chapter X. Conclusions, in Selec- Frequency Standards and Metrology, Woods tion and Use of Precise Frequency and Time Hole, MA, Oct. 16-19, 1995, pp. 468-470. Systems, Inti. Telecommunications Union (in WaUs, F.L., Ferre-PUcal, E.S., and Jefferts, S.R., press). “The Origin of 1/f PM and AM Noise in Bipolar SuUivan, D.B., and Levine, J., “Time and Fre- Junction Transistor Amplifiers,” 1995 IEEE Int. quency Metrology,” Proc. Int. Conf. on Advances Freq. Cont. Symp., San Francisco, CA, May 31- in Metrology and Its Role in QuaUty Improve- June 2, 1995, pp. 294-304. ment and Global Trade, New Delhi, India, Feb. WaUs, F.L. and Ascarrunz, F.G., “The Effect of 20-22, 1996, pp. 287-296. Harmonic Distortion on Phase Errors in Fre- Tachikawa, M., Evenson, K.M., Zink, L.R., and quency Distribution and Synthesis,” Proc. 9th Maki, A.G., “Frequency Measurements of 9 and Emropean Freq. and Time Forum, Besganson, France, March 8-10, 1995, pp. 170-176. 10 ^lTn N2O Laser Transitions,” IEEE J. Quant.

Electron. 32 , 1732-1736 (1996). Walls, F.L., “The Quest to Understand and Tachikawa, M. and Evenson, K.M., “Sequential Reduce 1/f Noise in Amplifiers and BAW Quartz Optical Pumping of a Far-Infrared Ammonia OsciUators,” Proc. 9th Emopean Freq. and Time Formn, Besganson, France, March 8-10, 1995, Laser,” Opt. Lett, 21 , 1247-1249 (1996). pp. 227-243. Tan, J.N., Bollinger, J.J., Jelenkovic, B.M., WaUs, F.L., Ferre-Pikal, E.S., and Jefferts, S.R., Itano, W.M., and Wineland, D.J., “Observation of “Reducing the 1/f AM and PM Noise in Elec- Long-Range Order in Trapped Ion Plasmas by tronics for Precision Frequency Metrology,” Proc. Bragg Scattering,” Proc. Int. Conf. on Physics of Fifth Symp. on Frequency Standards and Metrol- Strongly Coupled Plasmas (World Scientific ogy, Woods Hole, MA, Oct. 15-19, 1995, pp. Publ. Co.) Binz, Germany, Sept 1 1-15, 1995, pp. 480-481. 387-396. Wedtman, S.B., HoUberg, L.W., Brown, E.R., and Tan, J.N., BoUinger, J.J., and Wineland, D.J., McIntosh, K.A., “Demonstration of a Phase- “Minimizing the Time DUation Shift in Penning Lockable Microwave to Submillimeter-Wave Trap Atomic Clocks,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Sweeper,” Proc. SPIE Conf. 2842, 1996 (in

Meas., ’94, 44 , 144-147 (1995). CPEM press).

J.N., BoUinger, J.J., Jelenkovic, B.M., and Tan, Weiss, M.A., WaUs, F.L., GreenhaU, C.A., and Wineland, D.J., “Long-Range Order in Laser- Walter, T., “Confidence on the Modified AUan Cooled, Atomic-Ion Wigner Crystals Observed by Variance and the Time Variance,” Proc. 9th Rev. Lett., 4198- Bragg Scattering,” Phys. 75 , European Freq. and Time Forum, Besganson, 4199 (1995). France, March 8-10, 1995, pp. 153-165.

Tan, J.N., BoUinger, J.J., and Wineland, D.J., Weiss, M.A., Jefferts, S.R., and Gaudron, L., “Minimizing Time DUation in Penning Trap Ion “Improving the NIST Ionospheric Measurement Clocks,” Proc. Symp. on Frequency Standards System,” Proc. 10th Emopean Frequency and and Metrology, Woods Hole, MA, Oct. 16-19, Time Forum, Brighton, UK, March 5-7, 1996 (in 1995, pp. 427-429. press).

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Weiss, M.A., Jefferts, S.R., Levine, J., Dilla, S., Zerbetto, S.C., Zink, L.R., Evenson, K.M., and Bell, E.W., and Parker, T.E., “Two-Way Time Vasconcellos, E.C.C., “New NgH^ Far-Infrared and Frequency Transfer in SONET,” 1996 IEEE Laser Lines and Their Frequencies,” J. Infrared Int. Freq. Cont. Symp., Honolulu, HI, June 5-7, & MM Waves, 17, 1041-1047 (1996). 1996, pp. 1163-1168. Zerbetto, S.C., Vasconcellos, E.C.C., Zink, L.R., Wells, J.S., Dax, A., Hollberg, L., and Maki, and Evenson, K.M., “New Optically Pumped Far- A. G., “Sub-Doppler Frequency Measiirements on Infrared Laser Lines and Frequencies from OCS Near 1689 and 1885 cm'^” J. Mol. ^^CDgOH,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B., 12, 1516-1518 (1995). Spectrosc. 170 , 75-81 (1995).

Wineland, D.J., Bergquist, J.C., Berkeland, D., Zerbetto, S.C., Zink, L.R., Evenson, K.M., and Bollinger, J.J., Cruz, F.C., Itano, W.M., Vasconcellos, E.C.C., “Frequency Measurements Jelenkovic, B.M., King, B.E., Meekhof, D.M., of 3 to 11 THz Laser Lines of CHgOH,” Int. J. Miller, J.D., Monroe, C.,.and Tan, J.N., “Applica- Infrared Millimeter Waves (in press). tion of Laser-Cooled Ions to Frequency Stan- Zibrov, A.S., Lukin, M.D., Nikonov, D.E., dards and Metrology,” Proc. Fifth Symp. on Hollberg, L.W., Scully, M.O., Velichansky, V.L., Frequency Standards and Metrology, Woods and Robinson, H.G., “Experimental Demonstra- Hole, MA, Oct. 16-19, 1995, pp. 11-19. tion of Laser Oscillation without Population Inversion via Quantum Interference in Rb,” Xu, L.-H., Lees, R.M., Vasconcellos, E.C.C.,

Phys. Rev. Lett., 75 , 1499-1502 (1995). Zerbetto, S.C., Zink, L.R., and Evenson, K.M.,

“Methanol Isotopomers and the Optically Zibrov, A.S., Lukin, M.D., Hollberg, L., Nikonov, Pumped Far-Infrared Laser,” SPIE Int. Conf. D.E., Scully, M.O., Robinson, H.G., and Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves and Appli- Velichansky, V.L., “Experimental Demonstration cations, San Diego, CA, July 9-14, 1995 (in of Enhanced Index of Refraction via Quantum

press). Coherence in Rb,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 76 , 3935- 3938 (1996). Wineland, D.J., Monroe, C., Meekhof, D.M., King, B.E., Leibfried, D., Itano, W.M., Bergquist, J.C., Zibrov, A.S., Hollberg, L., Lukin, M.D., and Berkeland, D., Bollinger, J.J., and Miller, J., Nikonov, D.E., “Coherence Effects, Lasing-with- “Entangled States of Atomic Ions for Quantum out-lnversion and Raman Self-Oscillations in Metrology and Computation,” Proc. 15th Int. Rb,” Proc 12th Int. Conf. on Laser Spectroscopy, Conf. on Atomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Capri, Italy, Jime 12-16, 1995, pp. 312-315. Netherlands, Aug., 1996 (in press). Zibrov, A.S., Robinson, H.G., Velichansky, V.L., Xu, L.-H., Lees, R.M., Vasconcellos, E.C.C., Vasiliev, V.V., Hollberg, L., Arimondo, E., Lukin, Zink, L.R., Evenson, K.M., Zerbetto, S.C., and M.D., and Scully, M.O., “Population- and Coher- Predoi, A., “New Far-Infrared Laser Lines and ence-Induced Gain and Self-Oscillations in Alkali Assignments for ^^CHgOH Methanol,” J. Opt. Vapor,” Proc. Fifth Symp. on Frequency Stan- dards and Metrology, Woods Hole, MA, Oct. Soc. Am. B, 12 , 2352-2359 (1995). 15-19, 1995, pp. 490-492. a

125 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A; PUBLICATIONS

QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION (848)

Alien, L. (Lambessis, V.E., and Babiker, M.), (Cerboneschi, C.) and Arimondo, E., “Matched “Spin-Orbit Coupling in Free-Space Laguerre- Pulses and ElectromagneticaUy Induced Trans- Gaussian Light Beams,” Phys. Rev. A 53, R2937 parency for the Interaction of Laser Pulse Pairs (1996). with a Double-vee System,” Opt. Commun. 127, 55 (1996). *{Lai, W.K., Babiker, M.), and AUen, L., “Radia-

tion Forces on a Two-Level Atom in a Sigma Arimondo, E., “Relaxation processes in coherent- Plus - Sigma Minus Configuration of Laguerre- population trapping,” Phys. Rev. A 54, 2216 Gaussian Beams,” Opt. Commun. (in press). (1996).

K., (Dholakia, Simpson, N.B., Padgett, M.J.), and (Morigi, B.G., Zambon, G., LemfeUner, N.), and L., AUen, “Second Harmonic Generation and the Arimondo, E., “Scaling laws in velocity-selective Orbital Angular Momenttim of Light,” Phys. Rev. coherent-population-trapping laser cooling,” A (in press). Phys. Rev. A 53, 2616 (1996).

Andersen, N., Bartschat, K., Broad, J.T. (Hanne, Basko, M.M., “On the scaling of the energy gain G.F., and Uhrig, M.), “Spin-Dependent Orienta- of ICF targets,” Nucl. Fusion 35, 87 (1995). tion Propensities Revealed in Polarized-Electron- Polarized-Photon Coincidence Studies,” Phys. Bennett, P.D., Brown, A., and Linsky, J.L., “A

Rev. Lett. 76 , 208 (1996). NLTE analysis of the Zeta Aurigae B-type sec-

ondary. I. Determination of the fundamental Anderson, D.T., Davis, S., Zwier, T.S., and stellar parameters,” Astrophys. J. 455, 317 Nesbitt, D.J., “An Intense Slit Discharge Source (1995). of Jet Cooled Molecular Ions and Radicals (Tj.^^ <30 K),” Chem. Phys. Lett, (in press). Boeuf, J.P. and Pitchford, L.C., “Field reversal in the negative glow of a DC glow discharge,” J. Anderson, M.H., Ensher, J.R., Matthews, M.R., Phys. D 28. 2083 (1995). Wieman, C.E., and ComeU, C.E, “Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Boeuf, J.P. and Pitchford, L.C., “Two-dimen- Nanokelvins,” Vapor Below 200 Science 269 , sional model of a capacitively doubled rf dis- 198 (1995). charge and comparisons with experiments in the GEC reference reactor,” Phys. Rev. ESI, 1376 Anderson, D.T., Davis, S., and Nesbitt, D.J., (1995). “Probing Hydrogen Bond Potentials via Combi- nation Band Spectroscopy; A Near-Infrared (Wang, D.) and Bowman, J.M., “Complex L2 cal- Study of the Geared BendA^an der Waals Stretch culations of boimd states and resonances of HCO Intermolecular Modes in J. Chem. Phys. (HDg,” and DCO,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 235, 277 (1995). 104, 6225 (1996). (Mayxhofer, R.C.) and Bowman, J.M., “Calcula- Anderson, D.T., Davis, S., and Nesbitt, D.J., tion of the photodetachment spectrum of OHCF “Hydrogen Bond Spectroscopy in the Near Infra- using complex L2 functions,” J. Chem. Phys. red: Out-of-Plane Torsion and Antigeared Bend 102, 5598 (1995). Combination Bands in (HF)2 ,” J. Chem. Phys. 105, 4488 (1996). (Kellett, B.J., Bromage, G.E.), Brown, A., et ah, “RE0044 + 09: A new K dwarf rapid rotator with Anderson, M.H., Ensher, J.R., Matthews, M.R., a white dwarf companion?” Astrophys. J. 438, Wieman, C.E., and CorneU, E.A., “Evidence for 364 (1995). Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic

Vapor,” in Laser Spectroscopy, XII International (Skinner, S.), Brown, A., and (Dent, W.), “Statis- Conference, ed. by M. Inguscio, M. AUegrini and tical results from a JCMT survey of mfilimeter- A. Sasso (World Scientific, Singapore, 1996) p. 3. submiUimeter emission in Herbig Ae/Be stars,” Astrophys. Space Sci. 224, 555 (1995).

(Johnson, H.R., et al). Brown, A., and Linsky, NOTE: in are are not connected Names parentheses authors who J.L., “Outer layers of a carbon star: The view with JILA. List does not include JILA publications by JILA CU file Telescope,” Astrophys. J. Fellows and their associates. Entries with stars are those from Hubble Space resulting from the work of JILA Visiting Fellows. 443, 281 (1995).

126 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

‘ Brust, J. and Gallagher, A.C., “Excitation trans- Davis, S., Anderson, D.T., and Nesbitt, D.J., fer in barium by collisions with noble gases,” “Plucking a hydrogen bond: A near IR study of all ,” Phys. Rev. A 52, 2120 (1995). four intermolecular modes in (DF) 2 J.

Chem. Phys. 105 , 6645 (1996).

! *(Schlegel, E. M., Barrett, P.E., De Jager, O.C.), Chanmugam, G. (Hunter, S., and Mattox, J.), de Gouw, J.A., Ding, L.N., Frost, M.J., Kato, S., Bierbaum, V.M., I “Gamma-ray emission from cataclysmic vari- and Leone, S., “Vibrational energy dependence of the reaction (v) + -» I ables. I. The Compton EGRET survey,” N 2 H2

! N H'^ -h H at thermal energies,” Chem. Phys. Astrophys. J. 439 , 322 (1995). 2

Lett. 240 , 362 (1995). *(Vath, H.M.) and G., ! Chanmugam, “Thermal

cyclotron absorption coefficients. II. Opacities in de Gouw, J.A., Ding, L.N., Krishnamurthy, M., j Bierbaum, V.M., and Leone, S.R., “The mobility the Stokes formalism,” Astrophys. J. Suppl. 98 ,

I 295 (1995). of NO'^lCHgCNljj cluster ions (n = 0-3) drifting in , helium and in heUum-acetonitrile mixtures,” J. Chapman, W.B., Schiffman, A.J. (Hutson, M.), Phys. (in press). j Chem. and Nesbitt, D.J., “Rotationally inelastic scatter- I * J.B., orbits, - Delos, “Periodic recurrences and ing in CH4 -1 He, Ne, and Ar: State-to-state cross j bifurcations in atomic spectra,” in Proc., sections via direct infrared laser absorption in Confer- ence on Few Body Problems in Physics (AIP i crossed supersonic jets,” J. Chem. Phys. 105 , Conf. Proc. 334, 1995) p. 305. 3497 (1996). ! *(Gao, J.) and Delos, J.B., “Closed orbits and (Bannister, M.E., Meyer, F.W.), Chung, Y.S., I recurrences in atomic spectra: Patterns of trajec- Djuric, N., Dunn, G.H., Pindzola, M.S., and tories in integrable systems,” in Atomic and Griffin, D.C., “Absolute cross sections for Molecular Physics, Proc. of the Fourth U.S.- electron-impact single ionization of Mo*^"^ and J Mexico Workshop, ed. by I. Alvarez, C. Cisneros Mo^"^ ions,” Phys. Rev. A 52, 413 (1995). j and T.J. Morgan. (World Scientific, Singapore,

*Cirac, J.I., Lewenstein, M., and ZoUer, P., “Gen- 1995) p. 474. I eralized Bose-Einstein distributions and multi- Djuric, N., Chung, Y.-S. (Wallbank, B.), and

stability of a laser-cooled gas,” Phys. Rev. A 51 , Dunn, G.H., “Experimental studies of electron 2899 (1995). impact dissociation of molecular ions,” in The (Kane, D.J., Rodriguez, G., Taylor, A.J.), and Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, XIX

j Clement, T.S., “Simultaneous meastu-ement of International Conference, ed. by L.J. Dube (AIP j two ultrashort laser pulses from a single spectro- Conf. Proc. 360, 1995) p. 297. in J. I gram a single shot,” Opt. Soc. Am. B (in Dowell, M.L., Paul, D., Gallagher, A., and ' press). Cooper, J., “Self-focused light propagation in a fully saturable medium: Theory,” Phys. Rev. A Clement, T.S. (Rodriguez, G., Wood, W.M., and

52 , (1995). Taylor, A.J.), “Characterization of ultrafast 3244

interactions with materials through the direct Dowell, M.L. and (Rebka, Jr., G.A.), “Comment measurement of the optical phase,” SPIE Proc. on ‘Pion-nucleon partial-wave analysis to (in press). 2 GeV’,” Phys. Rev. D 52, 5378 (1995).

Davis, S., Farrell, Jr., J.T., Anderson, D.T., and Dowell, M.L., Hart, R.C., Gallagher A., and Nesbitt, D.J., “lO'^-fold isotope effect: Vibrational Cooper, J., “Self-focused light propagation in a predissociation in ArDF,” Chem. Phys. Lett. fully saturable medium: Experiment,” Phys. Rev. 246, 157 (1995). A 53 , 1775 (1996).

Davis, S., Anderson, D.T., Farrell, Jr., J.T., and Drechsel, H. (Haas, S., Lorenz, R., and Gayler, Nesbitt, D.J., “Isotopic substitution of a hydro- S.), “Radiation pressure effects in early-type gen bond: A near IR study of the intramolecular close binaries and implications for the solution ,” states in (DF) J. Phys. of eclipse light curves,” Astron. Astrophys. 294 , 2 Chem. 104 , 8197 (1996). 723 (1995).

(Gao, Y., Gorgone, P.S.), Davis, S. (McCall E.K., Dube, P., Ma, L.-S.,Ye, J. (Jungner, P.), and Hall, and Stewart, B.), “Dependence of level-resolved J.L., “Thermally induced self-locking by over- energy transfer on initial vibrational level in tone absorption from acetylene gas in an exter-

Li A^Ey'^ — collisions,” J. nal optical cavity,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13 , 2041 2 Ne Chem. Phys. 104 , 1415 (1996). (1996).

127 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

Dube, P., Pfister, O., Swartz, S., and HaU, J.L, (Niebauer, T.M., Sasagawa, G.S.), FaUer, J.E.

“Frequency-stabilized laser diode near 633 nm (Hilt, R., and Klopping, F.), “A new generation of for metrology,” in Proc., Conference on Lasers absolute gravimeters,” Metrologia 32, 159 and Electro-Optics (in press). (1995).

Dunn, G.H., “Some processes in electron-ion (Giampieri, G., HeUings, R.W., Tinto, M.), and collisions: Experiment,” in Atomic Collisions: A Faller, J.E., “Algorithms for unequal-arm Symposium in Honor of Christopher Bottcher Michelson interferometers,” Opt. Commxm. 123, (1945-1993), ed. by D.R. Schultz, et al. (AIP 669 (1996). Conf. Proc. 347, 1995) p. 76. FaUer, J.E., “Reverse Helix Simply-Connected Dunn, G.H., Djuric, N., Chimg, Y.-S. (Bannister, Double Spring,” invention disclosure filed June M., and Smith, A.C.H.), “Collisions of electrons 1996. with highly-charged ions,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth- ods B 98, 107 (1995). Farrell, Jr., J.T., Davis, S., and Nesbitt, D.J., “Pairwise and nonpairwise additive forces in Dunn, G.H., “Ion-electron and ion-neutral colli- weakly bound complexes: High-resolution mfi-a- sions in ion traps,” in Proc., Nobel Symposium red spectroscopy of Arj^DF (n= 1,2,3),” J. Chem. 91, Trapped Charged Particles and Funda- Phys. 103, 2395 (1995). mental Physics, Physica Scripta T59, 249 (1995). FarreU, Jr., J.T., Suhm, M.A., and Nesbitt, D.J., “Breaking symmetry with hydrogen bonds: Dmm, G.H., “Complex formation in electron-ion Vibrational predissociation and isomerization and ion-atom/molecule collisions,” in Atomic dynamics in HF-DF and DF-HF isotopomers,” J. and Molecular Physics, Proc. of the Fourth Chem. Phys. 104, 9313 (1996). us/Mexico Symposium, ed. by I. Alvarez, C. Cisneros and T.J. Morgan (World Scientific, Farrell, Jr., J.T. and Nesbitt, D.J., “Probing Singapore, 1995) pp. 291-303. three-body intermolecular forces: Near-IR spectroscopy of ArgHF and Ar2 DF van der Waals Dunn, G.H., “Electron-ion collisions processes,” modes,” J. Chem. Phys. (in press). in Atomic Processes in Plasmas, Tenth APS Topical Conference (AIP Conf. Proc. Series, in (Ayres, T.R., et ah), Fleming, T.A., Brown, A., press). Dempsey, R.C., and Linsky, J.L., “The RIASS Coronathon: Joint X-ray and ultraviolet observa- Eickhoff, M.L. J.L., “Optical frequency and HaU, tions of normal F-K stars,” Astrophys. J. Suppl. standard at 532 nm,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. 96 , 223 (1995). Meas. 44, 155 (1995). Gagne, M. (CaUlault, J.-P., and Stauffer, J.R.), *Esry, B.D., Lin, C.D., and Greene, C.H., “Adia- “Deep ROSAT HRI observations of the Orion batic hyperspherical study of the helitun trimer,” Nebula region,” Astrophys. J. 445, 280 (1995). Phys. Rev. A 54, 394 (1996). Gagne, M. (CaUlault, J.-P., and Stauffer, J.R.), (Sasagawa, G.S., Klopping, F., Niebauer, T.M.), “Spectral and temporal caracteristics of X-ray FaUer, J.E., and (HUt, R.L.), “Intercomparison bright stars in the Pleiades,” Astrophys. J. 450, tests of the FG5 absolute gravity meters,” 217 (1995). Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 461 (1995). GaUagher, A., “Line shapes and radiation trans- (Niebauer, T.M., Klopping, F.J.), and FaUer, J.E., fer,” in Atomic, Molecular. & Optical Physics “The FG5 absolute gravimeter,” in Nontidal Handbook, ed. by G.W.F. Drake (American Gravity Changes: Intercomparison Between Institute of Physics, Woodbury, New York, 1996) Absolute and Superconducting Gravimeters, Chapter 19, p. 220. Proc. of the Second Workshop, ed. by C. Poitevm (European Center for Geodynamics and (Molenbroek, E.C., Mahan, A.H., Johnson, E.J.), Seismology, 1995) p. 1. and GaUagher, A.C., “Film quaUty in relation to deposition conditions of a-Si:H films deposited by (Marson, I.), FaUer, J.E., et ah, “Fourth inter- the "hot wire" method using highly diluted national comparison of absolute gravimeters,” sUane,” J. Appl. Phys. 79, 7278 (1996). Metrologia 32, 137 (1995).

128 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

(Rozsa, K., Stutzin, G.), and Gallagher, A.C., Guo, J., Cooper, J., and Gallagher, A., “Selective “Emission from a dc discharge with a partially reflection from a dense atomic vapor,” Phys. covered cathode,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. Rev. A 53, 1130 (1996). (special issue) 24, 55 (1996). *Guo, J. and Arimondo, E., “Laser cooling of Rydberg atoms in bichromatic waves,” Gallagher, A.C., and NREL collaborators, “Depo- standing Phys. Rev. A 53, R1224 (1996). sition of Device Quality, Low H Content, Amor-

phous Silicon Films,” patent 5,397,737, March Guo, J., Gallagher, A., and Cooper, J., “Lorentz- 1995. Lorenz shift in an inhomogeneously broadened medium,” Opt. Commim. (in press). Gallagher, A.C., “Microtip-controUed Nanostruc- ture Fabrication and Multi-Tipped Field Emis- Harper, G.M., Wood, B.E., Linsky, J.L., Bennett, sion Tool for Parallel Process Nanostructure P.D. (Ayres, T.R., and Brown, A.), “A semiempi- Fabrication,” patent 5,294,465, March 1994. rical determination of the wind velocity structure for the hybrid-chromosphere star Alpha Gallagher, A.C., “Metal Hydride Molecular Trianguh Australis,” Astrophys. J. 452, 407 Lamp," invention disclosure filed October 1996. (1995).

(Molenbroek, E.C., Johnson, E.J.), and Heavner, T.P., Zuo, M., Hayes, M., Dunn, G.H., Gallagher, A.C., “Deposition of a-Si:H with the and Jefferts, S.R., “The JILA Penning trap mass “hot wire” technique: Insights into the growth spectrometer,” in Trapped Charged Particles process,” in Proc., 13th European Photovoltaic and Fundamental Physics, Proc., Nobel Sympo- sium 91, Physica Scripta T59, 414 (1995). Solar Energy Conference (in press).

Hils, D. and Bender, P.L., “Gradual approach to Gudel, M. (Schmitt , J.H.M.M., and Benz, A.O.), coalescence for compact stars orbiting massive “A bright x-ray and radio corona on the FOV star black holes,” Astrophys. J. Lett. 445, L7 (1995). 47 Cas?” Astron. Astrophys. Lett. 293, L49 (1995). Jin, D.S., Ensher, J.R., Matthews, M.R., Wieman, C.E., and Cornell, E.A., “Collective Gudel, M. (Schmitt, J.H.M.M., Benz, A.O., and excitations of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a Ehas II, N.M.), “The corona of the yoimg solar dilute gas,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 420 (1996). analog EK Draconis,” Astron. Astrophys. 301, 201 (1995). Jin, D.S., Ensher, J.R., Matthews, M.R., Wieman, C.E., and E.A. Cornell, “Quantitative (Dorren, J.D.), Gudel, M., and (Guinan, E.F.), studies of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a dilute “X-ray emission from the Sun in its youth and atomic vapor,” Czech. J. Phys. (in press). old age,” Astrophys. J. 448, 431 (1995). Jungner, P., Swartz, S., Eickhoff, M., Ye, J., Gudel, M. (Schmitt, J.H.M.M., and Benz, A.O.), Hall, J.L., and (Waltman, S.), “Absolute fre- “Microwave emission from X-ray bright solar-like quency of the molecular iodine transition stars: The F-G main sequence and beyond,” R(56)32-0 near 532 nm,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Astron. Astrophys. 302, 775 (1995). Meas. 44, 151 (1995).

(Benz, A.O., Alef, W.), and Gudel, M., “VLBI Jimgner, P., Eickhoff, M., Swartz, S., Ye, J., and observations of single main-sequence M stars," Hall, J.L., “Stability and absolute frequency of Astron. Astrophys. 298, 187 (1995). molecular iodine transitions near 532 nm,” in LaserFrequency Stabilization and Noise Reduc- *Gunion, R.F., Koppel, H., Leach, G.W., and tion (SPIE Proc. Vol. 2378, 1995) p. 22. Lineberger, W.C., “Photoelectron spectroscopy of Kato, S., Bierbaum, V.M., and Leone, S.R., C4H4': Ab initio calciilations and dynamics of “Laser fluorescence and mass spectrometric the 1,2-hydrogen shift in vinylvinylidene,” J. measurements of vibrational relaxation of Chem. Phys. 103, 1250(1995). N2'^(v) with He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe,” Int. J. Mass Guo, J., Cooper, J., and Gallagher, A., “Genera- Spectrom. Ion Proc. 149/150, 469 (1995). tion of transient Rabi sidebands in pulse propa- *Kato, S., de Gouw, J.A., Lin, C.-D., Bierbaum, gation: a possible source for cone emission?” V.M., and Leone, S.R., “Charge-transfer rate

Phys. Rev. A 52, R3440 (1995). ‘^ constants for N2 (v = 0-4) with Ar at thermal energies,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 256, 305 (1996).

129 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

*Kato, S., de Gouw, J.A., Lin, C.-D., Bierbaum, Molecular & Optical Physics Handbook, ed. by V.M., and Leone, S.R., “Vibrational enhance- G.W.F. Drake (American Institute of Physics,

ment of the charge transfer rate constant of N2 Woodbiiry, New York, 1996) Chapter 72, p. 828. (v = 0-4) with Kr at thermal energies,” J. Chem. Kimz, A.K., Alstrin, A.L., Smilgys, R.V., Casey, Phys. 105 , 5455 (1996). S.M., Strupp, P.G., and Leone, S.R., “Real-time Klaassen, J.J., Lindner, J., and Leone, molecular-beam epitaxy flux inspection tech- S.R., “Observation of the OH(OD) stretch of nique,” NASA Tech Briefs 19 ( 9 ), 8a, 10a (Sep- HOI and DOI by Fourier transform infrared tember 1995).

emission spectroscopy,” J. Chem. Phys. 104 , 7403 (1996). Laracuente, A., Bronikowski, M.J., and Gallagher, A., “Chemical vapor deposition of *(Ding, L.N.), Kleiber, P.D. (Cheng, Y.C., Yotmg, nanometer-size aluminum features on silicon M.A.), ONeil, S.V., and StwaUey, W.C., “Photo- surfaces using an STM tip,” in Proc. of Atomi- fragmentation dynamics of Mg2(C02)l,2'^,” J. cally Controlled Surfaces and Interfaces Confer-

Chem. Phys. 102 , 5235 (1995). ence (in press).

*(Moehlis, J.) and Knobloch, E., “The Eckhaus- Larsson, M., “Atomic and molecular physics with Benjamin-Feir instability in systems with tem- ion storage rings,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 58, 1267 poral modulation,” Phys. Rev. E (in press). (1995). Knowles, M.P. and Leone, S.R., “Hyperthermal Larsson, M., “Dissociative recombination in ion (1-10 eV) cobalt deposition on Si(lOO),” Chem. storage rings,” Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc. Phys. Lett, (in press).

149/ 150 , 403 (1995). Krishnamurthy, M., de Gouw, J.A., Bierbaum, (Stromholm, C., et al.) and Larsson, M., “Abso- V.M., and S.R. Leone, “Mobilities of aromatic lute cross sections for dissociative recombination

ions drifting in helium,” J. Phys. Chem. 100 , of HD : Comparison of experiment and theory,” 14908 (1996). Phys. Rev. A 52 , R4320 (1995). Krishnamurthy, J.M., de Gouw, A., Ding, L.N., Larsson, M., et al., “Dissociative recombination Bierbaum, V.M., and Leone, S.R., “Mobilities and of H D and the cosmic abimdance of deuter- ‘^ 2 formation kinetics of NH4 (NH3)0-3 cluster ions imn,” Astron. Astrophys. 309 , LI (1996). in helium and hehum/ammonia mixtures,” J. Chem. Phys. (in press). Larsson, M. and (Stromholm, C.), “Dissociative recombination with the cold electron beam in *(Bordas, C., Dyer, M.J., Fairfield, T., Helm, H.), cryring,” in Dissociative Recombination: and Kulander, K.C., “Unexpected product fine- Theory, Experiment and Application (World structure distributions in (3-(- l)-photon ioniza- Scientific, Singapore, in press).

tion of xenon,” Phys. Rev. A 51 , 3726 (1995). (Stade, E.) and Layton, E.G., “Generalized dis- * Kulander, K.C. and (Schafer, K.J.), “Under- crete Fourier transforms: The discrete Fourier- standing the djmamics of multiphoton processes Riccati-Bessel transform,” Comput. Phys. in atoms and molecules,” in Atomic Collisions: Commun. 85 , 336 (1995). A Symposium in Honor of Christopher Bottcher Lee, Y.-Y. and Leone, S.R., “Photodissociation (1945-1993), ed. by D.R. Schultz, et al. (AIP and rare gas reactions of Ccl3^''': Energetic Conf. Proc. 347, 1995) p. 111. thresholds for the CCl^ product,” J. Phys. Kulander, K.C., Cooper, J., and (Schafer, K.J.), Chem. (special issue honoring Zdenek Herman) “Laser-assisted inelastic rescattering during 99 (42), 15438 (1995).

above-threshold ionization,” Phys. Rev. A 51 , Leone, S.R., “Kinetic-energy-enhanced neutral 561 (1995). etching,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 34 (Part 1), 2073 (Peatross, J., Fedorov, M.V.), and Kulander, K.C., (1995). “Intensity-dependent phase-matching effects in (Meyer, H.) and Leone, S.R., “Preparation and harmonic generation,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 12 , probing of alignment in molecular ensembles by 863 (1995). saturated coherent pulsed laser excitation,” J.

Kulander, K.C. and (Lewenstein, M.), “Multi- Chem. Phys. 105 , 5858 (1996). photon and strong-field processes,” in Atomic,

130 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A; PUBLICATIONS

Leone, S.R., et al, “Photoionization Mass Spec- end of the Main Sequence: GHRS observations of troscopy Flux Monitor,” patent ^5,397,895, the M8 Ve star VBIO,” Astrophys. J. 455, 670 March 1995. (1995).

Leone, S.R., et al., “Source of Atomic Arsenic,” (Heap, S.R., et al.) and Linsky, J.L., “The patent #5,541,407. Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph: In-orbit performance,” Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 107, Leone, S.R., Lee, Y.-Y., Price, S.D., Manning, M., 871 (1995). and Rogers, S.A., “Reactions and photofragmentation of doubly charged molecular ions: Novel Linsky, J.L., “Accurate measurements of the pathways, structure, and energy thresholds,” in local deuterimn abimdance from HST spectra,” Proc., Symposium on Atomic, Cluster and in Examining the Big Bang and Diffuse Back- ground Radiations, lAU Symposium 1 ed. Surface Physics 96 (in press). 68, by M. Kafatos and Y. Kondo (Kluwer, 1996) p. 529. *(Tarkowski, W.) and Lewenstein, M., “Interaction space of neural networks with clipped Lorensen, H.Q., Parks, H.V., Spain, E.M., Smedley, J.E., Greene, C.H., and Leone, S.R., couplings,” Acta Phys. Polon. B 26, 1423 (1995). “Resonant formation of Ca"^ from the Ca*

Lewenstein, M., Kulander, K.C. (Schafer, K.J., (4s25d^D2 ) level explained by autoionization and Bucksbaum, P.H.), “Rings in above- through the 3d3/2 9f5/2’ = 2" resonance,” threshold ionization: A quasi-classical analysis,” Phys. Rev A 54, 1577 (1996). Phys. Rev. A 51, 1495 (1995). *(Goss, W.M.) and Lozinskaya, T.A., “Radio and

Lindner, J., Lundberg, J.K., Williams, R.M., and IRAS observations of two nebulae aroimd WO Leone, S.R., “Pulse-to-pulse normalization of stars: G2.4 + 1 .4 in the Galaxy and Sandage H II time-resolved Fourier transform emission experi- Region 3 in IC 1613,” Astrophys. J. 439, 637 ments in the near infrared,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1995).

66, 2812 (1995). Lu, Z.T., Corwin, K.L., Renn, M.J., Anderson, M.H., Cornell, E.A., and Wieman, C.E., “A low- Linsky, J.L., Wood, B.E. (Judge, P.), Brown, A., velocity intense source of atoms from magneto- Andrulis, C., and (Ayres, T.R.), “The transition a optical trap,” Phys. Rev. regions of Capella,” Astrophys. J. 442, 381 Lett. 77, 3331 (1996). (1995). Lundberg, J.K., “The SEP of acetylene: Sym-

(Brandt, J.C., et al.) and Linsky, J.L., “Observa- metry properties and isomerization,” in Molecu- tions of Alpha Orionis with the Goddard High lar Dynamics and Spectroscopy by Stimulated Resolution Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Emission Pumping, ed. by R.W. Field and H.-L. Telescope,” Astron. J. 109, 2706 (1995). Dai (World Scientific, 1995) pp. 791.

(Walter, M., Matthews, L.D.), and, Linsky, J.L., Ma, L.-S., Jungner, P., Ye, J., and Hall, J.L., “New insights into nonradiative heating in late A “Accurate cancellation (to millihertz levels) of star chromospheres,” Astrophys. J. 447, 353 optical phase noise due to vibration or insertion (1995). phase in fiber transmitted light,” in Laser Fre- quency Stabilization and Noise Reduction (SPIE Linsky, J.L. (Diplas, A., Ayres, T.R.), Wood, B., Proc. Vol. 2378, 1995) p. 165. and (Brown, A.), “Hubble observations of D/H in

the local ISM and consequences for cosmology,” Ma, L.-S., Ye, J., Dube, P., and Hall, J.L., “A new in The Light Element Abundances, Proc. of an modulation method for sensitive nonlinear ESO/EIPC Workshop Held in Marciana Marina, spectroscopy - Application to molecular over- Isola d’Elba, May 1994, ed. by P. Crane tones as visible frequency references,” in Laser (Springer, 1995), p. 215. Spectroscopy, XII International Conference, ed. M. Inguscio, M. AUegrini and A. Sasso (World Linsky, J.L. (Diplas, A.), Wood, B.E., Brown, A. by (Ayres, T.R., and Savage, B.D.), “Deuterium and Scientific, Singapore, 1996) p. 199. the local interstellar medium properties for the Nadal, M.E., Kleiber, P.D., and Lineberger, W.C., Procyon and Capella lines of sight,” Astrophys. “Photofragmentation ofmass-selected ICT(C02)n J. 451, 335 (1995). cluster ions: Solvation effects on the structure Linsky, J.L., Wood, B.E., Brown, A. (Giampapa, and dynamic of the ionic chromophore,” J. M.S., and Ambruster, C.), “SteUar activity at the Chem. Phys. 105, 504 (1996).

131 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

(Suhm, M.A.) and Nesbitt, D.J., “Potential sur- trap for evaporative cooling of neutral atoms,” faces and dynamics of weakly bound trimers: Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3352 (1995). Perspectives from high resolution IR spectros- Pfister, O. (Murtz, M., WeUs, J.S., HoUberg, L., copy,” Chemical Society Reviews (Royal Society and Murray, J.T.), “Division by 3 of optical of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1995), p. 45. frequencies by use of difference-frequency gener- (Mlynczak, M.G.) and Nesbitt, D.J., “The Einstein ation in noncritically phase-matched coefficient for spontaneous emission of the RbTiOAsO^,” Opt. Lett. 21, 1387 (1996). Ogfa^Deltag) state,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 1381 Pfister, O. (Murtz, M., WeUs, J., and HoUberg, (1995). L.), “Division by three of optical frequencies using non-critically phase-matched RTA,” in Nesbitt, D.J. and (Field, R.W.), “Vibrational Proc., Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics energy flow in highly excited molecules: Role of (in press). intramolecular vibrational redistribution.” J.

Phys. Chem. 100 , 12735 (1996). PlusquelUc, D.F., Votava, O., and Nesbitt, D.J., “Absolute frequency stabilization of an injection J.A., P., and Gallagher, A., Neuman, Wang, seeded optical parametric osciUator,” Appl. Opt. high-temperatme sapphire ceU for metal “Robust 35, 1464 (1996).

vapors,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66 , 3021 (1995). Price, S.D., Lee, Y.-Y., Manning, M., and Leone, Newbury, N.R., Myatt, C.J., Cornell, E.A., and S.R., “Laser hotodissociation of fluorinated Wieman, C.E., “Gravitational Sisyphus cooling of molecular dications,” Chem. Phys. 190 , 123 ®^Rb in a magnetic trap,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, (1995). 2196 (1995). Renn, M.J., Montgomery, D., Odovin.V., Oates, C.W., Vogel, K.R., and HaU, J.L., “High Anderson, D.Z., Wieman, C.E., and Cornell, precision Itnewidth measurement of laser-cooled E.A., “Laser-guided atoms in hoUow-core optical fibers,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 75. 3253 (1995). atoms: Resolution of the Na 3p ^P3/2 lifetime

discrepancy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 16 , 2866 (1996). Renn, M.J., Donley, E.A., ComeU, E.A., Wieman, Opansky, B.J. and Leone, S.R., “Low tempera- C.E., and Anderson, D.A., “Evanescent wave guiding of atoms in hoUow optical fibers,” Phys. tiu-e rate coefficients of CgH with CH4 and CD^ Rev. from 154-359 K,” J. Phys. Chem. lOO, 4888 A 53, R648 (1996). (1996). Richman, S., “Resolving dicordant results:

Ott, A.K., Casey, S.M., Alstrin, A.L., and Leone, modem solar oblateness experiments,” Studies S.R., “Single-photon ionization, in situ optical in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics diagnostic of molecular beam epitaxial growth of 27B, 1 (1996). GaAs,” Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 406 (1996), Rozsa, K., GaUagher, A., and (Donko, Z.), “Exci-

101 . p. tation of Ar lines in the cathode region of a dc

Ott, A.K., Casey, S.A., Alstrin, A.L., and Leone, discharge,” Phys. Rev. E 52, 913 (1995). S.R., “Chemistry of arsenic incorporation during Saeta, P.N., “Optical measurements of the core GaAs/GaAs( molecular beam epitaxy probed 100) radius of high-Delta fibers with 1-nm resolution,” by simultaneous laser flux monitoring and Appl. Opt. 34, 177 (1995). reflection high-energy electron diffraction,” J. Saeta, P.N. and GaUagher, A.C., “Visible lumi- Vac. Sci. Technol. B 14 , 2742 (1996). nescence from single-crystal silicon quantum *Papanikolas, J.M., Williams, R.M., Kleiber, P.D. weUs,” J. Appl. Phys. 77, 4639 (1995). (Hart, J.L., Brink, C.), Price, S.D., and Leone, S.R., “Wave packet dynamics in the Li2 E(^Eg‘^) Saeta, P.N. and GaUagher, A.C., “Photoltmaines- shelf state: Simultaneous observation of vibra- cence of a single-ciystal silicon quantum weU,” tional and rotational recurrences with single in Proc., Materials Research Society ed. by R. ro-vibronic control of an intermediate state,” J. W. ColUns, etal. (MRS, Pittsburgh, 1995) p. 981.

Chem. Phys. 103 , 7269 (1995). Saeta, P.N. and GaUagher, A.C., “Photolumines- Petrich, W., Anderson, M.H., Ensher, J.R., and cence properties of silicon quantum weU layers,” Cornell, E.A., “Stable, tightly confining magnetic Phys. Rev. B (in press).

132 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

Schiffman, A., Chapman, W.B., and Nesbitt, *(Mas, E.) and Szalewicz, K., “Effects of monomer D.J., “State-to-state, rotational energy-transfer geometry and basis set saturation on computed dynamics in crossed supersonic jets: A high- depth of water dimer potential,” J. Chem. Phys. resolution IR absorption method,” J. Phys. 104, 7606 (1996). Chem. 100, 3402 (1996). Tanenbaum, D.M., Laracuente, A., and *Schwieters, C.D. and Delos, J.B., “Semiclassical Gallagher, A.C., “Growth and nucleation of treatment of a half-cycle pulse acting on a one- hydrogenated amorphous silicon on silicon (100) dimensional Rydberg atom,” Phys. Rev. A 51, surfaces,” in Proc. of the Symposium on Amor- 1023 (1995). phous Silicon Technology (Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 377, 1995) p. 143. *Schwieters, C.D. and Delos, J.B., “Half-cycle pulse acting on a one-dimensional Rydberg Tanenbaum, D.M., Laracuente, A.L., and atom: Semiclassical transition amplitudes in Gallagher, A., “Nanoparticle deposition in hydro- action and angle variables,” Phys. Rev. A 51, genated amorphous silicon films during rf 1030 (1995). plasma deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 1705

* Spain, E.M., Dalberth, M.J., Kleiber, P.D., Leone, (1996). S.R. (Op de Beek, S.S., and Driessen, J.P.J.), Valenti, J.A., Butler, R.P., and Marcy, G.W., “Alignment probing of Rydberg states by stimu- “Determining spectrometer instrumental profiles lated emission,” J. Chem. Phys. 102, 9522 from FTS reference spectra,” Publ. Astron. Soc. (1995). Pacific 107, 966 (1995). *Spain, E.M., Dalberth, M.J., Kleiber, P.D., Leone, *Vorsa. V., Campagnola, P.J., Nandi, S., Larsson, ' S.R. (Op de Beek, S.S., and Driessen, J.P.J.), M., and Lineberger, W.C., “Photofragmentation “Orbital alignment cross sections by stimulated of 12* Arjj clusters: Observation of metastable emission probing: The state-to-state Ca Rydberg I isomeric ionic fragments,” J. Chem. Phys. 105,

1 process Ca(4sl7d ^Dg) -i- Xe goes to Ca(4sl8p 2298 (1996). ^Pj) -I- Xe,” J. Chem. Phys. 102, 9532 (1995).

j Weaver, G.C. and Leone, S.R., “Scattering of CI (Driessen, J.P.J., Op de Beek, S.S., Beijerinck, 2 beams from Si(lOO) for kinetic energies up to H.C.W.), Spain, E.M., Parks, H.V. de Vivie- 2.6 eV: Implications for sticking coefficients and Riedle, R., and Leone, S.R. “An optical analogue reaction product formation,” Surf. Sci. 328, 197 of complex-valued coherence terms in atomic (1995). scattering,” Comments At. Mol. Phys. 32, 327 (1996). Weaver, G.C. and Leone, S.R., “Fragmentation and recombination of molecules during laser Sperhac, J.M., Weida, M.J., and Nesbitt, D.J., vaporization of cryogenic films,” J. Phys. “IR spectroscopy of Ar2C02 trimer: Vibrationally Chem. (1996). averaged structures, solvent shifts, and three- 100, 4188 body effects,” J. Chem. Phys. 104, 2202 (1996). Weida, M.J., Sperhac, J.M., and Nesbitt, D.J., *(Zeman, V., McEachran, R.P.), and Stauffer, “High-resolution IR diode laser spectroscopy of A.D., “Relativistic distorted-wave calctolation of (C02)3: Vibrationally averaged structures, electron impact excitation of silver and gold,” resonant dipole vibrational shifts, and tests of J. Can. J. Phys. (in press). CO2-CO2 pair potentials,” Chem. Phys. 103, 7685 (1995). Stebbins, R.P., Bender, R. (Chen, C., Page, N., Meier, D., and Dupree, A.K.), “A 15 meter laser- Weida, M.J., Sperhac, J.M., and Nesbitt, D.J., stabilized imaging interferometer,” in Space- “Sublimation dynamics of CO2 thin films: A high bome Inteiferometry II (SPIE Proc. Vol. 2477, resolution diode laser study of quantiun state 1995) p. 31. resolved sticking coefficients,” J. Chem. Phys.

I 105, 749 (1996). *(Bukowski, R., Jeziorski, B.), and Szalewicz, K., j “Basis set superposition problem in interaction Weida, M.J. and Nesbitt, D.J., “Geometric energy calculations with explicitly correlated isomerism in clusters: High resolution infrared bases: Saturated second- and third-order ener- spectroscopy of non-cyclic C02 trimer,” J. ,” gies for He2 J. Chem. Phys. 104, 3306 (1996). Chem. Phys. (in press).

133 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS

Wieman, C.E., Cornell, E.A., Jin, D., Ensher, J., Ye, J., Swartz, S., Jxmgner, P., and Hall, J.L., Matthews, M., Myatt, C., Burt, E., and Christ, R., “Hyperfine structure and absolute frequency of “The creation and study of Bose-Einstein con- the ®'^Rb 5P3/2 state,” Opt. Lett. 21, 1280 (1996). densation in a cold alkali vapor,” in Proc., Hall, J.L., “Sub-Doppler Fifteenth International Conference on Atomic Ye, J., Ma, L.-S., and 1 micrometers Physics: Zeeman-Effect Centenary (in press). optical frequency reference at .064 via ultrasensitive cavity-enhanced frequency Williams, R.M. and Leone, S.R., “Laboratory modulation spectroscopy of C2HD overtone studies of 3.3 micron emission from naphthalene transition,” Opt. Lett. 21 , 1000 (1996). induced by 193 and 248 nanometer excitation,” Astrophys. J. 443, 675 (1995). * Young, L., “Fast beam spectroscopy,” in Experi- mental Methods in the Physical Sciences, Vol. Williams, R.M., Papanikolas, J.M., Rathje, J., 29B (Academic, New York, 1996) Chapter 15. and Leone, S.R., “Quantum-state-resolved 2-level femtosecond rotational coherence spectroscopy: Zhao, Z.-Q., Chapman, W.B., and Nesbitt, D.J., Determination of rotational constants at medium “State-resolved rotational energy transfer in open and high J in Lig, a simple diatomic system,” shell coUisions: Cl(^P + HCl,” J. Chem. Phys. 3/2 ) Chem. Phys. Lett, (in press). 102 , 7046 (1995).

Wood, B.E., Brown, A., and Linsky, J.L., “Deter- Zhao, Z.-Q., Chapman, W.B., and Nesbitt, D.J., mination of plasma temperatures and luminos- “State-resolved differential scattering in open- ities using multiple extreme ultraviolet and shell collisions: Cl(^P -t- HCl from high- 3 / 2 ) X-ray filters,” Astrophys. J. 438, 350 (1995). resolution IR laser Dopplerimetry,” J. Chem.

Phys. 104 , 3555 (1996). Wood, B.E. and (Ayres, T.R.), “A reanalysis of of the SWP-HI lUE observations Capella,” *Zhou, H.-L., Whitten, B.L., Trail, W.K., Morrison, Astrophys. J. 443, 329 (1995). M.A., MacAdam, K.B., Bartschat, K., and Wood, B.E., Harper, G.M., Linsky, J.L., and Norcross, D.W., “Low-energy electron collisions Dempsey, R.C., “Goddard High Resolution with sodium: Scattering of spin-polarized elec- Spectrograph observations of Procyon and HR trons,” Phys. Rev. A 52, 1152 (1995). 1099,” Astrophys. J. 458, 761 (1996). (Pribble, R.N., Garrett, A.W., Haber, K.), and Wu, X., Bender, P.L., and (Rosborough, G.W.), Zwier, T.S., “Resonant ion-dip infrared spectros- “Probing the interior structure of Mercury from copy of benzene-H20 and benzene-HOD,” J. an arbiter plus single lander,” J. Geophys. Res. Chem. Phys. 103 , 531 (1995).

100 , 1515 (1995). APPENDIX B

INVITED TALKS PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

INVITED TALKS

LABORATORY OFFICE

Ott, W.R., “Physics Laboratory Overview and Saloman, E.B., “NIST Atomic and Molecular Plans,” seminar organized for Hewlett-Packard Databases on the World Wide Web,” Workshop on Managing Your Test and Measurement Stra- on Atomic and Molecular Data for Science and tegy, NIST, January 1996. Technology, held at Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, June 1996. Ott, W.R., “Measurement Standards and Ser- vices: What’s on the Horizon,” National Confer- Saloman, E.B., “ECSED - Where Did It Come ence of Standards Laboratories Workshop and From? Where Is It Going? Or How a Physicist Symposium on Preparing Metrology for the Next Came to Establish ECSED and What Emerged,” Millenium, Monterey, CA, August 1996. Physics Laboratory Seminar, Gaithersbrug, MD, September 1996. ,

PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B; INVITED TALKS

ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION (841)

U. Arp, G. Fraser, A. Right Walker, and T. Clark, C.W., “Structure and Spectra of Dilute Lucatorto, “Current Status of the Infrared Syn- Atomic Bose-Einstein Condensates,” Naval chrotron Radiation Program at SURF,” Brook- Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, April 10, haven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, May 19, 1996. 1996. Clark, C.W., “Excitation and Engineering of Celotta, R.J., Davies, A.D., Stroscio, J.A., and Atomic Bose-Einstein Condensates,” Canadian Pierce, D.T., “The Role of the Interface in the Association of Physicists, University of Ottawa, Exchange Coupled Fe/Cr/Fe System,” Gordon Ottawa, Canada, Jime 18, 1996. Research Conference on Magnetic Nanostruc- Clark, C.W., “Theory of Trapped Bose-Einstein tures, Irsee, Germany, September 18, 1995. Condensed Atoms,” European Research Confer- Celotta, R.J., “Magnetic Nanostructures: A Path ence on Quantiun Optics, Pisa, Italy, September to Understanding Exchange Coupling,” Rice 22, 1996. University, Houston, TX, October 10, 1995. Clark, C.W., “Structure and Spectra of Dilute Celotta, R.J., “Using Light to Make Nanostruc- Bose-Einstein Condensates,” University of tures,” Carleton College, Northfield, MN, October Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, November 14, 1996. 20, 1995. Clark, C.W., “Structure and spectra of dilute Celotta, R.J., “Nanostructure Fabrication via atomic Bose-Einstein condensates,” Tulane Laser-Focused Atomic Deposition,” 40th Confer- University, New Orleans, LA, November 17, ence on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 1996. Philadelphia, PA, November 9, 1995. Clark, C.W., “Structure and spectra of dilute Celotta, R.J., McClelland, J.J. and Gupta, R., atomic Bose-Einstein condensates,” Joint Atomic “Making Nanostructures with Light,” AAAS Physics Colloquium, Harvard University, Meeting Science Innovation Exposi- Annual and Cambridge, MA, December 4, 1996. tion, Baltimore, MD, February 12, 1996. Davies, A., Stroscio, J.A., Pierce, D.T., and Clark, C.W., “Computational Physics at NIST,” Celotta, R.J., “Atomic-scale Observations of Physical Society, Washington, DC, American Alloying at the Cr/Fe(001) Interface,” E-MRS April 19, 1995. 1996 Spring Meeting, Strasbourg, France, June

Clark, C.W., “Appearance Intensities for Multiply 5, 1996. Charged Ions in a Strong Laser Field,” Institute Davies, A., Stroscio, J.A., Pierce, D.T., Unguris, for Theoretical Atomic and Molecular Physics, J., and Celotta, R.J., “Alloying in CrFe Multi- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, October 2 1 layers,” European MRS meeting, Strasbourg, 1995. France, Jime 6, 1996. Clark, C.W., “Spectroscopy of Bose-Einstein Davies, A., Stroscio, J.A., Pierce, D.T., Unguris, Condensates,” University of Delaware, Newark, J., and Celotta, R.J., “Alloying in CrFe Multi- DE, November 8, 1995. layers,” KFA - Research Center Jiilich, Juhch, Clark, C.W., “New Angle on the Coulomb Prob- Germany, June 10, 1996. lem,” JILA Seminar, University of Colorado, Davies, A., Stroscio, J.A., Pierce, D.T., Unguris, Boulder, CO, December 4, 1995. J., and Celotta,R.J., “Alloying in CrFe Multi- Clark, C.W., “Metrology on the Internet,” 1996 layers,” Physics Dept., University of Bochum, Measurement Science Conference, Anaheim, CA, Bochum, Germany, June 11, 1996. January 26, 1996. Davies, A., Stroscio, J.A., Pierce, D.T., Unguris, Clark, C.W., “Reference Data for Electronic J., and Celotta,R.J., “Alloying in CrFe Multi- Structure Calculations,” Naval Research Labora- layers,” Physics Dept., University of Basel, Basel, tory, Washington, DC, April 10, 1996. Switzerland, Jime 12, 1996.

137 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B; INVITED TALKS

Gupta, R., “Nanostructure Fabrication via Atom McClelland, J.J., “Atom Optics with Chromium,” Optics,” Microphysics of Surfaces: Nanoscale Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, Ecole Normale Processing, Santa Fe, NM, February 9, 1995. Superieure, Paris, France, September 17, 1996.

Gupta, R., “Conservative Atomic Motion in Pierce, D.T., “Influence of Thin Film Growth on Adiabatic Optical Potentials,” Phys. Dept., State the Exchange Coupling of Magnetic Multilayers,” Univ. of New York, Stoney Brook, NY, May 12, Solid State Physics Seminar, University of Texas 1995. - Austin, Austin, TX, May 9, 1995.

Gupta, R., “Nanofabrication via Atom Optics,” Pierce, D.T., “Magnetic Nanostructures: A Path Laboratory for Physical Sciences, CoUege Park, to Understanding Exchange Coupling of Mag- MD, March 20, 1996. netic Layers,” Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, October 2, 1995. McClelland, J.J., “Laser Focusing of Atoms for NanostructureFabrication, ” AdvancedWorkshop Pierce, D.T., “Magnetic Nanostructures: A Path on Atomic and Molecular Physics, Canberra, to Understanding Exchange Coupling,” Physics Dept., of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, Australia, February 14, 1995. University October 6, 1995. McClelland, J.J., “Making Nanostructures by Pierce, D.T., “Magnetic Nanostructures: Path to Focusing Atoms with Light,” Wesleyan Univer- Understanding Exchange Coupling of Magnetic sity, Middletown, CT, April 7, 1995. Layers,”, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, McClelland, J.J., “Nanofabrication by Laser Zurich, Switzerland, October 26, 1995. Manipulation of Atoms,” Spring Joint Meeting of Pierce, D.T., “Exchange Coupling of Magnetic American Physical Society and American Associ- Layers,” Fundamental Physics and Inventions in ation of Physics Teachers, Storrs, CT, April 8, Less than Three Dimensions, Ascona, Switzer- 1995. land, November 1, 1995. McClelland, J.J., “Nanofabrication Using Atom Pierce, D.T., “The Role of the Interface in the Optics, Physics Colloquium,” University of Exchange Coupling of Magnetic Layers,” Ameri- Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, April 13, 1995. can Physical Society, St. Louis, MO, March 18, McClelland, J.J. “Nanofabrication via Atom 1996. Optics,” AAAS Annual Meeting and Science Pierce, D.T., Magnetic Nanostructures: A Path to Innovation Exposition, Baltimore, MD, February Understanding Exchange Coupling, Physics 1996. 12, Colloquium, University of Delaware, Newark,

McClelland, J.J., “Nanostructure Fabrication DE, April 10, 1996. University, with Atom Optics, New York New Pierce, D.T., “The Role of the Interface in the York, NY, February 22, 1996. Exchange Coupling of Magnetic Layers,” Solid State Physics Seminar, Ohio State University, McClelland, J.J. “Nanofabrication via Atom Columbus. OH, May 22, 1996. Optics,” IBM Almaden Research Center, San

Jose, CA April 12, 1996. Stiles, M.D., “Exchange Coupling in Magnetic Multilayers, Magnetism in Multilayered and McClelland, J.J., Gupta, R. and Celotta, R.J., Reduced Dimensional Systems,” Argonne, IL, “Nanofabrication via Laser Focusing of Atoms,” June 20, 1995. Scanning Microscopy 1996, Bethesda, MD, May 14, 1996. Stiles, M.D., “Oscillatory Exchange Coupling in Magnetic Multilayers,” New England Section McClelland, J.J., “Nanofabrication using Atom Meeting of the American Physical Society, Optics,” Physics Colloquium, University of Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, October 7, Chicago, Chicago, IL, May 16, 1996. 1995.

McClelland, J.J., Gupta, R., and Celotta, R.J., Stiles, M.D. , “Spin-Dependent Interface Scatter- “Laser Focusing of Chromium Atoms for Nano- ing,” 40th Conference on Magnetism and Mag- structure Fabrication,” EQEC ’96, Hamburg, netic Materials, Philadelphia, PA, November 8, September 1996. Germany, 12, 1995.

138 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B; INVITED TALKS

Stiles, M.D., “Giant Magnetoresistance in Mag- Stroscio, J.A., “Nucleation and Growth in Metal netic Multilayers, North Carolina State Univer- on Metal Epitaxy,” United Kingdom Annual sity, Raleigh, NC, January 22, 1996. Scanned Probe Microscopy Meeting, St. John’s College, Oxford, United Kingdom, April 10, Stiles, M.D., “Oscillatory Exchange Coupling in 1996. Magnetic Multilayers,” American Physical Soci- ety Tutorial “Fundamental Magnetic and Stroscio, J.A., “Learning About Growth from Magneto-Transport Properties of Ultrathin Metal- STM Measurements,” Scanning Microscopy lic Structures, St. Louis, MO, March 17, 1996. 1996, Bethesda, MD, May 13, 1996.

Stiles, M.D., Giant Magnetoresistance in Mag- netic Multilayers, Solid State Physics Seminar, Stroscio, J.A., “Atomic Scale observations of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, April AUoying at the Cr-Fe Interface,” Lehigh Univer- 3, 1996. sity, Bethlehem, PA, September 18, 1966.

Stiles, M.D., “Spin-Dependent Interface Reflec- Tarrio, C.S., “Multilayers for the EUV and More,” tion in Magnetic Multilayers,” New York Univer- University of Maryland Chemical Physics Semi- sity, New York, NY, April 12, 1996. nar, College Park, MD, April 24, 1996. Stiles, “Magnetic Multilayers,” University of Tarrio, C.S., “Figuring By Multilayer Deposition: Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, April 17, 1996. A New Technique for Fabrication of Precision Stroscio, J.A., “An Atomic View of Metal on Optics,” OSa Topical Conference on Soft X-ray

Metal Growth,” Penn State University, State Projction Lithography, Boston, MA, May 1, 1996. CoUege, PA, April 12, 1995. Unguris, J., Kelley, M.H., Celotta, R.J., and Stroscio, J.A., Pierce, D.T., Davies, A., and Pierce, D.T., “Imaging Magnetic Microstructures Celotta, R.J., “An Atomic View of the Growth of with SEMPA,” American Physical Society and Ultra-thin Magnetic Films,” American Physical the American Association of Physics Teachers, Association of Physics Society and the American Washington, DC, April 19, 1995. Teachers, Washington, DC, April 19, 1995. Unguris, J., “Micromagnetic Imaging Using Stroscio, J.A., “An Atomic View of Metal on Scanning Electron Microscopy with Polarization Metal Growth,” University of MD, College Park, Analysis,” Maxtor Inc., Longmont, CO, April 28, MD, April 27, 1995. 1995. Stroscio, J.A., “The Effect of Roughness in Unguris, J. “Exchange Coupling in Magnetic Fe/Cr/Fe Multilayers,” 42nd National Symposium Multilayers,” University of Wisconsin, Madison, of the American Vacuum Society, Minneapolis, WI, June 14, 1996. MN, October 17, 1995.

139 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: INVITED TALKS

ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842)

Arp, U., “Recent Results on the X-Ray Fluores- Deslattes, R.D., “Raman Entanglement in Thres- cence of Molecules,” Raman Emission by X-Rays hold Spectra,” Raman Emission by X-Rays (REX-I) Workshop, New Orleans, LA, December (REX-I) Workshop, New Orleans, LA, December 1995. 1995.

Arp, U., “Atomic Physics Using Synchrotron Deslattes, R.D., “Prospects for X-ray Emission X-Rays,” Physics Laboratory Colloquium, Spectroscopy at APS,” Atomic Physics with Hard Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, X-rays from High Brilliance Using a Synchrotron December 1995. Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, May 1996. Bryant G.W., “Quantum Dots, Intermediate- Dimensional Excitons, and Artificial-Atom Deslattes, R.D., Kessler, E.G., Schweppe, J.E., Optoelectronics,” Condensed Matter Theory “Intercomparison of Silicon Samples from the Seminar, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, Avogadro Project,” Conference on Precision January 1995. Electromagnetic Measurements, Braunschweig, Germany, June 1996. Bryant G.W., “Excitons in Complex Quantum Nanostructures,” Ecole Polytechnique Federate Deslattes, R.D., “Parallel Beam Powder Diffrac- de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland, tion Using Laboratory X-Ray Sources,” Com- August 1995. bined Meeting of the 45th Annual Denver X-Ray Conference and the Powder Diffraction Satellite Bryant G.W., “Quantum Dots and Wires: Quasi- Meeting, Denver, CO, August 1996. atoms to Quasimolecules and Beyond,” ITAMP, Gillaspy, J.D., “EBIT Spectra of Highly Stripped Harvard University, Boston, MA, April 1996. Ions from the Visible to the X-ray,” 5th Inter- Bryant G.W., “Quantum Dots and Wires: Nano- national Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and scale Budding Blocks for a Brave New Artificial Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Labo- World,” University of Cinciimati, Cincinnati, OH, ratory Plasmas, Meudon, France, August 1995. October 1996. Gillaspy, J.D., “Ion-Surface Experiments at the Bryant G.W., “Quantum Dots and Wires: Nano- NIST EBIT Facility,” Lawrence Livermore scale Building Blocks for a Brave New Artificial National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, July 1996. World,” University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, Gillaspy, J.D., “Overview of the NIST EBIT October 1996. Project,” Institute of Nuclear Research of the Bryant G.W., “Modeling Complex Quantum Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Nanostructures,” Army Research Laboratory, Himgary, July 1996. Adelphi, 1996. MD, November Gillaspy, J.D., “lon-siurface CoUisions with Low- Deslattes, R.D., “Thoughts on X-Ray Optics,” Energy Highly-Charged Beams,” Fourteenth International Conference Methods and Applications of Curved Crystal on the Apphcation of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton, X-Ray Optics Workshop, Institut Laue Langevin, TX, November 1996. Grenoble, France, May 1995. Gillaspy, J.D., “The Electron Beam Ion Trap and Deslattes, R.D., “Optomechanical and Precision its Apphcation to Nanotechnology,” University of Instrument Design,” SPIES 1995 International Florida, GainsviUe, FL, November 1996. Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering and Instrumentation, San Diego, CA, July 1995. Helmerson, K., “Progress Towards BEC of Sodium Atoms in a TOP Trap,” IQEC SateUite Deslattes, R.D., “Precision Mechanics for Optical Workshop on Atom Optics, Cairns, North Components,” SRI 95 - APS X-Ray Centennial Queensland, Austraha, July 1996. Symposium and Seventh Users Meeting for the American Physical Society, Argonne National Helmerson, K., “Optical Tweezers,” University of Laboratory, Argonne, IL, October 1995. Sao Poulo Seminar, Sao Carlos, Brazil, July 1995. Deslattes, R.D., “Counting Atoms and Weighing Photons: Physics AppHcations of Optomechan- Helmerson, K., “Optical Tweezers,” Federal ics,” Precision Engineering Laboratory, Univ. University Seminar, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, July North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, November 1995. 1995.

140 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B; INVITED TALKS

Helmerson, K., “Atom Optics at NIST,” Quantum Kim, Y.-K., “Electron-Impact Ionization Cross Optics Workshop, Snowbird, UT, January 1995. Sections of Environmentally Sensitive Mole- cules,” 3rd Asian International Seminar on Kim, Y.-K., “Relativistic Modifications of Charge Atomic and Molecular Physics, Pohang, Korea, Expansion Theory,” European Research Con- October 1996. ference on Relativistic Effects in Heavy-Element Chemistry and Physics, II Ciocco, Italy, March Kim, Y.-K., “Atomic Structure Calculations for 1995. Fusion Applications,” Workshop on the Role of Atomic Physics and Atomic Data Centers in Kim, Y.-K., “New Model for Electron-Impact Fusion, Taejon, Korea, October 1996. Ionization Cross Sections of Atoms and Mole- cules,” 3rd Symposium on Laser Spectroscopy, Kim, Y.-K., “New Theory for Electron-Impact Taejon, Korea, November 1995. Ionization Cross Sections of Atoms and Mole- cules,” 49th Annual Gaseous Electronics Confer- Julienne, P.J., “How Light Changes the Collision ence, Argonne, IL, October 1996. Rates of Cold, Trapped Atoms,” Harvard Univer- sity, Cambridge, MA, November 1995. Lett, P., “Photoassociative Ionization Spectros- copy of Ultracold Na,” Temple University, Phila- Julienne, P.J., “Optical Modification of Ultracold delphia, PA, February 1995. Atomic Collisions,” Workshop on Laser-Induced

Interactions in Atomic Collisions, Bad Honef, Lett, P., “Photoassociation in Ultracold Colli- Germany, March 1996. sions: High Resolution Spectroscopy from the Collision Continuum,” 19th International Confer- Julienne, P.J., “Atomic Collisions in a Bose- Einstein Condensate,” Symposium on Bose- ence on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, Whistler, Canada, August 1995. Einstein Condensation, CLEO/QELS Meeting, 1996. Anaheim, CA, Jime Lett, P., “Photoassociative Spectroscopy of Laser Cooled and Trapped Atoms,” American Chemical Julienne, P.J., “Collisions in a Cold Atomic Gas,” Univ. Rochester, Rochester, NY, June 1996. Society, Anaheim, CA, April 1995.

Julienne, P.J., “Photoassociation Spectroscopy: Lett, P., “Ultracold Collisions of Laser-Cooled A Precision Measurement Tool for Interatomic Atoms,” Optical Sciences Center, University of Interactions in a Cold Atomic Gas,” JILA Work- Arizona, Tucson, AZ, April 1995. shop on Bose-Einstein Condensation, Boulder, Lett, P., “Photoassociative Spectroscopy of CO, July 1996. Ultracold Laser Cooled Sodium,” Laser Inter-

Julienne, P.J., “Photoassociation Spectroscopy: actions Conference on Laser Assisted D5mamic A Precision Measurement Tool for Interatomic Interactions, Crete, May 1995. Interactions in a Cold Atomic Gas,” Gordon Lett, P., “Observation of Retardation and Conference on Simple Systems in Chemistry and Measurement of the Atomic Na (3P) Lifetime by Physics, Andover, NH, August 1996. Molecular Spectroscopy,” University of Chicago, Kim, Y.-K., “New Theoretical Model for Electron- Chicago, IL, November 1995. Impact Ionization Cross Sections of Atoms and Lett, P., “Measurement of the Atomic Na(3P) Molecules,” Pohang University of Science and Lifetime and of Retardation in the Interaction Technology, Pohang, Korea, November 1995. between Two Atoms Bound in a Molecule,” Kim, Y.-K., “New Model for Electron-Impact University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, February Ionization Cross Sections of Atoms and Mole- 1996. cules,” 10th APS Topical Conference on Atomic Lett, P., “Measurement of the Atomic Na(3P) Processes in Plasmas, San Francisco, CA, Lifetime and of Retardation in the Interaction JanuEiry 1996. between Two Atoms Bound in a Molecule,” Kim, Y.-K., “Strengths and Weaknesses of Rela- Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, February tivistic Atomic Structure Calculations,” 9th Int. 1996. Conference on the Physics of Highly Charged Lett, P., “Measurement of the Atomic Na{3P) Ions, Omiya, Japan, September 1996. lifetime and of retardation in the Interaction Kim, Y.-K., “Relativistic Atomic Structure Between Two Atoms Bound in a Molecule,” Theory,” University of Electro-Commimications, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, Chofu, Japan, September 1996. February 1996.

141 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: INVITED TALKS

Lett, P., “Laser Cooling of Neutral Atoms,” Phillips, W.D., “Laser Cooling, Opticad Lattices, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, February and the Coldest Temperattires ever,” University 1996. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, March 1995.

Lett, P., “Laser Cooling and Trapping of Neutral Phillips, W.D., “Atomics in Optical Lattices,” Atoms,” Hampton University, Hampton, VA, Atomic Physics Gordon Conference, Wolfeboro, March 1996. NH, July 1995.

Lett, P., “Learning about atoms and their inter- Phillips, W.D., 3 Lectures on Laser Cooling and actions from photoassociation spectroscopy, “ Trapping, Enrico Fermi Summer School on HCM Network -V Workshop, Island of Vulcano, Collective and Coherent Interactions of Particles Italy, September 1996. and Radiation Beams, Varenna, Italy, July 1995.

Lett, P., “Progress towards EEC in Na at NIST, Phillips, W.D., “Quantum Motion of Atoms in Gaithersburg,” HCM Network -V Workshop, Optical Lattices,” Symposium on Quantum and Island of Vulcano, Italy, September 1996. Coherent Effects, Tokyo, Japan, August 1995.

Mies, F.H., “Adiabatic Field Dressed Molecular Phillips, W.D., “Laser Cooling of Neutral Atoms,” States in Intense Laser Fields,” DAMOP Sympo- 5th Sjmiposium on Frequency Standards and sium, American and Canadian Physics Society Metrology, Woods Hole, MA, October 1995. Meeting, Toronto, Canada, May 1995. Phillips, W.D., “Laser Cooling of Neutral Atoms,” Mies, F.H. “Angular Asymmetries in Strong Field Stockholm University, Stockholm, November Dissociation of H2-(- and HD-t-,” Multiphoton 1995. Processes in High Fields Symposium, Dead Sea, Phillips, W.D., “Optical Lattices: condensed Israel, February 1996. matter with atomic gases,” University of Mies, F.H., “Coherent Control of Ionization and Goteborg, Goteborg, Sweden, November 1995. Dissociation Dynamics Using Half Cycle Laser PhiUips, W.D., “Recent Advances in Laser Cool- Pulses,” The Bat-Sheva Seminar on Coherent ing,” Swedish Physics Society, Uppsala, Sweden, Control, Neve Ilan, Israel, March 1996. November 1995. Mies, F.H., “A Generalized Multichannel Quan- Phillips, W.D., “Hot New Physics with Old Cold tum Defect Analysis of the O2 Schumann-Rimge Atoms,” American Association for the Advance- Predissociation,” Australian National University, ment of Science Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, Canberra, Australia, August 1996. February 1996. Mohr, P.J., “QED Effects in High-Z Few-Electron Philhps, W.D., “New Measurements on Laser Atoms,” Howard University, Washington, DC, Cooling: Bragging about Optical Lattices,” March 1995. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Mohr, P.J., “Status of the 1997 Least Squares Cambridge, MA, February 1996. Adjustment of the Fundamental Constants,” Phillips, W.D., “Laser Cooling: the Coldest Atoms APS/AAPT meeting, Indianapolis, IN, April 1996. ever,” Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Mohr, P.J., “Quantum Electrodynamics and the Colloquium, Princeton, NJ, March 1996. Fundamental Constants,” Modern Trends in Phillips, W.D., “Progress toward Bose Condensa- Atomic Physics, Nobel sponsored symposium, tion at NIST-Gaithersburg,” Les Houche Work- Gothenburg, Sweden, May 1996. shop on Bose Condensation, Les Houches, Mohr, P.J., “Databases on the World-Wide Web,” France, April 1996. 10th APS Topical Conference on Atomic Pro- Phillips, W.D., “Optical Lattices: Atomic Physics cesses in Plasmas, San Francisco, CA, January Meets Sohd State,” Massachusetts Institute of 1996. Technology, Cambridge, MA, April 1996. Mohr, P.J., “Quantum Electrodynamics of Phillips, W.D., “Laser Cooling of Atoms,” Miime- High-Z Few-Electron Atoms,” 50th Anniversary sota Academy of Science Annual Meeting, St. of the Discovery of the Lamb Shift, Bellingham, Paul, MN, April 1996. WA, August 1996.

142 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: INVITED TALKS

Phillips, W.D., “Atomic Clocks, Einstein, and the Rolston, S.L., “Laser cooled atoms: the coldest Coldest Atoms Ever,” Minnesota Academy of things around,” Johns Hopkins Apphed Physics Science Annual Meeting, St. Paul, MN, April Laboratory, Columbia, MD, January 1995. 1996. Rolston, S.L., “Laser cooled atoms: the coldest Phillips, W.D., “Laser Cooling and Trapping of things around,” Brookhaven National Labora- Atoms,” Michelson Medal Lecture, University of tory, Upton, NY, January 1995. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, May 1996. Rolston, S.L., “Optical shielding of collisions,” Phillips, W.D., “Controlling the Motion of Atoms American Physical Society, San Jose, CA, March in an Optical Lattice,” 3rd Workshop on Optics 1995. and Interferometry with Atoms, Elba, Italy, June Rolston, S.L., “Laser Cooling at NIST,” American 1996. Physical Society, Washington, DC, April 1995.

Phillips, W.D., “Laser Cooling and the Future of Rolston, S.L., “Optical Lattices,” DAMOP, Tor- Atoms in Optical Lattices,” Eirropean Research onto, Canada, May 1995. Conference, Castelvecchio, Italy, September 1996. Rolston, S.L., “Recent Results at NIST,” Ecole Normale Superiuer, Paris, France, Jxme 1995. Phillips, W.D. “Quantum Motion of Atoms Con- fined in an Optical Lattice,” 6th NEC Symposium Rolston, S.L., “Optical Lattices,” 12th Inti. Conf. on Fundamental Approaches to New Material on Laser Spectroscopy, Capri, Italy, June 1995. Phases: Optical in Spa- Quantum Phenomena Rolston, S.L., “Laser cooled atoms: the coolest tially Confined Systems, Karuizawa, Japan, things around,” Washington University, St. October 1996. Louis, MO, September 1995.

Phillips, W.D., “Quantum Motion of Atoms Rolston, S.L., “Optical Lattices,” Atomic Physics Confined in an Optical Lattice,” Symposium on Seminar, Yale University, New Haven, CT, Quantum Optics, Tokyo, Japan, October 1996 October 1995.

Phillips, W.D., “Time, Einstein and the Coldest Rolston, S.L., “Laser-cooled atoms: the coolest Atoms Ever,” Pennsylvania State University, things around,” Indiana University, Bloom- State College, PA, November 1996. ington, IN, February 1996.

Phillips, W.D., “Optical Lattices: Atomic Physics Rolston, S.L., “Optical Lattices,” Harvard Univer- Meets Sohd State,” Pennsylvania State Univer- sity, Cambridge, MA, September 1996. sity, State College, PA, November 1996. Tang, C-M., “Theory and Experiment of Field- Phillips, W.D., “Do we imderstand laser cooling,” Emitter Arrays with Planar Lens Focusing,” 8th Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, International Vacuum Microelectronics Confer- November 1996. ence, Portland, Oregon, July 1995.

Phillips, W.D., “Time, Einstein and the Coldest Tang, C.-M., “Microelectronic Applications for Atoms Ever,” Truman State University, Kirks- Accelerator RF Power,” 1995 Particle Accelerator ville, MO, November 1996. Conference and International Conference on High-Energy Accelerators, Dallas, TX, May 1995. Phillips, W.D., “Optical Forces: Comet Tails to Cells to Atoms,” Truman State University, Wiese, W.L., “The New Atomic Spectroscopic Kirksville, MO, November 1996. Databases at NIST,” 13th meeting of IAEA Data Center Network, Inti. Atomic Energy Agency, Roberts, J.R., “Studies with Very Highly Vienna, Austria, Jiily 1995. Charged Ion Beams,” R&D Technology Work- Wiese, shop on Ion Beams and Reverse Engineering, W.L., “Optical Emission Spectroscopy for National Security Agency, Linthicum, MD, Ionized Nitrogen and Oxygen,” University of Graz, February 1996. Austria, July 1995. Wiese, W.L., “The NIST Spectroscopic Database Roberts, J.R., “UV Source and Detector Radi- and Two New Critical Data Tables,” 10th Topical ometry for Microhthography,” SPIE Short Course APS Conf. on Atomic Processes in Plasmas, San at Microlithography 1996, Sana Clara, CA, Francisco, CA, January 1996. March 1996.

143 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B; INVITED TALKS

Wiese, W.L., “Oscillator Strengths for Light Wiese, W.L., “Laboratory Tests of the Spectro-

Elements - Program and Problems,” JageUonian scopic Coupling Scheme in Nitrogen I and II,” University, Krakow, Poland, and Central Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany, October Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary, Septem- 1996. ber 1996. Wiese, W.L., “Atomic Oscillator Strengths for Wiese, W.L. “Determination of Atomic Oscillator Light Elements,” 4th Symposium on Laser Strengths for Nitrogen and Oxygen Lines with a Spectroscopy, Taejon, South Korea, November Wall-Stabilized Arc Source,” University of Kiel 1996. and University of Hannover, Germany, Septem- ber 1996.

144 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: INVITED TALKS

OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844)

Asmail, C., “Final Report on Bidirectional Scat- Dummer, D. and Zong, Y, “Development of tering Metrology Project,” CCG Project Review Transmittance Spectrophotometry from the Meeting, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, September Ultraviolet to the Thermal Infrared,” CORM 1995. Conference, Gaithersburg, MD, May 1996.

Barnes, Y., “STARR FaciHty in Conjunction with Dummer, D. and Hanssen, L., “Development of Standard Development Efforts using Bidirec- Optical Polarization Metrology,” CORM Confer- tional Geometries,” CORM Conference, Gaithers- ence, Gaithersburg, MD, May 1996. burg, MD, May 1996. Eppeldauer, G. and Ohno, Y., “Illuminance/ Barnes, Y., “Earth Observation Station (EOS): Luminance Standard Photometers,” CORM Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Fimction Conference, Gaithersburg, MD, May 1996. (BRDF) Round-Robin,” SIRREX-5 Conference, Fraser, G.T., “Reducing the Large Amplitude National Institute of Standards and Technology, Motions in Ammonia Dimers by Deuteration“, Gaithersburg, MD, July 1996. Gordon Conference on Molecular and Ionic Barnes, Y., “Bidirectional Reflectance Distri- Clusters, Oxnard, CA, January 1995. bution Fimction (BRDF) Measm-ements of Dif- Fraser, G.T., “Spectroscopic Studies of Inter- fusers,” EOS Calibration Conference, NASA/ molecular Forces,” George Washington Univer- GSFC, BeltsviUe, MD, July 1996. sity, Washington, DC, March 1995. Casassa, M.P., “Time- and State-resolved Dynam- Fraser, G.T., “The Van der Waals Interactions of ics of O-atom Reactions,” 1996 AFOSR Molecular Ammonia,” Wesleyan University, Middletown, Dynamics Contractor’s Meeting, Boulder, CO, CT, October 1995. June 1996. Fraser, G.T., ”Spectroscopy and Structure of the Cromer, C., “Calibration of Tristimulus Colorim- Water Dimer,” Gordon Conference, Plymouth, eters for Color Displays,” CORM Conference, NH, August 1996. Gaithersburg, MD, May 1996. Fraser, G.T., “Spectroscopic Studies of Hydrogen Datla, R.U., “Current Capabilities and Ongoing Bonding,” University of Virginia, Cheirlottesville, IR Development Activities at NIST“, Workshop VA, September 1996. on Standards for IR-FPAs & Imaging Systems for DoD/BMDO Applications, NIST, Gaithersburg, Fraser, G.T., “Spectroscopic Studies of Hydrogen MD, September 1995. Bonding,” Howard University, Washington, D.C., September 1996. Datla, R.U., “Cryogenic Radiometry at NIST“, All-Russian Research Institute for Optophysical Fraser, G.T., “Spectroscopic Studies of Hydrogen Measurements (VINIIOFI), Ozernaya, Moscow, Bonding,” University of Maryland, College Park, Russian Federation, October 1995. MD, September 1996.

Datla, R.U., “Radiometric Standards and IR Germer, T., “Optical Scattering from Silicon spectrophotometry at NIST“, National Physical Wafers and Other Smooth Surfaces,” CORM Laboratory, New Delhi, India, November 1995. Conference, Gaithersburg, MD, May 1996.

Datla, R.U., “Radiometric Calibrations Program Germer, T., “Proposed Methodology for Charac- for the Infrared at NIST“, Space Applications terization of Microroughness-induced Optical Center, Indian Space Research Organization, Scatter Instrumentation,” Annual Meeting of the Ahmedabad, India, November 1995. Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engi- neers, Denver, CO, August 1996. Datla, R.U., “Magneto-Raman Scattering Facility at the Radiometric Physics Division at NIST,” Goldner, L., “Issues In and Applications of Near Andhra University, Waltair, India, November Field Optics,” University of South Florida, 1995. Tampa, FL, November 1995.

Datla, R.U., “Capabilities at NIST for High Accu- Goldner, L., “Atom Optics and Interferometry in racy Measm-ements of the Optical Properties of the Dark State,” Universitat Kaiserslautern Materials,” SPIE Optical Materials Working Sonderseminar, Kaiserslautern, Germany, May Group Meeting, Denver, CO, August 1996. 1995.

145 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: INVITED TALKS

Goldner, L., “Optical Characterization at the Hougen, J.T., “Attempts to Understand Pseudo- Nanoscale using Near-Field Scanning Optical rotation in the Nag Molecule,” University of Microscopy,” CORM Conference, Gaithersbxirg, Wisconsin, Madison, WI, March 1995. MD, May 1996. Jacox, M.E., , "Infrared Spectra of Free Radicals Gupta, R., McClelland, J.J., and Celotta, R.J., and Molecular Ions Derived from First- and “Nanofabrication via Atom Optics,” Laboratory Second-Row Fluorides and Chlorides,” Gordon for Physical Sciences, CoUege Park, MD, March Research Conference on the Chemistry and 1996. Physics of Matrix-Isolated Species, Plymouth, NH, August 1995. Gupta, R., McClelland, J.J., Jabbour, Z.J., Celotta, R.J., and Marte, P., “Observation of X/8 Jacox, M.E., “The Vibrational Spectra ofBClg"^, Atomic Spatial Distribution in an Optical Poten- BClg'*', andBClg" Trapped in Solid Neon,” 23rd tial,” State University of New York, Stony Brook, International Symposium on Free radicals, NY, September 1995. Victoria, BC, Canada, August 1995. Jacox, M.E., “Shedding Light on the Structures Hanssen, L., “Integrating Sphere for Absolute Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Measurement,” and Chemical Bonding of Molecular lons.“ Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, CORM Conference, Gaithersburg, MD, May 1996. October 1995. Hanssen, L., “IR Optical Property Measurements Johnson, B.C., “Radiation Thermometer Tem- Using Fourier Transform Instrumentation,” perature Standards at NIST,” NRLM, Tsukuba, CORM Conference, Gaithersburg, MD, May 1996. Japan, February 1995. Hardis, J.E., “Improved Color Measurements of Johnson, B.C., “Cross Calibration of Optical Displays,” CORM Conference, Gaithersburg, MD, Sensors on Satellites, Chino Corporation, May 1996. Tsukuba, Japan, February 1995. Heilweil, E.J., “Hydrogen-bond and Vibrational Lafferty, W.J., “Spectroscopic Studies at NIST to Up-pumping Dynamics Studied by Broadband Support the Monitoring of Atmospheric Chemis- Transient Infrared Spectroscopy,” TRVS VII, try,” Howard University, Washington, DC, Febru- Sante Fe, NM, Jtme 1995. ary 1995. Heilweil, E.J. (with C. Schmuttenmaer), “Ultra- Lafferty, W.J., “Applications of High Resolution fast Infrared Studies ofSolution-phase Hydrogen- Spectral Data as Applied to the Quantitative Bonding Reactions: Kinetics, Equilibrium Intensity Determination of the 2500 cm'^ Atmo- Dynamics, and Vibrational Energy Conserva- ,” spheric Window Band of SO2 88th Annual tion,” Yale University, New Haven, CT, April Meeting and Exhibition, San Antonio, TX, Jtme 1996. 1995.

Hight Walker, A.R., “Current Status of the Lovas, F.J., “Pulsed-Beam Fourier Transform Infrared Synchrotron Radiation Programs at Microwave Spectroscopy: Research and Applica- SURF II,” Workshop on the Utilization of Infra- tions,” Optical Society of America, Santa Fe, NM, red Synchrotron Radiation; National Light February 1995. Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brook- Lovas, F.J., - haven, NY, May 1996. “Small Molecular Complexes Structure and Dynamics Studied by Fourier- Hight Walker, A.R., “Using Synchrotron Radia- Transform Microwave Spectroscopy,” National tion as a Source for Spectroscopy,” Wesleyan Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research University, Middletown, CT, September 1996. Workshop on Cluster Science, Tsukuba, Japan, March 1995. Hight Walker, A.R., “Exploring Industrial Appli- cations of Fourier-Transform Microwave Spec- Lovas, F.J., “Pulsed-Beam Fourier Transform troscopy,” DOW Chemical, Freeport, TX, October Microwave Spectroscopy: Research and Applica- 1996. tions,” Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, March 1995. Hight Walker, A.R., “Using Fourier-Transform Microwave Spectroscopy for Trace Gas Analy- Migdall, A.L., “Intrinsically Absolute Radiance sis,” Houston Area Spectroscopy Society; Measurements using Correlated Photons,” SPIE Houston, TX, October 1996. Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, August 1996. PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: INVITED TALKS

Ohno, Y., “Realization of the new NIST Lumi- Shirley, E.L., “Sheets, Chicken-wire Tubes, and nous Flux Scale,” National Physical Laboratory, Soccer Balls,” Ohio State University, Columbus, UK, June 1995. OH, April 1995.

Ohno, Y., “Analysis of Integrating Sphere Spatial Shirley, E.L., “Synchrotron Radiation Studies of Nonuniformities by Computer Simulation,” Graphitic Carbon,” Materials Modeling Work- CORM Conference, Gaithersburg, MD, May 1996. shop, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., October 1996. Ohno, Y. (NIST) and Salter, G. (PTB, Germany), “Comparison of Sphere Photometer and Gonio- Shirley, E.L., “X-ray Inelastic Scattering in photometry for Different Types of Lamp Source,” Graphite and Boron Nitride,” Raman Emission of CORM Conference, Gaithersbiirg, MD, May 1996. X-rays Conference, New Orleans, LA, December 1995. Ohno, Y., “NIST Detector-based Photometric

Scales and Calibration Procedures,” National Shirley, E.L., “Synchrotron Radiation Studies of Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India, Novem- LiF, Graphite and h-BN: Modeling Complex ber 1995. Spectra of Simple Materials,” Condensed Matter Pine, A.S., “Collision Dynamics Studied by Theory Workshop, Argonne National Laboratory, Pressure Broadenings and Shifts, Dicke Narrow- Argonne, IL, June 1996. ing, Correlations and Line Mixing,” CCP6 Work- Shirley, E.L., “Sheets, Chicken-wire Tubes, and shop on Inelastic CoUisions and Dynamics in the Soccer Balls,” Virginia Commonwealth Univer- Atmosphere, University of Durham, Durham, sity, Richmond, VA, September 1996. England, July 1995. Shirley, E.L., “Carbons and Boron Nitrites, Twin Pme, A.S., “Tunable Laser Spectroscopy from Sons of Different Mothers,” Condensed Matter Near to Far Infrared,” Universities of Cologne Seminar, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and Bonn, Bonn, Germany, July 1995. Upton, NY, December 1996. Pine, A.S., “A New Terahertz Photomixer for Suenram, R.D., “Fourier Transform Microwave Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of Atmospheric Spe- Spectroscopy; A New Tool for Analytical Chem- cies,” 27th Annual Meeting of the Division of ists,” University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, Planetary Sciences of the American Astronom- November 1995. ical Society, Kona, Hawaii, October 1995. Suenram, R.D., “Fourier Transform Microwave Rice, J.P., “Thermal Infrared Transfer to EOS,” Spectroscopy: A New Tool for Analytical Chem- Sixth SDL/SUS Symposium on Infrared Radio- ists,” Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, metric Sensor Cahbration, Logan, UT, May 1996. November 1995. Sergienko, A.V., Pittman, T.H., Streaklov, D.V., R.D., “Using Fourier Micro- Rubin, M.H., Shih, Y.H., Datla, R., and Migdall, Suenram, Transform A.L., “Demonstration ofTwo-Photon Interference wave Spectroscopic Techniques to Detect and with Postponed Compensation and ‘Quantum Monitor Chemical Agents,” Army Research Vernier’ Effect,” CLEO/Europe-EQEC’96, Sep- Laboratory, Fort Monmouth, NJ, August 1996 tember 1996. Suenram, R.D., “Modern Techniques in Far- Shirley, E.L., “Sheets, Chicken-wire Tubes, and Infrared Spectroscopy,” Analytical and Engineer- Soccer Balls,” Georgetown University, Washing- ing Sciences, Dow Chemical Co, Freeport, Texas, ton, DC, January 1995. October 1996. PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: INVITED TALKS

IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846)

Adams, J.M., “Bonding Symmetry ofGaAs(l 1 1)B Coursey, B.M., “History of Radiochromic Sys- Semiconductor Surfaces Characterized by Sur- tems and Their Chemical Mechanisms,” Ameri- face Electric-Field Gradients,” University of can Association of Physicists in Medicine, Phila- Illinois at Urbana-Champagne, IL, March 1995. delphia, PA, Jtme 1996.

Adams, J.M., “Traceable Fluence Measurement Comsey, B.M., “Standards and Measmrements for Cahbrations from a ^^^Cf Field to Another Spec- Therapeutic Radionuchdes,” American Associa- trum,” Califomium-252 Workshop, Oak Ridge tion of Physicists in Medicine, College Park, MD, National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, April 1995. Jime 1996.

Adams, J.M., “The Role of ^^^Np in Reactor Coiusey, B.M., “Ultra Low-Level Radioimmimo- Pressure Vessel Dosimetry,” Fourth Annual assays,” International Symposium on Radio- Meeting of the Council on Ionizing Radiation iodine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, August Measurements and Standards, National Institute 1996. of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Coursey, B.M., “NIST Standards for Radio- November 1995. iodines,” International Symposium on Radio- Adams, J.M., “The Materials Dosimetry Refer- iodine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, August ence Facility Round Robin Tests of ^^^Np and 1996. 238 u Fissionable Dosimeters,” Ninth Inter- Comrsey, B.M., “100 Years of Radioactivity in national Symposium on Reactor Dosimetry, Medicine,” Colloquium, National Institute of Prague, Czech Repubhc, September 1996. Standards and Technology, October 1996. Beckles, V. (with Thomas, J. and Inn, K.G.W.), Desrosiers, M.F., “Retrospective Assessment of “Determination of ^^°Pb in NIST Ashed Bone by Radiation Overexposme Using Tooth Enamel,” Gamma-ray Spectroscopy,” 42nd Annual Confer- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, ence on Bioassay, Analytical, and Environmental April 1995. Radiochemistry, San Francisco, CA, November 1996. Desrosiers, M.F., “Tooth Enamel Dosimetry; Cvurent Status and Measurement Issues,” Office Burnett, W. (with Schultz, M., Inn, K.G.W., of International Health Studies, Department of Thomas, J.W.L. and Lin, Z.-C.), “Radionuclide Energy, Washington, DC, May 1995. Speciation - The Key to Transport and Fate?” 4th Annual Meeting of the Council on Ionizing Desrosiers, M.F., “Current Status of the EPR Radiation Measurements and Standards, Wash- Detection Method for Irradiated Foods,” Fourth ington, DC, November 1995. International Symposium on ESR Dosimetry and Applications, Munich, Germany, May 1995. Carlson, A.D., “Improvements to the ^^B(n,alpha) Standard Cross Sections,” Nuclear Energy Desrosiers, M.F., “EPR Metrology at NIST,” Agency Nuclear Science Committee-Working Pittsburgh Conference, Chicago, IL, March 1996. Party on International Evaluation Cooperation, Paris, France, May 1995. Dewey, M.S., “Review of Neutron Beta Decay,” XXX^ Recontres de Moriond, Villars, Switzer- Carlson, A.D., “Status of the Neutron Cross land, January 1995. Section Standards,” Cross Section Evaluation Working Group, Brookhaven National Labora- Dewey, M.S., “The Neutron Lifetime and Decay tory, Upton, NY, October 1995. Correlations in Neutron Decay,” Washington, DC, American Physical Society, April 1995. Carlson, A.D., “Status of the Subgroup Working on the ^°B(n, alpha) Standard Cross Sections,” Dewey, M.S., “Neutrons, the Standard Model and Nuclear Energy Agency Nuclear Science Com- Big Bang Nucleosynthesis,” University of Mary- mittee-Working Party on Nuclear Data Measure- land, College Park, MD, October 1995. ment Activities, Argonne National Laboratory, Humphreys, J.C., “Overview of Criteria for Argonne, IL, Jrme 1996. Selection of Dosimetry Systems for Various Coursey, B.M., “Research Opportunities at the Irradiation Processes,” Third International NIST MIRF,” Cathohc University, Washington, Dosimetry Workshop for Radiation Processing, DC, January 1995. Ste-Adele, Quebec, Canada, October 1995.

148 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: INVITED TALKS

Inn, K.G.W., “NIST MQA Programs for Environ- Karam, L.R., “FuUerene Encapsulation of ^®™Tc: mental Radioactivity and Radiation Monitoring,” A Novel Radionuclidic Carrier,” Industried Radia- 4th Symposium on Environmental Radiation tion and Radioisotope Measurements and AppH- Monitoring Technology; Kaohsiung, Taiwan, cations (IRRMA), Raleigh, NC, October 1996. April 1995. Kuruvilla, L.E. (with McCurdy, D.E., Inn, Inn, K.G.W., “Standards and the Role of NIST,” K.G.W., and Barss, N.M.), “Preparation and New England Radiological Health Committee’s Certification of Performance Evaluation Mate- Environmental and Radiation Labora- (NERHC) rials: ^^®Pu in Artificial Urine at the ^Bq ( - 100 tory Workshop, Winchester, MA, April 1995. aCi) Level,” 42nd Annual Conference on Bio- assay, Analytical, and Environmental Radio- Inn, K.G.W., “The Council on Ionizing Radiation chemistry, San Francisco, CA, November 1996. Measurements and Standards (CIRMS): A Tech- nology Forum,” Health Physics Society, Boston, Lin, Z.-C. (with Inn, K.G.W.), “Determination of MA, July 1995. The Low-Level Radioactivity Ocean Sediment Standard Reference Material,” 41st Inn, K.G.W. (with Lin, Z.-C.), “The NIST Low- Annual Level Radionuclide Ocean Sediment Standard Conference on Bioassay, Analytical and Environ- Reference Material,” International Committee for mental Radiochemistry, Boston, MA, November Radionuclide Metrology Low-Level Working 1995. Group, Seville, Spain, October 1995. Lin, Z.-C. (with Iim, K.G.W. and Crespo, C.E.),

Irm, K.G.W. (with Lin, Z.-C.), “Determination of “Determination of Trace Concentrations of Trace Concentrations of Actinides in the NIST Actinides in the NIST Bone Ash Standard Refer- Bone Ash Standard Reference Materials Using ence Materials Using TRU-Spec Extraction TRU-Spec Extraction Resin,” 4th Annual Meet- Resin,” 41st Annual Conference on Bioassay, ing of the Council on Ionizing Radiation Analytical and Environmental Radiochemistry, Measurements and Standards, Gaithersburg, Boston, MA, November 1995. MD, November 1995. Lin, Z.-C. (with Inn, K.G.W. and Crespo, C.E.), Certification “Determination of The Low-Level Radioactivity Inn, K.G.W. , “Preparation, and Uses of NIST SRM’s,” Annual Conference on Bioassay, Ocean Sediment Standard Reference Material,” Analytical and Environmental Radiochemistry, 4th Annual Meeting of the Council on Ionizing Boston, MA, November 1995. Radiation Measurements and Standards, Gaith- ersburg, MD, November 1995. Inn, K.G.W., “Radioactivity Standards at NIST,” Operational Health Physics, Georgetown U., Lin, Z.-C. (with Thomas, J., Inn, K.G.W., Washington, DC, November 1995. Sleemaxi, R.E., and Bakhtiar, S.N.), “Gravimetric Yield by Constant Mass?” 42nd Annual Confer- Inn, K.G.W., “NIST Radioactivity Measurement ence on Bioassay, Analytical, and Environmental Quality Assurance Programs,” Workshop on Radiochemistry, San Francisco, CA, November Radiochemistry Quality Assurance, Carlsbad, 1996. NM, July 1996. McLaughlin, W.L., “Retrospective Assessment of Inn, K.G.W., “NIST Natural Matrix SRMs: The Radiation Overexposure Using Tooth Enamel,” Next Generation,” American Chemical Society University of Texas, El Paso, TX, March 1995. and US Environmental Protection Agency Annual Waste Testing & Quality Assurance McLaughlin, W.L., “Pulse Radiolysis and Radia- Symposium, Washington, DC, August 1996. tion and Radiation Chemical Kinetics of Radio- Inn, K.G.W., “Environmental Radiochemistry chromic Sensors,” Himgarian Academy of Sci- Institute of Budapest, MQA Programmatic Issues,” 42nd Annual Con- ences Seminar, Isotopes, ference on Bioassay, Analytical, and Environ- Himgary, March 1995. mental Radiochemistry, San Francisco, CA, McLaughlin, W.L., “Photofluorescent High-Dose November 1996. Electron Beam Measurements Using Wave- Jones, G.L., “Beta Asymmetry ^^Ne as a Test of Shifted, Blue- and Green-Emitting Doped Poly- a Standard Model,” Wilhams College, WiUiams- mers,” Hungarian Academy of Sciences Semi- town, MA, November 1996. nar, Budapest, Himgary, March 1995.

149 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: INVITED TALKS

McLaughlin, W.L., “Development of Calorimetric Seltzer, S.M., “Physics of ETRAN and ITS Elec- Standards for Calibration of High-Dose Electron tron-Photon Monte Carlo Codes,” American Beam Dosimeters,” International Atomic Energy Nuclear Society, San Francisco, CA, October Agency Coordinated Meeting on Quality Control 1995. of Electron Beam Processing, Riso National Seltzer, S.M., “Version 4.0 of ITS Electron/ Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, April 1995. Photon Monte Carlo Transport Codes,” American McLaughlin, W.L., “Colour Centers in LiF for Nuclear Society, San Francisco, CA, October Measurement of Absorbed Doses Up to 100 1995. MGy,” 11th International Conference on Solid Shobe, J., “The Expression of Uncertainty for State Dosimetry, Budapest, Hungary, July 1995. Metrology,” Harshaw TLD User Group Meeting, McLaughlin, W.L., “The Effect of Formulation Las Vegas, NV, March 1995. Properties on the Response to Ionizing Radiation Shobe, J.. “Status of ANSI N 13.29 and N 13.37,” of Radiochromic Dye Films,” 11th International Harshaw TLD User Group Meeting, Las Vegas, Conference on Solid State Dosimetry, Budapest, NV, March 1995. Hungary, July 1995.

Shobe, J., “The Expression of Uncertainty for McLaughlin, W.L., “Calibration of GafChromic Metrology,” Panasonic TLD User S rmposium, Dosimeters,” 11th International Conference on 3 Seven Springs, PA, Jrme 1995. Solid State Dosimetry, Budapest, Hungary, July

1995. Shobe, J., “Development of a Quality Manual for Secondary Calibration Laboratories - Uncertainty McLaughlin, W.L., “A Novel Radiochromic film Analysis,” Health Physics Society, Boston, MA, for Clinical Dosimetry,” 11th International July 1995. Conference on Solid State Dosimetry, Budapest, Hungary, July 1995. Soares, C.G., “Ionizing Radiation for the Treat- ment of Heart Disease: A New Frontier for McLaughlin, W.L., “Environmental Effects in Dosimetry,” NIST Physics Laboratory Collo- High-Dose Dosimetry,” Third International quium, Gaithersburg, MD, February 1996. Workshop on Dosimetry for Radiation Process- ing, Ste-Adele, Quebec, Canada, October 1995. Soares, C.G., “Hot Particles for Heart Disease?!” Northern New Jersey Chapters of the American McLaughlin, W.L., “Basic Principles of Radiation Nuclear Society and the Health Physics Society, Interactions and Dosimetry,” Third International Somerset, NJ, March 1996. Workshop on Dosimetry for Radiation Process- ing, Ste-Adele, Quebec, Canada, October 1995. Soares, C.G., “Surface and Near Surface Absorbed-Dose Measurements of Beta-Particle McLaughlin, W.L., “Food Irradiation Dosimetry,” Emitters,” University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, American Nuclear Society, Washington, DC, April 1996. November 1995. Soares, C.G., “Dosimetry of Radiation for Rest- McLaughlin, W.L., “Fluorescent Polymers for enosis,” American Association of Physicists in Radiographic Imaging and Dosimetry,” Zoltan Medicine, College Park, MD, June 1996. Bay Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Himgary, October 1996. Soares, C.G., “Characteristics of Scanning Densi- tometers for High-Resolution Readout of Radio- O’Brien, C.M., “The Development of a National chromic Film,” American Association of Phys- Standard for Mammographic Beam Qualities,” American Association of Physicist in Medicine, icists in Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, July 1996. Boston, MA, June 1995. Soares, C.G., “Calibration and Characterization Schultz. M. (with Burnett, W.C., Inn, K.G.W., of Beta-Particle Sources for Intravascular Thomas, J.W.L. and Lin, Z.-C.), “Development of Brachytherapy,” American Association of Phys- a Sequential Extraction Technique to Define the icists in Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, July 1996. Fractionation of Radioactive Elements in NIST Soares. C.G., “Standards for Brachytherapy at Natmal Matrix Standards,” Annual Conference NIST,” National Research Council of Canada, on Bioassay, Analytical and Environmental November 1996. Radiochemistry, Boston, MA, November 1995.

150 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: INVITED TALKS

Spadanuta, J. (with Lin, Z.-C. and Inn, K.G.W.), Wietfeldt, F.E., “A Search for Time-Reversal “Solubility Distribution of Thorium in Columbia Violation in Polarized Neutron Decay,” Lawrence River Sediment (SRM 4350B),” 42nd Annual Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, Conference on Bioassay, Analytical, and Jime 1995. Environmental Radiochemistry, San Francisco, Wietfeldt, F.E., “A Search for Time-Reversal CA, November 1996. Violation in Polarized Neutron Decay,” Univer- Thomas, J.W.L. (with Inn, K.G.W., Garcia, M.E. sity of Maryland, College Park, MD, December 1995. and Martinez, R.), “Speciation of ®°Sr in NIST Natural Matrix Standard Reference Materials,” Wietfeldt, F.E., “Fundamental Research with Annual Conference on Bioassay, Analytical and Polarized Neutrons at NIST,” Los Alamos Environmental Radiochemistry, Boston, MA, National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, June November 1995. 1996.

Thomas, J.W.L. (with Inn, K.G.W., Garcia, M.E., Zimmerman, B.E. (with CoUe, R.), “The Stan- and Martinez, R.), “Speciation of ®®Sr in NIST dardization of ®^Ni by Liquid Scintillation Spec- Natural Matrix Standmd Reference Materials,” trometry with ^H- Standard Efficiency Tracing: 4th Annual Meeting of the Coimcil on Ionizing A New Calibration and Review of Data from Radiation Measurements and Standards, Gaith- Calibrations over the Past 27 Years,” 4th Annual ersburg, MD, November 1995. Meeting of the Council on Ionizing Radiation Measurements and Standards, Gaithersburg, Thompson, A.K., “Three Methods to Polarize MD, November 1995. ^He,” European Research Conference: Polariza- B.E., “Radioactivity for tion in Electron Scattering, Santorini, Greece, Zimmerman, Standards Nuclear Medicine: Overview of the September 1995. NIST/NEI Program Report of Recent Results,” University of Unterweger, M.P., “RADIAC Working Group,” Missouri Research Reactor Facility, Coliimbia, Defense Nuclear Agency, Alexandria, VA, Octo- MO, May 1996. ber 1995. Zimmerman, B.E. (with Cessna, J.T., and

Walker, M.L., “Radiation Processing - Practical Schima, F.J.), “The Calibration of the Potential Applications of Radiation Physics and Chem- Bone Palliation Radiopharmaceutical 38* istry,” National Society of Black Physicists, “^™Sn(IV)DTPA,” Annual Meeting of the Association of Physicists Medicine, Atlanta, GA, April 1995. American in Philadelphia, PA, July 1996. Walker, M.L., “Optical Means of Remote Dose Zimmerman, B.E., “Development of Standards Determination,” National Organization for the for New Radiopharmaceuticals,” Nuclear Energy Professional Advancement of Black Chemists Institute Radiopharmaceutical Steering Com- and Chemical Engineers, Los Angeles, CA, April mittee Meeting, Washington, DC, October 1996. 1995.

151 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: INVITED TALKS

TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION (847)

Bergquist, J.C., “Laser-cooled Hg"^ ions for Bollinger, J.J., “Observation of ion crystals in a accurate microwave and optical clocks,” 1996 Perming trap by Bragg Scattering,” University of Joint Meeting of the American Physical Society CaMomia at San Diego, CA, April 1996. and the American Association of Physics BoUinger, J.J., “Optimum frequency measure- Teachers, Indianapolis, IN, May 1996. ments with maximally correlated states,” Indianapolis, Bergquist, J.C., “Quantum physics and fre- IN, May 1996. quency standards with single stored ions,” Bollinger, J.J., “Experiments with correlated Oregon State University, May 1996. trapped ion plasmas,” Symposimn in honor of John Schiffer, Argorme, IL, May 1996. Bergquist, J.C., “Stable cavities and optical frequency standards,” NASA Workshop, Dmllinger, R.E., “Quantum Mechanical Oscilla- Rochester, NY, October 1996. tors: NIST-7 and Beyond,” American Physical Society, St. Louis, MO, March 1996. Bollinger, J.J., “Spin Squeezing; Beating the Quantum Limit in Spectroscopy,” Colorado State DruUinger, R.E., “The evaluation of NIST-7, A University, Fort Collins, CO, March 1995. new era,” Braimschweig, Germany, June 1996.

Bollinger, J.J., “Bragg Scattering from Laser- DruUinger, R.E., “A series of lectures on atomic clocks cooled Ions in a Penning Trap,” DAMOP annual to be given at the “Time and Frequency Seminar ’96,” National Center of Metrology of meeting of the American Physical Society, Mexico, in Queretaro, Mexico, October 1996. University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, May 1995. DruUinger, R.E., “NIST-7, the US Primary Fre- quency Standard,” Twenty-eighth Annual Pre- Bollinger, J.J., “Observation of long-range order cise Time and Time Interval Meeting, Reston, in trapped ion plasmas by Bragg scattering,” VA, December 1996. International Conference on the Physics of Strongly Coupled Plasmas, Binz, Germany, Evenson, K.M., “Improved molecular constants September 1995. from frequency measurements of many bands of the fluorescence-stabilized COg and N2O lasers,” Bollinger, J.J., “Spin-squeezing applied to fre- 14th CoUoquium on High Resolution Molecular quency standards,” Fifth Symposium on Fre- Spectroscopy, Institute for Molecular Science, quency Standards and Metrology, Woods Hole, Okazaki, Japan, March 1995. Mass., October 1995. Evenson, K.M., “Improved molecular constants Bollinger, J.J., “Observation of long-range order from frequency measurements of many bands of in laser-cooled, trapped ion plasmas by Bragg the fluorescence-stabilized COg and N2O lasers,” scattering,” 37th American Physical Society 14th CoUoquium on High Resolution Molecular Division of Plasma Physics meeting, Louisville, Spectroscopy, Dijon, France, September 1995. KY, November 1995. Evenson, K.M., “Laser frequency spectroscopy: A review,” Molecular Spectroscopy Seminar, Bollinger, J.J., “Experiments with Trapped Ions: Columbus, OH, Jime 1996, Observation of Crystals by Bragg Scattering and Ideas for Generating Correlated Atomic States,” Evenson, K.M., “^^CHgOH far infrared laser: University of Texas, Austin, TX, December newly discovered lines, predictions and assign- 1995. ments,” International Society for Optical Engi- neering, Denver, CO, August 1996. Bollinger, J.J., “Ion Trap Atomic Clocks,” University of Texas, Austin, TX, December Evenson, K.M., “Metrology with IR gas lasers: 1995. Frequency measurements of fluorescence- stabilized CO2 and N2O lasers,” IEEE Lasers and Bollinger, J. J., “Observation of pure ion (Wigner) Electro Optics Society, Boston, MA, November crystals (no electrons!),” Rice University, 1996. Houston, TX, January 1996. Fox, R., “Active control of am and fm noise sup- Bollinger, J. J., “Observation of pure ion (Wigner) pression,” Society of Photo-optical instriunenta- crystals (no electrons!),” APAS plasma seminar. tion Engineers (SPIE) conference, San Jose, CA, University of CO, April 1996. February 1995.

152 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: INVITED TALKS

Fox, R., “Extending the wavelength coverage of HoUberg, L., “Experiments on laser oscUlation diode lasers,” Optical Society of America Con- without inversion,” European Conference on ference on Environmental Analysis, Orlando FL, Lasers and Electro-Optics/European Quantum March 1996. Electronics Conference, Hamburg, Germany, September 1996. HoUberg, L., “Diode lasers filling in the gaps,”

Winter colloquium on quantum electronics,” HoUberg, L., “Diode laser appUcations and coher- Snowbird, UT, January 1995. ence effects in multi-level atoms,” European Laboratory of Nonlinear HoUberg, L., “FM and am noise conversion by Spectroscopy, Florence, atomic resonances,” Society of Photo-optical Italy, September 1996. instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) conference, Howe, D., “Characterization of clocks and oscU- San Jose, CA, February 1995. lators,” Measurement Science Conference, HoUberg, L., “Lasing without inversion in Rb,” Anaheim, CA, January 1996. International conference on Quantum Elec- Howe, D., “The effects of drift on total deviation,” tronics/CLEO/QELS/lQEC,” Baltimore, MD, May Frequency Control Symposium, 1996. 1995. Jime Itano, W.M., “High-magnetic-field pertimbations HoUberg, L., “Diode lasers for frequency standards and precision spectroscopy,” Frequency to the cesium hyperfine structure,” Frequency Control Symposium, San Francisco, CA, May Standards and Metrology Symposium, Woods 1995. Hole, MA, October 1995.

HoUberg, L., “Coherence effects. Lasing without Itano, W.M., “Bragg scattering of laser Ught from inversion and Raman osciUations in Rb,” Twelfth trapped-ion crystals,” Atomic Physics Division International Conference on Laser Spectroscopy, Seminar, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, February Isle of Capri, Italy, Jime 1995. 1996.

HoUberg, L., “Precision Measurements with Jefferts, S., “Time Transfer Technology,” Taiwan diode lasers,” 1995 Optical Society of America Institute of Telecommunications Laboratory, armual meeting/ILS-XI, September 1995. Taipei, Taiwan, Jime 1995.

L., with laser HoUberg, “Nonlinear optics diode Jefferts, S., “GPS Cs Clocks - present and for optical frequency measurements,” Sym- future,” University of Raleigh/Durham, NC, posium on frequency standards and metrology. August 1995. Woods Hole, MA, October 1995. Jefferts, S., “Classical squeezing of quartz oscU- HoUberg, L., “Diode lasers and Spectroscopy,” lators,” Frequency Control Symposium, Woods lEEE/LEOS Conference, San Francisco, CA, Hole, MA, October 1995. October 1995. Jefferts, S., “Two-way time transfer through HoUberg, L., “Lasing without population inver- SDH and SONET systems,” European Frequency sion,” University of Colorado, Denver, CO, and Time Forum, Brighton, UK, March 1996. November 1995.

Jefferts, S., “Two-way time transfer in SONET HoUberg, L., “Diode lasers for spectroscopy from systems,” Conference on Precision Electromag- the UV to the far IR“, 43rd Annual Western netic Braunschweig, Germany, Spectroscopy Association Conference, January Measurements, 1996. June 1996,

King, B., “Schrodinger’s cat with an atom,” HoUberg, L., “Lasing without population inver- of Arlington, October sion and other coherence effects,” Colorado State University Texas, TX, University, Fort Collins, CO, April 1996. 1996.

HoUberg, L., “Atomic Physics with semicon- Kitching, J., “A IGHz optical delay line oscillator ductor lasers,” Texas A&M, CoUege Station, TX, driven by a diode laser,” Frequency Control May 1996. Symposium, Honolulu, HI, June 1996.

HoUberg, L., “Semiconductor lasers for spec- Lee, D., “An atomic beam velocity servo for troscopy from the UV to the Far IR,” Molecular optically pumped frequency standards,” IEEE Spectroscopy Seminar, Columbus, OH, June Frequency Control Symposium, Honolulu, HI, 1996. June 1996.

153 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: INVITED TALKS

Lee, D., “Recent advainces in primary frequency Monroe, C., “Coherent Control of the vibrational standards,” National Conference of Standards states of a trapped ion,” American Chemical Laboratories,” Monterey, CA, August 1996. Society, Anaheim, CA, April 1995.

Levine, J., “Authentication of time signals,” and Monroe, C., “Quantum optics with a trapped ion “Delivering real-time,” Precise Time and Time laser-cooled to the zero-point energy,” University Interval Conference, San Diego, CA, November of Rochester on Quantum Optics, Rochester, NY, 1995. Jime 1995.

Meekhof, D., “Resolved sideband raman cooling Monroe, C., “New experiments with trapped of a bound atom to the zero-point energy,” ions,” 12th International Conference on Laser Division of Atomic Molecular Optical Physics Spectroscopy,” Isle of Capri, Italy, Jtme 1995.

Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May Monroe, C., “Cooling a bound atom to the zero- 1995. point energy and more,” Optical Society of America annual meeting, Portland OR, Septem- Meekhof, D., “Non-classical states of motion of a ber 1995. trapped ion,” Optical Society of America Con- ference, Portland, OR, September 1995. Monroe, C., “Nonclassical states of a trapped ion,” J. Sweica School for Quantum Optics, Rio Meekhof, D., “Quantum computation,” WiUiams de Janeiro, Brazil, January 1996. College, Albany NY, April 1996. Monroe, C., “Quantum computation with trapped Meekhof, D., “Generation of nonclassical states ions,” University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, of motion,” University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, February 1996. May 1996. Monroe, C., “Quantum computation with trapped Meekhof, D., “Generation of nonclassical ions,” University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, April motional states of a trapped ion,” DAMOP, Ann 1996. Arbor, MI, May 1996. Monroe, C., “From quantum gates to quantum Meekhof, D., “Generation of nonclassical states computers with trapped ions,” DAMOP, Ann of motion of a trapped ion,” Optics and Inter- Arbor, MI, May 1996. ferometry with Atoms Workshop, Elba, Italy, Monroe, C., logic gates with trapped June 1996. “Quantum ions,” Quantiun Computation at UCSB Institute Meekhof, D., “Generation of nonclassical for Theoretical Physics, University of California, motional states of a trapped ion,” Optical Society Santa Barbara, CA August 1996. of America, Rochester, NY, October 1996. Monroe, C., “Quantum computers and Miller, J., “Cryogenic linear trap for accurate Schrodinger’s cat,” European Science Founda- spectroscopy,” Division of Atomic Molecular tion Conference, Pisa, Italy, September 1996. Optical Physics Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Monroe, C., “Quantum computers and Canada, 1995. May Schrodinger’s cat,” University of Wyoming, Larcunie, WY, September 1996. Monroe, C., “Quantum mechanically correlated states and atomic clocks,” Moriand Workshop on Monroe, C., “Quantum computers and atomic clocks,” Villars-sur-OUon, Switzerland, Schrodinger’s cats, “University of Illinois, January 1995. Urbana-Champaign, IL, October 1996.

Monroe, C., “Nonclassical states of a trapped Monroe, C., “Schrodinger cats and quantum ion,” University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, computers,” University of Florida, Gainesville, February 1995. FL, October 1996.

Monroe, C., “Quantum logic with trapped ions,” Monroe, C., “Schrodinger cats and quantum IBM T.J. Watson Laboratory, Yorktown Heights, computers,” Massachusetts Institute of Tech- NY, February 1995. nology, Boston, MA, October 1996.

Monroe, C., “Quantum logic with trapped ions,” Monroe, C., “Quantum computers and California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Schrodinger’s cat,” Northwestern University, CA, March 1995. Chicago, IL, November 1996.

154 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: INVITED TALKS

Nelson, L., “Recent improvements made to the Parker, T., “The search for the perfect oscillator,” NIST frequency measurement service,” National IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Conference of Standards Laboratories, Dallas, Control Society Distinguished Lecturer Murata TX, July 1995. Co, Kyoto, Japan, Japan, October 1996.

Parker, T., “Time and Frequency Transfer (state- Parker, T., “The search for the perfect oscillator,” of-the-art and traditional),” Frequency Control Tokyo Chapter of the IEEE Society on Ultra- Symposium, San Francisco, CA, June 1995. sonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, Tokyo, Japan, October 1996. Parker, T., “Noise analysis of non-equally spaced TWSTFT data,” Precise Time and Time Interval Stephens, M., “Optimizing captive efficiency in a Conference, San Diego, CA, November 1995. magneto-optical trap,” SPIE International Sym- Parker, T., “Recent improvements in the per- posium on Lasers and Applications, San Jose, formance of the NIST ATI time scale,” IEEE CA, February 1995. Frequency Control Symposium, Honolulu, HI, Sullivan, D.B., “Timekeeping: Synch or Swim,: June 1996. Cosmos Club, Washington, DC, April 1995. Parker, T., “The search for the perfect oscUlator,” Sullivan, D.B., “Time Generation and Distribu- IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency tion,: Telecommrmications Laboratory, Chung- Control Society Distinguished Lecturer Inter- Li, Taiwan, national Symposium on Acoustoelectronics, October 1995. Moscow, Russia, September 1996. Sullivan, D.B., “Time and Frequency Metrology,”

Parker, T., “The search for the perfect oscillator,” International Conference on Advances in Metrol- IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency ogy and its role in Quality Improvement and Control Society Distinguished Lecturer Tele Global Trade,” New Delhi, India, February 1996. Quartz, Heidelberg, Germany, September 1996. Tan, J., “Bragg scattering from stored ions,” Parker, T., “The search for the perfect oscillator,” University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, April 1995. IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Tan, J., “Bragg scattering probe of long-range Control Society Distinguished Lecturer Institute order in stored ions,” Gordon Conference, WoLfe- of Sohd State Physics, Sophia, Bulgaria, Septem- ber 1996. boro, NH, July 1995.

J., time-dilation stored ion Parker, T., “The search for the perfect oscillator,” Tan, “Minimizing in a IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency clock,” Frequency Standards and Metrology Control Society Distinguished Lecturer C-MAC Symposium, Woods Hole, MA, October 1995. Quartz Crystals Ltd., Harlow, UK, September Walls, F., “Reducing noise in electronics for 1996. precision frequency metrology,” Frequency Parker, T., “The search for the perfect oscillator,” Standards and Metrology Symposium, Woods IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Hole, MA, October 1995. Control Society Distinguished Lecturer Walls, F., “A standard for and noise at Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, October PM AM 1996. 10.6, 21.2, and 42.4 GHz,” Frequency Control

Symposium, Honolulu, HI , Jime 1996. Parker, T., “The search for the perfect oscillator,” IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Weiss, M., “NIST suggestions for improving Control Society Distinguished Lecturer 17th GPS,” GPS performance analysis working group, Symposium on Ultrasonic Electronics, Colorado Springs, CO, August 1995. Yonezuwa, Japan, October 1996. Weiss, M., “Intro to Time and Frequency statis- Parker, T., “The seeirch for the perfect oscillator,” tics,” PTTI, Reston, VA, November 1996. IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Wineland, D.J., “Entangled states for spec- Control Society Distinguished Lecturer NEC, University of Yokohama, Japan, October 1996. troscopy and computation,” Washington, Seattle, WA, March 1995. Parker, T., “The search for the perfect oscillator,” lEE^ Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Wineland, D.J., ”Entangled states for spectros- Control Society Distinguished Lecturer Toyo copy and computation,” Massachusetts Institute Tusinki Co., Yonezawa, Japan, October 1996. of Technology, Cambridge, MA, May 1995.

155 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: INVITED TALKS

Wineland, D.J., “Entangled states for spectros- quantum coherence and decoherence. University copy and computation,” Gordon Conference on of California, Santa Barbara, CA, Jime 1996. Atomic Physics, Wolfeboro, NH, July 1995. Wineland, D.J. “Nonclassical motional states of Wineland, D.J., “Quantum logic with trapped a trapped atom,” Quantum Electronics and Laser ions,” Advanced Research Project Agency, Science (QELS), Anaheim, CA, Jime 1996. Washington DC, September 1995. Wineland, D.J. “NIST project on trapped-ion Wineland, D.J., “Laser cooling of stored ions,” quantum logic,” ARPA/NSA workshop on quan- Frequency Standards and Metrology Sym- tum computation, Bowie, MD, July 1996. posivun. Woods Hole, MA, October 1995. Wineland, D.J. “Entangled states for spectros- Wineland, D.J., “Application of laser-cooled ions copy and computation,” Defense Science to frequency standards and metrology,” Fifth Research Coxmcil Workshop, La Jolla, CA, July Symposiiun Frequency Standards and Metrol- 1996. ogy, Woods Hole, MA, October 1995. Wineland, D.J. “Entangled states of atomic ions Wineland, D., “Entangled states for spectroscopy for quanttun metrology emd computation,” Inter- and computation,” Harvard University, national Conference on Atomic Physics (ICAP), Cambridge, MA, February 1996. Amsterdam, Netherlands, August 1996.

Wineland, D., “Single atom clocks,” Boise State Wineland, D.J. “Schrodinger’s cat, quantum University, Boise, ID, March 1996. computation, and atomic clocks,” NIST collo- quimn, Gaithersburg, August 1996. Wineland, D., “Single atom clocks,” University of St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, April 1996, Wineland, D.J. “Schrodinger’s cat, quantum computation, and atomic clocks,” Boulder, CO, Wineland, D., “Entangled states for spectroscopy August 1996. and computation,” University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, April 1996. Wineland, D.J., “Entangled states and quantmn logic with trapped ions,” Optical Society of Wineland, D., “Entangled states for spectroscopy America, Rochester, NY, October 1996. and computation,” University of Rochester,

Rochester, NY, May 1996. Wineland, D., “Trapped ions, Schrodinger’s cat, and quantum logic,” University of Maryland, Wineland, D., “Nonclassical motional states of MD, October 1996. trapped atoms,” Symposium on trends in atomic physics, Gothenbiurg, Sweden, May 1996. Wineland, D.J., “Entangled states of trapped atoms,” ’96, Portland, December Wineland, D.J., “Entangled states for spectros- LASERS OR, copy and computation,” ITP Conference on 1996.

156 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B; INVITED TALKS

QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION (848)

Bender, P.L., “Overview of Space Based Gravita- Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a tional Wave Detectors,” at Aspen Winter Confer- Dilute Vapor,” University of Connecticut, Storrs, ence on Gravitational Waves and their Detection, CT, September 1995. Aspen, Colorado, January 1995. Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Bender, P.L., “Symposium on Space Borne Dilute Vapor,” University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, Interferometry II,” SPIE (International Society for October 1995. Optical Engineering) Conference, Kissimmee, FL, Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a April 1995. Dilute Vapor,” University of California, Berkeley, Bender, P.L., “Determination of a Mercurian CA, November 1995. Liquid Core,” at Workshop on Mercury and Its Magnetosphere, London, UK, May 1995. Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Vapor,” Stanford University, Palo Alto, Bender, P.L., “LISA Overview and Target CA, November 1995. Sources for LISA,” at Penn State Conference on Astrophysical Sources of Gravitational Waves, Cornell, E.A., “Weird Quantum Gas: Einstein University Park, Pennsylvania, July 1995. comes to Boulder,” Gamow Memorial Lecture, Boulder, CO, November 1995. Clement, T.S., “Characterization of Ultrafast Interactions with Materials through the Direct Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Measurement of the Optical Phase,” SPIE, OE/ Dilute Atomic Vapor,” Chemical Physics Semi- LASE ‘96, San Jose, CA, January 1996. nar, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, Decem- ber 1995. Cornell, E.A., “Developments in Cooling and Manipulating Atoms and More Complicated Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Objects,” American Chemical Society meeting, Dilute Atomic Gas,” Harvey Mudd College, Anaheim, CA, April 1995. Ontario, CA, January 1996.

Cornell, E.A. “Evaporative and CycUc Cooling: Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Colder Magnetically Trapped Atoms at JILA,” Dilute Atomic Gas,” University of Riverside, American Physical Society DAMOP meeting, Riverside, CA, January 1996. Toronto, Canada, May 1995. Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Cornell, E.A. “Evidence for Bose-Einstein Con- Dilute Atomic Gas,” California Institute of Tech- densation in Rb-87,” Twelfth International nology, Pasadena, CA, February 1996. Conference on Laser Spectroscopy, Capri, Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a France, Jime 1995. Dilute Atomic Gas,” Stanford Laser Acceleration Cornell, E.A. “Observation of BEC in Rb-87,” Center, Palo Alto, CA, February 1996. BEC-II, Strasbourg, France, June 1995. Cornell, E.A., “Very Cold Indeed: the Nanokelvin Cornell, E.A. “BEC,” Gordon Conference on Physics of BEC,” NIST Colloquium Series, NIST, Atomic Physics, Wolfeboro, NH, July 1995. Gaithersburg, MD, February 1996.

Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute vapor,” Aspen Center for Physics, Aspen, Dilute Atomic Gas,” University of Virginia, CO, August 1995. Charlottesville, VA, February 1996.

Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Vapor,” Massachusetts Institute of Tech- Dilute Atomic Gas,” University of Maryland, nology, Cambridge, MA, September 1995. College Park, MD, February 1996.

Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Vapor,” University of Colorado, Boulder, Dilute Atomic Gas,” University of New Mexico, CO, September 1995. Albuquerque, NM, March 1996.

Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Vapor,” Colorado State University, Fort Dilute Atomic Gas,” Scuole Normale Superiore, Collins, CO, September 1995. Pisa, Italy, March 1996.

157 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: INVITED TALKS

Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a FaUer, J.E., “Physics of BasketbaU,” two talks at Dilute Atomic Gas,” Max Planck Institute, Steamboat Springs Middle School, Steamboat Garching, Germany, March 1996. Springs, CO, May 1996.

Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a FaUer, J.E., “The Measurements of G,” Con- Dilute Atomic Gas,” German Physical Society, ference on Precision Electromagnetic Measure- Rostock, Germany, March 1996. ments, Braimschweig, Germany, Jime 1996.

Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a FaUer, J.E., “The Measurements of G: A New Dilute Atomic Gas,” 1996 Manne Siegbahn Free-Fall Approach,” University of Glasgow, Memorial Lecture, Manne Siegbahn Laboratory, August 1996. Stockholm, Sweden, March 1996. Faller, J.E., “The Measurements of g,” The Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Finnish Geodetic Institute, August 1996. Dilute Atomic Gas,” Workshop on Collective FaUer, J.E., “The Measiu-ements of g and G,” Effects in Ultracold Gases, Les Houches, France, University of Technology, University of Helsinki, April 1996. August 1996.

Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a FaUer, J.E., “The Current States of Absolute Dilute Atomic Gas,” International Quantum Gravimetry and Some Ideas and Suggestions for Electronics Conference, Sydney, Australia, July Future Improvements,” International Sym- 1996. posium on Gravity, Geoid and Marine Geodesy, Tokyo, Japan, September 1996. Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Gas,” meeting of the Optical Gallagher, A.C., “Continuous Small Particle Society of America, Rochester, NY, October Deposition From a SUane rf Discharge,” Dusty 1996. Plasmas 95 Conference, Phoenix, AZ, September/October 1995. Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Gas,” Symposium of the National GaUagher, A.C., “Self Focusing and Cone Emis- Academy of Sciences, Irvine, CA, October 1996. sion,” 13th International Conference on Line Shapes, Firenze, Italy, Jime 1996. Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Gas,” XXth International Work- GaUagher, A.C., “STM Studies of a-Si-H, Powder shop on Condensed Matter Theories, Pune, Formation,” 7th NREL a-Si Guidance and Tech- India, December 1996. nical Team Meeting, Breckenridge, CO, August 1996. Dunn, G.H., “The New Faces of Electron-Ion CoUisions,” Annual Meeting of the Division of HaU, J.L., “StabUity and Absolute Frequency of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics of the Molecular Iodine Transition Near 532 nm,” American Physical Society (DAMOP), Toronto, Photonics West SPIE, San Jose, CA, February Canada, May 1995. 1995. Optical Dunn, G.H., “Atomic CoUisions,” Tenth Topical HaU, J.L., “Improved Frequency Mea- surements Standards,” Laser Spectroscopy Conference on Atomic Processes in Plasmas, San and XII, Capri, Italy, 1995. Francisco, CA, January 1996. June HaU, J.L., “Advances in Stabilized Lasers With Dimn, G.H., “Compound State Effects in Selected AppUcations in Fundamental Physics,” Special Atomic Collisions,” University of Nevada, Reno, Seminar on Atom Cooling and Manipulation, March 1996. Tokyo, Japan, August 1995. Faller, J.E., “Issues for LIGO’s User Commu- HaU, J.L., “Visible Molecular Overtone Transi- nity,” Aspen, CO, January 1995. tions - Thousands of New Wavelength Refer- FaUer, J.E., “The Physics of Sports,” The Univer- ences,” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, sity of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, August Laser Spectroscopy Seminar Series, October 1995. 1995.

Faller, J.E., “Precision Measurements with HaU, J.L., “Optical Frequency Standards,” Fifth Gravity,” American Physical Society Spring Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrol- Meeting, Indianapolis, IN, May 1996. ogy, Woodshole, MA, October 1995.

158 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: INVITED TALKS

Hall, J.L., “Advances in Optical Frequency Leone, S.R., “Sterochemical Effects in Collision Measurement and Stabilization,” Institute for Dynamics,” Oxford University, UK, October Laser Science, University of Electro-Communica- 1995. tions, March 1996. Leone, S.R., “Sterochemical Effects in CoUision Hall, J.L., “Using Precise Optical Frequency Mea- Dynamics,” Cambridge University, UK, October surement for Physics,” Symposium on Modem 1995. Spectroscopy, Universite de Paris, March 1996. Leone, S.R., “Sterochemical Effects in Colhsion Hall, J.L., “Using Precise Optical Frequency Dynamics,” University of Leeds, UK, October Measurement for Physics,” University of New 1995. Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, April 1996. Leone, S.R., “Sterochemical Effects in CoUision Hall, J.L., “Towards the Ultimate Detections Dynamics,” University College London, UK, Sensitivity in Optical Spectroscopy: ZiUons of October 1995. New Wavelength Standards Based on Molecular Overtones,” International Symposium on Molec- Leone, S.R., “Laser Probing of Epitaxy and ular Spectroscopy, Ohio State University, Colum- Etching,” Colorado School of Mines Physics bus, OH, June 1996. CoUoquium, Golden, CO, November 1995.

Hall, J.L., “Precision Measurement of the Natural Leone, S.R., “Laser Probing of Epitaxy and Lifetime of NA Using Frequency-Domain Spec- Etching,” University of California, Berkeley, CA, troscopy of Ultracold Atoms,” International December 1995. Conference on Quantum Electronics, Sydney, Leone, S.R., “Laser Studies of Epitaxy and Austraha, July 1996. Etching,” University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Hall, J.L., “Stabilization of Commercial Tunable January 1996. Lasers at the Sub-Hertz Level,” Conference on Leone, S.R., “Laser Studies Optical Science and Laser Technology, Montana of Epitaxy and State University, Bozeman, MT, September Etching,” University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg,. 1996. Germany, January 1996.

Jin, D., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Leone, S.R., “Laser Studies of Epitaxy and Vapor,” Division of Atomic Molecular and Optical Etching,” University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Physics Meeting, Ann Arbor, MI, May 1996. Germany, January 1996.

Jin, D., “Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Leone, S.R., “Reactions and Photofragmentation Vapor,” XXI International Conference on Low of Doubly Charged Molecular Ions: Novel Path- Temperature Physics, Prague, Czech Republic, ways, Structure, and Energy Thresholds,” Sym- August 1996. posium on Atomic, Cluster and Surface Physics, Engelberg, Switzerland, January 1996. Leone, S.R., “Laser Probing of Stereochemical Effects,” University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Leone, S.R., “Laser Probing of Epitaxy and Puerto Rico, February 1995. Etching,” University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, March 1996. Leone, S.R., “Laser Ionization Flux Monitoring during GaAs Growth,” Symposium on Monitor- Leone, S.R., “Laser Studies of Sterochemical ing and Control Techniques for Intelligent Effects,” University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, WI, Epitaxy, Banff, Alberta, Canada, Jime 1995. March 1996.

Leone, S.R., “Introduction to the Session on Ion- Leone, S.R., “Ultrafast Wave Packet Dynamics molecule and Rydberg Dynamics,” 1995 Confer- with Intermediate State Control,” Gordon Confer- ence on the Dynamics of Molecular Collisions, ence on Multiphoton Processing, Colby-Sawyer Asilomar, CA, July 1995. CoUege, New London, NH, June 1996.

Leone, S.R., “Sterochemical Effects in Collision Leone, S.R., “Ultrafast wave Packet Dynamics Dynamics,” 1995 Bourke Lectures, Faraday with Intermediate State Control,” Informal Divisional Council, Edinbiu-gh, Birmingham and Photochemistry Conference, MirmeapoUs, MN, Southampton, UK, October 1995. Jime 1996.

159 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B; INVITED TALKS

Leone, S.R., Laser Science Division of the Ameri- Linsky, J.L., “Summary of lAU Symposium can Physical Society Undergraduate College 176,” lAU Symposiiun No. 176 -- Stellar Surface Traveling Distinguished Lecturer, Lecture Series Structure, Vienna, Austria, October 1995. on Lasers at University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, October 1996. Linsky, J.L., “Summary of Cool Stars 9,” Ninth Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Leone, S.R., “Time-Resolved Fourier Transform Systems, and the Sun, Florence, Italy, October Infrared Emission Studies of Atom-Molecule 1995. Collisions,” Optical Society of America, 12th Interdisciplinary Laser Science Conference, Linsky, J.L., “GHRS Studies of Stellar Chromo- Rochester, NY, October 1996. spheres, Transition Regions, and Coronae,” Ninth Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Leone, S.R., “Alignment and Control of Stellar Systems, and the Stm, Florence, Italy, Rovibronic Wave Packets,” Free University of October 1995. Amsterdam, Amsterdam, October 1996. Linsky, J.L., “HST Observations of the Local Leone, S.R., “Chemical Dynamics of Alignment Interstellar ISSI Workshop - The and Control,” University of California at San Medium,” Diego, La JoUa, CA, November 1996. Hehosphere in the Local Interstellar Medium, Bern, Switzerland, November 1995. Leone, S.R., “Chemical Dynamics of Alignment and Control,” University of California at Los Nesbitt, D.J., “Injection Seeded Optical Para- Angeles, CA, November 1996. metric Oscillators: VibrationaUy Mediated Photo- dissociation from Pure Quantum States,” Univer- Leone, S.R., “Chemical Dynamics of Alignment sity of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia, February and Control,” University of Southern California, 1995. Los Angeles, CA, November 1996. Nesbitt, D.J., “Full and Half Collision Dynamics Leone, S.R., “Chemical D mamics of Alignment 5 with Quantum State Selected ‘Reagents’.” and Control,” California Institute of Technology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Austraha, Febru- Pasadena, CA, November 1996. ary 1995. Linsky, J.L., “What Hubble is Telling us About Nesbitt, D.J., “Full and Half Collision Stellar Magnetic Activity and the Lowest Mass Dynamics with State Stars,” Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Quantum Selected ‘Reagents’.” Aus- MD, February 1995. tralian Conference on Physical Chemistry and Sixth Australian Conference on Chemical Reac- Linsky, J.L., “What Hubble is TeUing us About tion Djmamics, Canberra, Austraha, February Stellar Magnetic Activity and the Lowest Mass 1995. Stars,” State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, February 1995. Nesbitt, D.J., “State-to-State Dynamics and Intermolecular Potentials: Insights from High Linsky, J.L., “Chromospheres of Coronal Stars,” Near-IR Resolution Laser Methods,” University of International Astronomical Union Symposium California, Berkeley, CA, May 1995. No. 153 “ Phenomena in the Solar Atmosphere: Prototypes of Stellar Magnetic Activity, Tokyo, Nesbitt, D.J., “State-to-State Dynamics and Japan, May 1995. Intermolecular Potentials: Insights from High Near-IR Resolution Laser Methods,” California Linsky, J.L., “Deuterium,” Aspen Workshop on Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Aspen, CO, June Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, May 1995. 1995.

Linsky, J.L., “Steady Radio Emission from Stars: Nesbitt, D.J., “High Resolution IR Laser Studies Observations and Emission Processes,” Work- of Molecular Clusters: Walking the Line Between shop on Radio Emission from the Sun and Stars, Spectroscopy and Dynamics,” Columbus, OH, Barcelona, Spain, July 1995. June 1995.

Linsky, J.L., “Analysis of the Alpha Centauri Nesbitt, D.J., “Open and Closed Shell Inelastic Line of Sight: Properties of Local Interstellar CoUisions,” CCP6 Workshop on Inelastic CoUi- Gas, and Detection of Heated Hydrogen Near the sions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere, Heliopause,” High Altitude Observatory, Boulder, Durham, UK, July 1995. CO, September 1995.

160 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: INVITED TALKS

Nesbitt, D.J., “IR-UV Double Resonance Studies Nesbitt, D.J., “Hydrogen Bonding, Radicals and of Photolysis in Quantum State-Selected Clus- Nanoclusters,” Texas Tech University, Lubbock, ters,” Asilomar, CA, July 1995. TX, April 1996.

Nesbitt, D.J., “Probing Intermolecular Potentials Nesbitt, D.J., “Molecular Spectroscopy and and State-to-State Dynamics: Full and Half-Colli- Dynamics of Transient Species: A High Resolu- sion Perspectives,” PACIFICHEM ‘95, Honolulu, tion IR Approach,” Institute for Molecular Sci- HI, December 1995. ences, Okazaki, Japan, May 1996.

Nesbitt, D.J., “Watching Molecules Touch: Inter- Nesbitt, D.J., “Probing Intermolecular Potentials molecular Potentials and State-to-state Dynamics and State-to-State Dynamics: Full and Half- via High Resolution IR Laser Methods,” Univer- Colhsion Perspectives,” 12th Symposium on sity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, February Chemical Kinetrics and Dynamics, Hameji 1996. Institute of Technology, Kanaji, Kamigori, Hyogo, Japan, May 1996. Nesbitt, D.J., “Watching Molecules Touch: Intermolecular Potentials and State-to-state Nesbitt, D.J., “Photochemistry and Photophysics Dynamics via High Resolution IR Laser in Quantum State-Selected Species,” 12th S5mi- Methods,” Yale University, New Haven, CT, posium on Chemical Kinetrics and Dynamics, February 1996. Hameji Institute of Technology, Kanaji, Kamigori, Hyogo, Japan, May 1996. Nesbitt, D.J., “Hydrogen Bonding, Atmospheric Radicals and Nanocrystals: A High Resolution IR Nesbitt, D.J., “State-to-State CoUisional Dynam- Perspective,” Harvard University, Cambridge, ics of Atmospheric Species,” AFOSR Contractors MA, March 1996. Meeting, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, June 1996. Nesbitt, D.J., “State-to-State Dynamics with High Resolution IR Lasers: Watching Molecules Saeta, P., “Squeezing Light From Silicon,” Touch,” University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA, January March 1996. 1995.

APPENDIX C

TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

LABORATORY OFFICE

Member, Review Panel on Optics Technology Katharine B. Gebbie Applications for the BMDO Technology Appli- U.S. Representative and Vice-President, Inter- cations Office. national Committee of Weights and Measures NIST Liaison, Society of Photo-Optical Instru- (CIPM). ment Engineers (SPIE). Member, Executive Committee, Division of Member, Program Committee for SPIE Confer- Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, Ameri- ence, Ultraviolet Atmospheric and Space can Physical Society. Remote Sensing, August 1996. Vice-Chair, Committee on the Status of Women Member, Awards Committee, OSTP Presiden- in Physics, American Physical Society (1995). tial Early Career Awards. Chair, Committee on the Status of Women in Member, Program Review Committee, Physics Physics, American Physical Society (1996). Department, St. Joseph’s University. Member, Fusion Energy Advisory Committee; Member, Small Business Innovative Research Member, Panel on Inertial Fusion Energy, Selection Committee, helping to select FY96 Department of Energy. and FY97 SBER awards. NIST Representative, Committee on Optical

Science and Engineering, National Research Edward B. Saloman Coimcil. Member, Library Advisory Committee, Optical Point of Contact, Committee on Fimdamental Society of America. Science, National Science and Technology Coimcil. Barry N. Taylor

NIST Representative, Subcommittee on Member, Consultative Committee on Units of Research, Committee on Fimdamental Science, the International Committee for Weights and National Science and Technology Coimcil. Measures.

Member, Committee to Study Diversity in the Chairman, CODATA (Committee on Data for Science and Engineering Work Force of the Science and Technology) Task Group on ONR, Office of Naval Research. Fundamental Constants, and ex officio member of the U.S. National Committee for CODATA. American Institute of Physics Subcommittee to select the 1995-1996 winner of the Prize for Technical Advisor to the U.S. National Com- Industrial Applications of Physics. mittee of the International Electrotechnical Commission on Technical Committee (TC) 25 Department of Energy Panel to select the 1997 Matters (TC 25: Quantities and Units and Then- recipient of the Fermi Award. Letter Symbols); member of TC 25 Working

Group (WG) 1 , Advisory and Preparatory. William R. Ott Member, U.S. Technical Advisory Group (TAG) NIST Liaison, SDI/BMDO Metrology Projects at for International Organization for Standardiza- NIST. tion (ISO)/TC 12, Quantities, Units, Symbols, Co-Chairman, NIST Committee on Society- Conversion Factors; member International sponsored Centennial Commemorative Events. Advisory Panel to TC 12.

164 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION & LEADERSHIP

Member, Conference on Magnetics and Mag- Barry N. Taylor (continued) netic Materials, Program Committee, 1996- NIST Representative, Comptroller, and member present. of the Executive Committee of the Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements. Charles W. Clark

Tellers Member, ISO TAG 4/WG 3, Expression of Chair, 1995 Committee, Optical Society of America. Uncertainties, and ISO TAG 4fWG 1, Interna- tional Vocabulary for Metrology (TAG 4: Member, NIST Secretarial Task Force, report- Metrology); member, U.S. TAG for TAG 4. ing to Operations Board.

Member, joint ISO TAG 4, ISO/TC 12, lEC/TC Member, NIST Scientific Computing Planning 25, and lEC/TC 1 Ad Hoc Working Group on Team. the Definitions of Quantities and Units. Member of Cotmcil, NIST HPCC/NII initiative Vice-Chairman, Institute of Electrical and on Systems Integration for Manufacturing Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standards Coordi- Applications. nating Committee Quantities, Units and 14, Member, Selection Committee, 1996 E.O. Letter Symbols; member. Subcommittee on Lawrence Award of the Department of Energy. Metric Practice. Member, 1996 Tellers Committee, Optical Member Delegate, National Conference of Society of America. Standards Laboratories; member. Ad Hoc Committee on Measurement Uncertainty; Member, Local Committee, Third International Conference on Quantum Functional Devices. member, American GUM Subcommittee of NCSL Committee Z540, General Requirements Member, 1995 Local Committee, Conference on for Calibration Laboratories and Measuring and New Methods in Electronic Structure Calcula- Test Equipment (GUM; Guide to the Expres- tion (ES95). sion of Uncertainty in Measurement). Member, 1995 Subcommittee on Laser Spec- Member, Subcommittee on Standards and troscopy, Quantum Electronics and Laser Metric Practice of the Metrication Operating Science Conference (QELS ’95). Committee of the Interagency Committee on Metric Policy. Zachary H. Levine

Member, U.S. Metric Association Advisory Councilor of American Physical Society. Council. Thomas B. Lucatorto Member, American Society for Testing and Materials Committee E-43 on SI Practice; Member, Review Panel for the DoE Atomic Physics at National member, joint ASTM and IEEE Editorial Task Program Argonne Labora- tory, November 1995 Group on Metric Practice. Member, Technical Advisory Panel for the U.S. representative to the International Union Advanced Technology Program at NIST, 1995. of Pure and Applied Physics (lUPAP) Commis- sion C2 on SUNAMCO (Symbols, Units, Member, Executive Council, Division of Atomic Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Funda- Molecular and Optical Physics, APS. mental Constants); lUPAP Liaison to the lEC; Member, Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy member, U.S. Liaison Committee to lUPAP. and Its Applications (RIS96) International Advisory Committee. ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION (841) Robert P. Madden Member, Council of U.S. Synchrotron Radia- Robert J. Celotta tion Laboratory Directors.

Member, Conference on Magnetics and Mag- Member, International Committee of the Inter- netic Materials, Executive Committee, 1992- national Conference on X-Ray and VUV 1995. Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation.

165 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C; COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION & LEADERSHIP

Member, Program Committee for Lasers in Daniel T. Pierce Physics Symposia, 12th Interdisciplinary Laser Member, International Committee for the Science Conference, October 20-24, 1996. International Colloquium on Magnetic Films and Surfaces. Yong-Ki Kim

Member, Program Committee for the 10th APS Joseph A. Stroscio Topical Conference on Atomic Processes in 1996 Program chairperson of the Nanometer- Plasmas, San Francisco, CA, January 14-18, Scale Science Division of the American 1996. Vacuum Society. William C. Martin John Unguris Chair, Working Group on Atomic Spectra, Member, American Vacuum Society Magnetic International Astronomical Union. Surfaces Division Committee. Member, IAEA Network of Atomic Data Centers for Fusion. ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842) Member, Sponsors Group for Lighting Research of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). Jeffrey R. Fuhr

of the Working 2: Member Group Atomic Peter Mohr Transition Probabilities, which is a subset of Commission 14 (Atomic and Molecular Data) Chairman, Advisory Board of the Harvard- of the International Astronomical Union. Smithsonian Institute for Theoretical Atomic and Molecular Physics.

Richard D. Deslattes Member of CODATA (Committee on Data for Science and Technology of the International Member, Ad Hoc Working Group on the Avoga- Council of Scientific Unions) Task Group on dro Constant, Consultative Committee for Fimdamental Constants. Mass, International Committee on Weights and Measures, 1994-present. William D. Phillips Member, The Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation-Cooperative Access Team at DAMOP Program Committee, 1993-95. 1994- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, DAMOP Pubhcations Committee, 1994-1997. present. Vice-Chair of the Division of Laser Science of Alternate Program Manager, Precision APS, 1996-1997. Measurement Grants Program, 1994-present.

Member, lUCr Commission on Crystallographic Joseph Reader Apparatuses, 1994-present. Member, DOE Science User’s Committee for Member, International Advisory Board, Journal High-Energy Laser Facilities. Physics B, 1992-present. Member, Program committee of the Sixth Member, External Advisory Committee, North International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra Carolina Storage Rings for Technology and and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Applied Research Project, 1993-present. Laboratory Plasmas, 1998.

Paul Julienne Steven Rolston Member, National Research Coimcil Committee Chairman, DAMOP Pubhcations Committee, on Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Science 1996-present. (CAMOS). Member, NIST Colloqmum Committee, 1995- Member, Thesis Award Committee, Division of 1996. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics of the NIST Research Advisory Committee, 1996- American Physical Society. present.

166 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION & LEADERSHIP

Member, Coimcil for Optical Radiation Mea- Jack Sugar surements. Member, Program Committee of the 5th Inter- Member, Inter Society Color Council. national Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas. Sally Bruce Member, Electromechanical Systems Engineer- Cha-Mei Tang ing Technology Advisory Committee. Mont- gomery College. Member, IEEE Board of Directors.

Michael P. Casassa Wolfgang L. Wiese Member, Ad Hoc Selection Committee, AAAS Member of Organizing Committee, Interna- Technology Policy Science and Engineering tional Astronomical Union, Commission on Fellowship Program. This committee inter- Atomic and Molecular Data. viewed finalists and selected Fellows to serve at Chair, Working Group on Atomic Transition OSTP and at RAND CTI. Probabilities, International Astronomical

Union. Christopher L. Cromer

Member, Network of Atomic Data Centers for Member, CORM subcommittee on Array Radi- Fusion, coordinated by the International ometry and Photometry. Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

Chair, Program Committee of the 6th Interna- Raju Datia tional Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Member, Space-Based Observation Systems, Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Committee on Standards, American Institute of Laboratory Plasmas, 1998. Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sensing Sys- tems Working Group, Subcommittee on IR Chair, First International Conference on Systems. Atomic and Molecular Data, 1997. Member, SPIE’s International Technical Work- ing Group on Optical Materials. OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) Member, ASTM E-13.03, Subcommittee on Clara Asmail Infrared Molecular Spectroscopy. Committee, Appearance Member, ASTM E-12 Member, CIE, USNC. of Materials, Subcommittee E-12. 09 on Optical Properties, FI.06 on Silicon Materials. Process NIST/Gaithersburg Liaison to the Calibration Control. Coordination Group (DoD/CCG).

Member, Sematech, Sematech Particle Counting/Microroughness Roadmap Task Joseph Dehmer Force. Member, APS Fellowship Committee.

Member, ISO TCI 72 Committee on Optics and Member, APS Executive Board. Optical Instruments, Subcommittee 1 on Member, APS Committee on Applications in Fundamental Optics. Physics. Member, ASTM F01.06/D-E Particle and Light Member, APS Committee on Committees. Scattering Event Task Force. Division Councilor, APS Division of Atomic, Yvonne Barnes Molecular, and Optical Physics.

Recording Secretary and Member, ASTM E-12 Member, Executive Committee, APS Division of Committee, Appearance of Materials, Subcom- Atomic, Moleuclar, and Optical Physics. mittees E- 12.01 on Editorial and Terminology, Committee, Division of E- 12.02 on Spectrophotometry and Colorim- Chair, Nominating APS Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. etry, E-12.03 on Geometric Properties.

167 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION & LEADERSHIP

Joseph Dehmer (continued) Edwin J. Heilweil Member, National Science Foimdation Commit- Member, Membership Committee, NIST Sigma tee of Visitors, Review of AMO Physics Pro- XI Chapter. gram, Physics Division. Vice Chair, elected July 1996, for 1998 Vibra- tional Gordon Conference. Daniel Dummer Member, Interdisciplinary Laser Science Con- Member, IT-2-28 NAPM on Densitometry. ference, ILS 1997 Program Committee, Optical Society of America. George P. Eppeldauer

Member, CORM Radiometry Subcommittees Jon T. Hougen CR-1 on Sources for Radiometry and Photome- Member, Editorial Board of the Journal of try, CR-2 on Array Radiometry, and CR-3 on Photometry. Molecular Spectroscopy. Member, Scientific Advisory Panel for the Gerald T. Fraser C.N.R.S. Laboratory of Molecular Photophysics Member, National Aeronautics and Space in Orsay, France. Administration ESSP AO Science Panel. Member, Advisory Committee for the Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences in Taipei, Thomas Gentile Taiwan.

Member, American Physical Society. Jack J. Hsia

Charles E. Gibson President, CIE.

Member, ASTM E-20 Committee, Temperature Chciirman, CIE TC 2-11 Technical Committee Measurements, Subcommittee E-20. 2 on Radi- on Goniophotometry. ation Thermometry. Ex-Offico, Executive Committee in the U.S. National Committee of the CIE. Lori Goldner Member, American Physical Society Committee Member, ASTM E-12 Committee, Appearance on Education. of Materials; Subcommittees E- 12.01 on Edito- rial and Terminology: E-12.02 on Spectropho- tometry and Colorimetry: E- 12.03 Geometric Jonathan E. Hardis Properties; and E- 12.09 on Scattering. Secretary, U.S. National Committee of the CIE. Member, ASTM E-13 Committee, Molecular Member, CORM Radiometry Subcommittee Spectroscopy; Subcommittees E- 13.01, Ultra- CR-2. violet and Visible Spectroscopy; E-13.03, Infra- Spectroscopy; Member, SEMI FPD Standards Working Group. red and E- 13.06, Molecular Luminescence. Chciirman, ASTM Subcommittee El 2. 06 on the Delegate, Inter Society Color Appearance of (Video) Displays. Coimcil.

Member, ASTM Committee E12 on Color and NIST Alternate Representative, ANSI IT2 on Appearance. Image Evaluation and IT2.28 on Densitometry Standards. Participant, OIDA Roadmapping Activities. Member, CORM Optical Properties Subcommit- Participant, NEMI Roadmapping Activities. tee OP-1 on Geometry.

Liaison, NIST-DOD. Leonard M. Hanssen Member, CORM Optical Properties Subcom- NIST (Gaithersburg) Representative, Optics and mittee OP-1 on Geometry. Electro-Optics Standards Council.

Member, CIE TC2-39 Technical Committee on Physics Laboratory Representative, NIST Geometric Tolerance for Colorimetry. Measurement Service Quality Committee.

168 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION & LEADERSHIP

Member, CIE TC2-11 Gonioreflectometry of Marilyn E. Jacox Standards Materials. Chairman, Award Recognition Committee, Member, CIE TC2-16 Characterization of the NIST Chapter of Sigma Xi. performance of tristimulus colorimeters. Member, International Advisory Committee Member, CIE TC2-24 Users Guide for the and Steering Committee of the Ohio State Selection of Illuminance and Luminance University International Symposium on Molec- Meters. ular Spectroscopy. Member, CIE TC2-29 Detector Linearity.

B. Carol Johnson Member, CIE TC2-34 LED Measurements. Member, ASTM Subcommittee E20.2 Radiation Member, CIE TC2-35 CIE Standard for V(X) and Thermometry. V’(X).

Member, Council for Optical Radiation Mea- Member, CIE TC2-40 Characterizing the Perfor- surements. mance of Illuminance and Luminance meters.

Member, The American Society for Testing and Member, CIE TC2-41 Industrial Photometry in Materials. Developing Coimtries.

Member by invitation to the CCT/CCPR Joint Member, CIE TC2-43 Determination of Mea- Working Group on Thermodynamics. surement Uncertainties in Photometry.

Member by invitation in the EOS Cabbration Member, CORM Subcommittee CR-1 on Stan- Panel (with NASA). dard Sources.

Member, CORM Subcommittee CR-2 on Array Thomas C. Larason Spectroradiometry. NIST Consultant, National Conference of Stan- Member, CORM Subcommittee CR-4 on Inte- dards Laboratories; National Measurement grating Devices. Requirements Committee, Subcommittee on Electro-Optical Metrology. Member, CCPR Working group on V(lambda) Corrected Detectors.

Frank J. Lovas Member, SAE ARP5029 Measurement of Antic- Member, International Advisory Committee for ollision Light. University Internatinal The Ohio State Sym- Delegate to Lamp Testing Engineers Confer- posium on Molecular Spectroscopy. ence (LTEC).

Yoshihiro Ohno Albert Parr Secretary, CIE Division 2 Physical Measure- Member, CORM Radiometry Subcommittee ment of Light and Radiation. CR-1 on Radiometric Lamp Availability.

Chairman, CORM Subcommittee CR-3 on CIE Division 2 Reporter, “Application of Cryo- Photometry. genic Radiometry.”

Chairman, CIE R2-17 Aviation Photometry. NIST representative to CCPR and Member of Subcommittees on UV Standards and Radio- Chairman, CIE TC2-37 Detector-based Photom- metric Lamp Availability, and CCPR Air UV etry. Working Group. Member, Testing Procedure Committee of Ex Officio Member, CORM Board of Directors, lESNA. NIST Liaison.

169 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION & LEADERSHIP

IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) Robert D. Saunders, Jr.

Member, ANSI Z311, Photobiological Safety of James M. Adams Lamps and Lighting Systems. Secretary, American Society for Testing and Member, CIE TC2'05, Definition and Measure- Materials (ASTM) Subcommittee E 10.05, ment of Distribution Temperature. Nuclear Radiation Metrology.

Alternate, ASTM E-20, Temperature Measure- Chairman, ASTM Task Group El 0.05. 05, ments. Activation Reactions.

Alternate, ASTM E-44, Solar Energy Conver- Member, ASTM Symposiiim Committee. sion. Member, American Nuclear Society (ANS) Member, USNC/CIE. Committee ANS-19.10, Fast Neutron Fluence to Pressurized-Water Reactor Cavities. Member, USDA Steering Committee for UV-B Measurements. Sandra E. Bogarde Member, ASTM Subcommittee E20.2 Radiation Member, NIST Standards Employees Benefit Thermometry. Association Board of Trustees. Member, CCPR Air UV Working Group. Member, CORM Radiometry Subcommittee Allan D. Carlson CR-1 on Radiometric Lamp Availability. Member, Cross Section Evaluation Working Group (CSEWG), National Nuclear Data Center.

E. Ambler Thompson Member, Evaluation Committee of CSEWG. Secretary, CIE Division 6 on Photobiology and Chairman, Nuclear Energy Agency Nuclear Photochemistry. Data Committee (NEANSC) Subgroup on the Member, lES Photobiology Committee. ^°B(n,a) Cross Section Standard.

Member, ASTM El 3.06 on Molecular Lumines- Member, Standards Subcommittee of the cence. International Nuclear Data Committee.

Member, ASTM G-3 on Durability of Nonmetal- Member, Subgroup on Experimental Activities lic Materials. of the Working Party on International Evalua- tion Cooperation of the Nuclear Energy Agency

Benjamin Tsai Nuclear Science Committee. Member, ASTME07 committee on Nondestruc- Member, Measurements Committee of CSEWG. tive Testing. Member, International Program Committee for Member, ASTM E21 committee on Space Sim- the International Conference on Nuclear Data ulation and Applications of Space Technology. for Science and Technology.

Alfons Weber Randall S. Caswell Member, Membership Committee, American Honorary Member, National Council on Radia- Physical Society. tion Protection and Measurements (NCRP).

Member, International Advisory Committee, Member and Secretary, International Commis- International Conference on Spectroscopy, sion on Radiation Units and Measurements Bombay. (ICRU).

Member, ASTM committee El 3.08 on Raman Sponsor, ICRU Report Committee on Stopping Spectroscopy. Power for Heavy Ions.

170 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION & LEADERSHIP

Randall S. Caswell (Continued) Bert M. Coursey

Sponsor, ICRU Report Committee on Absorbed Consultant to Radiation Therapy Committee of Dose Standards for Photon Irradiation and American Association of Physicists in Medicine Their Dissemination. (AAPM).

Sponsor, ICRU Report Committee on Medical Delegate to Section I (X-, Gamma-, and Elec- Apphcations of Beta Rays. tron- Radiations) of the Comite Consultatif pour les Etalons des Rayonnements lonisants Sponsor, ICRU Report Committee on Nuclear (CCEMRI). Data for Radiation Therapy. Member ANSI Subcommittee N42.2 "ANSI Ronald Colle Standards for Nuclear Radiation Detectors."

Member, Interagency Committee on Indoor Air NIST Representative to the Coimcil on Ionizing Quality (CIAQ), Radon Workshop. Radiation Measurements and Standards (CIRMS). Louis Costrell

Chairman, Department of Energy (DoE) Marc F. Desrosiers National Instrumentation Methods (NIM) Com- Member, CIRMS, Radiation Effects Subcom- mittee. mittee. Chairman, American National Standards Co-Chairman, ASTM Committee ElO on Institute (ANSI) Committee N42, Radiation Dosimetry, Alanine Standard Subgroup. Instrumentation.

Member, ANSI Nuclear Standards Board. David M. Gilliam

Member, ANSI Nuclear Standards Board Plan- Member, ASTM Subcommittee E0.05, Nuclear ning Committee. Radiation Metrology.

Secretary, Institute of Electrical and Electronic NIST Representative to CCEMRI, Section III- Engineers (IEEE) Nuclear Instrumentation and Mesures Neutroniques. Detectors Committee. Chair, ASTM Task Group EIO.05.10, Neutron Ex-Officio Member, IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Metrology. Sciences Society Administrative Committee. Member, Symposium Committee, ASTM-

Member, IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences EURATOM S5miposium Committee on Reactor Annual Meetings Committee. Dosimetry.

Member, Organizing Committee, 1997 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference. Jimmy C. Humphreys Member, ASTM Committee ElO, Subcommittee Member, U.S. National Committee of the Inter- ElO. 01, Dosimetry for Radiation Processing. national Electrotechnical Commission (lEC). Member, ASTM Committee ElO, Subcommittee Chief U.S. Delegate, lEC Committee TC45, ElO. 07, Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry and Nuclear Instrumentation. Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices. Chairman, lEC Committee TC45 Working Chairman, ASTM Subcommittee EO.OIC, Group 9, Detectors. Characterization and Performance of a High- Member, lEC Committee TC45 Working Group Dose Radiation Dosimetry Cahbration Labora- 1, Nomenclature. tory.

Member, lEC Committee TC45 Working Group Co-chairman, ASTM Subcommittee ElO.OlD, 3, Interchangeabihty. Use of a Dichromate Dosimetry System.

171 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION & LEADERSHIP

Jimmy C. Humphreys (Continued) Lisa R. Karam Co-chairman, ASTM Subcommittee ElO.OlG, Member, NIST Mentoring Program Steering Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for Committee. Radiation Processing. Member, CIRMS Medical Subcommittee. Co-chairman, ASTM Subcommittee ElO.OlH, Member, Committee on Interagency Radiation Use of Calorimetric Dosimetry Systems for Research and Policy Coordination (CIRRPC), Electron Beam Dose Measurements and Dosim- Alternate Science Representative (committee eter Calibrations. dissolved, summer, 1995). Co-chairman, ASTM Subcommittee EIO.OIR, Selection and Calibration ofDosimetry Systems William L. McLaughlin for Radiation Processing. Technical Advisor, Coimcil of Europe Parlia- Co-chairman, ASTM Subcommittee ElO.OlV, mentary Assembly, Work Group on Aerospace Use of a Ceric-Cerous Sulfate Dosimetry Physiology, Medicine, and Radiation Measure- System. ment.

Technical Advisor, Coimcil of Europe Parlia- J. M. Robin Hutchinson mentary Assembly, Work Group on Space Biophysics. Secretary, ANSI N42.2: Radioactivity Measure- ments. Member, R&D Associates Committee on Irradi- ated Food Products. Vice-President, International Committee for Radionuclide Metrology (ICRM), Executive Member, IAEA Advisory Group on High Dose Committee. Measurement and Standardization for Radia- tion Processing. Member, International Committee of Weights and Measures (BIPM), Consultative Committee Member, Association for the Advancement of

on Standards for Measuring Ionizing Radia- Medical Instrumentation ( AAMI) Subcommittee

tions, Subcommittee Section II: Radionuclide on Radiation Sterilization Dosimetry (Working Measurements. Groups on Gamma Ray Sterilization and Elec- tron Beam Sterilization).

Kenneth G.W. Inn Technical Advisor, NCRP Scientific Committee Radiation Exposure Control in Nuclear Member ASTM, Nuclear Fuel Cycle Committee, 63, a Emergency. Environmental Test Methods, C26.05.01. Member, National Association of Photographic Member ASTM, Water, Radioactivity Test Manufacturers (NAPM) Technical Subcom- Methods, D19. mittee IT2-31 (X-Ray Image Evaluation). Member ANSI N42.23, Measurement Quality Chairman, IAEA Advisory Panel on Electron Assurance for Radioassay Laboratories. Beam Dosimetry for Industrial Radiation Pro- Member, CIRMS, Secretary-Treasurer; Organi- cessing. zation Committee; Sub-committee on Environ- Member, ASTM Committee El 0, Subcommittee mental/Public Radiation Protection. ElO.Ol, Dosimetry for Radiation Processing.

Vice-Chair, Advisory Committee for the U.S. Member, ASTM Committee E 1 0, Subcommittee Transuranimn and Uranium Registries. El 0.07 on Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry and Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices. Member, Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory Procedures (MARLAP). Member, U.S. Technical Advisory Group for International Standards Organization Member, National Environmental Laboratory (ISO) Technical Committee 198, Working Group Accreditation Conference (NELAC), Program 2, Radiation Sterilization. Committee.

172 "

PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION & LEADERSHIP

Member, ANSI Committee N13. 37 “Environ- L. McLaughlin (Continued) William mental Thermoluminescent Dosimeters.” Member, U.S. Technical Advisory Group for Member, HPS Laboratory Accreditation Assess- ISO Technical Committee 198, Working Group ment Committee. 2, Packaging.

Chairman, ASTM Committee El 0.01, Task Christopher G. Soares Group N “Standard Practice for Dosimetry for Member, Health Physics Scientific a Self-Contained Dry Source Irradiation.” Subcom- mittee Work Group ANSI N545, “Performance, testing, and procedural specifications for ther- C. Michelle O'Brien moluminescence dosimetry (environmental Member, AAPM Task Group on Guidelines for apphcations).” Accreditation of Dosimetry Cahbration Labora- Member, ANSI Committee N 13.29 "Criteria for tories. testing environmental dosimetry performance .

Francis J. Schima US Technical expert appointed by ANSI to the ISO Technical Committee on Reference Radia- Member, IAEA Coordinated Research Program tions (ISO TC 85/2/2), serving on subgroup 0 on Gamma-Ray Standards for Detector Calibra- (beta-particle reference radiations) and sub- tion. group 5 (photon reference radiations). Member, ANSI Subcommittee N42.2 Radio- Member, Radiochromic Film Task activity Measurements. AAPM Group (AAPM/RTC TG55).

Stephen M. Seltzer Member, Department of Energy Laboratory Accreditation Program (DOELAP) Standard Member, ICRU Committee on Fundamental Review Committee. Quantities and Units. Member, ICRU Report Committee on Beta Rays Member, ICRU Report Committee on the for Therapeutic Applications. Dosimetry of External Beta Radiation for Radia- tion Protection. Member, AAPM Intravascular Brachytherapy Task Group (AAPM/RTC TG60). Member, NCRP Scientific Committee 86 on “Hot Particles” in the Eye, Ear or Lung. Member, Health Physics Scientific Subcom- Member, CIRRPC Sub-Panel on Fluence-Based mittee Work Group ANSI N13.il, "Personnel Dosimetry Performance- Criteria for Testing." System of Radiation Risk Assessment.

Member, Subcommittee on Medical CIRMS Julian H. Sparrow Applications. Chairperson, Joint-Army-Navy-NASA-Air Force Member, ICRU Advisory Committee on the (JANNAF) Propulsion Subcommittee “Accep- Conceptual Basis for Dose Quantities in tance Nondestructive Evaluation and Stan- Nuclear Medicine. dards.” Chairman, Joint NCRP/ICRU Ad Hoc Commit- tee on Computer Applications. Alan K. Thompson

Consultant, AAPM Radiation Therapy Commit- Member, ANSI N 13-38, Standards for Neutron tee Task Group on Kilovoltage X-Ray Beam Personnel Protection Meters. Dosimetry.

Michael P. Unterweger Member, IAEA Secondary Standards Dosimetry Laboratory Scientific Committee. Member, ASTM D022 Committee on Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres.

Jileen Shobe Member, IEEE NIM/FASTBUS Committee. Member, ANSI Committee N 13.29 “Environ- Member, ANSI N42.2, Radioactivity Measure- mental Dosimetry Performance Criteria for ments. Testing.”

173 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C; COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION & LEADERSHIP

Michael R Unterweger (Continued) Judah Levine

Member IEEE Nuclear Instruments and Detec- Member, Working Group on International tors Committee. Atomic Time TAI of the Consultative Commit- tee on the Definition of the Second. EEO Counselor. Member, Working Group on GPS Time Trans- fer Standards of the Consultative Committee on Marlon L. Walker the Definition of the Second. Chairman, Annual Meeting Technical Com- mittee, National of Organization Black Chem- Lisa M. Nelson ists and Chemical Engineers (NOBCChE). Co-Chairman, Civilian GPS Service Interface Committee (CGSIC). Brian E. Zimmerman

Member, CIRMS Medical Subcommittee. Thomas Parker

Chairman, Executive Committee for the annual TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION (847) IEEE International Frequency Control Sympo- sium.

J. C. Bergquist General Chairman, 1997 IEEE International Chairman, Fifth Symposium on Frequency Frequency Control Symposium. Standards and Metrology held October 15-20, Member, GPS Interagency Advisory Council 1995 in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. (GIAC). Member, 1995 Selection Committee for Schawlow Prize in Laser Physics. Donald B. Sullivan

Member, Fellowship Selection Committee for Member, Consultative Committee on the Defi- the American Physical Society. nition of the Second.

Member, NSF Review Committee for LIGO Member, Commission A on Time and Fre- quency, International (Laser Interferometer for Gravity-Wave Obser- Telecommunications Union - Radiocommunications Sector. vatory). Member, Executive Committee for the Annual John J. Bollinger IEEE Frequency Control Symposium.

Member, NIST Research Advisory Committee. Chairman, Executive Committee for the Con- ference on Precision Electromagnetic Measure- Member, Organizing Committee for the Non- ments (CPEM). neutral Plasma Workshop.

Fred Walls D. Wayne Hanson Chairman, Technical Program Committee for Member, Working Group of the Consultative the Annual IEEE International Frequency Committee on the Definition of the Second on Control Symposivun. Two-Way Satellite Time Transfer. Member, Technical Program Committee of the Member, U.S. delegation to the ITU-R Working European Frequency and Time Forum. Party A of Study Group 7, International Tele- communication Union. This working party Marc Weiss deals with time and frequency issues. Member, Working Group on International Atomic Time TAI of the Consultative Commit- Wayne itano tee on the Definition of the Second. Member, Publishing Technology Committee, Member, Telecommunication Industry Sub- Optical Society of America. committee on Time and Synchronization.

174 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C; COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION & LEADERSHIP

Marc Weiss (Continued) Chairman and member of International Scien- Member, Working Group on GPS Time Trans- tific Committee, 1996-97 International Confer- fer Standards of the Consultative Committee on ence on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic the Definition of the Second. Collisions (ICPEAC).

David J. Wineland Executive Committee of the Topical Group on Precision Measurements and Fundamental Member, NIST Precision Measurement Grants Constants (Coimcil Liaison). Committee. Nominating Committee of Division of Atomic Member, National Academy of Science. and Molecular Optical Physics. Member, Committee on Atomic, Molecular, and Nominating Committee of the Topical Group Optical Science (National Academy of Sci- on Precision Measurements and Fundamental ences). Constants. Member, organizing committee for the Nobel Vice-Chair, 1994-95 International Conference Symposium on Trapped Charged Particles and on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Colli- Fundamental Physics. sions (ICPEAC).

Member, Panel on Public Affairs (POPA) of the QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION (848) American Physical Society. Chaired subcommittee to examine impact on physics of change P.L, Bender in national labs. Member, Steering Committee. Member, Control/Structure Integration Pro- gram Advisory Committee, NASA. Chair, JILA Search Committee.

Member, Lunar Laser Ranging Management Faller and Operations Working Group. J.E. Advisory capacity to the Gravity Research Member, Space Interferometry Science Work- Institute (GRI). ing Group, NASA. Member, Limar Laser Ranging Management T.S. Clement and Operations Working Group.

Member, University of Colorado Computational Member, Working Group II of the International Plasma Physics Search Committee. Gravity Commission.

Member, University of Colorado Physics Gradu- Member, Special Study Group 3.87, “Develop- ate Committee. ment of Worldwide Absolute Gravity Net,” of the International Gravity Commission.

E.A. Cornell Member, Directing Board, International Gravity Subcommittee member for QELS 1995 Laser Commission. Spectroscopy program. Representative, lAG Commission III, Interna- Member of the JILA Search Committee, 1995. tional Gravity Commission.

Member, University of Colorado Matter Physics Benchmark participant for JILA for the Griffith Search Committee, 1995. University (Austrafia).

G.H. Dunn A.C. Gallagher

Councilor, American Physical Society. Chairperson at European Conference on Elec- tronic and Atomic CoUisions. Executive Committee, Division of Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics of the American Member, NREL Amorphous Silicon Develop- Physical Society. ment Team.

Program Committee of the Topical Conference Benchmark participant for JILA for the Griffith on Atomic Processes in Plasmas. University (Australia).

175 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C; COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION & LEADERSHIP

J.L. Hall Member of JILA Search Committee. Delegate, Consultative Committee for the Definition of the Meter (BIPM), Sevres, France. Award Committee, American Physical Society.

Co-Chairman, International Steering Commit- tee for Conferences on Laser Spectroscopy. J.L. Linsky Member, NASA Science Working Group to Member, NIST Committee for Precision Mea- design and oversee development of the Hubble surement Grants. Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph and the Member, AMO Subcommittee of Physics Divi- Far Ultraviolet Spectrograph Explorer satellite. sion, National Academy of Science. Member, Science Working Group for the Ad- vanced X-ray Astronomical Facility (AXAF). S.R. Leone

Steering Committee, Laser Science Topical D.J. Nesbitt Group, American Physical Society, 1995. Co-Chair, 1995 Gordon Conference on “Atomic Coimcilor, American Physical Society. and Molecular Interactions.”

Member, Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Chairman, Chemical Physics Program, Univer- Committee, Department of Energy. sity of Colorado, Boulder.

Advisory Committee, Institute for Atomic and Chair, 1996 Gordon Conference on “Atomic Molectilar Science, Taiwan. and Molecular Interactions.”

Chair, Review Committee, Journal ofChemical Benchmark participant for JILA for the Griffith Physics. University (Austrafia).

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Chair, American Physical Society Fellowship Faculty Search Committee. Selection Committee.

176 APPENDIX D

SPONSORED WORKSHOPS, CONFERENCES, AND SYMPOSIA

177 PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

SPONSORED WORKSHOPS, CONFERENCES, AND SYMPOSIA

LABORATORY OFFICE R.U. Datla, organized the NIST participation for R. A. Dragoset worked with J.T. Hougen and R.D. the Fifth Symposium on Infrared Radiometric Suenram of the Optical Technology Division to Sensor Calibration held at Space Dynamics sponsor the workshop “Molecular Spectra Data Laboratory, Logan, UT, May 8-10, 1995. for the 21st Century,” NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, December 5-6, 1996. R. U. Datla organized the Workshop on Standards for IR - FPAs & Imaging Systems for DOD/BMDO W.R. Ott organized and chaired a session on Applications, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, Septem- Instriunentation for UV Remote Sensing at the ber 26, 1995. SPIE Conference on Ultraviolet Atmospheric and Space Remote Sensing, Denver, CO, August B.C. Johnson (NIST) and Stan Hooker (NASA/ 1996. GSFC) organized the SIRREX-4 (SeaWiFS Inter- calibration Rormd-Robin Experiment) Workshop, W.R. Ott is chairman and organizer of the bi- held at NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, May 3-10, 1995. weekly NIST Staff Colloquium Series. B.C. Johnson organized the SIRREX-5 Workshop ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS held at NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, July 23-30, 1996. DIVISION (841) R.J. Celotta, D.T. Pierce, and M. Stiles served on S.R. Lorentz organized the NIST participation for the Organizing Committee, “Workshop on the Sixth Symposium on Infrared Radiometric Fe/Cr/Fe Magnetic State,” NIST, Gaithersburg, Sensor Calibration held at Space Dynamics MD, November 6, 1996. Laboratory, Logan, UT, May 7-9, 1996.

C.W. Clark served on the Local Committee, Y. Ohno served as the organizer and chairperson “Workshop on New Methods in Electronic Struc- for the CIE Division 2 Workshop, “Recent Tech- ture Calculation,” St. Mary’s College of Mary- nologies on Optical Radiation Measurements” land, St. Mary’s City, MD, May 19-22, 1995. held in New Delhi, India, November 2, 1995.

M.D. Stiles served as Chair, Local Committee, Y. Ohno served as the organizer and chairperson “Workshop on New Methods in Electronic Struc- for the Photometry Session at CORM 96, ture Calculation,” St. Mary’s College of Mary- Gaithersburg, May 21-23, 1996. land, St. Mary’s City, MD, May 19-22, 1995. Y. Ohno serves as the Secretary of CIE Division 2, and is responsible for organizing the aimual ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842) Division meeting. The 1996 CIE Division 2 W.C. Martin and J. Reader worked with the meeting was held in Vienna, Austria, on August Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to 31, 1996. organize a meeting on Lighting Research, held at NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, January 24, 1996. A.E. Thompson organized a Workshop on Low- Level Light Standards for Luminometry: Assess- ing Needs for Clinical and Analytical Lumines- OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) cence Measurements, held at NIST, Gaithers- G. Eppeldauer coordinated an Internal Workshop burg, MD, May 1, 1996. on Future Infrared Transfer and Working Stan- dard Radiometer Developments for Spectral A.E. Thompson organized a one day Workshop Radiant Power and Irradiance Measurements, on Advanced Methods and Models for Appear- NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, March 14, and 21, ance of Coating and Coated Objects, held at 1996. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, May 20, 1996.

178 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX D: WORKSHOPS, CONFERENCES, SYMPOSIA

IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION (847) B.M. Coursey and S.M. Seltzer organized and M. Weiss and W. Ortega organized a Workshop sponsored a meeting of Task Group 51 of the on Synchronization in Telecommunications Sys- American Association of Physicists in Medicine tems, Boulder, CO, February 22-24, 1995. at NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, on April 1-2, 1996. Dave Howe chaired the annual Time and Fre-

B.M. Coursey organized a workshop cosponsored quency Seminar: Introduction - Level I, Jime by NIST and the Medical Apphcations Subcom- 26-27, 1995, Boulder, CO. mittee of the Council on Ionizing Radiation Dave Howe chaired the annual Time and Fre- Measurements and Standards at NIST, Gaithers- quency Seminar: Fimdamentals - Level II, Jime burg, MD, April 3, 1996. 28-30, 1995, Boulder, CO. J. M.R. Hutchinson and K.G.W. Inn helped J. Bergquist served as symposium chairman and organize and sponsor one session of the CoimcU W. Ortega served as conference coordinator for on Ionizing Radiation Measurements and Stan- the Fifth Symposium on Frequency Standards dards’ annual meeting, November 28-30, 1995. and Metrology, jointly sponsored with the Air K. G.W. Inn and J.M.R. Hutchinson helped Force Office of Scientific Research, Woods Hole, organize a CIRMS Science and Technology MA, October 15-19, 1995. subcommittee on Environmental Radiation M. Weiss and W. Ortega organized a Workshop Protection at a special session at the Health on Synchronization in Telecommunications Physics Society Meeting in Boston, MA, June 25, Systems, Boulder, CO, February 21-23, 1996. 1995. D. Howe chaired the annual Time and Fre- K.G.W. Inn, W. Burnett, M. Schultz. Z.-C. Lin quency Seminar: Introduction - Level I, and J.W.L. Thomas organized the intemationed Boulder, CO, June 24-25, 1996. workshop on “Radionuchde Speciation in Soils and Sediments” at NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, D. Howe chaired the annual Time and Fre- Jime 13-15, 1995. quency Seminar: Fundamentals - Level II, Boulder, CO, June 26-28, 1996. K. G.W. Inn organized the NIST program session at the Annual Conference on Bioassay, Analy- The Time and Frequency Division participated tical and Environmental Radiochemistry, with other NIST units in presenting training Boston, MA, November 17, 1995. seminars at the Measurement Science Confer- ence, Anaheim, CA, January 22-23, 1996. The B.M. Coursey, in cooperation L.R. Karam and Division seminar was on Properties of OscUlator with George Mason University, organized and Signals and Measurement Methods. hosted a Workshop on Ultrahigh Sensitivity Quantitation Methodologies and Instrumentation DIVISION for Biomedical Apphcations, at NIST, Gaithers- QUANTUM PHYSICS (848) burg. MD, July 14, 1995. G.H. Dunn was the Chairman of ICPEAC in 1996. B.E. Zimmerman and B.M. Coursey sponsored a workshop to discuss the current status of The 20th annual CU Wizards program, an research in bone pahiation radiopharmaceuticals informal introduction to physics, astronomy and and to identify future measurement needs in chemistry is a monthly program for students in nuclear medicine, at NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, grades 5 through 9. The 1995-96 program September 27, 1996. includes J. Faller and D. Nesbitt.

179

APPENDIX E

JOURNAL EDITORSHIPS

181 PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

JOURNAL EDITORSHIPS

LABORATORY OFFICE Wiese, W.L., Member, Editorial Board, “Interna- Taylor, B.N., Chief Editor, Journal of Research tional Bulletin on Atomic and Molecular Data for of the National Institute of Standards and Tech- Fusion,” International Atomic Energy Agency. nology.

Taylor, B.N., Editorial Board, Metrologia. OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) Joseph Dehmer, Co-editor of Proceedings, Con- ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS ference on Synchrotron Radiation - 1995, DIVISION (841) Advanced Photon Source. Celotta, R.J., Co-editor, Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences, Academic Press Series. Joseph Dehmer, Associate Editor, Advances in Ion Chemistry and Physics. Clark, C.W., Member, Editorial Board, Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Hougen, Jon, Member, Editorial Advisory Board, Physics. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy.

Clark, C.W., Guest Editor, Special Issue on Bose- IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) Einstein Condensation, Journal of Research of CoUe, R., Member, Editorial Board, Journal of the National Institute of Standards and Tech- Research, National Institute of Standards and nology. Technology. Levine, Z.H., Adjunct Associate Editor, Physical Coursey, B.M., Editor, Applied Radiation and Review Letters. Isotopes. Lucatorto, T.B., Co-editor, Experimental Coursey, B.M., Editor, Nuclear Medicine Methods in the Physical Sciences, Academic and Biology. Press Series.

Lucatorto, T.B., Topical Editor, Journal of the Coursey, B.M., Editorial Board, Radioactivity Optical Society of America, B. and Radiochemistry.

Tarrio, C.S., Correspondent for SURF II, Syn- Desrosiers, M.F., Editor, Proceedings of the chrotron Radiation News. Fourth International Symposium on EPR Dosimetry and Applications, Applied Radiation ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842) and Isotopes, Vol. 47, Issues 11/12, 1996. Kim, Y.-K., Overseas Editor, Journal of the Korean Physical Society. Hubbell, J.H., Editor in Chief, Radiation Physics and Chemistry. Phillips, W. D., Editorial Board of Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. McLaughlin, W.L., Editor in Chief, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, North America. Reader, J., Editor, “Line Spectra of the Elements,” HandbookofChemistry and Physics, McLaughlin, W.L., Editorial Board, Radiation CRC Press. Physics and Chemistry.

Sansonetti, C.J., Topical Editor for Atomic TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION (847) Spectroscopy, Journal of the Optical Society of Parker, T.E., Associate Editor, IEEE Transac- America B. tions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Fre- Wiese, W.L., Associate Editor, Journal of Quan- quency Control. titative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION (848) Wiese, W.L., Member, Editorial Advisory Board, Leone, S.R., Editorial Board, Journal ofPhysical Spectrochimica Acta B (Atomic Spectroscopy), and Chemical Reference Data. Pergamon Press. Leone, S.R., Associate Editor, Annual Review Wiese, W.L., Member, Editorial Board, “Atomic of Physical Chemistry. Data Supplement Series” to Nuclear Fusion.

182 APPENDIX F

INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS F PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS

COOPERATIVE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENTS - CRADAs

ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS most advanced methods currently in use, the errors associated with the approximations are DIVISION (841) not well quantified. Standard reference data are Infrared Microscope Optical Design. The being generated for evaluation of these methods; Photon Physics Group works with the Spectra- the first compilation can be viewed on the World Wide at http://math.nist.gov/DFTdata/ Tech Company, Shelton, CT imder the terms of Web a CRADA, investigating new concepts in infrared microscope optical design for optimal matching ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842) of commercial instnunentation to the characteristics of a synchrotron infrared source. Spectra- X-Ray Beam Manipulation. The Quantum Tech has long been a leading supplier of infrared Metrology Group works with X-Ray Optical microscopes for industrial and research applica- Systems, Inc.(XOS), Albany, NY, under the tions. Their microscopes come equipped with a terms of a CRADA established in 1992. Joint conventional infrared source, known as a globar, research is performed on the physical principles for sample illumination, and the present optical connected with redirecting, focusing, and colli- design of the microscope is optimized for that mating x-ray beams by means of multiple chan- source. Recently it was demonstrated that a nels. The optics are based on the well-known synchrotron light source, because it is several property that x-rays imdergo specvdar reflection orders of magnitude brighter than any conven- when incident on flat solid surfaces at angles tional source, could produce vastly superior smaller than the critical angle for total external reflection. optics performance. SURF II is just such a synchrotron The have the potential to relax light source, and we are presently estabhshing previously existing constraints by providing to: an infrared microscope facility at SURF II to options increase beam intensity, improve avail the industrial and research communities of beam collimation, increase beam uniformity, this performance advantage. Because the geo- provide flexibility in beam orientation and metrical characteristics of the globar and soiirce to target distance, affect energy selection, synchrotron sources are so different, up to and reduce backgroimd radiation. another order of magnitude could be gained by XOS is investigating using the optics for customizing the optics to work with synchrotron numerous applications including material analy- radiation. sis, x-ray lithography, medical therapy, and medical imaging. Standard Reference Data for use in Ab-Initio In response to ARPA and the ATP program, Modelling. Materials The Electron Physics Group and in the context of a CRADA with X-ray and Photon Physics Group work with Bisoym Optical Systems (XOS) in Albany, NY, we de- the Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA, under signed, constructed, and delivered a high-flux auspices of a to develop standard refer- CRADA micro-focused x-ray source and detector to XOS ence data and improved techniques for use in for the testing of capillary optics at 1 keV. The ab-initio materials modelling. Biosym is a lead- heart of the apparatus is a custom electron gun ing producer of molecular modelling software which can provide 1 mA of current into a that numercially solves the many-electron 0.25 mm spot at low energies onto an actively Schrodinger equation to predict the structme cooled anode. XOS reports performance which and properties of large molecules and solids. A exceeds requirements. Individual optic fibers are number of approximations must be to made to be assembled into an x-ray coUimator for a solve these equations in practice, for the and demonstration project of proximity printing.

184 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX F; INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS

this method can provide a very rapid means for X-ray Application of Charge Injected Devices. making this measurement during the production The Quantum Metrology Group works with CID process and could be used in quality control Technologies, Inc. (CIDTEC), Liverpool, NY, tests to improve yields. under the terms of a CRADA established in 1993. This joint research investigates the suit- CRADA with IBM. Y.-K. Kim has a CRADA ability of Charge Injection Devices (CIDs) for with IBM on the development of multiconfigura- registration of x-ray images. The x-ray energy tion relativistic wave function code for atoms. range of primary initial interest is from 3 keV to Parts of the existing codes have been converted 30 keV. There are two classes of apphcations and verified on NIST’s SP2 parallel computer. A which are of significance to existing programs in recent discovery that multiconfiguration relativ- the Quantum Metrology Group. In both cases the istic wave functions may have incorrect nonrela- x-ray images are produced by crystal diffraction tivistic limits indicates that the use of non- spectrometers. One of the applications is the orthogonal radial functions may lead to more recording of very weak images requiring that the compact wave functions than the traditional CID be operated at temperatmres considerably orthogonal radial fimctions. This possibility will below ambient to permit the needed long inte- be explored further when resources for a postdoc gration times. The second application is to a becomes available. situation where much higher x-ray flux is avail- CRADA with the Advanced Lithograph Group. able and the need is to accumulate spectral The EBIT project renewed a CRADA with the information in exposure times of the order of one Advanced Lithography Group (ALG), a consor- second. tiiim of industrial, government, and imiversity Crystal Diffraction Spectrometry for kV Stan- groups who are working to develop and commer- dardization in Mammography. The Quantum cialize a projection ion hthography system to Metrology Group works with Radcal Corporation, outperform conventional photolithography Monrovia, CA under the terms of a CRADA systems at and below 180 nm linewidth. in 1994. This joint research effort is estabhshed Atomic Data for Lighting Research. The from development and broad dissemination of Atomic Spectroscopy Group is working with clinically useful embodiments of the NIST tech- lighting-industry scientists and the Electric nique for non-invasive determination of the high Power Research Institute (EPRI) to develop and voltage applied to radiological x-ray sources, implement a research program at NIST to pro- particularly those used in mammography. In duce basic atomic data needed for lighting general, the NIST effort will emphasize vahda- research. A NIST/EPRI CRADA for partial sup- tion and extension of the basic technology and port of such work at NIST is now being negoti- available to Radcal certain prototype make ated. devices with which to gain experience in the apphcation of x-ray spectroscopy to the charac- Mercury-Free Fluorescent Lighting. We have, terization of mammographic sources. The Radcal jointly with the Optical Technology Division, component will emphasize issues of manufactur- a CRADA with General Electric Corporate ability of commercially viable and clinically Research and Development, Schenectady, NY, entitled useful systems and their adaptabifity to the full to assist GE in their ATP program range of radiological systems which constitute “Mercury-free fluorescent fighting system.” The the current installed base. goal is to develop a mercury-free replacement for existing fluorescent lamps. NIST is addressing Calibration of Rapid Method for Semicon- the following issues identified by GE researchers Crystal Orientation from Surface ductor Axis to advance their goal: Morphology. The Quantum Metrology Group Experimental determination of important works with EXOTECH, INC., Gaithersburg, MD cross sections for excitation from all significantly the of a established in under terms CRADA populated lower states (i.e., metastable states) to effort is 1994. This joint research to determine all important upper states. the accuracy which can be achieved in measure- Vacuum ultraviolet source and detector ment of the crystal lattice plane orientation of radiometry to accurately calibrate the ultraviolet their surface semiconductor materials from emission from the plasma and compare it to morphology. If favorable results are achieved. model calculations.

185 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX F: INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS

OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846)

Filter Radiometers High-Flux UV Microwave Multi-Photon Detection for Low-Level Radio- Source. The Optical Sensor group works with nuclide Analyses. The research project that Fusion Semiconductor Systems, Rockville, MD comprises the technical effort of the CRADA under the auspices of a CRADA. Joint research with BioTraces, Inc., focuses on evaluating a is performed to study the stability and calibra- new device for the measurement of radiolabeUed tion accuracy of the UV meters used in irradi- compounds of very low specific activities. Due ance measurements of high-intensity UV micro- to the extremely low residual backgrounds wave discharge sources used in semiconductor achieved by this system, the MultiPhoton Detec- resist photostabilization. tor (MPD) can be used in situations where conventional detection systems would be inade- High Accuracy Instrumentation for Photom- quate. This will permit the use of much less etry and Colorimeter. Optical Sensor Group radioactivity in biomedical and other studies, works with Graseby Optronics, imder the auspi- thereby reducing radioactive wastes and costs ces of a CRADA. Joint research has been per- associated with its disposal. The Division is sup- formed on High Accuracy Instnunentation for porting the goals of BioTraces by (1) performing Photometry and Colorimetry. A theory for high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) improved method oftristimulus colorimeters has analyses in various biomedical apphcations; (2) been developed by NIST, and it has been experi- providing expertise and experimental collabora- mentally verified using instnunents developed tion on molecular biological applications of the by Graseby Optronics. A technical presentation MPD; (3) demonstrating the potential applica- was made at SID96 Conference in May 1996. bility of MPD in biomedical tracing, imaging and This CRADA was completed in FY96. therapy; and (4) providing various electron- Total Spectral Flux Realization. Optical Sensor capture nuclide standards and other radio- Group works with Labsphere, Inc., under the isotopes as needed for cahbration and applica- auspices of a CRADA. Joint research is being tions. performed on Total Spectral Flux Reafization Radiochromic Gel Development. The research Using an Integrating Sphere & External Light that comprises the technical effort of this Source. A new method of realizing total flux CRADA with MGS Research, Inc., focuses on the scale has been developed by NIST and imple- development of a novel approach to the mented for the NIST luminous flux scale. Joint measurement of radiation dose and dose distri- research is being performed to apply this new butions in three dimensions using MRI and method for the realization of spectral total flux optical scanning. NIST and MGS have recently scale. developed radiochromic gels which change color Mechanistic Data for Catalytic and Co-poiy- (detectable by tomographic optical scanning) and merization reactions Using Femtosecond infra- pol3mier gels which chcuige molecular structure red Spectroscopy. The Laser Applications (detectable by NMR spectrometers, clinical Group works with DuPont Central Research and magnetic-resonance imagers, spectrophotom- Development, Wilmington DE xmder a CRADA, eters, and tomographic optical scanners) with entitled “Mechanistic Studies of Catalyzed exposure to radiation. Such gels offer the possi- Hydrocyanation using Ultrafast Broadband bility of replacing the ionization chamber with a Infrared Spectroscopy.” The Group also works tissue-equivalent device for the measurement of with DuPont Printing and Publishing, Leeds, UK dose-to-tissue and for the measurement of three- tmder a separate CRADA, entitled “Mechanistic dimensional dose distributions. Polymer gels in Studies of Printing Plate Co-Polymerization vessels which meet the requirements of specific Reactions using Ultrafast Broadband Infrared experiments are prepared by MGS Research Spectroscopy.” while radiochromic gels are prepared by NIST. AU irradiations are done at NIST. AIGER. Spectroscopic Applications Group works with American Industry Government Monoenergetic Photon Beam Production. C.E. Emissions Research Consortium (AIGER) imder Dick in the Radiation Interactions and Dosimetry the auspices of a CRADA. The possibilities of Group works with SFA, Inc., of handover, MD, using Fourier Transform Microwave Spectros- under the auspices of a CRADA. Research is copy in the automobile industry and in the proceeding to develop monoenergetic photon development of a fast oxygenated-hydrocarbon beams by the bombardment of crystalline targets analyzer are being investigated. with energetic electron beams. Construction of a

186 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX F: INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS

beam-line at the MIRF has been initiated and the e-beam radiation curing through free-radical beam has been transported to the end of the polymerization and then free-radical cross link- beam-line. A goniometer to hold the crystal has ing, which leads to IPN formation. been obtained on loan from Lawrence Livermore Automation of Alanine Dosimeter Measure- Laboratories and is currently being refurbished ments. M.F. Desrosiers is working under a for installation on the beam line. The hardware CRADA with Bruker Instruments, Inc., Billerica, for manipulating the goniometer and the soft- MA, to develop an automated alanine dosimeter ware for computer control are nearing comple- sample changer for electron paramagnetic tion. Vacuum hardware and the primary photon resonance (EPR) spectrometers, and the appro- detector are being acquired. priate software, suitable for routine measure- A New Type of Diagnostic X-Ray Tube. The ment in the dose range for radiation therapy Radiation Interactions and Dosimetry Group (1 Gy to 50 Gy) and for industrial radiation works with Rayex, Corp. of Gaithersburg, MD, processing ( > 100 Gy). under the auspices of a CRADA. Research is Alanine Film Dosimeter for Electron-Beam proceeding in the design and construction of a Processing. In a CRADA with W.R. Grace & Co., new type of diagnostic x-ray tube for use in Columbia, MD, M.F. Desrosiers is working to existing diagnostic radiology equipment. This develop a dosimetry system for electron beams, tube will be optimized for significantly higher based on incorporating alanine detector material x-ray output and increased lifetime than current into pol)nner films, and a readout method for the conventional x-ray tubes. The technology film detector using electron paramagnetic reso- involves a fundamental change in the geometry nance (EPR). used in x-ray tube design that was optimized through extensive electron/x-ray Monte Carlo Electron-Beam Waste-Water Treatment. Elec- calculations using a world-leading computer tron beam studies, centered at the NIST MIRF code developed at NIST. The tube has been facility, have proceeded in several areas. Under designed and a prototype has been constructed a CRADA with the Department of Materials and and is under test at the present. Rayex is funded Nuclear Engineering of the University of Mary- for this project by SBIR from the NIH. Two land, electron beam induced degradation of toxic Rayex employees work full time in the NIST metal salts in aqueous solutions has been dem- laboratories. onstrated, with efficiencies of precipitation of mercury as high as 99.9% at typical radiation Interpenetrating Polymer Network Formation processing absorbed doses (~40 kGy). The by Electron-Beam Curing of Acrylate Epoxy model radiation chemical reactions in such Resin Blends. Under a CRADA with the Univer- systems has been substantiated, and the roles of sity of Maryland Department of Materials and oxygen and hydroxyl radical scavengers (e.g., Nuclear Engineering, an experimental study has ethanol) have been established. In collaboration been made to develop continuous maniifactimng with the University of Miami, an aqueous dye processes of complicated structures of epoxy dosimeter is being developed for quality control resin-graphite fiber composites which require a in the electron beam dehalogenation (e.g., PCBs) high degree of control of the level and dispersed and purification of toxic groimd water supplies. of process polymerization. This goal was NIST is also helping the DoE in evaluating the achieved by using a two-step radiation curing progress of legislated contracts on hospital waste process involving different blends of unmodified treatment by electron beams as a viable alterna- epoxy resins with modified acrylate epoxy tive to incineration. Electron beam treatments resins. The first step is designed to achieve for remediation of several environmentally partial curing of the blend by using high-energy- hazardous wastes are being developed as emerg- electron beam (e-beam) irradiation, followed by ing U.S. technologies for small business entre- full thermal curing. Higher glass transition preneurs. temperature (Tg) values are obtained by using modified hilly unsaturated resins with unmodi- Spectrometric Microdensitometer System for fied epoxy resins, as compared to blends of Radiochromic Dose Mapping. W.L. McLaughlin modified monosaturated resins with unmodified and C.G. Soares are working with the Photo- epoxy resins. No partial curing can be accom- electron Corporation of Waltham, MA, under a plished by e-beam irradiation of the unmodified CRADA to develop a system for the imaging of epoxy resin alone. The present results demon- exposed radiochromic films for quantitative strate that the introduction of the fuUy-unsatu- dosimetry in two dimensions. In the program, rated resin blend increases the efficiency of the various elements of the system, the light source.

187 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX F: INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS

lens, CCD camera, computer interface, and the goal of much current work on focussing software, will be evaluated in terms of spectral radiation using either scanned pencil beams or output, sensitivity, dynamic range, noise, con- shaped beams from multiple directions. Deliv- trast, image distortion, spatial resolution, stabi- ered doses are predicted using elaborate treat- lity, and ease of use. Performance will be judged ment planning algorithms based on phantom against the laser scanning microdensitometer. measurements done in rather simple geometry. Success woxild lead to the availability of a fast, Nothing is presently available with which an on- rehable, and perhaps superior system for reading line, real-time, non-invasive measurement of the the radiochromic films used in industrial and actual dose delivered can be made (and possibly medical dosimetry. used to control the dose delivery).

Space-Shielding Radiation Dose Calculations. Standards and Tracaability of the Radio- S.M. Seltzer is working with the Severn Commu- pharmaceutical Industry. The Radioactivity nications Corporation of MiUersville, MD, on the Group works with the radiopharmaceutical incorporation of his latest space-shielding radia- industry to provide needed standards and tion transport database and algorithms into traceability services to the industry imder the Severn’s software package called Space Radia- auspices of a CRADA. Radiopharmaceuticals tion. The prediction of radiation dose within used for radioassay and a radiotherapy are satellites and spacecraft, and its effects on elec- prepared and submitted as calibrated materials tronic devices, is critical for the design, feasibil- or as blinds to the participating companies. ity, and cost studies of spaceborne systems. Standards and Traceability of the Nuclear Such predictions require knowledge of the Power and Standards Suppliers. The Radio- environment of radiation incident on the space- activity Group works under a CRADA with a craft, the penetration of the radiation, and the group combining the nuclear power industry and dose dehvered to the location within the space- standards production laboratories to provide craft, and the radiation effects on the system. standards and traceability services. These Through a CRADA, the collaboration will replace sources are used in power plant monitoring of the older SHIELDOSE code and database used to the waste, normal operations, environmental predict the radiation dose within spacecraft in monitoring, etc. Severn’s Space Radiation with NIST’s recently completed SHIELDOSE-2. The NIST work, developed with NASA support, is based on TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION (847) extensive Monte Carlo calculations for electrons, Frequency Tunable External Cavity Laser bremsstrahlung, and protons. Combining this is coUaborating with Spec- with appropriate radiation environment models, Diodes. Leo HoUberg tra Diode Laboratories, Inc. on the development orbit integration routines, and a well-developed of precision, tunable, diode-laser sources for a treatment of cosmic rays, Severn’s software will variety of measurement applications. provide a complete package that incorporates components recognized as standards in the Miniature Cesium Atomic Clock. Bob industry. Dndlinger and Fred Walls of NIST are working Electric Corp. devel- X-Ray Imaging Camera for Radiation-Therapy with Westinghouse on the opment of a miniature cesium atomic clock. Dose Mapping. Under a CRADA, the Rayex Cor- NIST’s long experience with atomic clock phys- poration is working with the Radiation Interac- ics and electronics complements the micro- tions and Dosimetry Group of the Ionizing fabrication technology which Westinghouse Radiation Division to develop an x-ray imaging brings to the project. In the course of this work, camera with the potential of simultaneously the component of Westinghouse involved in this measuring in real time the profiles of tissue work was sold to Northrup-Grumman Corp., but density and of radiation dose in a patient under- the interaction has continued. going radiation therapy. The efficacy of cancer treatment by beams of ionizing radiation is Phase Noise Standards. Fred Walls has greatly dependent on the precision with which a recently completed a collaboration with Techtrol large radiation dose can be delivered to the Cyclonetics, Inc. on the development of phase tumor site, while holding to sufficiently low dose noise standards for the microwave region. The levels elsewhere in order to spare nearby healthy company now markets a product based on this structures. Optimizing the dose distribution is collaboration.

188 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX F: INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS

QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION (848) spectroscopy, and for other ultrahigh resolution spectroscopy apphcations. of Optical Calibration Spectrum Analyzers Research in the Development of Improved and Tunable Diode Lasers. D. Nesbitt has joined Iodine-Stabilized Lasers. J.L. Hall and Winters with S. Gilbert and D. Franzen of the Electronics ElectroOptics have enacted a CRADA directed and Electrical Engineering Laboratory of NIST in toward making substantial improvements in the a CRADA with Hewlett Packard for the develop- He-Ne laser. The lodine-stabihzed He-Ne laser is ment of wavelength cahbration equipment for one of the primary dissemination/working optical spectrum analyzers and timable diode standards of frequency/wavelength, but until lasers. The project will generate portable fre- recently there has been no readily available quency standards based on molecular overtone commercial product for high precision research absorption in gas cells. The 1500 nm region can or NIST cahbration services. If further developed be probed with broadband emission from a near to be more robust and easier to operate, it could infrared light source. The light transmitted become much more useful as a stable reference through the gas cell contains the molecular laser for both industrial and research apphca- “notches” due to the rovibrationally resolved tions. It wih also be the standard for proving the HCN spectrum, which can be used as either accuracy of diode laser systems for many years, an in-house or internal frequency standard for and will ultimately dominate the global com- the HP 71450A and 7 1451 A Optical Spectrum mercial length standards market. Analyzers. Methods for measuring propagation charac- Development of Piezoelectric Assemblies and teristics of lasers. L. Austin and T. Johnston of Test Procedures for External-Cavity Tunable Coherent, Inc., and J.L. Hah are coUaborating under a CRADA to develop a useful methodology Diode Lasers. E. Cornell has a CRADA with for measuring and characterizing geometrical Melles-Griot to develop large-range piezoelectric aspects of laser beams emitted by practical positioners, and techniques for testing perfor- sources, particularly diode lasers and other sohd mance of external-cavity tunable diode lasers. state sources. This knowledge wiU be apphed Melles-Griot may use such equipment and to developing low-threshold optical parametric techniques for in-house development and/or osciUators. produce new products based on such equipment and technology. Development of a Small Laser Interferometric Ballistic Absolute Gravimeter. Micro-G Solu- External Laser Stabilizer for Laser Frequency. tions, the only U.S. firm producing absolute J.L. Hall has teamed up with M. Jefferson of gravimeters commerciahy, and J. FaUer have a IBM’s Almaden Research Center in San Jose, CRADA devoted to the development of a new in a to finalize design CA, CRADA an improved absolute gravimeter. The current state-of-the-art for an external laser stabilizer that will be instrument is, while exquisitely precise, a rela- hcensed for smaU-scale manufacturing. IBM is tively large (desk sized) and expensive (about currently using the stabilizer on a dye laser to $300 K) instrument. The new instrument is probe spectral hole-burning effects in rare-earth, intended to be much smaUer, hghter, and easier ion-doped crystals of prospective interest in for a single person to transport and set up, information storage apphcations. Hall’s labs are making it much more attractive as a general using the technique to pursue optical frequency research tool and geophysical field instrument. standards using sharp resonances in optically- These improvements wiU push the state of the cooled atoms, in sub-Doppler molecular overtone art in nano-metrology and signal processing.

189 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX F: INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS

OTHER INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS

ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (B42) the filters. Luxel’ s work has been partially funded by an SBIR Phase I grant, which has ATP Program for Mercury-Fre© Lighting. Y.-K. been extended to Phase II this year. Kim participated in an ATP-based NIST program Nichols Research Corporation. An LBIR User Roberts) (monitored by Jim to provide atomic Board had been setup several years ago with Milt sections for mercury-free lighting. collision cross Triplett of Nichols Research as the chairman. The applicability of a new theory to calculate The board has been meeting two times a year to electron-impact ionization and excitation cross coordinate NIST IR calibration and standards sections is being tested heavy atoms. on The development program to address the needs of new theory is simple to use and provides an the IR user community. A user board meeting analytic expression as a function of the incident was held in May 1996, in conjimction with The energy, it suitable for electron which makes Sixth IR Sensor Calibration Symposium at modeling of plasmas generated in a fluorescent Logan, Utah. bulb. Sverdrup Technology (Arnold Engineering Development Center). Steven Lorentz supplied OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) BIB detectors that were designed by NIST to Nonlinear Optical Studies of Liquid Crystal serve as transfer standards at AEDC. The staff of Sverdrup Technology at will use them for Displays. The Laser Applications Group, in AEDC internal consistency checks in various test collaboration with the Surface Dynamical Pro- chambers. Calibrated BIB detectors will be cesses Group in CSTL, is developing laser diag- supplied to them in near future. nostic techniques for the structure of epoxide alignment layers used to orient liquid crystals in Space Dynamics Laboratoiy (SDL). Optical LCD’s, jointly with AUiant Tech Systems (an technology division at NIST sponsored the Sixth ATP awardee). IR sensor calibration symposium in May 1996 and several NIST researchers have presented Gold-Black Depositions. J.P. Rice of the poster papers invited talks. They have been Optical Technology Division interacted with and working with SDL staff in proposing space based Cambridge Research Instrumentation (CRI), calibrations using MIR, the future American Cambridge, MA, by coating novel infrared focal- Space station, and space shuttle flights where plane arrays from Texas Instruments with gold- applicable. black, a lightweight optical absorber. Under an SBIR, CRI is developing a total solar images MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Alan Pine initiated a using the gold-black coated arrays. contract with MIT Lincoln Laboratory to develop photo mixers that would be more efficient IR Instrumentation. A.L. Migdall consulted GaAs and generate THz radiation at higher frequencies with GE Reuter Stokes on IR measurement than those available presently. This would instrument, April 1996. improve the technology for generating long Development of Infrared Neutral Density wavelength IR. Filters. The Optical Materials and Infrared Tech- Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). The devel- nology Group works with Luxel, Inc. of Friday opment of instrumentation, materials and meth- Harbor, WA on the development of neutral odologies for diffuse reflectance has been con- density filters for the 2 ^m to 25 jum wavelength ducted by Leonard Hanssen in cooperation with range, with optical densities ranging from 1 to Dr. Keith Snail at NRL. Based on &e collabora- 10. The filters consist of thin metallic coatings tive work, a book chapter on diffuse reflectance on dielectric substrates. Coatings on 0.25 mm Si measurement has been written. substrates are being produced to serve as SRM’s for infrared regular spectral transmittance. In Optical Metrology for Photolithography. The addition, metallic coatings on ultrathin (100 nm) Division is a key participant in an extensive Lexan substrates are being produced as transfer collaborative effort with several NIST labora- standards to allow laser and broadband transmit- tories, SEMATECH, and MIT Lincoln labs to tance measurements to be directly compared. develop metrology needed for emerging UV Transmittance measurements performed atNIST photolithography technology. The divisions’ have been used to aid Luxel in the modeling and effort focuses on measurements of optical prop- development of various metallic coatings used in erties of candidate lens materials.

190 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX F; INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS

IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) dose rate at a reference point withing, or on blood or blood-equivalent medium. That mea- Methods to Calibrate and Characterize Beta- surement is used to calculate the timer setting Particle Brachytherapy Sources. C.G. Soares is required to deliver the specified dose to the working with Novoste Corp. of Atlanta, Neo- center of the blood product. Dose mapping in Cardia Corp. of Lake Charles, LA, and Isotopen- real or simulated product, using routine Technik of Germany to develop methods to dosimeters, helps to establish the relationship calibrate and characterize intravascular brachy- between the maximum and minimum absorbed therapy sources for use in preventing restenosis dose and the targeted central dose. Mapping, an after angioplasty therapy. The procedure of integral part of a measurement quafity assurance program, helps to ensure that the specified angioplasty is performed over 300,000 times in absorbed-dose distribution within the blood has the U.S. each year, and in about 40% of the been achieved. cases, restenosis occurs, requiring another treatment. Research has shown that a dose of Real-time Solid-state Detector for On-line about 10 Gy, delivered to the wall of the blood Radiation Processing. S.M. Seltzer and W.L. vessel after the angioplasty has been performed, McLaughlin are collaborating with researchers is effective in inhibiting restenosis. NIST has from Medpack, Inc., and Trygon, Inc., on the taken an early and leading role in developing development and refinement of real-time dose methods for the calibration of the sources used monitoring techniques of high-powered, low- for this therapy, empl05dng the NIST extrapo- energy electron accelerators used in industrial lation chamber and radiochromic dye film. radiation processing. The system is based on an electronic monitoring system that records Methods to Characterize Tl Sources for several process variables related to the electron Proficiency Testing. C.G. Soares is working with beam irradiation. Bremsstrahlung from the the University of Michigan on a comparison of passage of the electron beam through the accel- ^°^T1 sources used to irradiate passive dosim- erator beam window is used to monitor the eters for proficiency testing. Discrepancies have intensity, and thus dose, of the beam. A moni- been noted in responses to dosimeters irradiated toring system of this type would greatly con- to various 204-^^ sources. These soiu-ces all pass tribute to the goal of parametric release of irradi- the criteria established by the ISO, DoE, and ated product, as all process variables could be ANSI, and work is imderway to investigate the measured and evaluated in real-time. Such a reasons for the different responses. It is antici- development would allow more efficient use of pated that this work wiU lead to better criteria to the irradiators, which are used to steiHize medi- characterize such low energy sources. cal products, crosslink polymeric materials, and Radiation Treatment of Blood Prior to Trans- cirre coatings. fusion. The American Association of Blood Electron Transport Calculations for CT X-Ray Banks considers the irradiation of blood an Tube Design. Monte Carlo calculations were important factor in the prevention of transfusion done to provide Teledyne Electronic Technol- associated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In ogies with information on the number, energy a collaboration between NIST and Nordion and angular distribution of electrons backscat- International, Inc., it has been demonstrated that tered from the anode for their development of an by means of accurate absorbed-dose measure- x-ray tube with long duty cycle, suitable for ments on the product, or in simulated products, extended routine use in spiral computed tomog- that the specified absorbed-dose range can be raphy systems. The new design relies on a novel achieved. With the increasing regulatory require- heat removal system for the anode, but the ment for dosimetry, a number of dosimetry backscattered electrons need to be tmderstood so services have become available in the blood that measures can be taken to prevent heating of irradiation absorbed-dose range (1500 cGy to the tube envelope. Calculations were done for 5000 cGy), where gamma-ray sources are used. the geometry corresponding to the tube param- Vahdation procedures give standardized results eters and for bombarding electron beams with when calibrated dosimeters are mailed to the energies from 80 keV to 140 keV. blood bank for irradiation, and back to the Calculations of 450 kVp X-Ray Spectra. GE laboratory for analysis. Reference standard Corporate Research 2ind GE Aircraft Engines are dosimeters are used to measure the absorbed- part of an ATP project for “Fast Volumetric

191 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX F; INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS

X-Ray Scanner for Three Dimensional Character- QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION (848) ization of Critical Objects” in the motor vehicle manufacturing technology category. Their initial Laser Flux Monitoring System. A program will detector and system simulation depends on be developed in a partnership between S. Leone knowledge of the x-ray spectrum produced by of the Quantum Physics Division and SVT their 450 kVp x-ray generator. The results of Associates of Minneapolis, MN, to research, extensive Monte Carlo calculations were pro- construct and test a laser flux monitoring sys- vided to characterize the spectrum at the loca- tem for molecular beam epitaxied growth. This tion of the proposed sensor plane and the spec- joint effort, which is supported under the ARPA tral Vciriations over the sensor area. Ultra Program, will address the long-standing Development of Very Low-Level Standards for need for accurate flux monitoring of all species Estimation of Microchip Breakdown Rates. Dow during growth. Chemical Company has developed a new technique for providing ultradense microchips. An Near Field Scanning Optical Microscopy. S.R. old problem has resurfaced, namely, electrical Leone collaborates with Perdix, Inc. on the breakdown can occur when an impurity alpha development of novel tip designs containing particle intrudes and deposits a significant nonlinear optical materials for near field scan- amount of charge. NIST is helping with the ning optical microscopy. problem by developing ultra-low-level standards Neutral Stream Etching. S.R. Leone is a mem- for the testing of polymeric materials used for ber of the SEMATECH working group on Neutral the construction of the chips. Stream Etching, to develop a new generation of Glow-Discharge Resonance Ionization Spec- etching devices that eliminate the damaging troscopy Investigations. J.M.R. Hutchinson and properties of ions in plasma sources. collaborators in the Analytical Mass Spec- trometry Group, Franklin & Marshall College, Real Time Monitoring of Anaesthetic. S.R. and Eastern Analytical Company have installed Leone and W.C. Lineberger worked with repre- a glow-discharge source in one of the NIST RIMS sentatives from Ohmeda to develop a gas calibra- machines. The ultimate purpose is to assay tion system real time monitoring of anaesthetic environmental radioactivity either in the original used in hospitals agents. matrix or with minimum chemical steps prior to Industry at JILA Program. JILA conducts an measurement. “Industry at JILA” visitor series. The goals are: industrial Quality, Inc. Harold Berger of Indus- broaden the perspective of our science gradu- trial Quality, Inc., Gaithersburg, collaborates ate students in the direction of industry so they with the Neutron Interactions and Dosimetry can consider industry careers from an informed Group on neutron radiography and non-destruc- perspective; tive analysis for hydrogen in metals. NIST make our senior scientists more familiar provides a ^^^Cf neutron field to Berger and his with technology problems of interest to U.S. collaborators at the University of Virginia for companies; and high energy neutron radiography; Berger pro- introduce senior industry scientists to our vides industrial samples of interest for hydrogen- in-metals analysis and expertise in neutron world-class technology, facilities, staff, and radiography to NIST. students as a prelude to possible long-term research relationships. Each one-day visit EXXON Research Engineering. M. Arif is includes a discussion of current technical prob- working with the EXXON Corporate Research lems facing a particular industry, meetings with Science Laboratory on neutron imaging of individual JILA staff members and students, hydrogen distribution in a pol)nner electrolyte tours of laboratory and shop facihties, and an fuel cell. informal lunch discussion reserved for students. During the past two years visitors in this series TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION (847) have included:

Two-Way Timing in SONET Systems. Marc Dr. R. Teets, Physics Department, General Weiss and Steve Jefferts are collaborating with Motors R&D Center, Warren, MI, January 1995. Telecom Solutions, Inc. on the use of two-way- Dr. Richard Freeman, Head, Advanced time-transfer methods for synchronizing tele- Lithography Group, AT&T BeU Labs, Holmdel, communications nodes with very high precision. NJ, March 1995.

192 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX F: INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS

Dr. F. Houle, Lithography Group, IBM Dr. W. Rogers, Research Group Leader, E.I. Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, March DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, 1995. DE, February 1996. Mr. P.M. Baker, Executive Director, Laser Willes Weber, Principal Research Scientist, Motor Institute of America, Orlando, FL, April 1995. Ford Company, Dearborn, MI, April 1996. Dr. D. Baney, Hewlett Packard Research Dr. Milton Chang, President, NewFocus Labs, Palo Alto, CA, May 1996. Corp., Sunn5rvale, CA, July 1995. Dr. T. Day, Vice Pesident for Research, Dr. C. Zanoni, Vice President for Research, NewFocus Corp., Santa Clara, CA, visited July Zygo Corporation, Middlefield, CT, September 22 to August 1, 1996. 1995. Dr. N. Dodge, University Relations, Texas Jordan, Gravimetry Group, AUied Signal Bob Instniments Corp., Dallas, TX, September 1996. October 1995. Aerospace, Redmond, WA, Dr. P. Strupp and Dr. R. Chesnut, Quantum Dr. T. Baur, President, and Greg Kopp, Corporation, Louisville, CO, November 1996. Senior Scientist, Meadowlark Optics, Longmont, Dr. E. Pitcher, Silicon Graphics/Cray CO, November 1995. Research, December 1996. n

193 < 5M APPENDIX G

OTHER AGENCY RESEARCH AND CONSULTING PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

OTHER AGENCY RESEARCH AND CONSULTING

ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS W.C. Martin and W.L. Wiese, research for NASA: Building of an atomic spectroscopic database DIVISION (841) needed for space astronomy. L.R. Canfield and R.E. Vest assisted personnel from the University of Southern California and W.C. Martin, research for DOE: Critical compila- NOAA in the calibration of extreme ultraviolet tions of atomic spectroscopic data of magnetic- flux monitors. fusion interest.

C. W. Clark, research for National Science Foxm- F.H. Mies, research for NATO (International dation through the University of Maryland: Collaboration Grant): Collisions of Ultracold quantitative modelling of atomic Bose-Einstein Hydrogen Atoms in Intense Laser Fields. condensates. F.H. Mies, research for NIST-India Cooperative J.J. McClelland and R.J. Celotta, research for Research Program: Photodissociation of Mole- NSF through Harvard University and the Consor- cules in Intense Laser Fields. tium for Light Force Dynamics: laser focusing of P.J. Mohr, Grant from NATO: Research Grant on atoms for nanostructure fabrication and micro- applications of QED theory with Professor G. Soff lithography by exposure of self-assembled mono- of Germany. layers to metastable rare gas atoms. W.D. Phillips, research for the Office of Naval D. T. Pierce and R.J. Celotta, research for ONR: Research: Laser cooling and electromagnetic Magnetism in Low Dimensional Systems to trapping of neutral atoms. make measurements to determine the role that physical and magnetic microstructure plays in W.D. Phillips, for Harvard University: Manipula- determining macroscopic properties. tion of Matter with Light.

J. Reader, research for DOE: Spectroscopy of ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842) highly ionized atoms to obtain data needed for G.W. Bryant, research for Army Research Lab- diagnostics of magnetic-fusion plasmas. oratory: Modeling and simulation of guide/anti- J. Reader and C.J. Sansonetti, research for guide semiconductor structures to implement NASA: Wavelengths and isotope shifts for Hg II, self-imaging waveguide beam-splitters. Zr III, Di II. Ill, Pb III. P. Julienne, recipient of Army Research Office J. Roberts, research for SEMATECH: Ultraviolet grant, subcontracted from the University of irradiance measurement technology for Deep Maryland, for research on the theory of atomic Ultraviolet photolithography. collisions in ultracold atom traps. W.L. Wiese (Principad Investigator), research for Y.-K. Kim, recipient of a Department of Energy the Fusion Energy Office, DOE: Determination of contract to provide electron-impact ionization atomic data for the fusion energy program. This cross sections to the magnetic fusion research is a 4-component program, covering experi- commimity. mental and theoretical work on spectroscopy and Y.-K. Kim, recipient of a NASA contract to collision physics in the Atomic Physics Division provide high-precision oscillator strengths of and at JILA, including the above mentioned atoms and ions for the astrophysics research research by J. Reader, W.C. Martin and Y.-K. community. Kim.

W.C. Martin, research for NASA: Critical compi- W.L. Wiese, research for NASA: Critical evalua- lations of atomic spectroscopic data needed for tion and compilation of transition probability space astrophysics. data pertinent to the space astronomy program.

196 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX G: OTHER AGENCY RESEARCH & CONSULTING

OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) L. Hanssen, A. Migdall, A. Pine, S. Kaplan, and R. Datla, research for U.S. Air Force CCG: Infra- C. Asmail and T. Germer, research for the U.S. red spectral transmittance. Air Force CCG: Development of goniometric optical scatter instrument. L. Hanssen, A. Pine, and R. Datla, research for U.S. Air Force CCG: Spatial tmiformity of filters. C. Asmail and T. Germer, research for General Electric Corporation: Bidirectional Reflectance L. Hanssen and C. Zhu, research for U.S. Army Distribution Function (BRDF) measurements. CCG: Non-linearities in infrared foiurier transform spectroscopy. C. Asmail and T. Germer, research for Physical Optics Corporation: Bidirectional Reflectance E.J. Heilweil, research collaboration with Dr. Distribution Function (BRDF) measurements. Neil Lewis, Division of Chemical Physics, NIH to design and test a step-scan FTIR confocal micro- M.P. Casassa, D.F. Plusquellic, and J.C. Stephen- scope coupled to an MCT focal plane array son, research for AFOSR: Molecular dynamics detector for mid-infrared spectral imaging. measurements of near-threshold reactions of

0(^P) with Hg, H 2 O, and HCN to obtain data J.T. Hougen, researcher for DoE grant “Spectro- needed for modeling chemistry in the upper scopic Investigation of the Vibrational Quasi- atmosphere, orbital environments, combustion, Continuum Arising from Internal Rotation of a and propulsion systems. Methyl Group.”

R. Datla, S. Lorentz, C. Johnson, J. Rice, and R. C. Johnson, L. Hanssen, and G. Eppeldauer, Saunders, research for U.S. Air Force CCG: researchers for U.S. Air Force, CCG: Rapid Medium background IB (MBIR) metrology. blackbody calibrator.

R. Datla, S. Lorentz, and L. Hanssen, research C. Johnson and R. Saunders, research for U.S. for U.S. Air Force CCG: Infrared spectral emmit- Air Force CCG: Infrared target simulator calibra- tance. tion.

D. Dummer, L. Hanssen and R. Datla, research S. Lorentz and R. Datla, research for U.S. Air for U.S. Navy CCG: Infrared polarization stan- Force CCG: Infrared detector transfer standards. dards and metrology. S. Lorentz and R. Datla, research for U.S. Air G. Eppeldauer and A. Migdall developed and Force CCG: Improved absolute cryogenic radi- delivered to Los Alamos National Laboratory a ometer for the LBIR facility transfer standard cryogenic bolometer. The high sensitivity bolometer was calibrated for absolute Y. Ohno, research for Federal Aviation Adminis- spectral responsivity in the 2 ^m to 15 ^m tration: Development of Flashing Light Stan- wavelength range. dards. The goal of the project is to estabhsh NIST flash flashing light standards and to G. Eppeldauer and C. Cromer, research for U.S. develop capability at NIST to cahbrate photom- Air Force CCG: Development of radiance and eters for aircraft anticoUision fights. irradiance infrared transfer standard radiometers. Y. Ohno, C. Cromer, and G. Eppeldauer, research for U.S. Air Force CCG: Photometric G. Eppeldauer and C. Cromer, research for U.S. standards and procedures. Navy CCG: Calibration of night vision detectors. A.S. Pine, researcher for NASA Upper Atmos- G.T. Fraser and J.T. Hougen, research support phere Research Program Contract #W-18,249 on from NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Pro- “Collisional Lineshapes and Molecular Beam gram for “Infrared Spectroscopy Studies on Spectroscopy of Atmospheric Molecules.” Line- Atomposhpere Molecules.” broadening, line-mixing and Dicke narrowing studies of small atmospheric species; low tem- T. Germer and C. Asmail, research for OSMP in collaboration with MIT Lincoln Laboratories: perature, sub-Doppler spectroscopy ofhydrochlo- Quality assessment for fused silica optics in rofluorocarbons and other heavy molecular 193 nm lithography steppers. species in a molecular beam.

L. Hanssen, F. Dunmore, S. Kaplan, and R. R. Saunders and D. Dummer, research for U.S. Datla, research for U.S. Air Force CCG: Filter Air Force CCG: Infrared transmittance and out-of-band blocking. specular reflectance standards.

197 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX G: OTHER AGENCY RESEARCH & CONSULTING

IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) J.M.R. Hutchinson and J.T. Cessna, with support from the Environmental Protection Agency: J. Adams and D.M. Gilliam, consultants to the Provide traceability testing of the EPA primary Nuclear Regulatory Commission: Research on standards laboratory. regulatory guide for neutron dosimetry measurements and calculations for reactor pressure J.M.R. Hutchinson and L.L. Lucas, with support vessels. from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission: Provide traceability testing of the NRC primary J. Adams and A.K. Thompson, research for the quality control laboratory. U.S. Army Pulse Radiation Facility, Aberdeen Proving Ground: Test of electronic damage J. M.R. Hutchmson et al, with support from the surveillance dosimetry using ^^^Cf neutron NEI and the Food and Drug Administration irradiations at NIST. (FDA): Provide standards and calibrations for the primary standards laboratory of the FDA. R. Colle, through an interagency agreement between the NIST Radioactivity Group and the K. G.W. Inn, with support from DoE’s Radiolog- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): ical and Environmental Sciences Laboratory, Provide technical assistance to EPA in designing Idaho Falls: Provide radiochemistry quality and constructing a primary radon calibration assurance by improving the traceability and system at its Las Vegas laboratory. strengthening the credibility of their Radiobio- assay Laboratory Accreditation Program. M.S. Dewey and D.M. Gilliam, research for the DoE: Fundamental physics with cold neutrons; K.G.W. Inn, with support from the Department the neutron lifetime, ultracold neutrons, decay of Energy: Radiochemistry quality assurance to correlation coefficients, production of polarized evaluate the state-of-the-art of ^^®Pu in mine by neutrons, determination of neutron flux, parity inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry non-conserving spin rotation. and fission track analysis.

T. Gentile and A. Thompson, research for the P.J. Lamperti, with support from the Federal DoE as subcontractor to Indiana University: Emergency Management Agency: Provide x-ray Neutron polarizers based on polarized ^He, and gamma-ray caMbrations for FEMA’s labora- radiation metastability-exchange, magnetic field-free tory standards. compression, spin exchange, cell development. C.M. O’Brien and P.J. Lamperti, with support the Drug Administration: Estab- J.M.R. Hutchinson and M.P. Unterweger with from Food and lished national standards and a facility to pro- support from the U.S. Army: Perform traceability vide air-kerma (exposure) calibrations for mam- testing of U.S. Army primary standards labora- mography x-ray beams. tory. S.M. Seltzer, C.M. O’Brien and J.H. Sparrow, J.M.R. Hutchinson and M.P. Unterweger with with support from the Department of Energy: support from the U.S. Army: Perform traceability Spectral measurements of the x-ray beam quali- testing of the U.S. Army field testing program. ties used at NIST to provide air-kerma standards J.M.R. Hutchinson and M.P. Unterweger with and calibrations. support from the U.S. Air Force: Provide C.G. Soares: Work with Brookhaven National measurements and calculations that determine Laboratory on hot-particle dose assessment. the 27r to activity ratios for beta particles emitted from arbitrarily thick sources plated on sub- C.G. Soares, P.J. Lamperti and J.T. Weaver, strates of arbitrary atomic number. with support from the Department of Energy: Installation and characterization of ISO x-ray J.M.R. Hutchinson and M.P. Unterweger with beam qualities at NIST to provide for harmoniza- support from the U.S. Air Force: Provide trace- tion of U.S. and international air-kerma stan- ability measurements and techniques assess- dards and calibrations for radiation protection. ments for the U.S. Air Force primary laboratory. J.H. Sparrow, with support from the Department J.M.R. Hutchinson et al., with support from the of the Navy: Perform calibrations and provide Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Provide image interpretations and consulting for the measurements’ intercomparisons with the EPA’s radiography and high-energy x-ray CT systems primary radon laboratories. used to inspect missile rocket engine assemblies.

198 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX G: OTHER AGENCY RESEARCH & CONSULTING

J.H. Sparrow and S.M. Seltzer, with support T.E. Parker, Consulting for the Jet Propulsion from the National Institute of Dental Research; Laboratory, NASA: Time transfer to NASA sites Participate in the development of a novel tomo- and analysis of time transfer data. synthetic radiographic system to provide tomo- F.L. WaUs, Research and consulting for guidance graphic images for dental appHcations. and metrology center, U.S. Air Force. Develop- J.T. Weaver, with support from the Department ment of a phase noise measurement standard. of the Navy: Perform irradiations of TLD badges F.L. Walls, Research and development of a for proficiency testing of Navy’s personnel pulsed phase noise measurement standard for dosimetry program. the Office of Naval Research (ONR). J. T. Weaver, J. Shobe and S.M. Seltzer, with F.L. Walls, Research for Ft. Monmouth (U.S. support from the of the Navy: Cah- Department Army). Development of phase noise artifacts as brate and characterize the ^^^Cs sources used in transfer standards. the Navy personnel dosimetry calibrations program. F.L. Walls, Research for Ft. Monmouth (U.S. Army). Development of phase noise test sets for PM Milstar project. TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION (847) D.J. Wineland, consulting to Office of Naval R.E. DruUinger, consulting to the U.S. Air Force Research (ONR): Basic research on frequency (Space Division); Basic research on the physics standards and study of cooled, trapped ions. of atomic standards. D.J. Wineland, consulting to Office of Naval R.E. DruUinger, consulting to the Westinghouse Research (ONR): Research into strongly-coupled, Corporation; consultation on the joint Westing- one-component plasmas stored in electromag- - Project. house DARPA Atomic Clock netic traps.

R.E. DruUinger, consulting and delivery of a D.J. Wineland, consulting to the Department of primary frequency standard for the Japan the Army: Research on quantum measurement National Standards Laboratory. with correlated atoms.

K. M. Evenson, Research for the Astrophysics D.J. Wineland, consulting to the National Secu- Laboratory of NASA: Far infrared spectroscopy rity Agency (NSA): Research on quantum com- of atmospheric and space studies. puting.

K.M. Evenson, Research for the Smithsonian Astrophysics Laboratory; Far infrared spectros- QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION (848) studies. copy of atmospheric and space P.L. Bender, research for NASA: Laser Interfer- ometer Space Antenna (LISA) Studies. K.M. Evenson, Research for the office of Space Sciences, U.S. Air Force: Research and consulta- P.L. Bender, research for NASA: Event Rate for tion on planar antennas and diodes for solar LISA Gravitational Wave Signals from Black radiation. Hole-massive Black Hole Coalescences.

D.W. Hanson, consulting to National Weather P.L. Bender, research for NSF: Low Frequency Service, NOAA. Broadcast of marine weather Isolation Systems for Gravitational Wave Inter- alerts on WWV and WWVH. ferometers.

D.W. Hanson, consulting to the U.S. Coast T. Clement, research for NIST; Optical Physics

Guard (Department ofTransportation) . Broadcast AppHcations. of status of GPS sateUites on WWV and WWVH. T. Clement, research for NSF(GG)*: Research in J.A. Levine, D.W. Hanson, Research and con- Atomic and Molecular Physics. sulting for the Naval Research Laboratory: E.A. ComeU, research for ONR: Optical Refriger- Support of NRL Ensemble and Two-way time ation in the SoHd State. transfer projects. E.A. ComeU. research for NSF (GG)*: Research T.E. Parker, Research and consulting for Space in Atomic and Molecular Physics. Division, U.S. Air Force: Analysis of GPS data and systems and consultations on GPS operating E.A. Cornell, research for ONR: Spontaneous procedures. Force Optical Traps.

199 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX G: OTHER AGENCY RESEARCH & CONSULTING

E.A. Cornell, research for ONR; Neutral Atoms S.R. Leone, research for ARO: Anistropy of Hoses and Waveguides. Etching Profiles by Translationally Fast Chlorine Molecules. G.H. Dunn, research for DOE: Determination of Atomic, Molecular, and Nuclear Data Pertinent S.R. Leone, research for ARO: Surface Deposi- to the Magnetic Fusion Energy Program. tion and Etching Interactions of Laser-Generated Translationally Hot Atoms and Radicals. G.H. Dunn, research for NSF (GG)*: Research in Atomic and Molecular Physics. S.R. Leone, research for ARO: Mechanisms of Semiconductor Dry Etching by Translationally J.E. Faller, research for DMA: Absolute Gravity Hot Atoms and Molecules. Meter Development. S.R. Leone, research for ARO: Ultrafast Near J.E. Faller, research for DMA-N: Absolute “g” Co- Field Optical Microscopy of Semiconductor op Program. Materials. J.E. Faller, research for GRI: Borehole Gravity S.R. Leone, research for DOE: Time-resolved Senior Development. FTIR Emission Studies of Laser Photofragmenta- J.E. Faller, research for NASA: Relativity Param- tion and Radical Reactions. eters. S.R. Leone, research for NASA: Laboratory J.E. Faller, research for NSF: Active, Low-Fre- Studies of Low Temperature Rate Coefficients: quency Vibration Isolation system.” The Atmospheric Chemistry of the Outer Planets. J.E. Faller, research for NSF: Low Frequency Isolation Systems for Gravitational Wave Inter- S.R. Leone, research for NASA: Laboratory ferometers. Infrared Emission Studies of Interstellar Mole- cules: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and J.E. Faller, research for NGS: Absolute Gravity Related Species. Meter Development and Repair/maintenance. S.R. Leone, research for NSF: Kinetic Energy A.C. Gallagher, research for NREL: Growth Enhanced Neutral Beam Epitaxy. Mechanisms and Characterization of Hydro- genated Amorphous Silicon Alloy Films. S.R. Leone, research for NSF: State and AHgn- ment Resolved Molecular Dynamics. A.C. Gallagher, research for NSF (GG)*: * Research in Atomic and Molecular Physics. S.R. Leone, research for NSF (GG) : Research in Atomic and Molecular Physics. J.L. Hall, research for AFOSR: Optical Fre- quency Standards, Diode Lasers, and Precision S.R. Leone, research for NATO: Collisional Measurements. Vector Correlations with Analysis of Coherence Terms. J.L. Hall, research for NSF (GG)*: Research in Atomic and Molecxilar Physics. S.R. Leone, research for AFOSR: Ultra-Sensitive Laser Ionization for Real Time Analysis-Control. J.L. Hall, research for ONR: Precision Atomic- beam Spectroscopy with Stabilized Lasers. J.L. Linsky, research for NASA: Instrumental Definition Team for the Far Ultraviolet Spectro- J.L. Hall, research for NIST: Laser Frequency graph Explorer satelHte. Control. J.L. Linsky, research for NASA: Studies of S.R. Leone, research for ACS/PRF: Laser Probing Stellar Chromospheres, Winds, and the Deuter- of III-V Growth. ium Abundance of the Universe using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) (6 individual S.R. Leone, research for AFOSR: Theoretical/ grcmts). Experimental Investigations of the Structure and Dynamics of Highly Energetic Dication Species. J.L. Linsky, research for NASA: Instrument Definition Team for the Space Telescope Imag- S.R. Leone, research for AF/AASERT: Reactions ing Spectrograph. of Atmospheric Cluster Ions. J.L. Linsky, research for NASA: Interdisciplinary S.R. Leone, research for AFOSR: State-Resolved Scientist for the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Dynamics of Ion-Molecule CoUisions in a Flowing Facihty (AXAF). Afterglow.

200 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX G: OTHER AGENCY RESEARCH & CONSULTING

I J.L. Linsky, research for NASA: Studies of D.J. Nesbitt, research for NASA: Time Resolved Stellar Coronae, Winds, and Magnetic Activity Studies of HO + OH Kinetics of Relevance to I 2 the International Ultraviolet Explorer (lUE) 1 using Atmospheric Modeling. Satelhte (2 individual grants). D.J. Nesbitt, research for NSF: Direct IR Laser J.L. Linsky, research for NASA: Studies of X-ray and Double Resonance Absorption Spectroscopy Emission from Stellar Coronae using the ROSAT in Sht Supersonic Jets: Vibrational Dynamics of Satelhte {5 individual grants). Novel Molecular Clusters.

for of X-ray i J.L. Linsky, research NASA: Studies D.J. Nesbitt, research for NSF (GG)*: Research Emission from Stellar Coronae using the ASCA in Atomic and Molecular Physics. Satelhte (3 individual grants). D.J. Nesbitt, research for NATO: CoUaborative J.L. Linsky, research for NASA: Atmospheric Theoretical Experimental Studies of Cluster ’ Diagnostics and Modeling for SteUar Chromo- Dynamics with David Clary at University of spheres and Coronae. Cambridge.

J.L. Linsky, research for NASA: Studies of the D.J. Nesbitt, research for Israel-U.S. Binational Ultraviolet Emission from Stellar Extreme Science Foimdation: CoUaborative Theoretical/ with the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer Coronae experimental Studies of Gas-solid Collision (EUVE) Satelhte (2 individual grants). Dynamics with Berry Gerber at Hebrew Univer- J.L. Linsky, research for NSF: U.S. -Australia sity. Cooperative research on SteUar Radio Emission. D.J. Nesbitt, research for Outreach CoimcU: CU D.J. Nesbitt, research for AFOSR: State-to-State Wizard Science Outreach. Reactive CoUisional Dynamics of Atmospheric P.L. Bender, research for NASA: Laser Inter- Species. ferometer Space Antenna (LISA) Studies.

D.J. Nesbitt, research for AFOSR: Direct Absorp- *NSF Group Grant: Atomic and Molecular Phys- tion Laser Studies of Spectroscopy, Kinetics and ics and Related Areas at the Joint Institute for State-to-state CoUisional Dynamics of Atmo- Laboratory Astrophysics. spheric IR Emitters.

201 'fj

7'ir. /.Hfi’ i

APPENDIX H

CALIBRATION SERVICES AND STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS

203 PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

CALIBRATION SERVICES AND STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS

ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION (841)

CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED - 1995

No. of TYPE OF SERVICE Customer SP 250 Tests Income

Far UV Detector Univ. of California at Berkeley 405 IOC 2 4.3K Smithsonian Astrophysical Obs.

Far UV Detector Spire Corp. 405 lie 2 6.3K Holonix Corp.

Far UV Detector Univ. of Colorado 40530C 1 1.8K

Far UV Detector Johns Hopkins Univ. 4053 1C 2 3K Smithsonian Astrophysical Obs.

Far UV Detector Univ. of Colorado 40560C 2 19K Smithsonian Astrophysical Obs. Univ. of California at Berkeley

Far UV Detector Universal Spectrum Corp. 40561C 8 11. IK Smithsonian Astrophysical Obs. Univ. of California at Berkeley EMR Photoelectric Johns Hopkins Univ. Martin Marietta Universal Spectrum Corp. Univ. of Wisconsin

Far UV Detector Univ. of California at Berkeley 40599S 12 15. 7K Ball Aerospace GE Research Goddard Space Fit. Ctr. Inti. Rad. Detectors Sandia Nat. Lab.

204 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H: CALIBRATION SERVICES AND SRMs

ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION (841) (Cont’d)

CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED - 1996

No. of TYPE OF SERVICE Customer SP 250 Tests Income

Far UV Detector Paul Scerrer Institut 405 IOC 4 15.8K Bechtel Nevada Univ. of California at Berkeley

Far UV Detector VWR Scientific 40530C 1 1.9K

Far UV Detector Smithsonian Astro. Ohs. 4053 1C 2 3. IK

Far UV Detector Univ. of Cahfomia at Berkeley 40560C 1 9.6K

Far UV Detector Universal Spectrum Corp. 4056 1C 5 7.7K Smithsonian Astro. Obs. Univ. of California at Berkeley EMR Photoelectric

Far UV Detector Boston Univ. 40599S 23 55.2K Sandia Nat. Lab. Phys. Tech. Stud. Goddard Space Fit. Ctr. Smithsonian Astro. Obs. Lawrence Berkeley Lab. Ushio America Skytek Corp. Jet Propulsion Lab. Bechtel Nevada Naval Res. Lab. Rutherford Appleton Lab. Osram Sylvania

205 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H: CALIBRATION SERVICES AND SRMs

ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION (841) (Cont’d)

CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED AT THE SURF II SPECTROMETER CALIBRATION FACILITY - 1995/1996

TYPE OF No. of SERVICE Customer Instrument Tests

Spectrometer Naval Research Laboratory SUSIM-ATLAS-3 Solar Ultraviolet 1 Spectral Irradiance Monitor for the third mission of the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science

Spectrometer NASA Goddard Space Flight Solar EUV Rocket Telescope & 6 Center Spectrograph Grating Chamber for spatially-resolved solar emission lines

Spectrometer National Center for EUV Grating Spectrometer for 1 Atmospheric Research High measuring solar EUV irradiance Altitude Observatory

Spectrometer NIST Dual-Grating Monochromator for 4 calibration of in-house standard photodiodes

Spectrometer Lawrence Livermore National Diverter SPRED Spectrometer used 3 Laboratory to characterize impurities and impiulty transport in fusion experiments on the DIIID Tokamak in San Diego, CA

Spectrometer University of Southern Solar EUV Monitor 2 for studying 2 California Space Sciences solar helium emission lines Center

Spectrometer NIST Irradiance scale intercomparisons 1

Spectrometer National Center for Calibration and Test Equipment 3 for 7 Atmospheric Research High calibrating XUV imagers to He and H Altitude Observatory abundances in the solar corona

206 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H; CALIBRATION SERVICES AND SRMs

ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION (841) (Cont’d)

CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED AT THE NIST/ARPA NATIONAL EUV REFLECTOMETRY FACILITY - 1995

No. of TYPE OF SERVICE Customer Tests

Optical Components Osmic 23 LURE (French Synchrotron Facility) NASA Marshall Space Flight Center/Stanford Danish Space Research Institute

Multilayer R & D IBM/Danish Space Research Institute 63 NIST Osmic NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Naval Research Laboratory

Thin Film R & D Aracor 3

Intercomparison NIST, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Naval 9 Research Laboratory

Optical Constants NIST 2 University of Arizona

Magnetic Dichroism NIST 10 Naval Research Laboratory

Grating Efficiency University of Southern California 17 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

Filter Transmission NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 2 NASA Marshall Space Flight Center

Beamline Polarization NIST 10

Total 139

207 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H: CALIBRATION SERVICES AND SRMs

ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION (841) (Cont’d)

CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED AT THE NIST/ARPA NATIONAL EUV REFLECTOMETRY FACILITY - 1996

No. of TYPE OF SERVICE Customer Tests

Optical Components Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 3 Lawrence Livermore National Lab.

Multilayer R & D NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 20 Osmic

Optical Constants NIST 11 University of Arizona

Magnetic Dichroism Naval Research Laboratory 3

Grating Efficiency Tulane University 1 NASA Goddard Space FUght Center

Filter Transmission NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 2

Total 40 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H: CALIBRATION SERVICES AND SRMs

ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842)

CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED - 1995

No. of TYPE OF SERVICE Customer SP 250 Tests Income

Argon Arc Source Stanford University 40040S 1 2K

Argon Arc Source Johns Hopkins 40010C 1 2K Applied Physics Lab

Argon Arc Source University of Pittsbiu-gh 40020C 1 2K

Argon Arc Source Ball Aerospace - 1 2K

CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED - 1996

No. of TYPE OF SERVICE Customer SP 250 Tests Income

Argon Arc Source University of Wisconsin - 1 Covered by CRADA

Argon Arc Source Ball Aerospace 1 2.5K 1

PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H: CALIBRATION SERVICES AND SRMs

OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844)

CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED - 1995

Number of Number Div. TYPE OF SERVICE Customer SP250 Customers of Tests* Income

Pyrometry 350 IOC thru 35070S 19 24 $ 50K Industry Defense & Aerospace 1 Instrument & Cal labs 6 Electrical & Materials 7 Government 5

Spectroradiometry - Sources 390 IOC thru 39060S 12 18 $ 81K Industry Instrument & Cal labs 3 Lighting & Photography 2 Government 7

Spectroradiometry - Detectors 39070C thru 39080S 30 44 $ 54K Industry Defense & Aerospace 6 Instrument & Cal labs 13 Lighting & Photography 5 Government 6

Photometry 37010C thru 37180S 20 29 $ 45K Industry Defense & Aerospace 5 Lighting & Photography 1 Government 4

Spectrophotometry 38010C thru 38100S 19 27 $ 44K Industry Defense & Aerospace 2 Instrument & Cal labs 7 Electrical & Materials 10

100 142 $ 274K Number of lamps, detectors, optical filters or reflectors tested. PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H: CALIBRATION SERVICES AND SRMs

OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) (Cont’d)

CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED - 1996

Number of Number Div. TYPE OF SERVICE Customer SP250 Customers of Tests* Income

Pyrometry 350 IOC thru 35070S 19 28 $ 56K Industry Defense & Aerospace 2 Instrument & Cal labs 4 Electrical & Materials 5 Government 8

Spectroradiometry - Sources 39010C thru 39060S 13 19 $ 66K Industry Defense & Aerospace 3 Instrument & Cal labs 2 Lighting & Photography 2 Government 5 University 1

Spectroradiometry - Detectors 39070C thru 39080S 28 49 $ 63K Industry Defense & Aerospace 3 Instrument & Cal labs 4 Lighting & Photography 13 University 8

Photometry 37010C thru 37180S 28 66 $ 89K Industry Defense & Aerospace 1 Instrument & Cal labs 4 Lighting & Photography 18 Government 5

Spectrophotometry 380 IOC thru 38100S 28 36 $ 52K Industry Defense & Aerospace 3 Instrument & Cal labs 3 Lighting & Photography 17 Government 5

116 198 $ 326K ‘Number of lamps, detectors, optical filters or reflectors tested.

211 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H: CALIBRATION SERVICES AND SRMs

OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) (Cont’d)

STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS - 1995 and 1996

1. SRM 1008, Photographic Step Tablets

For calibration of optical densitometers and similar equipment used in the photographic, graphic arts, and x-ray fields. Certified for transmission densities from 0 to 4.

2. SRM 2015, White Opal Glass for directional-Hemispherical Reflectance from 400 nm to 750 nm.

For use in calibrating the reflectance scale of an integrating sphere reflectometers.

3. SRM 2003, First Surface Aliuninum Mirror for Specular Reflectance from 250 nm to 2500 nm.

SRM 2011, First Surface Gold Mirror for Specular Reflectance from 600 nm to 2500 nm.

SRM 2023, Second Surface Aluminum Mirror for Specular Reflectance from 250 nm to 2500 nm.

SRM 2026, NG9 Black Glass for Specular Reflectance from 250 nm to 2500 nm.

For use in calibrating the photometric scale of specrdar reflectometers.

4. SRM 1920, Near Infrared Reflectance Wavelength Standards from 740 nm to 2000 nm.

For use in calibrating the wavelength scale of reflectance spectrophotometers.

5. SRM 1931, Fluorescence Emission Standards for the Visible Region.

For use in calibrating the relative spectral response of fluorescence spectrometers.

6. SRM 1921, Infrared Wavelength Standards from 3 ^^m to 18 ^m.

For use in calibrating the wavelength scale of infrared spectrometers.

212 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H: CALIBRATION SERVICES AND SRMs

IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846)

Radiation Interactions and Dosimetry Group

DOSIMETRY OF X RAYS, GAMMA RAYS, AND ELECTRONS - FY 1995

Service Type of No. of No. of Tests Fee Service Customers Performed Income

Industrial A 12 28 38,921 B 9 37 29,011 C 1 1 1,089 D 2 2 7,399 E 2 5 13,554 F 4 49 36,585

Medical Facilities A 1 2 3,024 F 15 16 23,950 G 22 57 19,040

Government Agencies A 9 71 93,448 F 3 70 7,146

Foreign Laboratories E 1 2 2,800 F 2 5 6,460

SUBTOTALS A 22 101 135,393 B 9 37 29,011 C 1 1 1,089 D 2 2 7,399 E 3 7 16,354 F 24 140 74,141 G 22 57 19,040 GRANDTOTALS ABCDEFG 83 345 282,427

Service Code Type of Service SP250 Number A X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Measuring Instruments 46010C &46011C B Dosimeter Irradiations 46020C &46021C C Tests of Precision Electrometers 46030S D Special Tests 46050S E Gamma-Ray Sources 47010C &47011C F Beta-Ray Sources and Measuring Instruments 47030C. 47035C & 47040S G High-Energy Electron Beams (Fricke Dosimetry) 48010M &48011M

213 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H; CALIBRATION SERVICES AND SRMs

IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) (Cont’d)

Radiation Interactions and Dosimetry Group

DOSIMETRY OF X RAYS, GAMMA RAYS, AND ELECTRONS - FY 1996

Service Type of No. of No. of Tests Fee Service Customers Performed Income

Industrial A 22 97 129,726 B 10 36 30,753 C 1 1 1,163 D 2 2 8,000 E 1 2 5,598 F 3 44 14,699

Medical Facilities A 4 5 7,501 C 3 3 3,493 F 4 5 7,785 G 20 58 18,192

Government Agencies A 4 74 83,778 F 6 6 7,764

Foreign Laboratories F 1 6 7,764

SUBTOTALS A 30 176 221,005 B 10 36 30,753 C 4 4 4,656 D 2 2 8,000 E 1 2 5,598 F 14 61 38,012 G 20 58 18,192 GRANDTOTALS ABCDEFG 81 339 326,216

Service Code Type of Service SP250 Number A X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Measuring Instruments 46010C &46011C B Dosimeter Irradiations 46020C&46021C C Tests of Precision Electrometers 46030S D Special Tests 46050S E Gamma-Ray Sources 47010C &47011C F Beta-Ray Sources and Measuring Instniments 47030C, 47035C & 47040S G High-Energy Electron Beams (Fricke Dosimetry) 48010M&48011M

214 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H: CALIBRATION SERVICES AND SRMs

IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) (Cont’d)

Radiation Interactions and Dosimetry Group

HIGH-DOSE CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED - FY 1995 Service Customer Type of No. of No. of Tests Fee Classification Service Customers Performed Income

Industrial: A 31 185 89,458 medical product sterilization B 1 1 1,639 Industrial: A 6 29 14,317 polymer modification B 2 2 3,351

University: A 1 3 1,554 B 1 1 1,624

Foreign Laboratories: A 1 11 5,357 B 1 1 1,624 SUBTOTALS: A 39 228 110,686 B 5 5 8,238 GRAND TOTALS: AB 44 233 118,924

HIGH-DOSE CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED - FY 1996 Service Customer Type of No. of No. of Tests Fee Classification Service Customers Performed Income Industrial: A 16 105 47,350 medical product sterilization B 1 2 2,592 C 1 1 399 Industrial: A 4 22 8,580 electronic harness testing B 2 2 2,592 Industrial: A 5 2,590 polymer modification

National Laboratories, B 1 1 1,296 Government Agencies C 2 2 2,550

Foreign Laboratories: A 1 11 4,290 B 1 1 1,296 SUBTOTALS: A 22 143 62,810 B 5 6 7,776 C 3 3 2,949 GRAND TOTALS: ABC 30 152 73,535

Service Code Type of Service SP250 Number

A Dosimeter Calibration 490 IOC B Supply Transfer Dosimeters 49020C & 49030C C Special Measurements 49040S & 49050S

215 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H; CALIBRATION SERVICES AND SRMs

IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) (Cont’d)

Neutron Interactions and Dosimetry Group

DOSIMETRY INSTRUMENT AND SOURCE CALIBRATIONS - FY 1995

Customer Type of No. of No. of Tests Service Fee Classification Service Customers Performed Income

Industrial H 2 5 12,725

I 6 14 6,767 Government Agencies H 3 3 7,635

I 3 16 3,713

* Department of Defense I 1 1

SUBTOTALS: H 5 8 20,360

I 10 31 10,480 GRAND TOTALS: 15 39 30.840

DOSIMETRY INSTRUMENT AND SOURCE CALIBRATIONS - FY 1996

Customer Type of No. of No. of Tests Service Fee Classification Service Customers Performed Income

Industrial H 4 4 10,180

I 3 3 1,500 Government Agencies H 4 4 10,180

I 3 3 1,500

Department of Defense H 1 1 2,545 * I 2 2 SUBTOTALS: H 9 9 22,905

I 8 8 3,000 GRAND TOTALS: H.I 17 17 25,905

*A11 of these calibrations were done as part of a larger contract and were not billed explicitly.

Service Code Type of Service SP250 Number H Radioactive Neutron Source Calibration 440 IOC

I Neutron Survey Instrument Calibration 44060C

216 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H: CALIBRATION SERVICES AND SRMs

IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) (Cont’d)

Radioactivity Group

RADIOACTIVITY CALIBRATIONS - FY 1995

Scheduled Calibrations Non-Scheduled Tests Catagory No. of No. of Sources Income Sources Income

Alpha-particle Sources 27 29,375 15 32,288

Beta-Particle Solutions, 4 3,984 3 5,000 Gases, and Solid Sources

Ganuna-ray Solutions and - - 11 14,550 Point Sources

Totals 31 33,359 29 51,838

RADIOACTIVITY CALIBRATIONS - FY 1996

Scheduled Calibrations Non-Scheduled Tests Cataiforv No. of No. of Sources Income Sources Income

Alpha-particle Sources 9 9,736 4 4,192

Beta-Particle Solutions, Gases, and Sohd Sources - - 6 9,732

Gamma-ray Solutions and Solid Sources 1 1,426 10 8,490

Totals 10 11,162 20 22,414

217 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H: CALIBRATION SERVICES AND SRMs

IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) (Cont’d)

Radioactivity Group

STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS

Radioactivity Standards Issued - FY 1995

SRM Radionuclide Principal Calibration Use

4401L-U Iodine-131 Activity measmement of radiopharmaceuticals 4404L-R Thallium-201 4407L-S Iodine- 125 " 4408L-F Cobalt-57 " 4410L-T Technetium-99m " 4412L-T Molybdenum-99 •' 4415L-S Xenon- 133 " 4416L-P Galliiun-67 4417L-0 Indium-111 " 4426L-A Strontium-89 " 4427L-A Yttrium-90 "

4234A Strontiiun-90 Tracer for radionucUde analysis 4323A Plutonium-238 " 4324A Uranium-232 " 4326 Polonium-209 " 4328A Thorium-229 " 4332D Americiimi-243 " 4339A Radiiun-228 " 4949C Iodine- 129 "

4203D Cobalt-60 Gamma-ray spectrometry analysis 4915E Cobalt-60 "

Total Radioactivity SRMs Distributed; 704 Gross Sales: $383,375

218 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H; CALIBRATION SERVICES AND SRMs

IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) (Confd)

Radioactivity Group

STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS

Radioactivity Standards Issued - FY 1996

SRM Radionuclide Principal Calibration Use

4401L-V Iodine-131 Activity measurement of radiopharmaceuticals 4404L-S Thallium-201 4406L-N Phosphorus-32 4407L-T Iodine- 125 4410L-U Technetium-99m 4412L-U Molybdenum-99 4415L-T Xenon- 133 4416L-Q Galliimi-67 4417L-P Indium-111

4226C Nickel-63 Tracer for radionuchde analysis 4320A Curium-244 " 4328B Thorium-229 " 4330A Plutonium-239 " 4334F Plutonium-242 4338A Plutonium-240 " 4340A Plutonium-241 ”

4233D Cesiimi-137 Gamma-ray spectrometry analysis

Total Radioactivity SRMs Distributed: 616 Gross Sales: $365,878 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H: CALIBRATION SERVICES AND SRMs

TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION (847)

CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED

Note that traceability to NIST and most calibrations are accomplished through direct user reception of NIST broadcasts from WWV, WWVB, WWVH, GOES, and ACTS. In general, for time and frequency metrology, it is only in special situations where in-house calibrations can achieve results not easily obtainable by signal transfer to the user.

FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT SERVICE

This reimbursable service provides measiu-ement assurance for calibration labs. NIST equipment at the user’s lab receives LF signals as reference. Performance of user’s equipment is monitored through a modem by NIST. An initial setup fee and a monthly fee are charged to the user.

1995 1996

Industrial Users: 30 32 Government Users: 19 19

Total service income $231,000 282,000

GLOBAL TIME SERVICE

This reimbursable service provides extremely high-accuracy reference to UTC(NIST) using the Common-View GPS Technique. NIST accesses data from the user’s receiver, analyzes

it, and provides a monthly report on the performance of the user’s standard. An annual fee is charged to the user.

1995 1996

Industrial Users: 3 2 Scientific Users: 2 2 Foreign Users: 2 3

Total service income $54,000 53,000

220 APPENDIX J

ACRONYMS

221 PHYSICS LABORATORY TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

ACRONYMS

AAMI Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation AAPM American Association of Physicists in Medicine ACR Absolute Cryogenic Radiometer ACS American Chemical Society ACTS Automated Computer Time Service ADCL Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Laboratories ADMIT Analytical Detection Methods for the Irradiation Treatment of foods AECL Atomic Energy Canada Limited AEDC Arnold Engineering Development Center AFB Air Force Base AFGL Air Force Geophysics Laboratory AFM Atomic Force Microscope AFOSR Air Force Office of Scientific Research AFPL Air Force Philhps Laboratory AFRRI Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute AIGER American Industry Government Emissions Research Consortium AI Associative Ionization AIAA American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics AIP American Institute of Physics AMI First Launch in the morning series of EOS platforms AMMAC Mexican Metrology Association AMO Atomic, Molecular and Optical AMS Accelerator-Mass-Spectrometry ANS American Nuclear Society ANSI American National Standards Institute ANVIS Aviator Night Vision Imaging System APAS Astrophysical, Planetary and Atmospheric Sciences APHIS Animffi and Plant Health Inspection Service APOMA American Precision Optics Manufacturers Association APRF Army Pulse Radiation Facility APS American Physical Society APS Advanced Photon Source APT Annular Proton Telescope ARO Army Research Office ARPES Angle Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy ASCA Advanced Satellite for Cosmology & Astrophysics ASCA Japan-NASA X-ray Satellite ASME American Society for Mechanical Engineers ASSI Airglow Solar Spectrometer Instrument ASTER Advance Spacebome Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials AT&T Atlantic Telephone & Telegraph ATD Above-Threshold Dissociation ATI Above-Threshold Ionization ATLAS ATmospheric Laboratory for Apphcations and Science ATP Advanced Technology Program ATW Accelerator Transmutation of Waste AURA Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy AXAF Advanced X-ray Astrophysical Facility AXAF-I Imaging Advanced X-ray Astrophysical Facility AXAF-S Spectroscopy Advanced X-ray Astrophysical Facihty

222 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS

BARC Bhabha Atomic Research Centre BB Blackbody BBIR Broad Band Infra Red BBO Beta-Barium Borate BBXRT Broad-Band X-Ray Telescope BCS Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory of superconductivity BCS Bragg Crystal Spectrometer BEC Bose Einstein Condensation BEEM Ballistic Electron Emission Spectroscopy BEV Bimdesamt fur Eich-imd Vermessimgswesen, Vienna, Austria BFRL Building & Fire Research Laboratory BGSM Bowman Gray School of Medicine BIB Blocked Impurity Band BIPM Bureau International des Poids et Mesures BL Beam Line at SURF-II BMDO Ballistic Missile Defense Organization BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory BRDF Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Fimction BFR Building & Fire Research Laboratory BSDF Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Fimction BTI Bubble Technology, Inc.

CAD Computer Aided Design CAM Computer Aided Machining CAMOS Committee on Atomic, Molecular and Optical Sciences CARB Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology CARS Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy CASS Calibration Accuracy Support System CAST Coimcil of Agricultural Science and Technology CBNM Central Bureau for Nuclear Measurements CCD Charged Coupled Device CCDM Consultative Committee for the Definition of the Meter CCDS Consultative Committee for the Definition of the Second CCE Consultative Committee on Electricity CCEMRI Consultative Committee for Ionizing Radiations, CIPM CCG Calibration Coordination Group CCP6 Collaborative Computational Project 6 CCPR Consultative Committee on Photometry and Radiometry CDRH Center for Devices and Radiological Health CEL Correlated Emission Laser CERES Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System CFS Constant-Final-State Spectroscopy CIAQ Committee on Indoor Air Quality CIE Commission Internationale De L’Eclairage CIPM International Committee of Weights and Measures CIRMS Council on Ionizing Radiation Measmements and Standards CIRRPC Committee on Interagency Radiation Research and Policy Coordination CIS Constant-Initial-State Spectroscopy CNIF Californium Neutron Irradiation Facility CNRF Cold Neutron Research Facility CODATA Committee on Data for Science and Technology CORM Coimcil for Optical Radiation Measurements COSPAR Committee on Space Research CPIC International Physics Center, Elba CPU Central Processing Unit CR cascaded rectifier accelerator

223 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS

CRCPD Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors CRADA Cooperative Research and Development Agreement CRI Cambridge Research Insturmentation CRTs Cathode Ray Tubes CRYRING Institute in Stockholm CSDA Continuous Slowing-Down Approximation CSEWG Cross Section Evaluation Working Group CSI Compton Scatter Imaging CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas CSTL Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory CT Computed Tomographic CTI CritiCcd Technologies Institute CU University of Colorado CVD Chemical Vapor Deposition cw continuous wave

DARPA Defense Advanced Research Project Agency DEC Digital Electronics Corporation DMA Defense Mapping Agency DNA Defense Nuclear Agency DNA Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid DOC (DoC) Department of Commerce DOD (DoD) Department of Defense DOE Department of Energy DOELAP Department of Energy Laboratory Accreditation Program DORT Discrete Ordinates Code DRIP Detector Response Intercomparison Program DSA digital subtraction angiography DVM Digital Voltmeter DUV Deep-Ultraviolet

EBIS Electron Beam Ion Source EBIT Electron Beam Ion Trap ec electron-captm-e ECP Effective Core Potential ECR Electron Cyclotron Resonance ECRIS Electron-Cyclotron-Resonance Ion Source ECS Energy-Corrected-Sudden ECSED Electronic Commerce in Scientific and Engineering Data EDX Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis EEEL Electronics & Electrical Engineering Laboratory EELS Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy EEO Equal Employment Opportunity EEP Einstein Equivalence Principle EM Environmental Management ENEA Ente Per Le Nuove Tecnologie, L’Energia E L’Ambiente ENDF Evaluated Nuclear Data File ENDL Evaluated Nuclear Data Library ENSDF Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File EOS Earth Observing System EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPR Electron Paramagnetic Resonance ERATO Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology Office EROS Electric Resonance Optothermal Spectrometer ESA European Space Agency

224 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS

ESDIAD Electron-Stimulated Desorption Ion Angular Distributions ESO Etiropean Southern Observatory ESR Electron Spin Resonance (EPR now preferred) ESR Electrical Substitution Radiometer ESR Experimental Storage Ring ETI environmental technology initiative ETRAN Computer Code EURADOS European Radiation Dosimetry Group EUROMET A European collaboration in measurement standards EUVE Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer EXAFS Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure

FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAD FASCAL Accurate Detector FASCAL Facility for Automatic Spectroradiometric CaUbrations FCCSET Federal Coordinating Coimcil Science, Engineering and Technology FCDC Fundamental Constants Data Center FCPM Fundamental Constants and Precision Measurements FDA Food and Drug Administration FEA Field-Emitter Arrays FEDS Field-Emitter Displays FEL Free Electron Laser FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FET Field Effect Transistor FIMS Fissionable Isotope Mass Standards FIR Far Infrared FLIR Forward Looking Infrared Radiometer FNR Ford Nuclear Reactor FOS Faint Object Spectrograph FOV Field of View FT Fourier Transform FT-IRAS Fourier Transform-Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared FTMS Fourier Transform Microwave Spectroscopy FTS Fourier Trcmsform Spectroscopy FUSE Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer FUV Far Ultraviolet FWHM Full Width at Half Maximum FY Fiscal Year

GAMS 4 NIST High Resolution Spectrometer GBq Gigabecquerels GE General Electric GEC Gaseous Electronics Conference GHRS Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph GIM Grazing-Incidence Monochromator GINGA Japanese X-ray Satellite GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite GPIB General Purpose Instrumentation Bus GPS Global Positioning System GRI Gas Research Institute GRT Germanium Resistance Thermometers GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center GSI Gesselschaft fur Schwerionenforschung GVHD graft-versus host disease

225 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS

H Hungciry HACK High Accuracy Cryogenic Radiometer HDR High Dose Rate HFIR High Flux Isotope Reactor HID High Intensity Discharge HPLC high pressure liquid chromatographic HPS Health Physics Society HPSSC Health Physics Society Standards Committee HRTS High Resolution Telescope Spectrograph HSST Heavy Section Steel Technology HST Hubble Space Telescope HTD Heat Transfer Division HTS High-Temperatiure Superconductivity HUT Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope HVL Half-Value Layer

IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency lAG International Association of Gravity lAU International Astronomical Union IBM International Business Machines IC Integrated Circuit ICPEAC International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions ICRM International Committee for Radionuchde Metrology ICRU International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements IDMS Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry lEC International Electrotechnical Commission IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers lES Illumination Engineering Society lESNA Illumination Engineering Society of North America IGC International Gravity Commission ILL Institut Laue Langevin ILS International Laser Spectroscopy IMGC Istituto di Metrologia “G. Colonnetti” (Italy) IMS Institute for Molecular Science INISO-TTC experimental radiochromic film INM Institute National de Metrologie INMM Institute for Nuclear Materials Management INTERNET An International Computer Network IPSN Institut de Protection et de Surete Nucleaire IPTS International Practical Temperature Scale IQEC International Quantum Electronics Conference IR Infrared IRAS InfraRed Astronomical Satellite IRAS Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy IRDCF Infrared Detector Calibration FacUity IRMM Institute of Reference Materials and Measurements ISCC Inter-Society Color Coimcil ISO International Organization for Standardization ISP International Specialty Products ISSI International Space Science Institute (Bern, Switzerland) ITAMP International Meeting of Theory of Atomic and Molecular Physics ITEP Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics ITER International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ITS International Temperature Scale ITU International Telecommtmication Union lUCr International Union of Crystallography

226 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS

lUE International Ultraviolet Explorer IVR Intramolecular Vibrational Relaxation IVR Intramolecular Vibrational Redistribution IWG Investigators Working Group

JAERI Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute JANNAF Joint-Army-Navy-Air Force JCMT James Clerk Maxwell Telescope JET Joint European Torus JILA Joint Institute Laboratory for Astrophysics JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory

LAGOS Laser Gravitational-Wave Observatory in Space LAMPF Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory LANSCE Los Alamos Neutron Scattering Center LASP Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado LBIR Low Background Infrared Radiometry LBL Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory LBRS Low Backgrovmd Reference System LEED Low Energy Electron Diffraction LEI Laser-Enhanced Ionization LET Linear Energy Transfer LIF Laser Induced Fluorescence LIGO Laser Interferometric Gravitational-Wave Observatory LISA Laser Interferometer Space Antenna LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LMR Laser Magnetic Resonance LMRI French Laboratories de Measure des Rayonnements lonisants LO Laser Optics LORAN-C A Radio Navigation System Operated by the U.S. Coast Guard LPRI Laboratoire Primaire des Rayonnements lonisants, Gif-sur-Yvette, France LS Liquid Scintillation LSC liquid scintillation coimting LTE Local Thermodynamic EquiHbrium LTEC Lamp Testing Engineers Conference LTG Low-temperature-growth

MARLAP Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory Procedures MARS Multiple-Angle Reference System MBE Molecular Beam Epitaxy MBIR Medim Backgroimd Infrared Facility MBOS Molecular-Beam Optothermal Spectrometer MCNP Monte Carlo Neutron Photon (computer code) MCQDT Multi Channel Quantum Defect Theory MCU Mobile Calibration Unit MDRF Materials Dosimetry Reference FacUity MEA Materials Engineering Associates MEIBEL Merged Electron-Ion Beam Energy Loss MEL Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory MET Medium Energy Telescope MIDAS Modular Interactive Data Acquisition System MIL Military MIM Metal-Insulator-Metal (Diode) MIRD Medical Internal Radiation Dose (committee) MIRF Medical and Industrial Radiation Facility

227 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS

MISR Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology MOBY Marine Optical Buoy MOCVD Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition MODIL Manufacturing Operations Development & Integration Laboratory MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer MOKE Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect MOPITT Measurement of Pollution In The Troposphere MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductors MQDT Multichannel Quantvun Defect Theory MPD multiphoton detector MPI Multiphoton Ionization MPP Multi-Pinned Phasing MQA Measurement Quality Assurance MQDT Multichannel Quantum Defect Theory MQSA Mammography Quality Standards Act MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRT Minimal Resolvable Temperature MSEL Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory MSX Midcourse Space Experiment MTG Methanol To Gasoline MURR University of Missouri Research Reactor MW Microwave

NAPM National Association of Photographic Manufacturers NAS Nationcd Academy of Sciences NAS/NRC National Academy of Sciences/National Research Coimcil NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NBS National Bureau of Standards NBS-4 Older Primary Frequency Standard (retains NBS name) NBS-6 Previous Primary Frequency Standard (retains the NBS name) NBSR National Bureau of Standards’ Reactor (retains the NBS name) NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research NCI National Cancer Institute NCRP National Coimcil on Radiation Protection and Measurements NCSCANS National Steering Committee for the Advanced Neutron Source NCSL Nationad Conference of Standards Laboratories ND Neutron Density NDT Nondestructive Testing NEANDC Nuclear Energy Agency Nuclear Data Committee NEANSC Nuclear Energy Agency Nuclear Science Committee NEC Nippon Electric Corporation NED Nuclear Effects Directorate NEI Nuclear Energy Institute NELAC National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference NEOS Newport Electro-Optic Systems NESDIS Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service NEWRAD New Radiometry NGS National Geological Society NIDR National Institute of Dental Research NIH National Institutes of Health NIM Normal-Incidence Monochromator NIM National Instrmnentation Methods NIOF Neutron Interferometry and Optics FacUity NIPDE National Initiative for Product Data Exchange

228 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS

NIR Near Infrared NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST-7 Current Primary Frequency Standard NML National Measurement Laboratory (Japan) NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NMS natural matrix standard NOAA National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration NOAO National Optical Astronomy Observatory NOBCChE National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers NORA Non-Overlapping Redimdant Array NORAMET A North American regional collaboration in national measurement standards and services NPL National Physical Laboratory (U.K.) NRC National Research Coimcil NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory NRL Naval Research Laboratory NRLM National Research Laboratory of Metrology (Japan) NRRS Near Resonance Rayleigh Scattering NSBP National Society of Black Physicists NSCANS National Steering Committee for the Advanced Neutron Source NSF National Science Foimdation NSLS National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory NSOM Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy NVIS Night Vision Imaging System NVLAP National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program

OAI Optical Associates, Inc. OCLI Optical Cooling Laboratory Incorporated OD Optical Density OE Optical Engineering OFS Osterreichisches Forschungszentrum OIML International Organization of Legal Metrology OMEGA 24-Beam Laser Facility at Rochester OMH National Office of Measures (Himgary) ONR Office of Naval Research OPO Optical Parametric Oscillator OPTCON International conference sponsored by 3 agencies: Optical Society of America; Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers; and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ORM Office of Radiation Measurement ORELA Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory OSA Optical Society of America OSRD Office of Standard Reference Data OSTP Office of Science and Technology Policy

PA Proton Affinity PADE Parallel Applications Development Environment PC Personal Computer PCB polychlorinated biphenyls PDE Product Data Exchange PDML Photovoltaic Device Measurement Laboratory PECVD Plasma-enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition PET positron emission tomography

229 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS

PFID Perturbed Free Induction Decay- PL Physics Laboratory PMG Precision Measurement Grant PMMA polymethylmethacrylate PMS Particle Measurement System PMT Photomultiplier Tube PNL Pacific Northwest Laboratory POC Physical Optics Gorporation POPA Panel on Public Affairs of American Physical Society PREP Professional Research Experience Program PRF Petroleum Research Fund PRL Physical Review Letters PRM Precision Radiation Measurement PSD Photon-Stimulated Desorption PTB Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (Germany) PTFE Polytetrafiuoroethylene PUDS Paired Uranium Detectors PWR Pressurized-Water Reactor PWS Primary Working Standards

QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Gontrol QCD Quantum Ghromodynamics QED Quantum Electrodynamics QELS Quantum Electronics and Laser Science QFT Quantinn Field Theory QMD Quantmn Metrology Division QPD Quantmn Physics Di-vision

R&D Research & Development RBE Relative Biological Efficiency RBS Rutherford Backscattering REDA Resonant-Excitation-Double-Autoionization REI Rad Elec, Inc. RHEED Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction RIMS Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry RKR Rydberg-Klein-Rees ROSAT RoentgensateUit Satellite ROSPEC Rotating Spectrometer for Neutrons RS-232 An IEEE Standard Bus RTC Radiochromic Film Task Group RTP Rapid Thermal Processing

SBIR Small Business Innovation Research see Standards Goordinating Gommittee SeLIR Secondary Galibration Laboratories for Ionizing Radiation SDI Strategic Defense Initiative SDIO Strategic Defense Initiative Organization SDL Space Dynamics Laboratory SEAWIFS Sea-Viewing of Wide Field Sensor (also SeaWiFS SEBA Standards’ Employees Benefit Association SEM Scanning Electron Microscope SEMATEeH Gonsortium of 14 U.S. Semiconductor Manufacturers SEMPA Scanning Electron Microscopy with Polarization Analysis SFA Sachs Freeman and Associates SFeP Special Foreign Gurrency Program SFG Sum Frequency Generation

230 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS

SI International System of Units SID Society for Information Display SIRREX-3 SeaWifs Intercalibration Roimd-robin Experiment SKACR Superconducting Kinetic-inductance Absolute Cryogenic Radiometer SLMs Synthetic Layer Microstructures SNOM Scanning Near Field Optical Microscope SOLSPEC Solar Spectrometer SOLSTICE Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment SPIE Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers SRM Standard Reference Material SSBUV Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet SSC Superconductor Super Collider SSPM Solid State Photomultipliers SSRCR State Suggested Regulations for Controlling Ionizing Radiations SSTR Solid State Track Recorder SSUV Shuttle Solar Ultraviolet STARR Spectral Tri-function automated Reference Reflectometer STD Standard STM Scanning Tunneling Microscope STScI Space Telescope Science Institute SUNY State University of New York SURF Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility SURF-II The NIST Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility Electron Storage Ring SUSIM Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor SVGL Silicon Valley Group Lithography SXR SeaWiFS Transfer Radiometer

TAG Technical Advisory Group TAI International Atomic Time TAMOC Theoretical Atomic, Moleculcu-, and Optical Physics Community TC Technical Committee TCAP Time-Correlated Associated Particle TEPC Tissue Equivalent Proportional Coimter TEXT Texas Experimental Tokamak TGM Toroidal-Grating Monochromator TLC thin layer chromatography TLD Thermoluminescent Detector TMA Tri-methyl-aluminum TOF Time-of-Flight Spectrometer TOMS Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer TPD Temperature Programmed Desorption TQM Total Quality Management TRIGA Training, Research and Isotope Reactor, General Atomics TuFIR Tunable Far Infrared (Radiation)

UARS Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite UCN ultra cold neutron UDC University of the District of Columbia UHV Ultrahigh Vacuum UK United Kingdom UPS Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy URL Uniform Resource Locator US United States USA United States of America USAIDR U.S. Army Institute of Dental Research USCEA U.S. Council for Energy Awareness

231 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS

USDA United States Department of Agriculture USFDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration USGCRP United States Global Change Research Program USNA U.S. Naval Academy USNC United States National Committee USNO U.S. Naval Observatory USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics UTC Coordinated Universal Time UV Ultraviolet UV-B (UVB) Ultraviolet-B

VDG Van de Graaff VEEL Vibrational and Electronic Energy Levels VET Vibration Energy Transfer VIS Visible VLA Very Large Array VLBI Very Long Baseline Interferometer (or Interferometry) VNIIFTRI National Scientific and Russian Research Institute for Physical, Technical and Radiotechnical Measurements VNIIM Mendeleyev Institute of Metrology VNIIOF All-Union Research Institute for Optical and Physical Measurements VUV Vacuum Ultraviolet

WAFAC Wide-Angle Free-Air Chamber WERB Washington Editorial Review Board WG Working Group WHO World Health Organization WISE Women in Science and Engineering WKB Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin WMO World Metrological Organization WSTC Westinghouse Science and Technology Center WWV Call letters for NIST short-wave radio station in Colorado WWVB Can letters for NIST If radio station in Colorado

| WWVH CaU letters for NIST short-wave radio station in Hawaii WWW World Wide Web WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get

XANES X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure XROI X-Ray Optical Interferometer XSW X-ray Standing Wave XTE/PCA X-ray Timing Explorer/Proportional Coimter Array XUV Extreme Ultraviolet

YAG Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet

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