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Exploring Institutions, Governance and Collaboration for Regional Integration of Protected Areas in Québec

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Exploring Institutions, Governance and Collaboration for Regional Integration of Protected Areas in Québec Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 2016 Exploring Institutions, Governance and Collaboration for Regional Integration of Protected Areas in Québec Windekind Buteau-Duitschaever Mr. Wilfrid Laurier University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Recommended Citation Buteau-Duitschaever, Windekind Mr., "Exploring Institutions, Governance and Collaboration for Regional Integration of Protected Areas in Québec" (2016). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 1797. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/1797 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Exploring Institutions, Governance and Collaboration for Regional Integration of Protected Areas in Québec by Windekind C. Buteau-Duitschaever B. A. Honours Recreation and Leisure Studies, Waterloo University, 2007 M.A. Recreation and Leisure Studies, Waterloo University, 2009 DISSERTATION Submitted to the Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Doctor of Philosophy in Geography Wilfrid Laurier University © Windekind C. Buteau-Duitschaever 2015 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract The concept of protected areas (PAs) has undergone important changes. The goals and purposes of PAs are to conserve animal and plant species, landscapes and ecological processes and to provide for outdoor recreation opportunities. PA management approaches have also undergone important changes. The once widely accepted doctrines of top-down management have been replaced by management models that include a diversity of actors. In some instances, actors are now sharing governing responsibilities with state representatives while in other instances central government has transferred rights, responsibilities and authority to lower levels of government and non-state actors for the planning and management of PAs. It is generally accepted that PAs should not be viewed as separate entities or „islands‟ within their region. PAs are connected to their region through ecological processes, social interactions and economic activities. The process of regional integration is heavily influenced by contextual factors such as history, economy, governance and biophysical environments and individual actors‟ ability to listen, respect others and compromise. In this study, regional integration is defined as a complex process that incorporates PA staff and regional actors through formal and informal institutional mechanisms in order to synchronize and address planning and management opportunities through the sharing of individual and shared goals. Approaches to PA management focus on understanding the institutions, both formal and informal, and governance processes that guide relationships between PAs and regional actors. These were examined with the goals to improve management practices and to contribute to the theory of regional integration of PAs. This qualitative study adopted a social constructivist epistemology, case study methodology and triangulated research methods (interviews, document analysis, participant observations and journaling). Three case studies located in the Province of iii Québec were selected: Mauricie Region, Saguenay Region, and Gaspésie Region. Additional site visits were also scheduled in Québec City and Montreal with large environmental non- government organizations and government officials. A total of 96 semi-structured interviews were completed with 99 actors from provincial and federal park and protected area agencies, provincial ministries, First Nations, resource industries, ENGOs and individual citizens. Each case study had both formal and informal institutions shaped by the regional contexts for integration and communication between PA staff and regional actors. The Mauricie region demonstrated a strong link between different regional actors in the PA planning process. Many participants indicated that there was almost no integration between the La Mauricie National Park and regional actors. The Gaspésie region had multiple perspectives regarding regional integration. Many participants indicated a positive shift regarding the way in which Forillon National Park staff interact with regional actors and attribute this to new mechanisms implemented by park staff to communicate with them. Gaspésie National Park faces challenges regarding information sharing and regional perspectives towards the park. The Saguenay region demonstrated positive long-standing regional integration mechanisms, mostly focused around the marine park, but participants also indicate a change for the better regarding the SEPAQ parks and the forestry industry. The conceptual framework developed to conduct this study allowed for the examination and explanation of the complex process of regional integration. Regional integration for PAs changes over time and is heavily influenced by individual actors and contextual factors such as institutional histories. Regional integration requires both formal and informal institutions that are capable of operating simultaneously at different scales in order to provide or increase resilience and adaptability of management and planning exercises. Trust between actors is a pre-requisite iv for successful regional integration. Since most decision-making occurs through compromises between actors, trust building ensures that there are no perceived ulterior hidden motivations, allowing for a redistribution of decision making powers between actors. Successful regional integration requires that actors participate in decision-making processes from a strategic-level as this ensures that decisions regarding what should be done and how to proceed can properly be reached. v Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Scott Slocombe for his guidance and support throughout the undertaking of this thesis. Thank you very much for the rapid turn-around time and apt comments and suggestions when reviewing the multiple drafts of this thesis. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. Brent Doberstein, Dr. Paul Eagles and Dr. Rob Milne, for their support and feedback which strengthened the quality of this research, and to Dr. Michael Quinn for his external review. This study would not have been possible without the participation of numerous research participants in my three case study sites, and with central government and NGO organizations in Québec City and Montreal. Without your time and willingness to contribute, I could not have completed this thesis. I also want to thank Parks Canada and SEPAQ for providing me with research permits and granting me access to staff in both their regional and central offices. To the park directors in my case study sites, thank you for providing me with lodging in some of the nicest parks in the province and providing access to park resources for the purposes of my research. Without this assistance, I fail to see how I would have been able to conduct my research. Financial support for this research was provided by Wilfrid Laurier University, the Dr. John McMurry Research Chair in Environmental Geography, the Canadian Council on Ecological Areas and the Ontario Graduate Scholarship. This financial support allowed me to concentrate on my research. Thank you to Pam Shaus for all your help in creating posters and maps. Thank you also to Jo-Anne Horton for helping me navigate the administrative and bureaucratic intricacies associated with completing a PhD. vi I was fortunate to have the ability to work on-campus and to developed strong friendships with fellow grad students in the department. To my two office mates – Thomas Dyck and Luisa Ramirez – thank you for all the wonderful discussions concerning the many facets of graduate school, academia and life in general, and for your kindness, encouragement and words of wisdom which have been invaluable throughout this process. I am very grateful to have shared this experience with you. The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the encouragement and support of my family. Thank you to my parents, Carole and Cyriel, my siblings Boudicca, Eric and Ed for your motivation and support. Thank you also to Elizabeth, Jeff, Mike, Sean and Rose for your support and interest in my progress. Finally, my partner Laura has encouraged and supported me from the onset of this thesis, thank you. vii Dedication A ma mère Carole Buteau et mon père Cyriel Duitschaever viii Table of Contents Author‟s Declaration ....................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ vi Dedication .................................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................
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