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EOAR-Raport Tech-Bibliothèque Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence Marine EEEcosystemEcosystem OOOverviewOverview and AAAssessmentAssessment RRReportReport R. Dufour and P. Ouellet (editors) Science Branch Department of Fisheries and Oceans Maurice–Lamontagne Institut 850, route de la Mer Mont–Joli (Québec) G5H 3Z4 2007 Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2744E Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Technical reports contain scientific and technical information that contributes to existing knowledge but which is not normally appropriate for primary literature. Technical reports are directed primarily toward a worldwide audience and have an international distribution. No restriction is placed on subject matter and the series reflects the broad interests and policies of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, namely, fisheries and aquatic sciences. Technical reports may be cited as full publications. The correct citation appears above the abstract of each report. Each report is abstracted in the data base Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts . Technical reports are produced regionally but are numbered nationally. Requests for individual reports will be filled by the issuing establishment listed on the front cover and title page. Numbers 1-456 in this series were issued as Technical Reports of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Numbers 457-714 were issued as Department of the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service, Research and Development Directorate Technical Reports. Numbers 715-924 were issued as Department of Fisheries and Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service Technical Reports. The current series name was changed with report number 925. Rapport technique canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques Les rapports techniques contiennent des renseignements scientifiques et techniques qui constituent une contribution aux connaissances actuelles, mais qui ne sont pas normalement appropriés pour la publication dans un journal scientifique. Les rapports techniques sont destinés essentiellement à un public international et ils sont distribués à cet échelon. II n'y a aucune restriction quant au sujet; de fait, la série reflète la vaste gamme des intérêts et des politiques de Pêches et Océans Canada, c'est-à-dire les sciences halieutiques et aquatiques. Les rapports techniques peuvent être cités comme des publications à part entière. Le titre exact figure au- dessus du résumé de chaque rapport. Les rapports techniques sont résumés dans la base de données Résumés des sciences aquatiques et halieutiques. Les rapports techniques sont produits à l'échelon régional, mais numérotés à l'échelon national. Les demandes de rapports seront satisfaites par l'établissement auteur dont le nom figure sur la couverture et la page du titre. Les numéros 1 à 456 de cette série ont été publiés à titre de Rapports techniques de l'Office des recherches sur les pêcheries du Canada. Les numéros 457 à 714 sont parus à titre de Rapports techniques de la Direction générale de la recherche et du développement, Service des pêches et de la mer, ministère de l'Environnement. Les numéros 715 à 924 ont été publiés à titre de Rapports techniques du Service des pêches et de la mer, ministère des Pêches et de l'Environnement. Le nom actuel de la série a été établi lors de la parution du numéro 925. i Canadian Technical Report Fishery and Aquatic Sciences 2744E 2007 ESTUARY AND GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE MARINE ECOSYSTEM OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT REPORT R. Dufour and P. Ouellet (editors) Department of Fisheries and Oceans Maurice–Lamontagne Institut 850, route de la Mer Mont–Joli (Québec) G5H 3Z4 ii © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2007. Cat. No. Fs 97–6/2744E ISSN 1488–5379 Correct citation for this publication: Dufour, R., and Ouellet, P. 2007. Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence marine ecosystem overview and assessment report. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2744E: vii + 112 p. Cette publication est également disponible en français. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................. vii RÉSUMÉ ..................................................................................................................................... vii 1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SYSTEM ........................................................................... 2 2.1 Physical environment........................................................................................................ 2 2.1.1 Geomorphologic structure and characteristics ............................................................2 2.1.2 Descriptive physical oceanography.............................................................................2 2.1.3 Dynamic physical oceanography in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence................5 2.1.4 Forcing.........................................................................................................................5 2.2 Chemical environment...................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Chemical characteristics of the water masses..............................................................9 2.2.2 Suspended particulate matter (SPM) ...........................................................................9 2.2.3 Nutrients ....................................................................................................................12 2.2.4 Oxygen.......................................................................................................................13 2.2.5 Organic carbon ..........................................................................................................14 2.2.6 Metabolism in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and carbon fluxes......................................17 3.0 BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM..................................................................................................... 18 3.1 Plankton community....................................................................................................... 18 3.1.1 Bacterioplankton........................................................................................................18 3.1.2 Phytoplankton............................................................................................................19 3.1.3 Zooplankton...............................................................................................................19 3.1.4 Ichthyoplankton.........................................................................................................21 3.2 Macrophytes .................................................................................................................... 22 3.2.1 Macroalgae in the St. Lawrence system ....................................................................22 3.2.2 The macrophyte distribution......................................................................................22 3.2.3 Vascular plants in the St. Lawrence system ..............................................................23 3.3 Zoobenthic community ................................................................................................... 26 3.3.1 Gulf of St. Lawrence benthic community .................................................................26 3.3.2 St. Lawrence Estuary benthic community.................................................................28 iv 3.4 Fish Community .............................................................................................................. 32 3.4.1 Marine fishes .............................................................................................................32 3.4.2 Diadromous fishes .....................................................................................................34 3.5 Marine Mammals and Leatherback turtle ................................................................... 35 3.5.1 Whales .......................................................................................................................35 3.5.2 Seals of the St. Lawrence ..........................................................................................37 3.5.3 Leatherback turtles ( Dermochelys coriacea ).............................................................37 3.6 Marine birds .................................................................................................................... 38 4.0 SOME ELEMENTS OF THE GULF ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS ................................ 39 4.1 Seasonal biological production cycles............................................................................ 39 4.2 Lower Estuary–Gaspé Current–southwestern Gulf complex..................................... 40 4.3 Northwestern Gulf (Anticosti Gyre).............................................................................. 42 4.4 Northeastern Gulf ........................................................................................................... 43 4.5 Recent changes in the Gulf of St. Lawrence ................................................................. 44 4.6 Marine food web dynamics............................................................................................
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