2009 National UPDATED 20 MAY 2019 Parks Board

CONSERVING OUR ’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

ADDENDUM (20 MAY 2019) Singapore’s National Targets Based on Aichi Biodiversity Targets 2011-2020 CONTENTS

01 INTRODUCTION

03 PRINCIPLES & GOALS

STRATEGIES AND ACTIONS

STRATEGY 1 04 Safeguard Our Biodiversity

STRATEGY 2 08 Consider Biodiversity Issues in Policy and Decision-making

STRATEGY 3 10 Improve Knowledge of Our Biodiversity and the Natural Environment

STRATEGY 4 14 Enhance Education and Public Awareness

STRATEGY 5 18 Strengthen Partnerships with All Stakeholders and Promote International Collaboration

21 MONITORING & EVALUATION

ADDENDUM 23 Singapore’s National Targets Based on Aichi Biodiversity Targets 2011-2020

The development of the Garden City took root more than 40 years ago when then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew launched the Tree Planting Campaign in the 1960s. Since then, Singapore’s greening efforts have transformed the island into a distinctively lush city that is almost 50% covered by greenery.

Going forward, our aim is to bring this to the next level – a city embraced in a garden of diverse flora and fauna. This vision is portrayed in many of the children’s artwork featured inside. The drawings reflect the growing environmental awareness among our younger generation and underpin the need to safeguard our natural heritage. “Conserving Our Biodiversity”

maps out Singapore’s master plan for biodiversity. It aims to promote CONSERVING biodiversity conservation, keeping in mind that as a densely populated OUR BIODIVERSITY country with no hinterland, we would have to adopt a pragmatic approach to conservation and develop unique solutions to our challenges. It intends to establish both policy frameworks and specific measures to ensure better planning and co-ordination in the sustainable use, management and conservation of our biodiversity.

Biodiversity conservation cannot be achieved with only efforts from one agency. A holistic approach must be adopted and the inputs of various public sector agencies and nature groups have been taken into consideration in the preparation of this document. The master plan also fulfils our regional and international commitments, primarily the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)1.

Singapore Today — a Garden City, a Haven for Biodiversity space in the city is further enhanced by integrating natural Singapore’s green policies, beginning with the “Garden City” ecosystems into parks, clustering parks with complementary plan in the 1960s, and continuing into the next century as a ecosystems and activities, and connecting them in an island- “City in a Garden” vision, have transformed the city-state into wide network of green links. a distinctive and vibrant global city. The clean and green environment mitigates the harsh concrete urban environment The lush green cover and warm tropical climate make Singapore and improves our quality of life. This has allowed Singapore to a haven for rich biodiversity despite our small land mass. The meet the lifestyle and recreational needs of an increasingly island has more than 2,000 native vascular plant species, some sophisticated population, and enhanced Singapore’s 57 mammal species, 98 reptile species and 25 different attractiveness as a destination for foreign businesses species. Some 355 species of birds also soar and talents. through our skies, along with 282 over species of butterflies.

With careful planning, Singapore has been able to increase its Our inter-tidal and mudflats are home to hundreds green cover2 from 35.7% to 46.5% between 1986 and 2007, of fish species, which live in the root systems of more than 31 despite the population growing by 68% from 2.7 million to 4.6 true plant species. meadows still remain, million. Currently, close to 10% of the total land area is set with 12 of the 23 Indo-Pacific species found within Singapore’s aside for parks and nature conservation. This sense of green waters. More than 100 species of inter-tidal sponges have

1 The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an international agreement established by the United Nations. The CBD currently has 191 Parties. Singapore signed the CBD on 12 June 1992 and subsequently became a Party on 21 December 1995. For more information on the CBD, please visit www.cbd.int

2 This refers to the area covered by greenery. This is based on a study conducted by the Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing (CRISP), National University of Singapore.

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3 CONSERVING OUR BIODIVERSITY Smooth Otters can often be spotted in Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. 2009 National UPDATED 20 MAY 2019 Parks Board

Strategy 1: Safeguard Our Biodiversity Conserve Singapore’s habitats and ecosystems for long-term sustainability, so that Singaporeans can benefit from their multiple functions. Concerted efforts should be made to protect existing native species, habitats and ecosystems, and to re-establish species which once existed.

Actions: 1.1. Implement species conservation and recovery programmes 1.2. Rehabilitate areas that have previously been degraded 1.3. Extend green corridors to counter fragmentation 1.4. Utilise parks for ex-situ conservation and to house or re-create ecosystems that have been lost

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5 CONSERVING OUR BIODIVERSITY The Ugly Truth The Smoke From Catholic High School: The Factory Shi Cheng Zi Jing, Kenneth Zhang De Primary School: Teng, Liew Wai Yinn, Sandy Toh, Patricia Lim, Terence Szeto Chee Jia Yi, Teo Jing Yi

2009 The healthy tree by the river A factory emitting poisonous is dead in its reflection. Our gas results in acid rain that environment is dying. The destroys life. This painting was many wonderful sights of created to raise awareness of

National nature are just the minority. the bad effects of air pollution. Much of nature on Earth is The sunflower is lucky to have UPDATED 20 MAY 2019 Parks Board facing a crisis and we need shelter from danger but not to do something about it. the rest of the world.

Terrestrial Rehabilitation Programme: Active, Beautiful and Clean (ABC) Waters Programme Ketam Mountain Bike Park Soft-scaping of our waterways has an important role to play The Ketam Mountain Bike Park in is a good example in benefiting our biodiversity. Most streams, rivers and ponds of how land can be optimally used for different needs. The in the built-up parts of Singapore had been given hard edges, project demonstrated the sustainable co-existence of nature created by masonry, walls or concrete, to prevent flooding and conservation and outdoor recreation. protect infrastructure. Now, the trend has been reversed: changes in water flow and water levels are managed rather When NParks took over management of the site in 1999, it than prevented, and the ABC Waters Programme engages the had been highly impacted by past granite quarrying activities. People, Public and Private (3P) sectors to take ownership of The severely degraded land was devoid of greenery and water resources. It includes initiatives to manage catchments biodiversity, and the ground was highly compacted with granite and waterways for recreation and enjoyment. Our drains, canals chips and dust. and reservoirs are being transformed into beautiful streams, flowing rivers and vibrant lakes. To rehabilitate the site, about 350,000 cubic metres of soil were brought in for landscaping and over 1,500 trees and Soft edges, with a variety of native plants, help to merge the shrubs were planted. The Bike Park is now a lush habitat for built and the natural environment. They encourage direct a large number of open country wildlife, attracting even birds interaction between people and waterways. Projects such as previously not found in Pulau Ubin e.g. the Red-wattled Lapwing, the revitalisation of the Kolam Ayer riverside encourage Baya Weaver and Lanceolated Warbler. dragonflies, kingfishers and local water plants to thrive. Planted edges create more habitat types, and more places for to seek shelter, rest and feed. The plants can also help in making the water cleaner.

More information about the ABC Waters Programme can be found at http://www.pub.gov.sg/abcwaters/

6 our skies of Some Stork-billed Kingfisher birds . 355 soar species through

7 CONSERVING OUR BIODIVERSITY A sustainable management plan for was developed in consultation with various nature groups. 2009 National UPDATED 20 MAY 2019 Parks Board

Strategy 2: Consider Biodiversity Issues in Policy and Decision-making The government will take into account biodiversity issues when making decisions and adopt holistic approaches towards conserving our natural environment.

Actions: 2.1. Incorporate biodiversity conservation considerations, including integrated coastal management principles, into existing administrative processes 2.2. Enhance biodiversity assessment capabilities 2.3. Strengthen the current processes on access and benefit sharing, to ensure that biodiversity conservation is considered when granting access to Singapore’s natural genetic resources

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9 CONSERVING OUR BIODIVERSITY 2009 National UPDATED 20 MAY 2019 Parks Board

A survey of Singapore’s natural areas unearthed new records of species never before seen here.

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11 CONSERVING OUR BIODIVERSITY She’s Beautiful Nature’s Opposites Pei Tong Primary School: Raffles Institution: Gan Jia Ai, Bai Yu Xin, Ng Yi See Yong Xin, John Kee Jia Shien, Ho Pei Xuan Liang, Daniel Siew Jihan When I lift my head, This collage shows the 2009 I can see the clean negative and positive impacts opalescent sky. of man on nature in Singapore. When I take a deep breath, The positive side shows I inhale the clean pristine scent. beautiful greenery and a lion

National The Earth I stand on drinking from the water while Radiates serenity and beauty. the reflection shows the UPDATED 20 MAY 2019 Parks Board negative side with a vandalised tree and sewage.

Singapore Red Data Book Documenting Our Marine Biodiversity The Red Data Book is a list, with photographs and descriptions, To better understand and assess the state of our marine of the plant and species in Singapore which need biodiversity, NParks has embarked on a series of research improvement on their conservation status. It indicates the main projects in collaboration with different research institutions and reasons for rarity of these species, and gives positive guidance interest groups to study, document and monitor our marine on actions that can be taken for improvement. Many countries natural heritage. have their own Red Data Book, complementing the global list of threatened species that is maintained by IUCN World The study on the biodiversity and distribution of the marine Conservation Union. Singapore’s first edition of the Red Data sponges (an animal that comes in various colours, shapes and Book was produced in 1994 and a second updated edition sizes and is rooted to one spot, very much like a plant) of was published in 2008. Singapore with NUS is one such example. These sponges play many important roles in the coral reef ecosystem such as The book is a resource for planners, researchers, students and serving as food and providing habitats for other marine agencies, to help plan conservation actions. It is also the basis organisms. They also possess potential chemical compounds for monitoring, so that the status of species can be tracked. that are of interest to pharmaceutical companies. The study Its contents highlight a number of cases where the status of has so far recorded over 100 species of inter-tidal sponges, a species in Singapore differs from the global picture. A species of which more than 40 are new records for Singapore, and at that is common overseas can be very rare in Singapore. least one is new to science. The project is now in its second Conversely, some species threatened elsewhere, such as the phase, targeting sub-tidal species. Great-billed Heron and the Straw-headed Bulbul, are doing well here. Local context is very important in planning local Another research programme that Royal Belgian Institute of actions. This is where Singapore’s own data sources and Natural Sciences, NUS and NParks are currently working on publications are essential. is the Singapore Mangrove Insect Project. Eleven mangrove sites in Singapore were surveyed during a one-month sampling In line with making information more readily accessible, the campaign in May 2009 to document the species richness and Red Data Book is being placed on-line. assess the quality of each site. The insect fauna of Singapore was found to be surprisingly rich and one of the best known in the world. During the one-month sampling, at least 10 new fly species for science were found, demonstrating that even in a densely populated country like Singapore, treasures can still be found.

12 The Singapore Hornbill Project studies the nesting ecology of the Oriental Pied Hornbill. CONSERVING OUR BIODIVERSITY

Treasures can still be found even in a densely populated country like Singapore

13 Natural areas act as living classrooms to encourage greater nature appreciation. 2009 National UPDATED 20 MAY 2019 Parks Board

Strategy 4: Enhance Education and Public Awareness Knowledge and awareness are pre-requisites for action hence communication on biodiversity issues is critical in driving public involvement. Effective communication will create greater awareness and interest in our natural heritage and instill a sense of national pride.

Actions: 4.1. Increase appreciation, awareness and understanding of Singaporeans for nature through public seminars, road shows and events 4.2. Promote volunteerism through biodiversity interest groups 4.3. Incorporate elements of biodiversity conservation into the curricula of all levels of education

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15 CONSERVING OUR BIODIVERSITY Future in Our Hands Irony of Life Secondary School: Zhang De Primary School: Group of 5B and 5C Sandy Toh, Patricia Lim, art students Chee Jia Yi, Teo Jing Yi We used our fingers and A lady takes great care of her 2009 handprints to create an image garden yet the real world is of a tulip flower. We want to dying. She seems to be present the idea, quite literally, someone who loves nature but that if we put our hands on the other hand owns a car

National together, we will be able to that contributes to air pollution. make our world a better and This is the irony of life. Do we UPDATED 20 MAY 2019 Parks Board more beautiful place. see her in ourselves?

SUN Club: Special Projects To Understand Nature Wild Singapore Online! The SUN Club programme is founded on the idea of ‘nature The “Wild Singapore” website (http://www.wildsingapore.com) for everyone’. It aims to bring nature appreciation to students was created by Ria Tan, a nature enthusiast, to provide a one- with special needs through tailor-made projects developed in stop resource portal for Singaporeans who want to learn more consultation with special schools. about our nature areas and do more for them. The website features news on biodiversity and environmental issues, and Initiated by NParks and launched on 3 October 2006, the SUN provides a listing of nature-related events in Singapore. Fact Club programme is supported by a sponsorship from Singapore sheets for visitors on Singapore’s nature areas are available, Press Holdings Foundation (SPH Foundation). It is a community along with a listing of volunteer opportunities and other ways partnership project that also involves the National Council of to make a difference for nature in Singapore. Nearly 7,000 Social Service (NCSS) and five special schools that pioneered photos of Singapore’s wildlife are also available for free the programme with NParks. download. Singapore’s marine biodiversity and related- issues form the focus of the affiliated “Wild Shores of Singapore” SUN Club participants get to visit some of Singapore’s most blog (http://wildshores.blogspot.com). Since it went online fascinating nature areas with trained guides: the Sungei Buloh in 2007, the “Wild Singapore” website has attracted nearly Wetland Reserve, Nature Reserve, Pulau Ubin, 800,000 visitors, with 2,000 to 15,000 unique visitors Park and . They will bring home fond each month. memories of Singapore’s biodiversity, and gain an understanding as to how they, themselves, are a critical link in the web of life. In recent years, more Singaporeans are blogging about nature and environmental issues, a sign of growing awareness of nature conservation. This trend not only allows ordinary Singaporeans to take a deeper interest in our natural heritage, but also builds a community of people who care about and act on these issues.

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17 CONSERVING OUR BIODIVERSITY 2009 National UPDATED 20 MAY 2019 Parks Board

Dr Aaron Bernstein, co-author of “Sustaining Life”, was the keynote speaker at the ASEAN Conference on Biodiversity 2009.

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21 CONSERVING OUR BIODIVERSITY 22 National Parks Board 2009 UPDATED 20 MAY 2019 ( The burrowinggiantclam Singapore’s Tridacna crocea),nativeto marine areas. © Karenne Tun

practices forfisheriesinBox A. No targetwillbetrackedasfisheriesisnotsignificantinSingapore’s context.Singaporesharesitscurrent

extractive industriesorlargescaleagriculture. No targetwillbetrackedasthisisaimedatlargercountrieswithsubstantivenaturalresourcesandhave

Apply scienceandecologicalprinciplesintolanduseplanning. Singapore’s NationalTargets 3 Achieve overallnationalrecyclingrateof65%in2020. By 2020,7.5%ofSingaporewillremainasnaturalareas. The TenthMeetingoftheConferencePartiestoConventiononBiological populated countriesintheworld. Diversity (COP-10)in2010adoptedtheStrategicPlanforBiodiversity2011-2020and By 2020,Singaporewillachievea5%increaseinthetotalnumberofcitizenscientists. conservation activities. By 2020,therewillbea30%increaseinthenumberpublicandprivateorganisationsthatparticipatebiodiversity highly urbanisedcity-stateof724.2km(2018)andonethemostdensely national targetshavebeendevelopedinthecontextofitsuniquecircumstancesasa “to developnationalandregionaltargets,usingtheStrategicPlanitsAichiTargets,asa the AichiTargets flexible framework,inaccordancewithnationalprioritiesandcapacities…”.Singapore’s Aichi BiodiversityTargets3,6,13,14, 18and20arenotapplicabletoSingaporedueouruniquecircumstances. Incentives reformed Aichi BiodiversityTarget3 Biodiversity valuesintegrated Aichi BiodiversityTarget2 Habitat losshalvedorreduced Aichi BiodiversityTarget5 Sustainable managementofmarinelivingresources Aichi BiodiversityTarget6 Sustainable consumptionandproduction Aichi BiodiversityTarget4 Awareness increased Aichi BiodiversityTarget1

3 ( https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/). COP-10calledonParties 2

23 CONSERVING OUR BIODIVERSITY 24 National Parks Board 2009 UPDATED 20 MAY 2019

By 2020,apotentiallyinvasivealienspecieslistforSingapore willbecompiled.

change adaptationstrategies acrossmultiplegovernmentagencies. Singapore willassessandenhance Singapore’sresiliencetoclimatechangethrough thedevelopmentofclimate

By 2020,setambientSO By 2020,annualmeanofPM2.5toreduce12µg/m By 2020,setambientSO Land isascarceresourceinSingaporeandhastobe Box B:CurrentpracticesinSingapore’sagriculture/ activities aretaggedtolicencesandlicensingconditions.SFA practices helptoensurethatthefarmlandisputproperuse. ensures thatfarmerscomplytoourlicensingconditionsthrough During theplanningphase,SFAconsultsagenciessuchas a routinesurveillanceprogramme.Thesepoliciesand Current practicesforagriculture aquaculture sector legislation togiveeffectCITESinSingapore.NParks sustainably. Foragricultureland,theallowablefarming

regulates tradeinallCITESspecies,includinganyCITES- NParks toensurethatthefarmingactivitiesdonotresult CITES shipmenttraded(includingtransit)throughSingapore. Singapore hasonlyonefishcarrierthatcarriesouttranshipment of CITESinSingapore.NParksadministerstheEndangered listed marinefishandinvertebrates,throughissuance Species (ImportandExport)Act(ESA),whichisthenational The NationalParksBoard(NParks)isthenationalCITES On prevention of import and transhipment of illegal fishproducts ofimportandtranshipmentillegal On prevention for agricultureandaquacultureinBoxB.ThereisnoforestrysectorSingapore. No targetwillbetrackedasthesesectorsarenotsignificantinSingapore.Singaporesharesitscurrentpractices of CITESpermitsandcertificates.UndertheESANParksis of fishproductsintheseasmanagedbyRegionalFisheries Endangered SpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(CITES) authority responsiblefortheimplementationandenforcement empowered totakeenforcementactionagainstanyillegal Box A:CurrentpracticesinSingapore’sfisheries On implementingtheConventiononInternationalTrade in Management Organisations(RFMOs)andallSingapore-flagged in relation to Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing(IUUF) UnreportedandUnregulated in relationtoIllegal, Invasive alienspeciespreventedandcontrolled Aichi BiodiversityTarget9 Pollution reduced Aichi BiodiversityTarget8 Pressures onvulnerableecosystems reduced Aichi BiodiversityTarget10 Sustainable agriculture,aquacultureandforestry Aichi BiodiversityTarget7 2

levelsatannualmeanof15µ levelsat24-hourmeanof50µg/m 2 3

. g/m 3

. On monitoringoflocalfisheries in negativeexternalitiesandaresustainable(i.e.donot Singapore iscooperatingwith,soastoensurethatno Singapore’s aquaculturesitesintheStraitsofJohorhasbeen For aquaculture,astudytodeterminethecarryingcapacityof completed. SFAwillalsobeinitiatingstudiestoassessthe fish productsinrelationtoIUUFaretranshipped.SFAalso the SingaporeFoodAgency(SFA)toensurethatnoillegal suitability ofaquacultureinsouthernwaters.Thesestudies impact assessmentmayberequiredoreffected. manage theaquacultureindustryinamoresustainablemanner. would assistSFAtodeveloppolicymeasuresoptimiseand works withseafoodtraderstocomplyRFMOsthat illegal fishproductsinrelationtoIUUFareimported. products intheseasmanagedbyRFMOs,aremonitored fish carriertranshipmentreportsonof 3 conduct fishingactivitieswithinterritorialwatersonly.All Commercial fishingvesselslicensedbySFAareallowedto natural ecosystems).Wheredeemednecessary,anenvironmental encroach intonaturereserves,minimisingtheimpacton Current practicesforaquaculture

data iscollated. catch bythecommercialfishingvesselsisreportedand .

Target ismorerelevanttoPartieswithsignificantagriculturalsector. By 2020,7%ofterrestrialandinlandwater,0.5%coastalmarineareaswillremainasnaturalareas. ecological connectivity. By 2020,Singaporewilldevelopatotalof360kmparkconnectorsand100kmNatureWaystoenhance services fortheirdailyneeds. More relevanttoPartieswherewomen,indigenousandlocal communities andthepoorvulnerablerelyonecosystem in thetablebelow: By 2020,Singaporewillestablishpopulationsof11locallyendangeredspeciesinanumbernewhabitats,asshown (Tree) Scolopia macrophylla (Tree) Margaritaria indica (Strangling Fig) Ficus stricta (Epiphyte) Fagraea splendens (Hard coral) Madracis kirbyi (Climber) Tetrastigma rafflesiae (Honeycomb coral) Gardineroseris planulata (Tree) Ormocarpum cochinchinense (Neptune’s cupsponge) Cliona patera (Cinnamon bushfrog) pictus (Singapore freshwatercrab) Johora singaporensis Target Species Extinction prevented Aichi BiodiversityTarget12 Protected areasincreasedandimproved Aichi BiodiversityTarget11 Ecosystems andessentialservicessafeguarded Aichi BiodiversityTarget14 Genetic diversitymaintained Aichi BiodiversityTarget13 reintroduction (by2020) Targeted sitesfor 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 2 3

25 CONSERVING OUR BIODIVERSITY

Aichi Biodiversity Target 15 Ecosystems restored and resilience enhanced

2009 Singapore will report on the accounting of carbon stock and carbon flux in vegetation and land use every 2 years.

By 2020, natural ecosystems will be enhanced or restored within 3 selected parks. National By 2020, the habitats of 3 coastal areas would be restored and enhanced, by incorporating design elements that are suitable UPDATED 20 MAY 2019 Parks Board for coastal substrates.

By 2020, 25,000 trees and shrubs will be planted across the nature parks and nature reserves as part of the Forest Restoration Action Plan 2019-2029.

Aichi Biodiversity Target 16 Nagoya Protocol in force and operational

By 2020, preliminary policy and guideline on Access and Benefit Sharing.

Aichi Biodiversity Target 17 NBSAPs adopted as policy instruments

By 2019, Singapore has updated the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP, 2009) to include national targets to guide its efforts in biodiversity conservation in the country.

Aichi Biodiversity Target 18 Traditional knowledge respected

Singapore does not have indigenous and local communities.

Aichi Biodiversity Target 19 Knowledge improved, shared and applied

By 2020, Singapore will put in place an updated national database system with biodiversity related information to be used to aid decision making within government and sharing of biodiversity information with the public.

Aichi Biodiversity Target 20 Financial resources from all sources increased

No target will be tracked as generally Singapore is able to source its funding internally for biodiversity related projects.

26

National Parks Board Singapore Botanic Gardens 1 Cluny Road Singapore 259569

Tel: (65) 6471 7808 Telefax: (65) 6472 3033

Website: http://www.nparks.gov.sg Email: [email protected]

CONSERVING OUR BIODIVERSITY

Singapore’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan