Technical Dossier © GISAT, June 2011

SAFER Activation ID: SFR20110118_2 Technical Dossier © GISAT, June 2011

Technical Dossier

AGRICULTURE CHANGE ASSESMENT 2006 – 2010/2011

Yemen – Sa’ada Governorate

Agriculture change assessment was carried out by comparison of imagery from 2006 (situation in normal year without fighting) and 2010/2011 (situation after the 6 th war). Extent of agriculture land and changes of managed / cultivated agriculture land were identified for western part of Sa’ada governorate.

GMES Emergency Response Service SAFER Activation No. SFR20110118_2 © GISAT 2011

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The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement No. 218802.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 4

2 AREA OF INTEREST...... 5

3 SATELLITE DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION...... 9 3.1 BASELINE SATELLITE DATA ...... 9 3.2 ANCILLARY SATELLITE DATA ...... 10 3.3 ANCILLARY DATA ...... 10 3.4 PROCESSING STEPS ...... 11

4 RESULTS ...... 13 4.1 OVERVIEW FOR THE SA’ADA GOVERNORATE - AGRICULTURE LAND STATUS ...... 13 4.2 OVERVIEW FOR THE SA’ADA GOVERNORATE - MANAGED AGRICULTURE LAND CHANGE ....16 4.3 AL DHAHER DISTRICT ...... 19 4.4 AS SAFRA DISTRICT ...... 23 4.5 GHAMR DISTRICT ...... 27 4.6 HAYDAN DISTRICT ...... 31 4.7 MAJZ DISTRICT ...... 35 4.8 RAZEH DISTRICT ...... 39 4.9 SAHAR DISTRICT ...... 43 4.10 SAQAYN DISTRICT ...... 47 4.11 SHADA’A DISTRICT ...... 51

5 ANNEX...... 55 5.1 VECTOR PRODUCTS ...... 55 5.2 MAP PRODUCTS ...... 57 5.3 BASELINE SATELLITE DATA ...... 59

6 REFERENCES ...... 61

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1 INTRODUCTION

Since early 2004, the militant rebels Al-Houthi are in armed conflict with the Yemeni army and government- backed tribal fighters in Yemen’s governorate Sa’ada. Up to now, six rounds of armed conflicts took place whereas the 6th and latest one lasted from August 2009 until February 2010. 2004: First outbreak 2005: Second outbreak 2007: Third outbreak 2008: Fourth outbreak 2009-2010: Fifth outbreak 2010: Sixth outbreak Year 2006 could be considered as normal year without fighting with respect to the conflict time scale indicated above. Humanitarian community requires a state of play of the agriculture recovery after the 6th war in Yemen in the whole Sa'ada Governorate in order to visualize the impact of the war on livelihood and to plan contingency. Satellite imagery was utilized to analyze the coverage of agriculture land and cultivation activities (e.g. sowing ) comparing the baseline of a normal year (2006) and after the 6th war (August 2009 - February 2010) according to the agriculture calendar.

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2 AREA OF INTEREST

The area of interest is the Sa’ada governorate in north-western Yemen.

Fig. 2.1: Area of interest (AOI) overview

After preliminary agriculture mask analysis the area of interest was reduced to cover 13 of 15 Sa’ada districts where more than 95% of district’s arable land is situated and where fighting was the most intensive in recent years. According to [1] districts Al-Hashwah and Kitaf wa Al-Boqe’e are under control of tribes that are not involved into conflict among Al-Huthis and government forces. Forms of agriculture activities, size and shape of fields and crops being cultivated in the Sa’ada governorate depend on various factors. These include both natural ones, such as: distance from the sea affecting rainfall, orography - altitude, slope and exposition; and human related factors, such as: irrigation, consumption demand, access to markets, armed conflict etc. Both aforementioned variable factors together with geographic and temporal distribution of rainfall affect harvesting cycle respective to each crop and vegetative phase of natural vegetation. In terms of natural conditions the Sa’ada governorate represents variable area with rough mountainous western part, central plateau with relatively high altitude and desert east. Rainfall is distributed very unevenly – the highest in the western mountains with annual precipitation 500 – 800 mm, declines reasonably towards east and nort-east with 200 – 300 mm in area of Sa’ada capital city and the lowest in the easternmost part of the province receiving less than 100 mm rainfall annually. Figure 2.2 present the basic division (livelihood zones) of the Sa’ada governorate taking in account above mentioned factors and examples of variability of agriculture land.

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Source: Image chips courtesy of Google

Fig. 2.2: Definite AOI, orography and crop zonality of Sa’ada governorate

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Sa’ada Governorate – Administrative Districts Num Altitude District of Num of Sub Area Min Max Range Mean Code* Name cities* villages* villages* [km2] [m] [m] [m] [m] 2201 Baqim 1 64 179 1156 1318 2747 1429 2047 2202 Qatabir 1 40 270 188 1410 2699 1289 2079 2203 Monabbih 1 58 1027 432 454 2723 2269 1326 2204 Ghamr 0 62 112 175 568 2557 1989 1512 2205 Razeh 2 150 874 233 328 2694 2366 1421 2206 Shada'a 0 38 231 67 270 1327 1057 601 2207 Al-Dhaher 1 31 503 197 242 1117 875 515 2208 Haydan 1 88 690 569 454 2662 2208 1671 2209 Saqayn 1 279 297 534 690 2811 2121 2216 2210 Majz 2 51 284 922 1049 2874 1825 2100 2211 Sahar 1 117 343 742 1460 2627 1167 1963 2212 As-Safra 0 95 304 1607 1548 2308 760 1866 2213 Al-Hashwah 0 45 136 427 1388 2365 977 1733 Kitaf wa Al- 2214 Boqe’e 1 87 351 5192 1075 2325 1250 1593 2215 Sa’ada 0 7 29 27 1854 2060 206 1913 Total 12 1212 5630 12466 * According to the final results of 2004 census from "Statistical yearbook 2008, Central Statistical Organization, Ministry of Planning & International Cooperation, Republic of Yemen, July 2009" in Saliba, R. (2010): Preliminary Report on affected districts following the Conflict in Sa’ada Governorate. UNHCR

Tab. 2.1: Sa’ada governorate - administrative districts According to the [2] the province area belongs to 2 of 15 livelihood zones of Yemen: Zone 9 and Zone 12 as indicated in the Tables 2.2 and 2.3. Each zone differs in terms of crops, their harvesting cycle and number and length of rainy seasons.

Source: Yemen - Livelihood Zones (2010). USAID

Tab. 2.2: Zone 9 - Sa’ada Irrigated Wheat, Fruit, Vegetables, Qua and Livestock

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Source: Yemen - Livelihood Zones (2010). USAID

Tab. 2.3: Zone 12 – Western central Highland Coffee, Qat, Sorghum and Livestock

Regardless geographic location prevailing mode of agriculture is intensive cultivation. In the east and the north east field pattern is quite distinct compared to sandy bare soil in vicinity. This is due to arid character of climate and consequent lack of natural vegetation. In relatively more humid areas in the west part of the area, natural vegetation occurs in form of permanent shrubs, groves and thickets between fields which make identification of cultivated areas considerably more difficult. More, during rainy season the land seems to be covered by low grass there as indicated in the Figure 3.

Fig. 2.3: Time series base on MODIS 16-day NDVI composites. Images show NDVI thresholded by 0.25 in sequence for: 1.3.2010, 21.6.2010, 8.9.2010.

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3 SATELLITE DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

3.1 Baseline Satellite Data For purpose of mapping Sa’dah agriculture, high resolution multispectral satellite data from Rapid Eye and SPOT 4 were selected and procured. Given resolution of 5 m ( Rapid Eye ) and 10 m ( SPOT 4 ) respectively provides compromise between extent of the area of interest and level of detail required for agriculture structures identification. Pan-sharpening mode of SPOT 4 was requested to provide increased spatial resolution of 10 m closer to RapidEye’s 5 m than native 20 m one. Scenes were ordered with acquisition dates corresponding to the vegetative phases of main crops and outside of peak of rainy seasons detailed in Tables 2 and 3. In order to cover sowing periods of different crops that vary even within one zone, availability of multi-temporal data coverage was necessary. Multi-temporal coverage mask was created for area covered by 2 scenes for each time horizon of interest (2006 and 2010/11). List of scenes is summarized in the Table 3.1 and the Figure 3.1 shows extent of multi-temporal coverage for investigated part of the Sa’ada governorate.

Fig. 3.1: Satellite data coverage of western part of the Sa’dah governorate

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As seen from the Figure 3.1, small areas of Baqim and As Safra districts are not covered by the RE imagery at all. Nevertheless, the respective areas are desert and rough where no agriculture is located as was found by analysis of preliminary crop mask using web sources (MERIS, MODIS, Landsat) before the actual data were ordered. Managed agriculture land change assessment could have been performed only under the multi-temporal EO coverage mask. For the area outside of the mask only status of managed agriculture land area for year 2010/11 could be extracted. For six districts with full EO data coverage complete agriculture land area mask and managed agriculture land change could be extracted: Al Dhaher, Ghamr, Razeh, Shada’a, Saqayn and capital Sa’ada, which has been, nevertheless, excluded from change analysis due to its small size and prevailing urban character. In addition managed agriculture land change assessment was also carried out for the following districts: As Safra, Haydan, Majz and Sahar, where more than 70% of agriculture land is covered multi-temporally. As a result, 9 districts were assessed in total.

Satelite Data Overview Satelite / Category No of Acqisition Spatial Bands Processing Sensor scenes date resolution level 19 23.6.2010 5 m B, G, R, RE, NIR 3A 18 7.2.2011 5 m B, G, R, RE, NIR 3A Rapid Eye HR1 2 17.2.2011 5 m B, G, R, RE, NIR 3A 3 19.2.2011 5 m B, G, R, RE, NIR 3A 6 10.3.2011 5 m B, G, R, RE, NIR 3A

1 4.2.2006 10 m G, R, NIR, MIR 2A 1 4.7.2006 10 m G, R, NIR, MIR 2A SPOT 4 HR1 1 20.9.2006 10 m G, R, NIR, MIR 2A 1 11.10.2006 10 m G, R, NIR, MIR 2A

Tab. 3.1: Satellite data overview

3.2 Ancillary Satellite Data Ancillary satellite data were used to support agriculture mask extraction. For creation of preliminary mask Terra MODIS 16-day NDVI/EVI composites were utilized. Visualization of time series created from composites gives good impression on development of vegetation content in the area throughout the year. Utilization of additional Landsat 5 imagery acquired in 2006 was also considered for extraction of the final agriculture mask and change assessment, however this idea was canceled due to limited spatial resolution of Landsat multispectral imagery compared to SPOT 4.

3.3 Ancillary data For purpose of visualization and statistical assessment another supportive layers were utilized: SALB Administrative Districts – administrative districts were used as the basic statistical units for status and change assessment.

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SRTM 90m DEM – slope and altitude zones were used as another statistical units for status and change assessment providing link between agriculture dynamic and orography at both regional and district level. Yemeni topographic maps (50k) – only for Al Dhaher and Shada’a districts. Maps were used for validation and as a source for feature extraction for mapping. Soviet topographic maps (200k) – for the whole governorate. Maps were used for validation and as a source for feature extraction for mapping. GeoNames – gazetteer was used as a source of toponyms. Other web sources – were used as a source of toponyms, for extraction of preliminary agriculture mask and for verification of interim results.

3.4 Processing steps General processing schema of agriculture information extraction is outlined on figure below.

Fig. 3.2: Processing workflow diagram

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Image data pre-processing Pre-processing of imagery involved in the first step of radiometric calibration (transfer of digital values to apparent top-of-atmosphere reflectance). Topographic correction was also considered, but it was precluded due to coarse resolution of SRTM DEM that would introduce artifacts into corrected imagery. Rapid Eye data Level 3A have been georeferenced by the satellite data provider. Geometric accuracy was checked against SRTM DEM and topographic maps. SPOT 4 scenes were then co-registered to RE. In the end scaling to 8 bits and mosaicking was carried out.

Interpretation and classification of cultivated areas In the frame of preliminary mask of agriculture (with high amount of commission errors) segmentation and classification was performed using object based image analysis (OBIA) in the Trimle Ecognition environment. Interim mask of agriculture land was then further enhanced by visual interpretation using baseline and ancillary imagery. The minimum mapping unit applied was 0.025 ha = 250 m2 (10 pixes in RE resolution). The cultivation/sowing status of fields was determined in the next step according to vegetation content represented by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Fields were categorized by thresholding of NDVI calculated in each scene. Where full multi-temporal coverage was available, the fields were assorted using combination of their status for each time horizon (2006 and 2010/11). Change classes were derived by aggregation and combination of status information for each year under the multi-temporal coverage mask. The matrixes indicating the aggregation logic are explained in the vector data tables in the annex.

Resulting data Resulting agriculture land mask represents area with EO detectable signs of agriculture use based on spectral information, structural patterns and multi-temporal logic and includes arable land, permanent crops as gardens and orchards (including khat cultivation), cultivated permanent grassland and fallow land. Managed agriculture land then reflects actual agriculture land use / cultivation in particular year based on multi- temporal (seasonal) spectral information. Fallow land represents the agriculture land not cultivated in particular year.

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4 RESULTS

4.1 Overview for the Sa’ada governorate - agriculture land status As mentioned in chapter 2, the area of interest (AOI) for analysis is located in the Sa’ada governorate in north-western Yemen. Based on preliminary agriculture mask analysis the area of interest was focused on 13 of 15 Sa’ada districts, covering more than 95% of district’s arable land and, at the same time, suffering the most from armed conflict during last years. Analysis is based on Earth observation (EO) information derived from data for 2010/11 and 2006 year. While actual status situation (2010/11) is provided for all districts, agriculture change analysis (2006-2010/11) is provided for districts covered with multi-temporal EO data only. Summary table Fig. 4.0: Area of interest (AOI) overview below gives overview with respect to agriculture land share in each district in observed years. In total, only about 10% of the area (642.5km2 out of 6848.4km2 ) was identified as agriculture land. As seen in table below, the general tendency between 2006-2010/11 shows decrease of managed agriculture land and increase of fallow land share (with few exceptions) all over the AOI.

2010/2011 2006 * 2006 EO data coverage*

Area Total % of agri- Total % of % of Total % of % of * Valid for * Valid for (km2) agriculture managed managed fallow managed managed fallow % of total % of total culture land per agri- land per land per agri- land per land per district agri- land district culture total agri- total agriculture total agri- total agri- area culture (km2) area land culture culture land culture culture land area District (km2) land land (km2) land land in district

Al Dhaher 196,5 28,8 14,7 10,8 37,5 62,5 20,5 71,2 28,8 97 100

As Safra 1608,1 55,8 3,5 30,6 54,8 45,2 32,4 78,7 21,3 57 74

Baqim 1156,2 27,4 2,4 18,6 67,7 32,3 0,4 59,2 40,8 6 3

Ghamr 174,6 27,5 15,8 19,6 71,1 28,9 18,4 67,0 33,0 100 100

Haydan 568,5 92,6 16,3 57,2 61,8 38,2 69,5 81,1 18,9 66 93

Majz 922,1 82,4 8,9 45,6 55,4 44,6 33,8 48,8 51,2 93 84

Monabbih 431,7 51,1 11,8 29,8 58,2 41,8 13,2 61,1 38,9 51 42

Qatabir 188,3 9,7 5,2 4,4 45,1 54,9 - - - - -

Razeh 232,7 73,7 31,7 40,6 55,1 44,9 58,0 78,7 21,3 100 100

Sa'ada 27,1 6,2 22,7 4,3 69,4 30,6 5,6 90,4 9,6 100 100

Sahar 742,1 106,8 14,4 61,6 57,7 42,3 81,4 76,7 23,3 98 99

Saqayn 533,8 68,0 12,7 42,7 62,9 37,1 47,5 69,9 30,1 100 100

Shada'a 66,7 12,5 18,7 6,2 49,5 50,5 11,0 88,1 11,9 100 100 * Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Agriculture land = managed agriculture land + fallow land Tab 4.1 Agriculture land area share and total agriculture land area in 2010/11 and 2006 per districts

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Figures 4.1 and 4.2 below represents spatial distribution of agriculture land within the AOI, agriculture land area share and total agriculture land area in particular districts. As seen, districts with the largest total agriculture land area are represented by Sahar, Haydan, Majz, Razeh and Saqayn providing more then 65% of total agriculture land area within AOI. The most agriculture land dense districts are Razeh and Sa'ada (with more then 20% share) and Shada'a, Haydan and Ghamr (with more then 15% share). The least agriculture land dense districts are As Safra and Baqim (with less then 5% share of agriculture land area).

Fig 4.1 Spatial distribution of agriculture land within the AOI, agriculture land area share and total agriculture land area in districts Almost 65% of the agriculture land is cultivated in high altitudes between 1600-2400 meters (see figures 4.3 and 4.5). More then 40% of the agriculture land is cultivated in areas with slope steeper then 10 deg , and 20% even steeper then 18 deg (see figures 4.4. and 4.6). This fact, together with a general tendency for increase of fallow land area, could lead to increased risk of soil erosion and flash flood events in the AOI.

Agriculture land share per Agriculture land share per Agriculture land share per district Ghamr altitude slope Baqim Qatabir Shada'a 4% 3% 4% Sa'ada 2% 2% Al 3% 4% 1% Dhaher 10% 16% Sahar 4% 7% 17% Monabb 18% 14% 39% ih 8% Hay dan As 14% Saf ra 21% 9% Majz Saqay n 13% Razeh 11% 45% 20% 11%

200 - 400 401 - 800 801 - 1200 0 - 4 5 - 10 11 - 17 1201 - 1600 1601 - 2000 2001 - 2400 2401 - 3000 18 - 25 26 - 46

Fig 4.2 Agriculture land share per district Fig 4.3 Agriculture land share per altitude (meters) Fig 4.4 Agriculture land share per slope (%)

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Fig 4.5 Agriculture land area share per altitude

Figure 4.6 Agriculture land rea share per slope

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4.2 Overview for the Sa’ada governorate – managed agriculture land change Table 4.2 provides more insight into dynamics of evolution in managed agriculture land in the AOI during period 2006 – 2010/11 and highlights differences in particular districts. In general, about 25% of the total agriculture land has been changed during this period in the most of the districts. The biggest agriculture dynamic is recorded for Shada'a (40%) and Al Dhaher (37%) district. As mentioned general tendency in period 2006 – 2010/11 is the overall decrease of managed agriculture land – in average of 10% of total agriculture land, up to 20% in case of Sahar , Hayadan and Razeh districts.

2006 EO data 2006 - 2010/2011 * coverage*

Managed % of Managed % of Agriculture % of Agriculture * Valid for * Valid for agriculture managed agriculture managed change agriculture change % of total % of total land agriculture land agriculture dynamic dynamic saldo district agriculture increase land decrease land (km2) per total (km2) area land in (km2) increase (km2) decrease agriculture district per total per total land agriculture agriculture District land land

Al Dhaher 0,5 1,6 10,2 35,3 10,6 36,9 -9,7 97 100

As Safra 1,5 3,7 10,7 25,9 12,2 29,6 -9,1 57 74

Baqim 0,2 21,7 0,0 2,9 0,2 24,6 0,1 6 3

Ghamr 2,8 10,2 1,7 6,1 4,5 16,3 1,1 100 100

Haydan 1,5 1,7 19,3 22,5 20,8 24,3 -17,8 66 93

Majz 11,3 16,4 5,8 8,5 17,2 24,9 5,5 93 84

Monabbih 4,5 20,9 2,4 10,9 6,9 31,8 2,1 51 42

Qatabir ------

Razeh 0,8 1,1 18,2 24,7 19,1 25,8 -17,4 100 100

Sa'ada 0,1 1,6 1,4 22,6 1,5 24,2 -1,3 100 100

Sahar 4,1 3,9 24,3 22,9 28,5 26,8 -20,2 98 99

Saqayn 6,0 8,8 10,8 15,9 16,8 24,7 -4,8 100 100

Shada'a 0,1 0,9 4,9 39,5 5,0 40,4 -4,8 100 100

* Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Managed agriculture land increase = increase (formerly fallow, later managed)/ agriculture land Managed agriculture land decrease = decrease (formerly managed, later fallow)/ agriculture land Stable managed = no change Stable fallow = no change Tab 4.2 Managed agriculture land area dynamics in period 2010/11 and 2006 per districts

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General tendency of decrease of Development of managed land 2006 - 2010 / 2011 – detailed balance [ha] cultivated area on agriculture land is also Managed land decrease demonstrated on figure 4.7 providing Managed land increase 2000 detailed comparison of managed 1500 1134 1000 agriculture land increase/decrease 598 281 413

500 152 82 150 balance in particular districts during 47 0 -500 period 2006 – 2010/11. Overall

-1000 -169

-493 11 distribution of managed agriculture land -1500 -585 -1823 -1932 -1079

-1018 -1067 increase/decrease (figures 4.8-4.13) -2000 -2433 -2500 roughly follow the overall agricultural -3000 land share according altitude and slope, Majz Sahar Razeh

Ghamr nevertheless slight tendency can be Saqayn Haydan Shada'a As Safra Al Dhaher observed of higher managed agriculture

Fig 4.7 Managed land changes 2006-2010/11 – detailed balance per district land decrease in low altitude areas. Finally, figures 4.14-4.16 show increase, decrease and overall change dynamic (total turnover) of managed agriculture land per district in percent of total agriculture land area in particular district.

Managed land increase per total Managed land increase per Managed land increase per altitude slope Al Razeh Hay dan 1% 1% 2% Sa'ada Dhaher 3% 5% 2% 11% 2% 0% As 11% 23% Saf ra Shada'a 31% 0% 5% 7 Ghamr Majz 25% 40% 10%

Sahar 18% 14% 44% Saqay n 31% 21%

200 - 400 401 - 800 801 - 1200 0 - 4 5 - 10 11 - 17 1201 - 1600 1601 - 2000 2001 - 2400 2401 - 3000 18 - 25 26 - 46

Fig 4.8 Managed land increase per district Fig 4.9 Managed land increase per altitude Fig 4.10 Managed land increase per slope

Managed land decrease per Managed land decrease per Managed land decrease per total altitude slope Ghamr Shada'a Sa'ada 2% 5% Majz 1% 5% 3% 3% 9% 8% Al 6% 18% Dhaher Sahar 9% 13% 23% 44% As Saf ra Hay dan 10% 13% 21% 18% 48% Saqay n Razeh 10% 14% 17% 200 - 400 401 - 800 801 - 1200 0 - 4 5 - 10 11 - 17 1201 - 1600 1601 - 2000 2001 - 2400 2401 - 3000 18 - 25 26 - 46

Fig 4.11 Managed land decrease per district Fig 4.12 Managed land decrease per altitude Fig 4.13 Managed land decrease per slope

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Managed land increase per agriculture land Managed land decrease per agriculture land Managed land change dynamic per agriculture Share (%) Share (%) land Share (%) 1 6 - 8 16 2 9 - 16 17 - 25 3 - 4 17 - 23 26 - 27 Baqim 5 - 10 Baqim 24 - 26 Baqim 28 - 30 Qatabir Qatabir Qatabir 11 - 22 27 - 39 31 - 40 No MT data No MT data No MT data

Monabbih Monabbih Monabbih Majz 11,3 Majz 5,8 Majz 17,2 As Safra As Safra As Safra 2,8 1,5 1,7 10,7 Ghamr Ghamr 4,5 Ghamr 12,2 Sa'ada Sa'ada Sa'ada 0,8 Saqayn 18,2 Saqayn 19,1 Saqayn 0,1 0,1 4,9 Razeh 1,4 5Razeh 1,5 Razeh 6 4,1 10,8 24,3 16,8 28,5 Sahar Sahar Sahar Al Dhaher Al Dhaher Al Dhaher 0,5 1,5 10,2 19,3 10,6 20,8 Haydan Haydan Haydan

Fig 4.14 Managed land increase per district Fig 4.15 Managed land decrease per district Fig 4.16 Managed land change dynamics

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4.3 Al Dhaher District Al Dhaher is small district (196.5 km2) located in south-west corner of the Sa’ada governorate. Agriculture land represents almost 15% of the total district area - i.e. 28.8 km2. More then 50% of agriculture land is concentrated in low altitude - low slope areas in the west part of the district. Most of the agriculture land is concentrated between Aqarib and Suq al Malahif cities. District undergoes one of the the biggest decrease of managed agriculture land in the Sa’ada governorate featuring only 38% of cultivated agriculture land in 2010/11 comparing to 71% in 2006. As seen on figures 4.22-4.25 decrease of managed agriculture land is concentrated mainly around Aqarib city. This is reflected also on decrease/increased

Fig 4.17 Al Dhaher district location map share per altitude and slope (figures 4.19-4.21).

2010/2011 2006 * 2006 EO data coverage*

Al Dhaher 196,5 28,8 14,7 10,8 37,5 62,5 20,5 71,2 28,8 97 100 * Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Agriculture land = managed agriculture land + fallow land Tab 4.3 Agriculture land area, managed agriculture land area and fallow land share and total agriculture land area in 2010/11 and 2006

Fig 4.18 Spatial distribution of agriculture land in the district

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Agriculture land per altitude Managed land increase per Managed land decrease per altitude altitude

420 15% 90 9% 11 24%

18 38% 1429 307 49% 30% 621 1042 61% 36% 18 38%

200 - 400 401 - 800 801 - 1200 1201 - 1600 1601 - 2000 2001 - 2400 2401 - 3000

Fig 4.19 Agriculture land per altitude Fig 4.20 Managed land increase per altitude Fig 4.21 Managed land decrease per altitude

Agriculture land per slope Managed land increase per Managed land decrease per slope slope 6 0% 0 1% 126 4% 186 19 2% 4 8% 18% 679 23% 18 38%

1477 578 52% 19 40% 234 57% 23% 602 6 13% 21%

0 - 4 5 - 10 11 - 17 18 - 25 26 - 46

Fig 4.19 Agriculture land per slope Fig 4.20 Managed land increase per slope Fig 4.21 Managed land decrease per slope

2006 - 2010/2011 * 2006 EO data coverage*

Managed % of Managed % of Agriculture % of Agriculture * Valid for % * Valid for % agriculture managed agriculture managed change agriculture change of total of total land agriculture land agriculture dynamic dynamic saldo district area agriculture increase land decrease land (km2) per total (km2) land in district (km2) increase (km2) decrease agriculture per total per total land agriculture agriculture District land land

Al Dhaher 0,5 1,6 10,2 35,3 10,6 36,9 -9,7 97 100

* Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Managed agriculture land increase = increase (formerly fallow, later managed)/ agriculture land Managed agriculture land decrease = decrease (formerly managed, later fallow)/ agriculture land Stable managed = no change Stable fallow = no change Tab 4.4 Managed agriculture land area dynamics in period 2010/11 and 2006 per districts

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Fig 4.22 Spatial distribution and intensity of managed agriculture land in the district in 2006

Fig 4.23 Spatial distribution and intensity of managed agriculture land in the district in 2010/11

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Fig 4.24 Spatial distribution and intensity of increase of managed agriculture land in the district in period 2006-2010/11

Fig 4.25 Spatial distribution and intensity of decrease of managed agriculture land in the district in period 2006-2010/11

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4.4 As Safra District As Safra is the largest from the investigated districts (1608 km2) located in west part of the Sa’ada governorate. Despite the fact that the agriculture land represents only 3.5% of the total district area, it still represents area of 55.8 km2. Agriculture land is concentrated in narrow strips along the wadis mainly in western part of the districts. Whole district is located on high altitude plateau with very low slope. District belongs to the group with the the largest decrease of managed agriculture land in the Sa’ada governorate featuring only 55% of cultivated agriculture land in 2010/11 comparing to 79% in 2006. As seen on figures 4.34-4.37, the overall decrease of managed agriculture land is evenly distributed over the agriculture land areas.

Fig 4.26 As Safra district location map

2010/2011 2006 * 2006 EO data coverage*

As Safra 1608,1 55,8 3,5 30,6 54,8 45,2 32,4 78,7 21,3 57 74 * Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Agriculture land = managed agriculture land + fallow land Tab 4.5 Agriculture land area, managed agriculture land area and fallow land share and total agriculture land area in 2010/11 and 2006

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Agriculture land per altitude Managed land increase per Managed land decrease per altitude altitude

84 2% 1 1% 11 1%

4010 151 1041 98% 99% 99% 200 - 400 401 - 800 801 - 1200 1201 - 1600 1601 - 2000 2001 - 2400 2401 - 3000

Fig 4.28 Agriculture land per altitude Fig 4.29 Managed land increase per altitude Fig 4.30 Managed land decrease per altitude

Agriculture land per slope Managed land increase per Managed land decrease per slope slope

30 1% 3 0% 2 1% 342 8% 16 10% 63 6%

3723 134 987 91% 89% 94%

0 - 4 5 - 10 11 - 17 18 - 25 26 - 46

Fig 4.31 Agriculture land per slope Fig 4.32 Managed land increase per slope Fig 4.33 Managed land decrease per slope

2006 - 2010/2011 * 2006 EO data coverage*

As Safra 1,5 3,7 10,7 25,9 12,2 29,6 -9,1 57 74

* Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Managed agriculture land increase = increase (formerly fallow, later managed)/ agriculture land Managed agriculture land decrease = decrease (formerly managed, later fallow)/ agriculture land Stable managed = no change Stable fallow = no change Tab 4.6 Managed agriculture land area dynamics in period 2010/11 and 2006 per districts

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Fig 4.34 Spatial distribution and intensity of managed agriculture land in the district in 2006

Fig 4.35 Spatial distribution and intensity of managed agriculture land in the district in 2010/11

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Fig 4.36 Spatial distribution and intensity of increase of managed agriculture land in the district in period 2006-2010/11

Fig 4.37 Spatial distribution and intensity of decrease of managed agriculture land in the district in period 2006-2010/11

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4.5 Ghamr District Ghamr is the 3rd smallest investigated district (174.6 km2) located in mid-west part of the Sa’ada governorate. Agriculture land covers almost 16% of the total district area - i.e. 27.5 km2 and is concentrated mainly in south-east part of the district. More then 95% of agriculture land is located in high altitude > 1200m, 20% even higher then 2000m. Similarly, 61% of total agriculture land area is in locations with slope stepper then 11 degrees, 22% even with slope steeper then 18 degrees. Ghamr is the most stable district showing only a moderate changes in managed agriculture land intensity in investigated period. Also, it is one of the few regions in the Sa’ada governorate featuring slight increase of actually cultivated agriculture land (see central part of

Fig 4.38 Ghamr district location map agriculture land region - Fig. 4.48) - 71% in 2010/11 comparing to 67% in 2006.

2010/2011 2006 * 2006 EO data coverage*

Ghamr 174,6 27,5 15,8 19,6 71,1 28,9 18,4 67,0 33,0 100 100 * Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Agriculture land = managed agriculture land + fallow land Tab 4.7 Agriculture land area, managed agriculture land area and fallow land share and total agriculture land area in 2010/11 and 2006

Fig 4.39 Spatial distribution of agriculture land in the district - 27 - SAFER Activation ID: SFR20110118_2 Technical Dossier © GISAT, June 2011

Agriculture land per altitude Managed land increase per Managed land decrease per altitude altitude

11 0% 114 4% 1 0% 543 362 22 8% 20 12% 21 13% 20% 13% 67 24%

51 31%

74 44% 194 1728 68% 63% 200 - 400 401 - 800 801 - 1200 1201 - 1600 1601 - 2000 2001 - 2400 2401 - 3000

Fig 4.40 Agriculture land per altitude Fig 4.41 Managed land increase per altitude Fig 4.42 Managed land decrease per altitude

Agriculture land per slope Managed land increase per Managed land decrease per slope slope

559 63 2% 3 1% 11 4% 1 1% 202 7% 37 13% 5 3% 20% 42 25%

886 108 56 33% 32% 38%

125 1047 44% 63 38% 39%

0 - 4 5 - 10 11 - 17 18 - 25 26 - 46

Fig 4.43 Agriculture land per slope Fig 4.44 Managed land increase per slope Fig 4.45 Managed land decrease per slope

2006 - 2010/2011 * 2006 EO data coverage*

Ghamr 2,8 10,2 1,7 6,1 4,5 16,3 1,1 100 100

* Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Managed agriculture land increase = increase (formerly fallow, later managed)/ agriculture land Managed agriculture land decrease = decrease (formerly managed, later fallow)/ agriculture land Stable managed = no change Stable fallow = no change Tab 4.8 Managed agriculture land area dynamics in period 2010/11 and 2006 per districts

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Fig 4.46 Spatial distribution and intensity of managed agriculture land in the district in 2006

Fig 4.47 Spatial distribution and intensity of managed agriculture land in the district in 2010/11

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Fig 4.48 Spatial distribution and intensity of increase of managed agriculture land in the district in period 2006-2010/11

Fig 4.49 Spatial distribution and intensity of decrease of managed agriculture land in the district in period 2006-2010/11

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4.6 Haydan District Haydan is the medium size district (568.5 km2) located in south-west of the Sa’ada governorate. Agriculture land represents 16% of the total district area - i.e. 92.6 km2. Most of the agriculture land is located in the west part of the district. More then 75% of agriculture land is concentrated in areas of high altitudes >1200m and steep slopes >11 degrees. District encounters moderate decrease of managed agriculture land , featuring 62% of cultivated agriculture land in 2010/11 comparing to 81% in 2006. As seen on figures 4.22-4.25, decrease of managed agriculture land is concentrated mainly in north part of the agriculture land region.

Fig 4.50 Haydan district location map

2010/2011 2006 * 2006 EO data coverage*

Haydan 568,5 92,6 16,3 57,2 61,8 38,2 69,5 81,1 18,9 66 93 * Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Agriculture land = managed agriculture land + fallow land Tab 4.9 Agriculture land area, managed agriculture land area and fallow land share and total agriculture land area in 2010/11 and 2006

Fig 4.51 Spatial distribution of agriculture land in the district

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Agriculture land per altitude Managed land increase per Managed land decrease per altitude altitude

77 1% 36 2% 409 5% 19 1% 1962 7 5% 1451 22 15% 153 8% 23% 17% 645 473 33% 56 37% 24% 34 23%

1976 23% 2709 29 20% 611 31% 32% 200 - 400 401 - 800 801 - 1200 1201 - 1600 1601 - 2000 2001 - 2400 2401 - 3000

Fig 4.52 Agriculture land per altitude Fig 4.53 Managed land increase per altitude Fig 4.54 Managed land decrease per altitude

Agriculture land per slope Managed land increase per Managed land decrease per slope slope

1 1% 594 7% 540 6% 8 5% 126 7% 109 6% 281 1522 34 23% 14% 18% 40 27% 2999 708 35% 37%

713 2927 65 44% 36% 34%

0 - 4 5 - 10 11 - 17 18 - 25 26 - 46

Fig 4.55 Agriculture land per slope Fig 4.56 Managed land increase per slope Fig 4.57 Managed land decrease per slope

2006 - 2010/2011 * 2006 EO data coverage*

Haydan 1,5 1,7 19,3 22,5 20,8 24,3 -17,8 66 93

* Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Managed agriculture land increase = increase (formerly fallow, later managed)/ agriculture land Managed agriculture land decrease = decrease (formerly managed, later fallow)/ agriculture land Stable managed = no change Stable fallow = no change Tab 4.10 Managed agriculture land area dynamics in period 2010/11 and 2006 per districts

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Fig 4.58 Spatial distribution and intensity of managed agriculture land in the district in 2006

Fig 4.59 Spatial distribution and intensity of managed agriculture land in the district in 2010/11

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Fig 4.60 Spatial distribution and intensity of increase of managed agriculture land in the district in period 2006-2010/11

Fig 4.61 Spatial distribution and intensity of decrease of managed agriculture land in the district in period 2006-2010/11

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4.7 Majz District Majz is large district (922,1 km2) located in mid-west corner of the Sa’ada governorate. Agriculture land covers less the 9% of the total district area, but it still represents area of 82.4 km2. Agriculture land is distributed over the whole districts, but more concentrated in two main areas: mid-east around city Majz and north-west around city Batin. District is located in high altitude so more then 50% of agriculture land is situated in altitudes >2000m, 26% even higher then 2400m . Despite of this, most of the agriculture land is present in low slope areas (77% below 10 degrees, 43% below 5 degrees). Majz is one of the few regions in the Sa’ada governorate

featuring slight increase of actually cultivated agriculture land (all over the Fig 4.62 Majz district location map area - see Fig. 4.48) - 55% in 2010/11 comparing to 49% in 2006.

2010/2011 2006 * 2006 EO data coverage*

Majz 922,1 82,4 8,9 45,6 55,4 44,6 33,8 48,8 51,2 93 84 * Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Agriculture land = managed agriculture land + fallow land Tab 4.11 Agriculture land area, managed agriculture land area and fallow land share and total agriculture land area in 2010/11 and 2006

Fig 4.39 Spatial distribution of agriculture land in the district

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Agriculture land per altitude Managed land increase per Managed land decrease per altitude altitude

5 0% 1790 94 8% 17 3% 399 6% 351 99 17% 26% 31%

424 3053 38% 311 44% 153 26% 54% 1654 265 24% 23%

200 - 400 401 - 800 801 - 1200 1201 - 1600 1601 - 2000 2001 - 2400 2401 - 3000

Fig 4.63 Agriculture land per altitude Fig 4.64 Managed land increase per altitude Fig 4.65 Managed land decrease per altitude

Agriculture land per slope Managed land increase per Managed land decrease per slope slope 43 1% 1 0% 18 2% 20 3% 433 6% 91 8% 330 45 8% 1107 29% 16% 246 2981 123 22% 43% 21%

391 68% 2337 34% 451 39%

0 - 4 5 - 10 11 - 17 18 - 25 26 - 46

Fig 4.66 Agriculture land per slope Fig 4.67 Managed land increase per slope Fig 4.68 Managed land decrease per slope

2006 - 2010/2011 * 2006 EO data coverage*

Majz 11,3 16,4 5,8 8,5 17,2 24,9 5,5 93 84

* Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Managed agriculture land increase = increase (formerly fallow, later managed)/ agriculture land Managed agriculture land decrease = decrease (formerly managed, later fallow)/ agriculture land Stable managed = no change Stable fallow = no change Tab 4.12 Managed agriculture land area dynamics in period 2010/11 and 2006 per districts

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Fig 4.69 Spatial distribution and intensity of managed agriculture land in the district in 2006

Fig 4.70 Spatial distribution and intensity of managed agriculture land in the district in 2010/11

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Fig 4.71 Spatial distribution and intensity of increase of managed agriculture land in the district in period 2006-2010/11

Fig 4.72 Spatial distribution and intensity of decrease of managed agriculture land in the district in period 2006-2010/11

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4.8 Razeh District Razeh is small district (232.7 km2) located in west border of the Sa’ada governorate. Agriculture land represents almost 32% of the total district area - i.e. 73.7 km2. Most of the agriculture land is concentrated in the north-central part of the region, between Al Qal'ah and As Suwadah cities. District is located in high altitude so more then 61% of agriculture land is situated in altitudes >1600m, 26% even higher then 2000m . Despite of this, most of the agriculture land is present on moderate to high slopes - 89% above 10 degrees, 46% even above 18 degrees). District belongs to the group with the the largest decrease of managed agriculture land in the Sa’ada governorate featuring only 58% of cultivated agriculture land in 2010/11 Fig 4.73 Razeh district location map comparing to 79% in 2006. See figures 4.81-4.84 for spatial distribution.

2010/2011 2006 * 2006 EO data coverage*

Razeh 232,7 73,7 31,7 40,6 55,1 44,9 58,0 78,7 21,3 100 100 * Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Agriculture land = managed agriculture land + fallow land Tab 4.13 Agriculture land area, managed agriculture land area and fallow land share and total agriculture land area in 2010/11 and 2006

Fig 4.74 Spatial distribution of agriculture land in the district

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Agriculture land per altitude Managed land increase per Managed land decrease per altitude altitude 49 1% 139 2% 227 3% 1 1% 20 1% 28 2% 805 7 9% 137 7% 1901 11% 4 6% 169 9% 26% 367 21 26% 20% 1743 550 24% 30%

46 58% 2506 555 33% 31%

200 - 400 401 - 800 801 - 1200 1201 - 1600 1601 - 2000 2001 - 2400 2401 - 3000

Fig 4.75 Agriculture land per altitude Fig 4.76 Managed land increase per altitude Fig 4.77 Managed land decrease per altitude

Agriculture land per slope Managed land increase per Managed land decrease per slope slope

808 821 259 5 0% 4 5% 7 9% 1 0% 11% 11% 122 7% 14%

600 29 37% 33% 2604 35% 3132 43% 40 49% 844 46%

0 - 4 5 - 10 11 - 17 18 - 25 26 - 46

Fig 4.78 Agriculture land per slope Fig 4.79 Managed land increase per slope Fig 4.80 Managed land decrease per slope

2006 - 2010/2011 * 2006 EO data coverage*

Razeh 0,8 1,1 18,2 24,7 19,1 25,8 -17,4 100 100

* Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Managed agriculture land increase = increase (formerly fallow, later managed)/ agriculture land Managed agriculture land decrease = decrease (formerly managed, later fallow)/ agriculture land Stable managed = no change Stable fallow = no change Tab 4.14 Managed agriculture land area dynamics in period 2010/11 and 2006 per districts

Fig 4.81 Spatial distribution and intensity of managed agriculture land in the district in 2006

Fig 4.82 Spatial distribution and intensity of managed agriculture land in the district in 2010/11

Fig 4.83 Spatial distribution and intensity of increase of managed agriculture land in the district in period 2006-2010/11

Fig 4.84 Spatial distribution and intensity of decrease of managed agriculture land in the district in period 2006-2010/11

4.9 Sahar District Sahar is medium size district (742.1 km2) located in mid-south of the Sa’ada governorate. Agriculture land represents almost 15% of the total district area - i.e. 106.8 km2. Most of the agriculture land is concentrated in north part of the district around At Talh city. Whole district is located in high altitude plateau, so all agriculture land is present in areas with altitude between 1600-2400m and with low slopes (92% below 5 degrees). District encounter high decrease of managed agriculture land in the Sa’ada governorate featuring only 58% of cultivated agriculture land in 2010/11 comparing to 77% in 2006. As seen on figures 4.93-4.96, decrease of

managed agriculture land is spread evenly across the agriculture land region. Fig 4.85 Sahar district location map

2010/2011 2006 * 2006 EO data coverage*

Sahar 742,1 106,8 14,4 61,6 57,7 42,3 81,4 76,7 23,3 98 99 * Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Agriculture land = managed agriculture land + fallow land Tab 4.15 Agriculture land area, managed agriculture land area and fallow land share and total agriculture land area in 2010/11 and 2006

Fig 4.86 Spatial distribution of agriculture land in the district

Agriculture land per altitude Managed land increase per Managed land decrease per altitude altitude

860 8% 57 14% 116 5%

357 9791 2334 86% 92% 95% 200 - 400 401 - 800 801 - 1200 1201 - 1600 1601 - 2000 2001 - 2400 2401 - 3000

Fig 4.87 Agriculture land per altitude Fig 4.88 Managed land increase per altitude Fig 4.89 Managed land decrease per altitude

Agriculture land per slope Managed land increase per Managed land decrease per slope slope 38 0% 2 0% 4 0% 93 1% 9 2% 7 0% 2 0% 0 0% 740 7% 35 8% 111 5%

9777 368 2328 92% 90% 95%

0 - 4 5 - 10 11 - 17 18 - 25 26 - 46

Fig 4.90 Agriculture land per slope Fig 4.91 Managed land increase per slope Fig 4.92 Managed land decrease per slope

2006 - 2010/2011 * 2006 EO data coverage*

Sahar 4,1 3,9 24,3 22,9 28,5 26,8 -20,2 98 99

* Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Managed agriculture land increase = increase (formerly fallow, later managed)/ agriculture land Managed agriculture land decrease = decrease (formerly managed, later fallow)/ agriculture land Stable managed = no change Stable fallow = no change Tab 4.16 Managed agriculture land area dynamics in period 2010/11 and 2006 per districts

Fig 4.93 Spatial distribution and intensity of managed agriculture land in the district in 2006

Fig 4.94 Spatial distribution and intensity of managed agriculture land in the district in 2010/11

Fig 4.95 Spatial distribution and intensity of increase of managed agriculture land in the district in period 2006-2010/11

Fig 4.96 Spatial distribution and intensity of decrease of managed agriculture land in the district in period 2006-2010/11

4.10 Saqayn District Saqayn is medium-size district (533,8 km2) located in mid/south-west corner of the Sa’ada governorate. Agriculture land represents 13% of the total district area - i.e. 68.0 km2. Agriculture land is spread over the whole district territory, with more concentration on south and especially south-west part. Whole district is located in high altitudes so 93% of agriculture land appears in altitude >1600m, 37% even above 2400m with low slopes equally distributed below/above 10 degrees. District encounters only slight decrease of managed agriculture land featuring 63% of cultivated agriculture land in 2010/11 comparing to 70% in 2006. As seen on figures 4.108, decrease of

managed agriculture land is observed mainly in south-west part of the Fig 4.97 Saqayn district location map agriculture land region.

2010/2011 2006 * 2006 EO data coverage*

Saqayn 533,8 68,0 12,7 42,7 62,9 37,1 47,5 69,9 30,1 100 100 * Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Agriculture land = managed agriculture land + fallow land Tab 4.17 Agriculture land area, managed agriculture land area and fallow land share and total agriculture land area in 2010/11 and 2006

Fig 4.98 Spatial distribution of agriculture land in the district

Agriculture land per altitude Managed land increase per Managed land decrease per altitude altitude

66 1% 184 118 3 0% 10 1% 427 6% 76 13% 17% 11%

2536 1538 37% 23% 115 19% 349 32% 406 415 68% 39% 2227 33% 200 - 400 401 - 800 801 - 1200 1201 - 1600 1601 - 2000 2001 - 2400 2401 - 3000

Fig 4.99 Agriculture land per altitude Fig 4.100 Managed land increase per altitude Fig 4.101 Managed land decrease per altitude

Agriculture land per slope Managed land increase per Managed land decrease per slope slope 2 0% 1001 109 112 335 5% 84 8% 15% 30 5% 18% 10% 1394 180 21% 149 17% 25%

2320 464 33% 43% 237 1745 22% 26% 309 52%

0 - 4 5 - 10 11 - 17 18 - 25 26 - 46

Fig 4.102 Agriculture land per slope Fig 4.103 Managed land increase per slope Fig 4.104 Managed land decrease per slope

2006 - 2010/2011 * 2006 EO data coverage*

Saqayn 6,0 8,8 10,8 15,9 16,8 24,7 -4,8 100 100

* Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Managed agriculture land increase = increase (formerly fallow, later managed)/ agriculture land Managed agriculture land decrease = decrease (formerly managed, later fallow)/ agriculture land Stable managed = no change Stable fallow = no change Tab 4.18 Managed agriculture land area dynamics in period 2010/11 and 2006 per districts

Fig 4.105 Spatial distribution and intensity of managed agriculture land in the district in 2006

Fig 4.106 Spatial distribution and intensity of managed agriculture land in the district in 2010/11

Fig 4.107 Spatial distribution and intensity of increase of managed agriculture land in the district in period 2006-2010/11

Fig 4.108 Spatial distribution and intensity of decrease of managed agriculture land in the district in period 2006-2010/11

4.11 Shada’a District Shada’a is the 2nd smallest investigated district (66.7 km2) located in south- west border of the Sa’ada governorate. Agriculture land represents 19% of the total district area - i.e. only 6.2 km2. Agriculture land is spread all over the district with more density in center, south and western part of the district (see figure 4.110). Agriculture land is present in low altitudes (below 1200m) with low slopes equally distributed below/above 10 degrees. District encounters the biggest decrease of managed agriculture land in the Sa’ada governorate featuring only 50% of cultivated agriculture land in 2010/11 comparing to 88% in 2006. As seen on figures 4.117-4.120 decrease of

managed agriculture land is evenly distributed all over the agriculture land Fig 4.109Shada’a district location map region.

2010/2011 2006 * 2006 EO data coverage*

Shada'a 66,7 12,5 18,7 6,2 49,5 50,5 11,0 88,1 11,9 100 100 * Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Agriculture land = managed agriculture land + fallow land Tab 4.19 Agriculture land area, managed agriculture land area and fallow land share and total agriculture land area in 2010/11 and 2006

Fig 4.110 Spatial distribution of agriculture land in the district

Agriculture land per altitude Managed land increase per Managed land decrease per altitude altitude

15 3% 33 3% 101 2 21% 21% 443 178 418 36% 36% 33% 5 42%

4 37% 198 353 40% 28% 200 - 400 401 - 800 801 - 1200 1201 - 1600 1601 - 2000 2001 - 2400 2401 - 3000

Fig 4.111 Agriculture land per altitude Fig 4.112 Managed land increase per altitude Fig 4.113 Managed land decrease per altitude

Agriculture land per slope Managed land increase per Managed land decrease per slope slope

23 2% 323 0 2% 9 2% 2 17% 114 128 350 26% 3 23% 23% 26% 27%

2 19%

93 19% 282 270 147 23% 4 39% 22% 30%

0 - 4 5 - 10 11 - 17 18 - 25 26 - 46

Fig 4.114 Agriculture land per slope Fig 4.115 Managed land increase per slope Fig 4.116 Managed land decrease per slope

2006 - 2010/2011 * 2006 EO data coverage*

Shada'a 0,1 0,9 4,9 39,5 5,0 40,4 -4,8 100 100

* Figures for 2006 are valid only for district part where multi-temporal EO data coverage was available (see coverage for yellow columns) Specification> Managed agriculture land increase = increase (formerly fallow, later managed)/ agriculture land Managed agriculture land decrease = decrease (formerly managed, later fallow)/ agriculture land Stable managed = no change Stable fallow = no change Tab 4.20 Managed agriculture land area dynamics in period 2010/11 and 2006 per districts

Fig 4.117 Spatial distribution and intensity of managed agriculture land in the district in 2006

Fig 4.118 Spatial distribution and intensity of managed agriculture land in the district in 2010/11

Fig 4.119 Spatial distribution and intensity of increase of managed agriculture land in the district in period 2006-2010/11

Fig 4.120 Spatial distribution and intensity of decrease of managed agriculture land in the district in period 2006-2010/11

5 ANNEX

5.1 Vector products

Vector products Theme Type SRS Format Agriculture land extent and changes Polygon WGS84 ESRI Shapefile Agriculture change intensity Polygon WGS84 ESRI Shapefile Satellite data coverage Polygon WGS84 ESRI Shapefile Tab. 5.1: Vector products

Satellite data coverage The shapefiles indicates combination of source scenes for each part of the AOI. It was derived from the imagery footprints.

SAFER_GISAT_SMR_A1_YE_Saada_Satellite-data-coverage.shp Attribute Description Acq_2006_1 satellite and acquisition date of 1st scene from 2006 Acq_2006_2 satellite and acquisition date of 2nd scene from 2006 Acq_2010 satellite and acquisition date of source scene from 2010 Acq_2011 satellite and acquisition date of source scene from 2011

Tab. 5.2 Satellite data coverage attribution

Agriculture extent and changes The shapefile refers to extent of arable land as detected from the satellite imagery and reference sources. Status of agriculture and change between 2006 and 2010/11 is represented by respective attributes. Change codes have been derived from the status and multi-temporal codes as indicated in the table below.

SAFER_GISAT_SMR_A1_YE_Saada_Agriculture.shp Attribute Code Description Status2006 0 no sowing detected in 2006 1 1 sowing detected in 2006 2 2 sowings detected in 2006 Status2010 0 no sowing detected in 2010 / 2011 1 1 sowing detected in 2010 / 2011 2 2 sowings detected in 2010 / 2011 District district name Multitemporal 0 No SPOT 4 imagery for 2006 available, RapidEye imagery for 2010 / 2011 av. 1 SPOT 4 imagery for 2006 and RapidEye imagery for 2010 / 2011 available Multitemporal Status2006 Status2010 ChangeDescr no sowing 2006, 1 sowing 2010 / ChangeCode 1 1 0 1 2011

no sowing 2006, 2 sowings 2010 / 2 1 0 2 2011 1 sowing 2006, no sowing 2010 / 10 1 1 0 2011 1 sowing 2006, 1 sowing 2010 / 11 1 1 1 2011 1 sowing 2006, 2 sowings 2010 / 12 1 1 2 2011 2 sowings 2006, no sowing 2010 / 20 1 2 0 2011 2 sowings 2006, 1 sowing 2010 / 21 1 2 1 2011 2 sowings 2006, 2 sowings 2010 / 22 1 2 2 2011 no imagery 2006, no sowing 2010 / 90 0 - 0 2011 no imagery 2006, 1 sowing 2010 / 91 0 - 1 2011 no imagery 2006, 2 sowings 2010 / 92 0 - 2 2011 no sowing 2006, no sowing 2010 / 99 1 0 0 2011 Area area (square meters) Note: term sowing is meant in more general sense as sign of cultivation activities = managed agriculture land

Tab. 5.3: Agriculture extent and changes attribution

Agriculture change intensity The shapefile is a result of aggregation of managed agriculture change classes into 400m tiled grid. For each tile cell areas of change classes (managed agriculture land increase, decrease, managed agriculture no change and no managed agriculture) and total area of agriculture land are quoted. Share of each class on total agriculture land area (~intensity) could be calculated by dividing of each class area value by the total agriculture land area value.

SAFER_GISAT_SMR_A1_YE_Saada_Agriculture-change-intensity.shp Attribute Description TileId identificator of the tile District district name AltMean mean altitude of the tile SlopeMean mean slope of the tile AltClass altitude class SlopeClass slope class ArableArea total area of arable land in the tile (square meters) Change class (areas in square meters) source ChangeCode AgriNoMT no multitemp. coverage [90] + [91] + [92] AgriNoChng agriculture, no change [11] + [12] + [21] + [22] Increase agriculture increase [01] + [02] Decrease agriculture decrease [10] + [20] NoAgriculture no agriculture (no sowing) [99]

Tab. 5.4: Agriculture intensity attribution

5.2 Map products

Map products Type Scale Overview Map 1:200,000 15 Detail Maps 1:40,000

Arable land extent as of March 2011 Post Disaster Situation Map – Overview shows extent of agriculture land that was extracted from baseline satellite data and other reference sources.

SAFER_GISAT_SMR_A1_YE_Saada_200k_Map.jpg

State of managed agriculture land change 2006 – 2010/2011 Fifteen Post Disaster Situation Maps – Detail show either change classes or status of agriculture for 2010 / 2011 depending on availability of multi-temporal coverage.

5.3 Baseline satellite data

RapidEye Scene ID Acquisition Date 2010-06-23T083344_RE1_3A-NAC_5712554_105955 23.6.2010 2010-06-23T083346_RE1_3A-NAC_5712556_105955 23.6.2010 2010-06-23T083346_RE1_3A-NAC_5712558_105955 23.6.2010 2010-06-23T083347_RE1_3A-NAC_5712592_105955 23.6.2010 2010-06-23T083349_RE1_3A-NAC_5712553_105955 23.6.2010 2010-06-23T083350_RE1_3A-NAC_5712555_105955 23.6.2010 2010-06-23T083350_RE1_3A-NAC_5712593_105955 23.6.2010 2010-06-23T083351_RE1_3A-NAC_5712547_105955 23.6.2010 2010-06-23T083352_RE1_3A-NAC_5712557_105955 23.6.2010 2010-06-23T083353_RE1_3A-NAC_5712551_105955 23.6.2010 2010-06-23T083354_RE1_3A-NAC_5712559_105955 23.6.2010 2010-06-23T083354_RE1_3A-NAC_5712596_105955 23.6.2010 2010-06-23T083356_RE1_3A-NAC_5712550_105955 23.6.2010 2010-06-23T083356_RE1_3A-NAC_5712552_105955 23.6.2010 2010-06-23T083357_RE1_3A-NAC_5712594_105955 23.6.2010

2010-06-23T083358_RE1_3A-NAC_5712595_105955 23.6.2010 2010-06-23T083359_RE1_3A-NAC_5712548_105955 23.6.2010 2010-06-23T083400_RE1_3A-NAC_5712597_105955 23.6.2010 2010-06-23T083401_RE1_3A-NAC_5712828_105955 23.6.2010 2011-02-07T084103_RE1_3A-NAC_5712414_105955 7.2.2011 2011-02-07T084105_RE1_3A-NAC_5712239_105955 7.2.2011 2011-02-07T084106_RE1_3A-NAC_5712295_105955 7.2.2011 2011-02-07T084106_RE1_3A-NAC_5712420_105955 7.2.2011 2011-02-07T084109_RE1_3A-NAC_5712293_105955 7.2.2011 2011-02-07T084109_RE1_3A-NAC_5712297_105955 7.2.2011 2011-02-07T084110_RE1_3A-NAC_5712417_105955 7.2.2011 2011-02-07T084112_RE1_3A-NAC_5712292_105955 7.2.2011 2011-02-07T084112_RE1_3A-NAC_5712298_105955 7.2.2011 2011-02-07T084113_RE1_3A-NAC_5712413_105955 7.2.2011 2011-02-07T084113_RE1_3A-NAC_5712416_105955 7.2.2011 2011-02-07T084115_RE1_3A-NAC_5712415_105955 7.2.2011 2011-02-07T084116_RE1_3A-NAC_5712240_105955 7.2.2011 2011-02-07T084116_RE1_3A-NAC_5712296_105955 7.2.2011 2011-02-07T084117_RE1_3A-NAC_5712418_105955 7.2.2011 2011-02-07T084119_RE1_3A-NAC_5712294_105955 7.2.2011 2011-02-07T084120_RE1_3A-NAC_5712139_105955 7.2.2011 2011-02-07T084120_RE1_3A-NAC_5712419_105955 7.2.2011 2011-02-17T083118_RE2_3A-NAC_5712421_105955 17.2.2011 2011-02-17T083121_RE2_3A-NAC_5712422_105955 17.2.2011 2011-02-19T083007_RE4_3A-NAC_5712137_105955 19.2.2011 2011-02-19T083010_RE4_3A-NAC_5712136_105955 19.2.2011 2011-02-19T083014_RE4_3A-NAC_5712138_105955 19.2.2011 2011-03-10T082841_RE4_3A-NAC_5767987_106562 10.3.2011 2011-03-10T082845_RE4_3A-NAC_5767984_106562 10.3.2011 2011-03-10T082845_RE4_3A-NAC_5767988_106562 10.3.2011 2011-03-10T082848_RE4_3A-NAC_5767991_106563 10.3.2011 2011-03-10T082849_RE4_3A-NAC_5767990_106562 10.3.2011 2011-03-10T082852_RE4_3A-NAC_5767985_106562 10.3.2011

Tab. 5.5 : List of RapidEye scenes

SPOT 4 Scene ID Acquisition Date Shift 1443160602040730512R 4.2.2006 Shift1 1433160607040747191R 4.7.2006 Shift2 1433160609200747542R 20.9.2006 Shift2 1443160610110743502R 11.10.2006 Shift1

Tab 5.6: List of SPOT 4 scenes

6 REFERENCES

[1] Saliba, R. (2010): Preliminary Report on affected districts following the Conflict in Sa’ada Governorate. UNHCR [2] Yemen - Livelihood Zones (2010). USAID

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