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University of Azuay University of Azuay Faculty of Legal Sciences School of International Studies Walking along the Elastic Rope: Analyzing the Two-Level Game Theory in the Kim IL-Sung Dynasty (1948-2013) Graduation work prior to obtaining a Bachelor of International Studies degree with a major in Bilingual Foreign Trade Author: Pablo Jimbo Ullauri Director: Ana María Bustos Cordero Cuenca - Ecuador 2015 DEDICATION I dedicate this project to my dear parents Mario and Italia ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank God and my parents who have been my strength, my unconditional support and my motivation to achieve my goals with this thesis project. Also, I thank my siblings, Tamara A. Trownsell Ph.D. and my thesis director Ana Maria Bustos Cordero who through their professionalism, responsibility and efficiency have enabled this work yo have relevant results. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ..................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 1: THE IMPACT OF THE KOREAN WAR AND HISTORY OF THE KIM IL- SUNG DYNASTY............................................................................................................... 2 1.1 The Korean War: its impact and consequences ...................................................... 2 1.1.2 History of the Korean War ....................................................................................... 2 1.1.3 Impact and Consequences of the Korean War ..................................................... 6 1.2 Period of Kim IL-Sung from 1953-1994 ................................................................... 7 1.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 7 1.2.2 The 8 Stages of Growth in North Korea 1953-1994 ............................................. 7 1.2.3 The destabilization of 1990 .................................................................................... 15 1.3 Period of Kim Jong-Il from 1994 to 2011 ............................................................... 16 1.3.1 The destabilization of the regime of Kim Jong-Il from 1994 to 2011 ............... 16 1.4 Period of Kim-Jong-Un from 2011 to 2014 ............................................................ 21 1.4.1 Ingenious tactics established by Kim-Jong-Un from 2011 to 2014 .................. 22 1.5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 25 INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER 2 AND 3: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CONTROL METHODS ....................................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 2: ANALYZING THE STRATEGIES TO MAINTAIN POWER WITHIN THE COUNTRY ........................................................................................................................ 33 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 33 2.1 Collective brainwashing .......................................................................................... 33 iv 2.1.1 The indoctrination of the people ........................................................................... 33 2.1.2 Methods leading to the veneration of the policies of the Leader ...................... 34 2.1.3 Effective techniques of subjugation ...................................................................... 36 2.2 Foundations of Education in North Korea and the generation of American Hatred.... ....................................................................................................................... 37 2.2.1 Elimination of the intervention of Japanese cultural ........................................... 37 2.2.2 The blocks in education to build the ideal society .............................................. 38 2.2.3 Strategies to win over the people through education ......................................... 38 2.2.4 Implementation of oppressive principles in education ....................................... 40 2.2.5 North Korean Constitution precepts to hate American imperialism ................. 41 2.3 The Juche and Songun ideologies ......................................................................... 42 2.3.1 The Purpose of Juche ............................................................................................ 42 2.3.2 Implementation of Juche in various areas ........................................................... 44 2.3.3 Songun ..................................................................................................................... 45 2.4 The role of the military in the regime ...................................................................... 46 2.4.1 Reasons why citizens long to be part of the military .......................................... 47 2.4.2 Fighting capacity ..................................................................................................... 48 2.4.3 The inequality of the people and the military ....................................................... 48 2.5 The Kimilsungia ...................................................................................................... 49 2.5.1 Origin, meaning, and benefits of the Kimilsungia ............................................... 50 2.6 Detention camps .................................................................................................... 51 2.6.1 Types of concentration camps .............................................................................. 51 2.7 Intolerance of foreign cultures and ideologies ....................................................... 54 2.7.1 The rejection of anything foreign .......................................................................... 55 2.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 57 CHAPTER 3: CHALLENGES IN THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND IMPLEMENTED STRATEGIES ....................................................................................... 58 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 58 v 3.1 Nuclear weapons in Korea ..................................................................................... 58 3.1.1 Direct threat from North Korea .............................................................................. 58 3.1.2 The indirect threat of North Korea ........................................................................ 60 3.2 The end of negotiations with South Korea ............................................................. 61 3.2.1 Reasons leading to an imbalance of relations with South Korea ..................... 62 3.3 The subject of International Organizations ............................................................ 66 3.3.1 The rejection of the aid from the World Food Program (WFP) ......................... 66 3.3.2 Threats toward the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) ..................... 68 3.4 The reproach of human rights ................................................................................ 69 3.4.1 Methods of torture and murder employed by the North Korean government of citizens and foreigners ..................................................................................................... 69 3.4.2 Capital punishment ................................................................................................. 71 3.4.3 Social inequality ...................................................................................................... 72 3.4.4 Ban on Freedom of Expression and Circulation ................................................. 73 3.4.5 Kidnapping ............................................................................................................... 74 3.5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 75 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................... 76 vi ABSTRACT North Korea is the most hostile and isolated country in the world. Silence and lack of freedom are the essential components in order for the government to distort the citizen’s rights. Therefore, the regime throughout its two-level game has accomplished to maintain not just absolute control of its people, but it has also dominated capitalist nations in order to eradicate any interference with their regulations. vii INTRODUCTION Whether it is international negotiations, economic, political and cultural agreements between nations, or simply choosing a tourist destination, North Korea is not taken into account in any of these respects. Similarly, most people around the world do not know the real situation of abuse and domination that the North Korean people experience daily, in addition to the manipulation and blackmail International Organizations and States face by
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