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Georgetown University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics

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Georgetown University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics INSTANT MESSAGING IN KOREAN FAMILIES: CREATING FAMILY THROUGH THE INTERPLAY OF PHOTOS, VIDEOS, AND TEXT A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics By Hanwool Choe, M.A. Washington, D.C. February 27, 2020 Copyright 2020 by Hanwool Choe All Rights Reserved ii INSTANT MESSAGING IN KOREAN FAMILIES: CREATING FAMILY THROUGH THE INTERPLAY OF PHOTOS, VIDEOS, AND TEXT Hanwool Choe, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Cynthia Gordon, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Extending previous research on family interaction (e.g., Tannen, Kendall, and Gordon 2007; Gordon 2009) and online multimodal discourse (e.g., Gordon forthcoming), I use interactional sociolinguistics to analyze instant messages exchanged among members of Korean families(-in-law). I explore how family talk is formulated and fostered online through technological affordances and multimodalities. Data are drawn from 5 chatrooms of 5 Korean families(-in-law), or 17 adult participants, on KakaoTalk, an instant messaging application popular in South Korea. In their instant messaging, family members accomplish meaning-making through actions and interactions, between online and offline, and with visuals and texts. This analysis employs the notion of "entextualization" (Bauman and Briggs 1990; Jones 2009), or the process of extracting and relocating (a part of) discourse, actions, materials, and media into a new context. I suggest that this meaning-making process is fundamental to understanding how intertextuality and framing are interconnected (see Gordon 2009), especially in technology-mediated multimodal interaction. I also draw on Tannen's (1994a, 2007) theorizing on power and solidarity and Gershon’s (2010a, 2010b) concept of "media ideologies" to explore familial identity work, especially concerning intergenerational family relationships such as between in- laws and between grandparents and grandchildren, as well as between spouses who manage marital and parental bonds in the context of a long-distance marriage. iii First, I illuminate the prominent role of everyday photo-/video-sharing in family instant messages and demonstrate how this practice contributes to making meanings. By taking photos and videos, family members perform a form of entextualization that necessarily entails “resemiotization” (Iedema 2003); through technological affordances and multimodalities, everyday moments from life are brought online through visuals and texts. I show how different trajectories of meaning-making are created depending on whether photos and videos are shared with or without captions. I characterize this process as 'continuous reframing’ (participants offer different orientations to the photos and videos, as well as the current interaction about them) and ‘enriching intertextuality' (among various technologically-enabled options, participants choose specific ways to capture, share, and communicate about everyday experiences, while also building upon previously shared visuals and texts). I demonstrate how it is accomplished through mutual participation between senders and receivers. Second, I show how family members, during everyday photo-/video-sharing, assume "footings" (Goffman 1981), or alignments, in their chats, thereby enacting various familial identities by using language in patterned ways in recurring interactional activities that include requesting photos and videos of family children, having imaginary conversation with non-present family children, and reporting on babysitting. This suggests how intergenerational family experiences are multimodally and virtually constructed in family chatrooms. Third, extending the idea that family discourse consists of ritualized linguistic patterns (what Gordon 2009 calls "extreme intertextuality") and recurring frames of family experiences, I examine instant messages exchanged, as well as everyday photos shared between members of a married couple in a long-distance relationship. I show how they create and enact their virtual married life to act as both marriage partners and parents. iv Broadly, my analysis highlights online chat as a site for contemporary family discourse that is coupled with technological affordances and multimodalities. This expands upon the view that family is a discursive construct, demonstrating how the interplay of photos, videos, and text contributes to creating family online. It also illustrates how traditional and contemporary perspectives on family and gender are (re)produced, along with Korea's age-centered culture and language use, online. This study contributes to our understanding of family interaction by examining family discourse in a language that is relatively understudied in this context (Korean), in relatively understudied types of family relationships (in-laws and grandparent-grandchild relationships), in a relatively uncommon family situation (long-distance marriage), and in a relatively new context of communication (instant messaging). v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My dissertation was made possible by those who kindly opened the doors of their family chatrooms and shared their everyday family lives with me. I am enormously grateful to my participants for their enthusiasm for and support of my research. I greatly appreciate their patience and cooperation whenever I reached out to them via KakaoTalk, email, and phone, as well as in person. It has been an honor to pursue my Ph.D. degree under the guidance of scholars whom I admire and aspire to be like – Dr. Cynthia Gordon, Dr. Deborah Tannen, and Dr. Heidi E. Hamilton. First, I owe an immeasurable debt of gratitude to Dr. Cynthia Gordon. From the very beginning to the end of my Ph.D. years, she always made time for me and given me unconditional support to guide my academic growth. She, as the dissertation committee chair, gave me detailed comments on multiple drafts. Her keen insight, critical thinking, and theoretical acumen made projects of mine exponentially better. Also, the home-baked cookies and cakes she brought to our weekly meetings nurtured my stomach while our discussions nurtured my mind. I am also thankful to Dr. Deborah Tannen and Dr. Heidi E. Hamilton, members of my dissertation committee. Their very insightful feedback and points of view helped my thinking and ultimately helped me write a stronger dissertation. I have an enormous appreciation for their excellent mentorship. Dr. Deborah Tannen has been my staunch supporter throughout my graduate years at Georgetown University. The first course I took with her was The Discourse of Social Media in Spring 2014 and it was a game changer for my entire academic research path! She also served as my master's thesis advisor and her guidance was instrumental in helping me improve my scholarly writing and develop my academic mindset. Dr. Tannen's pioneering scholarship and her tremendous encouragement inspired me to continue to pursue an academic career. Dr. Heidi E. Hamilton was my academic advisor during my master's years before she joined my dissertation committee. She always challenged me to think outside the box. Her courses provided me a context where I could unpack my research ideas, being creative and stretching myself intellectually. Her office hours provided both academic and emotional encouragement. I sincerely appreciate her warm support. The three professors who constituted my dissertation committee have been caring and motivational mentors. In addition to my dissertation, my publications during my graduate years came into the world thanks to their unflagging support and help. I wholeheartedly thank them for their reading and commenting on various versions of my papers and helping me find them homes! vi My special thank you goes to Dr. Alexandra Johnston who served as the supervising faculty member for my research assistantship to the Master of Arts in Language & Communication Program. This is the program I graduated from before starting my Ph.D., and I deeply appreciate her kind consideration that enabled me to focus on my dissertation work during the last phase of my dissertation writing. I must acknowledge two of my dearest friends, Bokyung Mun and Kristine Bundschuh, who kindly helped my dissertation project and whom I have considered in some ways my unofficial dissertation committee members. Bokyung Mun reviewed my linguistic glossary translations and answered all my questions, no matter how trivial they were, about the Korean language. Kristine Bundschuh made time to offer me editorial assistance at the very last stage of my writing. I am truly appreciative of their generous help and warm friendship. I would also like to thank my undergraduate research assistants, Brandon Kim and Soohyun Kim (note: they are not related!). They proofread my idiomatic English translations. I am also thankful to Amy Kim (also not related!) and Jungyoon Koh with whom I discussed some of my idiomatic translation challenges. Many people gave me great friendship, strong motivation, and enormous fun throughout my Ph.D. years: I thank my fellow dissertation writers – Viggo (Ho Fai) Cheng, Minh Nguyen, Jehan Almahmoud, Mark Visonà, and Didem İkizoğlu. Especially, Viggo, Minh, Jehan, and Mark helped me to prepare for my defense presentation. I also thank my “boardgame committee” members – Francesca Venezia, Eric Romelczyk, Yiran Xu, and our honorary member, Ivy Wong. They always provided me with much needed support and laughter. I am grateful to Maddie Oakley, Maya Barzilai, Yuka Akiyama,
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