I I I HISTORICAL AND I ARCHAEOLOGICAL I ANALYSIS OF I PARRAMATTA HOSPITAL, I PARRAMATTA, N.S.W. I I I ·1 I

I Edward Higginbotham I. M.A. Cambridge

I CONSULTANT ARCHAEOLOGICAL I SERVICES I www.higginbotham.com.au

;1 Or. Edward Higginbotham. Edward Higginbotham & Associates Pty Ltd. Phone: +612 9716 5154. I Fax: +612 9716 8547. I I IIl

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I HISTORICAL. AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL :1l. ANALYSIS OF I / PARRAMATIA HOSPITAL, PARRAMATIA, I N.S.W . .1 I

I E. Higginbotham CONSULTANT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES I 87 Renwick Street LEICHHARDT, N.S.W. 2040. PO Box 97 IL_ HABERFIELD, N.S.W. 2045. (02) 560-5062.

Il .. www.higginbotham.com.au

I Dr. Edward Higginbotham. Edward Higginbotham & Associates Pty Ltd. Phone: +612 9716 5154. I Fax: +612 9716 8547. I For THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS, N.S.W. Ic.

Draft: September 1990. I Final: October 1990. I ,I !-I 1"1 Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramattaHospital, Parmmatta, N.S.W.

JI CONTENTS.

[I 1. INTRODUCTION. 1 (I 2. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS. 3 2.1. Summary of historical evidence. 3 2.1.1. Section. 19. Allotment 8. The Hospital. 3 ['I 2.1.2. Convict allotments. 11 2.1.3. Section 19, Allotment 98. 12 1.1 2.1.4. Section 19, Allotment 99. 13 2.1.5. Section 19, Allotment 102. 14 ('I 2.1.6. Section 19. Allotment 103. 15 2.2. Land use and building sequence. 15 !.I 2.2.1. Section. 19. Allotment 8. The Hospital. 16 2.2.2. Convict allotments. 16 2.2.3. Early leaseholds. 17 II 2.2.4. Section 19, Allotment 98. 17 2.2.5. Section 19, Allotment 99. 18 (I 2.2.6. Section 19, Allotment 102. 18 2.2.7. Section 19. Allotment 103. 19 II 3. THE CONTRIBUTION OF HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY. 20 3.1. Definitions of cultural significance and archaeological potential. 20 I 3.2. Research themes in historical archaeology. 22 3.3. The survival of the archaeological evidence. 24 [I 3.4. The relevance of the site to current research themes. 26 3.5. Specific research issues. 28 1I 3.5.1. The Hospital. 28 3.5.2. Convict accommodation and living conditions. 29 I 3.5.3. The building sequence on the town allotments. 29 3.5.4. Land use and socio-economic status. 30 3.5.5. Industrial technology, breweries, and tramway communications. 30 I 3.5.6. Brislington. 31 I 3.5.7. Aboriginal artifacts. 32 I 4. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE. 33

I' ii [I \ II Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramatta Hospital, Parramatta, N.S.W. fl 5. RECOMMENDATIONS. 35 5.1. Archaeological investigation. 35 [I 5.2. Conservation of archaeological remains. 35 5.3. George Street frontage. 38 [I 5.4. Brislington. 38 5.5. Excavation permits. 39 :1 5.6. Demolition of existing structures 39 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 40 II Abbreviations. Published sources. :1 Unpublished sources '.

APPENDIX 1. PARRAMATTA HOSPITAL. AN HISTORICAL II ANALYSIS FOR AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE SITE. By Terry Kass. 42 1IL I I I I 1 I I

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I· ill I 11 Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramattaHospital, Parramatta, N.S.W.

1. INTRODUCTION.

This report was commissioned by the Department of Public Works, N.S.W. on 18 July 1990. Its purpose is to determine the archaeological potential of the site, and to make recommendations for the conservation and archaeological investigation of the site prior to redevelopment.

The site ofParramatta Hospital is bounded on the north by Parramatta River, on the east by Marsden Street, on the south by George Street, and on the west by O'Connell Street (Figure 1.1).

This study was commissioned by the Department of Public Works, N.S.W. as a result of a conservation analys~s ofParramatta Hospital, undertaken by Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners in 1990. Paragraph 7.5.2 of this report specifically recommends the IJ development of a comprehensive archaeological program for the site. 1

11 The following reports ·are closely related to the present study and have been consulted '1 in its preparation: Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners Pty Ltd., Brislington House. Conservation plan, Department of Public Works, N.S.W., Sydney, 1990.

Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners Pty Ltd., Parramatta Hospital. Conservation analysis and draft conservation policy, Department of Public Works, N.S.W., Sydney, 1990.

11 Edward Higginbotham, Preliminary historical and archaeological assessment of hospital sites in Parramatta, NSW., Clive Lucas I Stapleton and Partners, 1988. I I

1 Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners Pty Ltd., Parramatta Hospital. Conservation I analysis and draft conservation policy, Department of Public Works, N.S.W., Sydney, 1990.

I 1 I 1 :1 Historical and archaeological analysis of Parramatta Hospital, Parramatta, N .S. W.

1'1 The Hospital site is identified in the archaeological zoning plan for Parramatta as 2 1 inventory numbers 1, 31 to 34, in Central Parramatta. I1 ,• 1I , 1 , rl (I I \,1 II I I • --.

I Figure 1.1. Location plan ofthe Parramatta Hospital Site in Parramatta. ill I I

2 Higginbotham, E & Johnson, P-A. The future ofParramatta's Past. An I archaeological Zoning Plan. I 788 to 1844, Volumes 1 and 2, (Draft report 1987. Final report 1989), University of New South Wales, and the Department of Planning, 1990.

I 2 I [I 1'1 Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramatta Hospital, Parmmatta, N .S.W. fl 2. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS.

~~I As part of this study a detailed historical analysis of the early development of the site was undertaken by Terry Kass, the full text of which may be found in Appendix 1. This additional historical research was necessary to complement that already completed rl,.- by Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners Pty Ltd.! Without it, the thorough assessment fl of the archaeological potential of the site would have been impossible.

II 2.1. Summ-ary of historical evidence.

[I The historical documentation for each town allotment is summarised below (Figure 2.1). l._-I ~I 2.1.1. Section. 19. Allotment 8. The Hospital. The first hospital in Parramatta was erected in November 1790, and comprised a tent 1I with a thatched roof. The historian, James Jervis, considered that this hospital was located on Macquarie Street, near the Arthur Phillip High School. I A brick hospital with two wards was erected on the present hospital site in 1792. The whole site was surrounded by a palisade, to confine the patients. The dispensary was I mentioned in 1798, and likewise the surgeon's house in 1799.

I A new hospital was erected between 1817 and 1819 to the design of John Watts. In order to make way for its construction, the Government had to purchase the house of 11 Daniel AlIen, probably on an allotment facing the present Marsden Street, as shown on the 1804 map of Parramatta (Figure 2.3). The hospital underwent extensive repairs before 1848. Furthermore, the surgeon's house was extended in 1832, while the dead Il"!'!. house and perimeter stone wall were added in 1844. I I 1 Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners Pty Ltd., Brislington House. Conservation plan, Department of Public Works, N.S.W., Sydney, 1990; Clive Lucas Stapleton and I Partners Pty Ltd., Parramatta Hospital. Conservation analysis and draft conservation policy, Department of Public Works, N.S.W., Sydney, 1990.

I 3 I :1 rl Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramatta Hospital, Panamatta, N.S.W. il PARRAMATTA HOSPITAL SITE I Town map :1 I o 50 metres I I I I I I I I N I I I Figure 2.1 Detail of the Town Map ofParramatta, showing the Allotments within I Section 19. I

I 4 I I I Historical and archaeological analysis ofParmmatta Hospital, Parramatta, N.S.W. I PARRAMATTA HOSPITAL SITE I 1792 map I I o 50 metres I I I I I I I I N I I I I Figure 2.2. Detail ofthe 1792 map ofParramatta. I

I 5 I ',I (I Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramattaHospital, Parmmatta, N.S.W. il PARRAMATIA HOSPITAL SITE ,I 1804 map fl 1 o 50 metres [I rl il :1

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[I :1 [I N 1 II I I Figure 2.3. Detail ofthe 1804 map ofPatramatta. I

I 6 I I I Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramatta Hospital, Parramatta, N.S.W. :1 PARRAMATTA HOSPITAL SITE ,I 1823 map (I (I o 50 metres I I II I ,I ':1 il II :1 N I :,1 I Figure 2.4. Detail ofthe 1823 map ofParramatta. I

I 7 I Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramatta Hospital, Panamatta, N.S.W. 11 PARRAMATTA HOSPITAL SITE 1831 map 11\ rl II o 50 metres II t II 1 1

I, I I N I I I , Figure 2.5. Def1liJ ofthe J83 J survey ofParramatf1l, drawn up in J836. I

I 8 I Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramatta Hospital, Parramatta, N.S.W.

PARRAMATTA HOSPITAL SITE 1844 map

:1 o 50 metres I fl \1 I ;,1

~I I I I I ~ Buildings, wood _ Buildings, masonry I I Figure 2.6. Detail ofthe 1844 map ofParramatta. I

I 9 I I I1 Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramatta Hospital, Parramatta, N.S.W.

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Figure 2. 7. Detail ofthe 1792 map ofParramatta, showing the 14 convict allotments [I on the south side ofGeorge Street, between Church and Bridge (the fonner extension ofPitt Street through the Park) Streets. The allotments on the north side of the street, partly within the subject site, have been altered by topogmphic and other factors.

il The Hospital ceased to be a convict hospital in 1848, thereafter becoming the Parramatta District Hospital, serving the town and environs. Bathrooms were added in I 1877, a bath house and lavatories in 1882, along with water pipes.

[I Building for a new hospital commenced in 1896 and continued to 1901, to the design of the architects, Sulman and Power, assisted by G. A. Oakes. The old hospital was I demolished in 1901.2

2 The above text is summarised from the following: Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners I Pty Ltd., Parramatta Hospital. Conservation analysis and draft conservation policy, Department of Public Works, N.S.W., Sydney, 1990, paragraphs 4.2.1.; T. Kass, Parramatta Hospital. An historical analysis for an archaeological assessment of I the site, Consultant Archaeological Services, Sydney, 1990, pp. 19-20 (Appendix 1 in this report).

I 10 I -----~------~ ~I fl Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramattaHospital, Parramatta, N.S.W. fl 2.1.2. Convict allotments.

The George Street frontage of the site was set out as town allotments in 1790. It was the main street of the newly founded town, and measured 205 feet (62.484 metres) I1 wide. Bridge Street (now Pitt Street) (118 feet, or 35.9664 metres wide) and Church Street ( 143 feet, or 43.5864 metres wide) were the principal cross streets, with Bridge Street originally extending through the Parramatta Park to the River (Figure 2.7).3

The distance between Church and Bridge Streets was Originally 1,400 feet (426.72 ,I metres), allowing for 14 convict allotments, each 100 feet (30.48 metres) wide, by 200 feet (60.96 metres) depth. These were the dimensions of the standard convict allotment, fl but variations were made as a result of topographic features and other factors. Thus on the north side of George Street the standard layout is changed by the Hospital Lane (now Marsden Street) (75 feet, or 22.86 metres wide), as well as a creek or water rl~. course (Figure 2.7). From Church Street there were three standard convict allotments, followed by Hospital Lane, then one allotment of 125 feet (38.1 metres) frontage to :1 return to the standard layout. Following this there were two standard allotments, then one of double width, the another five standard allotments to Bridge Street, one of I which was taken up by the creek (Figure 2.7).4 II The standard dimensions of a convict hut were 12 by 24 feet (3.6576 by 7.3152 metres). They were usually placed at the centre of the frontage, but again variations can il be seen (Figure 2.7).5

Archaeological excavations have demonstrated that the principal street alignments have I changed little since 1790, although they are now substantially narrower. The variation in the centre line of Church Street is approximately 1.5 metres east of its original I location.6 This allows the 1790 town plan and the position of convict huts to be reconstructed with some accuracy.

I 3 J. Kerr, Design for convicts, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1984, p.7. 4 Higginbotham, E & J ohnson, P-A. The future ofParramatta's Past. An . archaeological Zoning Plan. 1788 to 1844, Volume 1, (Draft report 1987. Final report I 1989), University of New South Wales, and the Department of Planning, 1990, pp.7- 8. 5 Higginbotham, E & Johnson, P-A. The future ofParramatta's Past. An I archaeological Zoning Plan. 1788 to 1844, Volume 1, (Draft report. 1987. Final report 1989), University of New South Wales, and the Department of Planning, 19QO, pp.6- 7. I 6 E. Higginbotham, 'The excavation of buildings in the early township ofParramatta, New South Wales, 1790-1820s', inAJIL4, Sydney, Vol. 5,1987, pp. 3-20.

I 11 I [I rl Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramatta Hospital, Parramatta, N .S.W.

On the subject site there are thus four convict allotments, including the one of double width with a larger building (Figure 2.2). These allotments were occupied for a number I-I of years by convicts, but were soon taken over by free persons in the early nineteenth century. fl !I 2.1.3. Section 19, Allotment 98. Part of Allotment 98 was leased to Timothy Hollister on 16 July 1804. The deed fl describes him as already in occupation. Thomas Hollister, a former convict, probably won his freedom in 1797, when he was granted 30 acres in the Field of Mars. In 1800 fl he is recorded as a government overseer, with two assigned servants. At this time he was growing wheat and maize on his farm, and possessed a small number of pigs. He had died by 1821.7 -,l_

John Hodges had purchased the allotment by 1821. He had arrived in New South :1, - Wales in 1807 as a convict with a life sentence. By 1814, he was assigned to Edward Shackley, the government gardener at Parramatta. He received a conditional pardon in tl c.1818. Between 1816 and 1818 he purchased first 30 acres, then 60 acres at Seven Hills. He obtained a liquor licence in 1818, but continued after its expiry to sell liquor illegally. Hodges claimed that he was promised a renewed liquor licence if he built a substantial house in Parramatta. 'Brislington' was built in 1821, and subsequently he received his licence.

'Brislington', being valued at over £1,000, enabled John Hodges to obtain a grant of this town allotment on 30 June 1823. It was one of only a small number of town grants made on this basis at this time, thereby signifying an unusual level of investment of capital in town improvements.

John Hodges was described as a shopkeeper in 1822, and in 1835 as a dealer. Many of his activities may be interpreted in this WCl-Y, especially in the economic conditions of the early colony, where sterling currency was scarce, and resort had to be made to barter in liquor and agricultural produce. While Hodges had an interest in a hotel by I 1836, the location of his earlier public house is unknown. Some of the liquor may have

7 The above text is summarised from the following: T. Kass, ParramattaHospital. An I historical analysis for an archaeological assessment of the site, Consultant Archaeological Services, Sydney, 1990, p. 5 (Appendix 1 in this report). I- 12 I tl ("I Historical and archaeological ~alysis ofParramattaHospital, Parmmatta, N.S.W. I. rl been used as barter, but there is specific mention in 1821 of keeping a 'Disorderly House, a phrase which may be interpreted as meaning a hotel. Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners have suggested that Brislington itself was used as a hotel, a hypothesis which could be tested archaeologically. [I John Hodges died in 1849. The legal title of the house and allotment was not consolidated again until 1851, when the purchase was completed by George Rattray. [I The house was leased to Dr. Thomas Robertson from August 1851 and used for his residence and medical practice. Although the house was to pass through the hands of a ;J number of owners, from 1857 to 1916, and then from 1920 to 1947 it was occupied by the Brown family and used for their medical practice. It was used as a nurses home [I from 1916 to 1920, and then from 1951 onwards. The additions and alterations to the house are described in the report by Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners. 8 II \1 2.1.4. Section 19, Allotment 99. Part of Allotment 99 was leased to John Nichols on 1 January 1806. While there is II some doubt as to the identity of John Nichols, it is probable that he was a convict, obtaining his freedom and a land grant of 30 acres near Parmmatta by 1791. In 1810, II an advertisement of sale probably describes the houses on this town allotment. (I James Harrex had gained possession of the allotment by 1823, a lease being issued to him on 30 June 1823. He was a former convict, whose principal interests were in rural land, although he also undertook building contracts for government and held a liquor 1I~- licence. He obtained the lease of an allotment in Parramatta as early as 1804, and used it as his home, until acquiring Allotment 99. After his death in 1825, his property was II held by trustees, and Allotment 99 was leased by 1831 to John Moor, publican. A new house was built in 1837 by James Houison for £325. The house was' built to the I specifications of John Foreman Staff, clerk of St. John's Church, who leased the allotment from at least 1837. I,

I 8 The above text is summarised from the following: Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners Pty Ltd., Brislington House.. Conservation plan, Department of Public Works, N.S.W., Sydney, 1990, paragraphs 4.1.1, and 4.2; T. Kass, ParramattaHospital. An I historical analysis for an archaeological assessment of the site, Consultant . . Archaeological Services, Sydney, 1990, pp. 7-11, 21 (Appendix 1 in this report).

I 13 I· fl Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramattaHospital, Parmmatta, N.S.W.

il The trustees partitioned the estate of James Harrex in 1847, Hannah Sarah Harrex inheriting Allotment 99. She had married James McRoberts, a Parmmatta innkeeper, fl with the result that the allotment was granted to him in 1855. The property was lost through bankruptcy in 1862. By 1873, it was conveyed to Bridget King, wife ofIsaac King, a timber merchant. Isaac King had leased the allotment from at least 1865. Even after resumption for the hospital, the land was used by King as a fuel yard. 9

2.1.5. Section 19, Allotment 102.

Part of Allotment 102 was leased on 30 December 1809 to Anthony Landrin, an [I anglicised version of the name, Antoine Landrien, one of two French prisoners of war sent to New South Wales in 1801, ostensibly for their skills in viticulture. They were [I responsible for the planting of vines at the Crescent in Parmmatta Park, between 1801 and 1804. Landrin became Government Cooper in this period. Becoming free in 1804, and obtaining a 60 acre grant of land at Prospect, he nonetheless continued coopering ·1 until at least 1807. He died probably between 1811 and 1814, but certainly by 1820.

II Samuel Larkin occupied a house on this allotment by 1824. It was granted to him in 1831. Larkin arrived in New South Wales in 1801 with Cl; life sentence. He received a II conditional pardon in 1803, and became principal clerk to the governor. In 1811 he became an additional clerk to the Commissariat Stores at Parramatta, and storekeeper in II 1813.

He was dismissed from this position in 1819, for making the Store' under his charge a II Shop, for receiving and vending Spirits, Tobacco, Salt and other Articles under his private Account'. As a result of these trading and dealing activities, Larkin obtained I rural land, but also many town allotments in Parramatta. The title to many of these town allotments was questioned by the government in 1823, and only a small number were I subsequently leased or granted. After Larkin's death in 1835, the allotment was partitioned between two of his children, Edgar and Cordelia. Edgar Larkin immediately I sold the eastern portion. It remained as a vacant lot, with the watercourse running

9 The above text is summarised from the following: Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners I Pty Ltd., Parramatta Hospital. Conservation analysis and draft conservation policy, Department of Public Works, N.S.W., Sydney, 1990, paragraphs 4.2.2; T. Kass, Parramatta Hospital. An historical analysis for an archaeological assessment of I the site, Consultant Archaeological Services, Sydney, 1990, pp. 6-7,11-13,22-23 (Appendix 1 in this report).

! I 14 I l'l [-I Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramattaHospital, Parmmatta, N.S.W.

!~I through it until c.1882, when a brick house was erected thereon. It was resumed for the Hospital in 1916. [I Cordelia Larkin sold the western portion and the house upon it in 1837. Between 1839 f.1 and 1841 the Emu Brewery was completed, but finally closed in 1850. It was used as a wool washery from c.1851. These buildings were replaced by a brick house between r~1 1859 and 1865. Sydney Ferries purchased this western portion in 1901, and amalgamated it with 1,1 Allotment 103 as a tram depot.1 0 rl 2.1.6. Section 19. Allotment 103. [I Part of Allotment 103 was leased by John Blakefield, a baker, on 9 June 1809. After his death, his son, Charles Blakefield was cared for by the constable, William [I Beaumont. The allotment was therefore leased to Beaumont in 1823, but Charles Blakefield, a wheelwright, was in occupation by 1831. The allotment was granted to 1.1 Blakefield in 1853, and finally sold in 1860. Five cottages were erected by Edward Mason on the allotment by 1865. II The land was sold to Edward Jeannerett, steamboat proprietor of Sydney in 1883. It (I became the terminus of a steam tramway from the wharf along George Street. The tramway was sold to the Sydney Ferries Limited in 1901. The allotment was resumed II for the Hospital in 1948. 11

~-'I 2.2. Land use and building sequence.

;1 The building sequence on the subject site between 1792 and 1844 is illustrated in [I figures 2.2 to.2.6. In c.1810 the street layout was changed to its present configuration,

10 The above text is summarised from the following: T. Kass, Parmmatta Hospital. An L1"1 historical analysis for an archaeological assessment of the site, Consultant Archaeological Services, Sydney, 1990, pp. 14-17,24-26. (Appendix 1 in this report). 11 The above text is summarised from the following: T. Kass, Parmmatta Hospital. An historical anaJysis for an archaeological assessment of the site, Consultant Archaeological Services, Sydney, 1990, pp. 17-18,27 (Appendix 1 in this report).

15 '.1

Historical and archaeological analysis of Parramatta Hospital, Parramatta, N .S. W.

with narrower streets. The boundaries of the allotments were altered as a consequence, and were redefined by 1823)2

It is clear from other historical documentation that only the principal buildings were shown on these maps, while out-buildings and other structures were omitted. This has now been confirmed by archaeological excavation. 13 [I II 2.2.1. Section. 19. Allotment 8. The Hospital. It is not possible to identify the specific use of the Hospital buildings from the c1792 fl map or other historical documentation (Figure 2.2). The two buildings shown on the 1804 map may be identified as the Hospital itself and the Surgeon's residence, while [I the two allotments and buildings fronting Hospital Lane (now Marsden Street) should probably be considered as separate from the Hospital. One may have been the house of Daniel AlIen, which was bought by government to extend the Hospital (Figure 2.3). :1-. Both the 1823 and 1831 maps show only one Hospital building, although the survival of the 1817 plans and other historical evidence confirms the existence of other buildings I associated with the new Hospital (Figures 2.4 and 2.5). The 1844 map shows buildings which may be identified from the later 1882 plan as the Hospital, kitchens II and laundry, Doctor's residence, store and stables.l4

II 2.2.2. Convict allotments.

:1~ ... The 1792 map indicates four buildings on the George Street frontage, presumably convict huts. The use of the larger building on the double-sized allotment may have I been different (Figure 2.2). The 1804 map shows an alteration in the arrangement of the allotments, but included four buildings, only three of which may be in the same

12 Higginbotham, E & Johnson, P-A. The future ofParramatta'sPast. An archaeological Zoning Plan. 1788 to 1844, Volume 1, (Draft report 1987. Final report 1989), University of New South Wales, and the Department of Planning, 1990, pp.9- 11. 13 E. Higginbotham, 'The excavation of buildings in the early township ofParramatta, New South Wales, 1790-1820s', in AIHA, Sydney, Vol. 5, 1987, pp. 3-20. The I< . omission of out-buildings and other structures from these maps was also demonstrated during the excavation of 79 George Street, Parramatta; E. Higginbotham, forthcoming. 14 T. Kass, Parramatta Hospital. An historical analysis for an archaeological I assessment of the site, Consultant Archaeological Services, Sydney, 1990, figure 2.06. (Appendix 1 in this report).

I 16 I [I [I Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramattaHospital, Parramatta, N.S.W.

position as those shown on the 1792 map. Only the lease of Timothy Hollister is shown on this plan, the other allotment still being in convict occupation or held by permissive occupancy (Figure 2.3).

2.2.3. Early leaseholds.

The lease of Timothy Hollister is mentioned above. The 1804 map probably indicates a re-use of a former convict hut by him (Figure 2.3).

The adjacent allotment was leased by John Nichols. An advertisement for sale in 1810 [I may be for this property, and describes two houses, a bakers oven, a well and a stable.1 5 It is possible to identify two buildings on the 1804 plan, one of which may be II a former convict hut. However they may not both have been on Nichol's lease.

The next allotment was leased by Anthony Landrin, a cooper and vine grower. 'I Depending on the exact location of the lease, the 1804 map may show the reuse ofa II convict hut. The next allotment was leased to John Blakefield, a baker. Depending on the exact [I location of the lease, the 1804 map shows this allotment as vacant. Blakefield, whose lease is dated to 1809 may therefore have built a house for himself.

I In most cases, because of the impermanent construction techniques of convict huts, buildings on these allotments would have been substantially renewed or replaced I between 1800 and 1820. I 2.2.4. Section 19, Allotment 98. I The 1823 map indicates that by this date a new building had been erected on Allotment 98, confirmed by other historical documentation as 'Brislington'. This building is I shown on all later maps. The description of the house in 1825 included the house, I detached kitchen and pantry, two servants bedrooms, a stable and coach-house, a well,

15 T. Kass, Parramatta Hospital. An historical analysis for an archaeological I assessment of the site, Consultant Archaeological Services, Sydney, 1990, p. 22 (Appendix 1 in this report).

I 17 I :1 I1 Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramattaHospital, Parramatta, N.S.W.

and also a garden. The early maps do not therefore show all the buildings. The timber building shown on the 1844 map may be the stable and coach house (Figure 2.6).

These and later additions to the house are described in the report by Clive Lucas il Stapleton and Partners.16 The predominant land use of Brislington may have been residential from 1821 to 1851, [I but the extent to which it was also used by Hodges as a dealer is unknown. The house may also have been used as a hotel. From 1851 onwards the house was used as a 11 residence and medical practice.

2.2.5: Section 19, Allotment 99.

The house on this allotment was becoming dilapidated in the 1830s and was replaced by a brick cottage in 1837. The earlier structure is probably shown on the 1823 and 1831 maps (Figures 2.4 and 2.5). It cannot have been a former convict hut, because these impermanent structures would have required renewal or replacement at an earlier I date. The 1837 brick cottage is shown on plans through to the twentieth century. It may be noted that the 1844 map probably shows the 1837 cottage as well as its predecessor I behind it, both however of timber construction (Figure 2.6).

The allotment may have had a predominantly residential use until the 1860s, when it I may have become a timber or fuel yard. I I 2.2.6. Section 19, Allotment 102. The house shown on the 1804, 1823, 1831 and 1844 maps is in the approximate same I location, but is unlikely to have been a former convict hut, because of the impermanence of these structures The fact that it is shown as a masonry building on the 1844 map and described as a weatherboard house in 1824 indicates the replacement I of the earlier building on the same site (Figures 2.2 to 2.6). The land use may have. I

I 16 Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners Pty Ltd., Brislington House. Conservation plan, Department of Public Works, N.S.W., Sydney, 1990, paragraphs 4.1.1, and 4.2.

I 18 I tl [I Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramattaHospital, Parramatta, N.S.W.

rl been predominantly residential, but may also have been related to the business dealings of Samuel Larkin. A garden with fruit trees is mentioned in 1824.l7 fl The Emu Brewery is also shown on the 1844 map. It was described in the sale notice 1.1 of 1859.1 8 The building on the George Street frontage may have survived into the twentieth century (Figure 2.6). [I rl 2.2.7. Section 19. Allotment;103. The house shown on the 1823 map may have been the one used by Blakefield as early

! (Il as 1809. It is shown as a timber building on the 1844 map (Figures 2.4 to 2.6). I II Five cottages were erected on the allotment by 1865, but after 1883 the land was devoted to the tramway terminus. il II

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17 T. Kass, Parmmatta Hospital. An historical analysis for an archaeological I assessment of the site, Consultant Archaeological Services, Sydney, 1990, p. 24 (Appendix 1 in this report). 18 T. Kass, Parramatta Hospital. An historical-analysis for an archaeological I assessment of the site, Consultant Archaeological Services, Sydney, 1990, figure 3.05. (Appendix 1 in this report).

I 19 I I1 rl Historical and archaeological analysis of Parramatta Hospital, Parramatta, N .S. W.

[I 3. THE CONTRIBUTION OF HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY. fl 3.1. Definitions of cultural significance and archaeological potential. \"1 The importance of the archaeological sites identified by this study will be assessed in general terms according to their cultural significance. The term, 'environmental [I heritage', is defined by the Heritage Act of 1977,: it 'means those buildings, works, relics or places of historic, scientific, cultural, social, archaeological, architectural, II natural or aesthetic significance'.l The term 'cultural significance' will be used in this 11 study, but it is interchangeable with the term 'environmental heritage'. This study will not describe all aspects of cultural significance, but will concentrate on the archaeological potential of each site. The term 'archaeological potential' may be 11 dermed as the extent to which a site may contribute knowledge, not available from other sources, to current themes in historical archaeology and related disciplines.2

II\ In the assessment of archaeological potential, several factors or criteria have to be taken fll. into account. Questions include:

II 1. Does the site contribute knowledge not available from other sources? In this respect, the preservation of the site, the availability of comparative sites, and the extent of historical documentation should be II considered. tl 2. Does this knowledge contribute meaningfully to current research themes in historical archaeology and related disciplines? The relevance

Ic .• and importance of this contribution should be assessed in terms of its application to the site alone, or between sites, or on a regional or wider ,I basis. I 1 Heritage Act, 1977, no.136, s.4(1). 2 This definition is based upon the following references; A. Bickford, & S. Sullivan, I 'Assessing the research significance of historic sites', in S. Sullivan, & S. Bowdler, Site survey and significance assessment in Australian archaeology, Dept. of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, AND, Canberra, 1984, pp. 19-26.; S. Sullivan, & I S. BowdIer, Site survey and significance assessment in Australian archaeology, Dept. of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, AND, Canberra, 1984, passim.

I 20 I tl [I Historical and archaeological analysis of Parmmatta Hospital, Parramatta, N .S. W.

fl It is clear that the detennination of archaeological potential is closely related and, in fact, dependent upon the development of current research themes in historical archaeology. [I These research themes will be introduced and developed in this chapter, thereby giving the historical archaeologist a fmmework with which future research and site assessment II may proceed. It is also necessary to clarify the significance' of a site in tenns of its ability to [I 'demonstrate a way of life, taste, custom, process or function of particular interest.'3 This factor was given greater emphasis by J. S. Kerr in the assessment of cultural II significance in the second edition of his book, entitled The Conservation Plan.4 .Qne can claim that all physical evidence possesses this ability to some extent, but it is also I1 the basis of all archaeological interpretation. On both archaeological excavations and during site survey and recording, the archaeologist is trained to interpret the physical evidence in terms of past patterns o,f human behaviour. Where physical evidence II survives above ground, this ability is not confined to archaeologists, but is shared with historians, historical geographers and other similar practitioners. However it is the [I specific use of scientific excavation and recording methods, which allows the archaeologist to understand and interpret both above and below ground remains, tl thereby making a significant contribution over and above other disciplines. II An artifact, an archaeological feature or site may possess this ability to 'demonstrate a way of life, taste, custom, process or function of particular interest'. This may be described as its educational or 'public significance' .5 It may also possess archaeological I potential to contribute knowledge, not available from other sources, to current themes in historical archaeology and related disciplines. This archaeological potential may be I recovered by archaeological excavation or by recording, so that the evidence is enabled to'make its contribution. and thereby partially or wholly gives up its archaeological I potential. On the othe~ hand, even if the archaeological potential is fully recovered, that same artifact, feature or site may still possess its educational value, providing it is I 3 J. S. Kerr, The Conservation Plan. A guide to the preparation ofconservation plans forplaces ofEuropean cultural significance, first edition, National Trust of Australia I (N.S.W. Branch), Sydney, 1982, p. 4. 4 J. S. Kerr, The Conservation Plan. A guide to the preparation ofconservation plans forplaces ofEuropean cultural significance, second edition, National Trust of Australia I (N.S.W. Branch), Sydney, 1985. 5 M. Pearson, 'Assessing the significance of historical archaeological resources', in S. Sullivan, & S. Bowdler, Site survey and significance assessment in Australian I archaeology, Dept. of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, ANU, Canberra, 1984, p. 32.

I 21 I tl [I Historical and archaeological analysis ofParmmatta Hospital, Parramatta, N.S.W.

[I conserved or survives in some physical sense. It is the various approaches to the conservation of the physical evidence, which form the basis of the Australia [COMOS 1I charter for the conservation ofplaces ofcultural significance, otherwise known as the Burra Charter.6 fl 11 3.2. Research themes in historical archaeology. A number of research themes have been developed in historical archaeology. Those of !I particular relevance to Parramatta were first defined in 1987.7 They have been developed through a number of stages to those now devised for The Rocks and Millers tl Point in Sydney.8 Being an urban environment with a similar length of historic occupation, these themes are also largely relevant to Parmmatta, and are therefore listed below. The only major alteration should be the addition of a sub-theme, entitled the tl agricultural settlement, 1788 to 1790, to the theme of penal administration.

I 1. Penal administration. 1.1. The foundation of the town as a convict settlement, or "gaol town". il 1.2. Convict labour. 1.3. Government institutions selVing the convict system. . . II lA. Convict accommodation. ,I 1.5. The economy of the penal settlement. 2. Civil administration: the development of the administrative and selVice functions of government. I 2.1. Town planning and land use. 2.2. Religion. I 2.3. Civil defence and the armed forces, law and order and punishment. 2.4. Government institutions selVing the free population. I 2.5. Municipal government.

6 J. S. Kerr, The Conservation Plan. A guide to the preparation ofconservation plans I forplaces ofEuropean cultural significance, second edition, National Trust of Australia (N.S.W. Branch), Sydney, 1985, appendix 1. ,I 7 Higginbotham, E & Johnson, P-A. The.future ofParramatta's Past. An archaeological Zoning Plan. 1788 to 1844, Volumes I and 2, (Draft report 1987. Final report 1989), University of New South Wales, and the Department of Planning, 1990. 8 E. Higginbotham, T. Kass & M. Walker, The Rocks and Millers Point I Archaeological Management Plan, The Sydney Cove Authority, and the Department of Planning, N.S.W., 1990.

I 22 I [I tl Historical and archaeological analysis of Parramatta Hospital, Parramatta, N .S. W. fl 2.6. The administration of international and coastal trade. fl 3. The development of the town by free enterprise. 3.1. The reuse and development of fonner convict town allotments and huts, 1790s onwards. Security ofland title. II 3.2. The development of the free economy. 3.3. Cottage industries and small scale manufacturing. 11 3.4. Industry and manufacturing (within study area). 3.5. Mercantile interests: wharves and warehouses. II 3.6. Socio-economic status of population and its distribution. 11 4. Urban growth and the structure of urban settlement. 4.1. Land use of town allotments. 4.2. Subdivision and amalgamation 1I 4.3. Distribution of housing, shops, hotels, industry, etc. [I 4.4. The decline of housing conditions. 5. Social mobility, and relations between convict, emancipated and free persons II (both emigrant and official). 5. 1. The divergence of social and economic status. II 6. Public health and sanitation; public utilities. 6.1. Water supply and sewerage. I 6.2. Gas and electricity.

I 7 . Industry and manufacturing. 7.1. Sequences of technological development, industrial processes, I processes of operation. 7.2. Design and engineering practice. I 7.3. The social stratification of management and staff: amenities and working conditions. 7.4. Staff housing: manager's residence and workers cottages. I 7.5. Labour relations: unions and management. 7.6. Location of industry in relation to sources of raw materials, market and I labour force. 7.7. Trading and marketing networks. I 7.8. Industry and the environment.

I 23 I II fl Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramatta Hospital, Parramatta, N .S.W. fl 7.9. The social and economic consequences of technological change. lr"_ __ 8. Environmental changes resulting from human occupation and exploitation. 8.1. Environmental degradation and pollution. I-I 8.2. The replacement of the natural flora, introduced flora, regeneration and the weeds of cultivation. rl 9. Cultural adaptation and cultural conservatism, reflected in buildings as well as il the marketing of goods. 10. Contact between Aboriginal and European settlement. II 11. Defence of the Realm. \1 11.1. Harbour defences.

12. Scientific institutions. [I 12.1. Astronomy and meteorology.

II 13. State intervention. 13.1. Public housing. fl 13.2. Commerce: wharves and warehouses, shops and offices. tl 14. Communication. 14.1. Public transport. 14.2. Roads and bridges. [I 14.3. Telecommunications. tl I 3.3. The survival of the archaeological evidence. One of the principal factors determining the contribution of a site to current research themes is the survival of the archaeological evidence. Site survey of the present I structures on the site has revealed little evidence of major disturbance to the underground archaeological evidence, except in a few instances where basements and I footings are excavated into the ground (Figure 3.0. I

I 24 I I :1 Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramatta Hospital, Parramatta, N.S.W. il PARRAMATTA HOSPITAL SITE II Condition of archaeological remains \1 rl o 50 metres tl (I II fl II II (I

N

_ Standing buildings

_ Archaeological remains, disturbed o Archaeological remains, above ground

Figure 3.1. Plan of the Parramatta Hospital site, showing present buildings, the extent ofdisturbance to below ground archaeological remains, and the location ofabove ground archaeological sites. Except where disturbed, below ground archaeological evidence may survive.

25 1.1 Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramattaHospital, Parramatta, N.S.W.

fl From the historical evidence, further disturbance may be suspected elsewhere, namely in the vicinity of the Emu Brewery and the later tram terminus. The cellar at Brislington !I will have disturbed previous occupation, but the house itself is the only major above ground archaeological site and resource within the study area. \1 11 3.4. The relevance of the site to current research themes. The following list indicates the research themes to which an archaeological investigation

of this site ~ay contribute:

~I 1. Penal administmtion. 1. 1. The foundation of the town as a convict settlement, or "gaol town". (I 1.2. Convict labour. 1.3. Government institutions serving the convict system. 1.4. Convict accommodation. 1.5. The economy of the penal settlement.

III 2. Civil administmtion: the development of the administmtive and service functions of government. 2.1. Town planning and land use. :1~ , 2.4. Government institutions serving the free population. I1 2.5. Municipal government.

3. The development of the town by free enterprise. 1I 3.1. The reuse and development of former convict town allotments and huts, 1790s onwards. Security ofland title. 'I 3.2. The deVelopment of the free economy. 3.3. Cottage industries and small sc~e manufacturi,ng. I 3.4. Industry and manufacturing (within study area). 3.6. Sodo-economic status of popUlation and it~ distribution.

I I 4. Urban growth and the structure of urban settlement. 4.1. Land use of town allotments. I 4.2. Subdivision and amalgamation I 4.3. Distribution of housing, shops, hotels, industry, etc.

I 26 I fl Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramattaHospital, Parramatta, N.S.W.

1'"1 5. Social mobility, and relations between convict, emancipated and free persons (both emigrant and official). 1"'1 5. 1. The divergence of social and economic status. 11 6. Public health and sanitation; public utilities. 6.1. Water supply and sewerage. [I 6.2. Gas and electricity. 7. Industry and manufacturing.

"ri,, ' 7. 1. Sequences of technological development, industrial processes, processes of operation. 7.2. Design and engineering practice. 7.3. The social stratification of management and staff: amenities and working [I conditions. 7.4. Staff housing: manager's residence and workers cottages. 7.5. Labour relations: unions and management. II 7.6. Location of industry in relation to sources of raw materials, market and (I labour force. ~" 7.7. Trading and marketing networks. 7.8. Industry and the environment. il 7.9. The social and economic consequences of technological change.

8. Environmental changes resulting from human occupation and exploitation. I~" 8. 1. Environmental degradation and pollution. 8.2. The replacement of the natural flora, introduced flora, regeneration and I the weeds of cultivation.

:1 9. Cultural adaptation and cultural conservatism, reflected in buildings as well as the marketing of goods. I 10. Contact between Abori~nal and European settlement.

I 12. Scientific institutions. 12.1. Astronomy and meteorology. I 12.2. Medicine.

I 14. Communication.

I 27 I [.1 fl Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramattaHospital, Parramatta, N.S.W.

[I 14.1. Public tmnsport.

["I The fact that this list has few deletions from the total list provided in section 3.2 above is a good indication of the importance of the subject site as an archaeological resource. f.1 It should be noted that, under the heading of scientific institutions, the sub-heading of medicine has been added, in order to take into account the advances in medical practice !~I as demonstrated by the development of the hospital facilities. il 3.5. Specific research issues.

\1 Among the above research themes are some specific research issues relevant to this site, namely: 1'1 1. The Hospital. 2. Convict accommodation and living conditions. tl 3. The building sequence on the town allotments. 4. Land use and socio-economic status. (I S. Industrial technology, breweries and tramway communications. 6. Brislington. l.1 7. Aboriginal artifacts. f.1 3.S.1. The Hospital.

II Specific questions which require investigation of the Hospital complex, as originally on 1I Allotment 8, are as follows: 1. The identification of the buildings on the 1792 plan. !.I 2. The location of ancillary buildings, if not shown on the early historic plans. 3. Medical practice, as demonstrated by the sequence of development on the site. 4. Living and working conditions within the Hospital, and other activities undertaken tl on the site. S. Self sufficiency of the Hospital, in terms of providing its own produce from its II gardens. '6. ~he development of building materials and techniques. I .7. Health and sanitation.

:.1 28 I Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramatta Hospital, Parramatta, N.S.W.

Archaeological investigation will provide both structural and artifactual evidence to contribute towards the above issues. Environmental sciences, including pollen analysis, will contribute to evidence on the production of the gardens, and changes in local rl vegetation.

There are a number of comparisons to the Parramatta Hospital site, for example, the [I Rum Hospital in Sydney, or the former Hospital at Liverpool. The fact that these hospitals are extant and of a similar period to the Watts Hospital at Parramatta lessens the archaeological potential of the Hospital at and after this period. The earlier Hospitals in Sydney and Liverpool do not survive, so that the below ground evidence of the 1792 [I Hospital at Parramatta is likely to have a major contribution.

3.5.2. Convict accommodation and living conditions.

I1 The convict huts built from 1790 onwards are likely to make a major contribution to knowledge of this early period, not only in terms of building materials and techniques, fl but also in variation in constructio~ and usage, and the living conditions of the convicts. Environmental sciences, including .pollen analysis, will contribute to the II evidence for the cultivation of these allotments.

Two convict huts have been excavated to date in Parramatta. The first, on the site of the tl Commonwealth Govemment Offices in Parramatta, revealed detailed information on the above questions.9 The second site, on the corner of Smith and George Streets, I Parramatta, is yet to be published, but revealed evidence of variation in size of the hut, and in land use.1 0 1.1

:1 3.5.3. The building sequence on the town allotments.

The historic maps and other historical documentation gives an unclear picture of the 11'- sequence of buildings on each allotment, and even within the Hospital grounds. 11 Archaeological investigation will reveal the details of the sequence, and the various

9 E. Higginbotham, 'The excavation of buildings in the early township ofParramatta, New South Wales, 1790-1820s', in AIHA, Sydney, Vol. 5, 1987, pp. 3-20. 10 E, Higginbotham, forthcoming.

29 'I

Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramatta Hospital, Parmmatta, N.S.W.

[I stages through which each building has gone. For example, a convict hut was initially used fro convict occupation, possibly followed by emancipists, and then finally as an :11 ancillary structure when replaced by a new building. It is possible that a hut was used ["I as a store, stockyard, or stable in its final stage of use. Archaeological investigation will also pinpoint the location of ancillary buildings, not l'-I indicated on the early historic plans.

('I 3.5.4. Land use and socio-economic status.

[1 Structural and artifactual evidence will make a contribution to our knowledge of the land use of these town allotments. It may reveal a far greater range of activities than rl indicated by the historical documentation, which may relate to cottage industries, self­ sufficiency, and the socio-economic status of the individuals or groups occupying each site. Environmental sciences, including pollen analysis, will contribute to the evidence 'I for the cultivation of these allotments. Archaeological evidence may resolve the fl historiGal question of whether Brislington, or its allotment were ever used as a hotel. One of the important issues to be !lddressed on this site is the social and economic rl status of the emancipists who occupied the allotments. This is one of the principal reasons for the detail of the historical research, in order to get as complete a picture as II possible from the historical record. This may then be tested against the archaeological evidence, in terms of access to goods and services as implied by the artifactual remains. !I 3.5.5. Industrial technology, breweries, and tramway communications.

The construction of the Emu Brewery in Parmmatta between 1839 and 1841, and the terminus of the steam tramway from 1883, will both contribute evidence on industrial processes and technology. Comparative sites, the survival of the evidence on this site, and the extent of historical documentation may lessen the contribution of this site to some degree. As far as is known, the Emu Brewery is the first privately owned brewery in Parramatta. The tramway represents an early example of the use of the ,I technology in Australia. 'I 30 .1 II Historical and archaeological analysis of Parramatta Hospital, Parramatta, N .S. W.

3.5.6. Brislington.

The building known as Brislington is an important archaeological resource, as a surviving structure from the early period of the Town. It lies on one of only a few allotments granted in 1823 because of the value of the improvements undertaken.

The archaeological potential of the site may be recovered by a detailed structural analysis of the building materials, and sequence of construction, additions and alterations. This needs to be undertaken in more detail than completed for architectural i.. 1 purposes. It should be noted that early mortars and plasters also contain pollen samples that may be closely dated, and therefore provide important evidence within a larger rl research programme. r-I Furthermore, although the house has undergone extensive restoration, there is a strong possibility that under floor occupation deposits will survive. These are normally a rich l-I source of archaeological evidence. Brislington itself is expected to contribute to a large number of the abovementioned II research themes, an indication of its importance as an archaeological resource: fl 3. The deVelopment of the town by free enterprise. 3.1. The reuse and development of former convict town allotments and huts, 1790s onwards. Security ofland title. II 3.2. The development of the free economy. 3.3. Cottage industries and small scale manufacturing. 'I 3.6. Socio-economic status of population and its distribution.

(I 4. Urban growth and the structure of urban settlement. 4.1. Land use of town allotments. il 4.2. Subdivision and amalgamation 4.3. Distribution of housing, shops, hotels, industry, etc. t 'I 5. Social mobility, and relations between convict, emancipated and free persons (both emigrant and officiaI). !I 5. 1. The divergence of social and economic status.

I 6. Public health and sanitation; public utilities.

I1 31 I I r'l Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramattaHospital, Parramatta, N.S.W. rI 6.1. Water supply and sewerage. 6.2. Gas and electricity. [I 8. Environmental changes resulting from human occupation and exploitation. [I 8.1. Environmental degradation and pollution. 8.2. The replacement of the natuml flom, introduced flora, regenemtion and r_ the weeds of cultivation.

9. Cultural adaptation and cultural conselVatism, reflected in buildings as well as i.1 the marketing of goods. [I 3.5.7. Aboriginal artifacts. ~I Given that Parramatta is built on the alluvial plain of the Parmmatta River, it is highly likely that aboriginal artifacts will be found on any large archaeological excavation. rl! Alluvial plains were a favoured resource and settlement area for Aboriginees, and their occupation will have left at least minimal traces. There is also historical evidence for early contact with the indigenous tribes, and aboriginal relics have already been found in association with historic sites on most excavations in Parramatta.

32 .1

Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramatta Hospital, Parramatta, N .S.W.

4. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE. rl The following statement of cultural significance is prepared in accordance with the principals of The Burra Charter'! It is not intended to be a complete statement, but will (I concentrate on the archaeological potential of the site, and supplement the statement of significance already formulated in previous studies.2

[I The Parramatta Hospital Site is highly significant because of its ability to contribute to a large number of the current research themes in historical ~I archaeology, as described above in chapter 3. The archaeological remains, both above and below ground, possess the ability to demonstrate the historic sequence of development of this part of Parramatta, and the way of life in the early town.

The Hospital site is the oldest continuously occupied for that purpose in il Australia. The town allotments are associated with early convict and then emancipist occupation, and are thus representative of the early occupation and development of the town. In addition their good state of preservation gives them additional value as an archaeological resource, contributing to a large number of research themes in historical I archaeology. One of the allotments is unusual in that it is associated with the I . occupation of Anthony Landrin, a French prisoner of war.

I Brislington is a well preserved early town house, on one of a few allotments in Parramatta that were granted in 1823, as a result of the I value of the improvements thereon. It possesses the archaeological I 1 J. S. Kerr, The Conservation Plan. A guide to the preparation ofconservation plans forplaces ofEuropea.n cultural significance, second edition, National Trust of Australia I (N.S.W. Branch), Sydney, 1985,pp. 8-11, 22-32. 2 Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners Pty Ltd., Brislington House. Conservation plan, Department of Public Works, N.S.W., Sydney, 1990; Clive Lucas Stapleton and I Partners Pty Ltd., Parramatta Hospital. Conservation analysis and draft conservation policy, Department of Public Works, N.S.W., Sydney, 1990.

I 33 I II ~I Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramattaHospital, Parramatta, N.S.W.

fl potential to contribute to a number of research themes in historical archaeology. [I The site possesses the archaeological potential to reveal evidence relating [I to the Aboriginal occupation of the area in both the prehistoric and contact periods.

[I The Emu Brewery is the earliest privately owned brewery in Parramatta. The tram terminus represents an early example of the use of this

.Lfl technology in Australia. Together these sites may contribute to our knowledge of these industrial processes and technologies. ~I il II

'I~. [I

I,. I I I I I I

I 34 I 1I [I Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramattaHospital, Parramatta, N.S.W.

fl 5. RECOMMENDATIONS. [I The following recommendations set out the framework within which the investigation or conservation of the site should be considered. [I I 5. 1. Archaeological investigation. It is recommended that:

I,-- 1. The areas as indicated in figure 5.1 should be subject to archaeological excavation I prior to redevelopment, if they are to be disturbed or concealed by construction.

2. This area should be excavated by means of area excavation. Overburden down to the I first archaeological deposits should be removed by machine under archaeological supervision. Deposits exposed within this area should then be selectively sampled by I manual excavation.

I Notes. The above two recommendations limit the area to be investigated by archaeological excavation. The second recommendation represents an excavation or sampling strategy to overcome the shortcomings of the historical evidence. It has been I noted that the early maps and plans do not show all structures or buildings. It is therefore necessary to expose all possible archaeological deposits by machine, in order I to correct this bias. This sampling strategy allows for the evaluation of all exposed archaeological deposits, and for their selective manual excavation. This sampling I strategy should also remove the need for a watching brief or archaeological monitoring I programme during bulk excavation for construction. I 5.2. Conservation of archaeological remains.

There are several options for the conservation of archaeological remains, partly I depending on their archaeological potential or cultural significance. They are listed as I follows: I Option 1. Interpretation of site and display of excavated artifacts in new development.

I 35 .' I Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramatta Hospital, Parmmatta, N.S.W. "I

I PARRAMATTA HOSPITAL SITE [I Archaeological investigation and conservation il rl o 50 metres rl II I I I I I I N I I -_ Disturbance to archaeological remains ~ E2a Areas to be subject to archaeological excavation. I ~ Conservation areas.

I Figure 5.1. Plan of the Parramatta Hospital Site, showing the areas for archaeological investigation and conservation. I

I 36 I I Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramattaHospital, Parramatta, N.S.W.

Option 2. Interpretation of site and display of excavated artifacts in new development, and conservation of one or more archaeological features in situ.

Option 3. Landscaping or interior design to show a particular phase or whole sequence of historic development, including the conservation of one or more archaeological tl features in situ, and also interpretation of site and display of excavated artifacts in new ~I development. Option 4. The conservation of a whole structure, including interpretation of site and 11 display of excavated artifacts.

The display and interpretation of the archaeological remains may be achieved using ill. original or modem materials, or landscaping, as appropriate. Displays of artifacts recovered from excavation may also be appropriate, but is dependent on the statutory requirements for the permanent archival storage of the total collection of excavated -:1 artifacts. It is recommended that:

1. The s~tes of the convict huts on the George Street frontage, or a selection thereof, should be conserved and displayed in accordance with option 3 above (Figure 2.2).

2. The sites of the cOllvict huts on Marsden Street, at the north eastern corner of the Ic Hospital allotment, or a selection thereof, should be conserved and displayed in accordance with option 3 above (Figure 2.3).

- 3. The site of the 1792 or earlier Hospita1.should be conserved and displayed in I accordance with option 3 above (Figure 2.2), the identification and final selection of buildings to be interpreted and displayed being dependent on the results of archaeological excavation. IL.o I 4. The site of the 1817 to 1819 Hospital (main building) should be conserved and displayed in accordance with option 2 above.

I 5. The sit~ of the Emu Brewery should be conserved and displayed in accordance with I option 2 above (Figure 2.6).

IL 37 I II fl Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramatta Hospital, Parramatta, N.S.W.

Notes. The term 'conselVation' in the above recommendations is defined by the Burra Charter. 1 Some of the sites recommended for conselVation may only be located by fl archaeological excavation, although the location of the huts on George Street may be surveyed with some precision from the historical documentation in Section 2.1.2, now [I confirmed by archaeological excavation in Parrnmatta.

~I 5.3. George Street frontage.

I It is recommended that: 11 1. The frontage of Brislington should be the building line on the George Street frontage.

I Notes. The purpose of this recommendation is to conselVe the original street layout in front ofParramatta Park and Old Government House. It also gives the correct frontage I or building line to Brislington, and to the convict huts that may be conserved. The original street width was 205 feet or 62.484 metres. The George Street building line I may be established either by using the front of Brislington, or by taking a measurement of31.242 metres from the centre line of the street. I I 5.4. Brislington. I It is recommended that: I 1. Brislington should be conselVed and displayed in accordance with option 4 above. 2. The structure of the house should be recorded in detail by an historical archaeologist. I 3. The occupation deposits, beneath the floors on both the ground and first floors, I should be excavated prior to conselVation works likely to cause disturbance. I

1 J. S. Kerr, The Conservation Plan. A guide to the preparation ofconservation plans I for places ofEuropean cultural significance, second edition, National Trust of Australia (N.S.W. Branch), Sydney, 1985, p. 22.

I 38 I Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramattaHospital, Parramatta, N.S.W. il Notes. Brislington has been professionally recorded to satisfy the needs of architectural conservation, as reported by Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners.2 The rI . detail and purpose of this record is insufficient for archaeological purposes. Further evidence should be recorded by an historical archaeologist to recover the full potential :1 of the building to contribute to current research themes in historical archaeology.

5.5. Excavation permits.

[I It is recommended that:

II 1. An excavation permit under the Heritage Act 1977 should be obtained in order to disturb the site for construction, demolition, and archaeological investigation. [I 2. The rmding of any Aboriginal artifacts, during the archaeological investigation or ,I otherwise, should be reported to the National Parks and Wildlife Service, and the relevant permits obtained under the National Parks and Wildlife Service Act.

:1l. 5.6. Demolition of existing structures.

I It is recommended that:

1. Buildings scheduled for demolition should only be removed to ground level, leaving :1\: concrete slabs or other below ground footings.

I~. ' 2. The ground surface should not be disturbed without archaeological supervision.

I Notes: Removal of concrete slabs and other below ground footings can be completed I under archaeological supervision during the archaeological investigation. I I

I 2 Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners Pty Ltd., Brislington House. Conservation plan, Department of Public Works, N.S.W., Sydney, 1990.

I." 39 Historical and archaeological analysis ofParramattaHospital, Parramatta, N.S.W.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. [I Abbreviations. fl AJHA Australian Journal ofHistoricaJ Archaeology.

Published sources.

I A. Bickford, & S. Sullivan, 'Assessing the research significance of historic sites', in S. Sullivan, & S. Bowdler, Site survey and significance assessment in Australian 1I archaeology, Dept. of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, ANU, Canberra, 1984, pp. 19-26.

:1l .. E. Higginbotham, 'The excavation of buildings in the early township of Parramatta, (I New South Wales, 1790-1820s', inAlHA, Sydney, Vol. 5,1987, pp. 3-20 .

Higginbotham, E & Johnson, P-A. The future ofp'arramatta's Past. An archaeological .1 Zoning Plan. 1788 to 1844) Volumes 1 and 2, (Draft report 1987. Final report 1989), I University of New South Wales, and the Department of Planning, 1990. J. S. Kerr, The Conservation Plan. A guide to the preparation ofconservation plans for I places of European cultural significance, first edition, National Trust of Australia (N.S.W. Branch), Sydney, 1982.

I J. Kerr, Design for convicts, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1984.

I J. S. Kerr, The Conservation Plan. A guide to the preparation ofconservation plans for places ofEuropean cultural significance, second edition, National Trust of Australia I (N.S.W. Branch), Sydney, 1985. I M. Pears on, 'Assessing the significance of historical archaeological resources', in S. Sullivan, & S. Bowdler, Site survey and significance assessment in Australian archaeology, Dept. of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, ANU, Canberra, I 1984, p. 32.

I S. Sullivan, & S. Bowdler, Site survey and significance assessment in Australian archaeology, Dept. of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, ANU, Canberra, I 1984.

I 40 I :.1 fl Historical and archaeological analysis of Parramatta Hospital, Parrnmatta, N .S. W. Unpublished sources

Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners Pty Ltd., Brislington House. Conservation plan, Department of Public Works, N.S.W., Sydney, 1990.

Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners Pty Ltd., Parmmatta Hospital. Conservation analysis and draft conservation policy, Department of Public Works, N.S.W., Sydney, 1990.

E. Higginbotham, Preliminary historical and archaeological assessment of hospital sites in Parrnmatta, NSW., Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners, 1988.

I E. Higginbotham, T. Kass & M. Walker, The Rocks and Millers Point Archaeological Management Plan, The Sydney Cove Authority, and the Department of Planning, I N.S.W., 1990 T. Kass, Parramatta Hospital. An historical analysis for an archaeological assessment I of the site, Consultant Archaeological Services, Sydney, 1990 (Appendix 1 in this I report). I I I I I I I I

I 41 I il II 1I ~I ['I fl II ('I \1: :1 Terry Kass II , Historian and Heritage Consultant 32 Jellico e Street Udcombe, 2141 :1 (0,2) 550 9527 (02) 643,2372 (I For Consultant Archaeological Services, 87 Renwick Street, Leichhardt L11-­ For Public Works Department of NSW II September 1990 1.1

• i 0'1,1

~I ,I II 1:1 rl History of Site ofParramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 2 ABBREVIATIONS

[I 1828 Census Sainty & J ohnson Census of 1828 fl A.O. Archives Office of New South Wales Au.st Australian (newspaper) [-I HRA Historical Records ofAustralia LTOD Land Titles Office, Deeds Registers

)"1 ML Mitchell Library

SMH Sydney Moming Herald (newspaper) tl SydGaz Sydney Gazette (newspaper) It II tl il' fl II ll' il 1,1 ~I ~I I I I (I fl History of Site ofParramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 3 1.0 Introduction rl 2.0 Notable individuals associated with the subject site 1.1 Timothy Hollister Anthony Landrin fl John Nichols John Hodges

James Harrex 'I, Samuel Larken John and Charles Blakefield William Beaumont f'l 3.0 Outline History of'each Allotment

Allotment 8,. Sec 19, Hospital Allotment ll' Allotment 98, Section 19, Granted to John Hodges, 30 June 1823 II Allotment 99, Section 19, Granted to James McRoberts, 18 June 1855 Allotment 102, Section 19, Granted to Samuel Larken, 19 October 1831

,I'" \ Allotment 103, Section 19, Granted to Charles Blakefield, 9 April 1853 [I 4.0 Bibliography II

I I I II History of Site of Parramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 4

1.0 Introduction

[~I, This study was commissioned on 31 July by Consultant Archaeological Services. The Brief required [-:1 1. a detailed socio-economic biography of the major early owners or occupants of the site, [I 2. a search of the land title for each allotment 3. limited research into the families of major individuals associated with the site to fl, ascertain any effect on the occupation and use of the subject site 4. maps and plans research.

In the following report, Section 2.0 answers the needs of Numbers 1 and 3 above. II Section 3.0 answers Number 2 above. All relevant maps and plans, as in Number 4 above are reproduced as Illustrations to this Report. ", This study follows on an earlier report on the archaeological potential of the Hospital site by Clive Lucas, Stapleton and Partners Pty Ltd. That report was comprehensive and "' involved considerable research effort. However, there were limitations within it, which could be overcome by further study. The presentation of that report, which largely (I consisted of discreet lists of information from different sources, made it difficult for an historian or archaeologist to use. It failed to deal with process and change in terms of historical and archaeological study. It also gave very little attention to the early occupation of the site, which is most likely to be the period where archaeology has most to offer in overcoming the paucity of documentary sources. A further innovation within this report, is the completion of a full socio-economic biography of the major early occupiers of the site. 11

:1 fl 11 II il, " I I I I-,~I History of Site ofParramattaHospital- Terry Kass 5 (-I 2.0' Notable individuals associated with the subject site Timothy Hollister Timothy Hollister, an ex-convict, was granted 30 acres (Portion 53) in Field of Mars on [I 1 June 1797. He was one of a group of settlers who signed a petition on 20 February 1798 protesting about the preced,ence given to larger settlers at the government store when selling their produce, as a consequence of which they fell into the hands of petty (-:1: dealers. 1

Hollister'was awarded a lease on land in Parramatta now covered by Allotment 98 on 16 [-,I July 18Q4. That lease acknowledged his existing occupation of the site.2 That lease was also recorded on the 1804 map ofParramatta. (See Illus 2.01) His occupation ofa house on this site on 5 April 1804 was noted in the field book of surveyor J ames Meehan. 3 His house was described as being on the corner of the lane to the surgeons, and was bounded [,I on the north by the "Hospital paling,,4 Hollister's occupation of the site appears to date from earlier. In the 1800 Muster, Hollister was listed as a government overseer at Parramatta, with 2 assigned convicts.5 At that time"he still held his 30 acres in the Field \1 of Mars, mostly planted with wheat, but with some maize. His livestock consisted of 3 pigs.6 By 1802, his land was equally devoted to both wheat and maize, his pigs had (I' increased to 4, and his family was off the government stores. 7 Hollister was still apparently in occupation of his Parramatta house when John Curran was convicted of the theft of a watch from Hollister's house and sentenced to Castle ,I' 8 l.. Hil1. By 1821, Hollisterwas dead, leaving a debt to the government of £7/18/2.9 Anthony Landrin 'I , In 1800, two French prisoners of war were sent out by the Royal Admiral to commence the cultivation of a vineyard to produce wine for government purposes and to promote the l_ private manufacture of grapes and wine. 10 The two Frenchmen, Antoine Landrien and Francois de Riveau arrived in the colony with a complete set of cooper's tools on 21 November 1801 11 They were given a salary of fl £60 per annum and the use of six convicts and land near Parramatta for the cultivation of grapes.1 2 Within a year, their first planting of 7,000 grapes on land cleared for the purpose, had been blighted and the leaves burnt. 13 By October 1802, there were another ~,.I 12,000 vine cuttings planted on "a hill at Parramatta, formed like a crescent, facing the north" (This is now the site of the amphitheatre in Parramatta Park.). Since one man was I sufficient to manage the grapes, the other ("a good cooper") was set to manufacturing

1 B. T. 12. pp. 87-93. I 2 Grants Register 3C, p. 140. 3 Surveyor-General, Surveyors' Field Books, No 32, J. Meehan, 1804-1810, SZ865, 4, Surveyor-General, Surveyors' Field Books, No 32, J. Meehan, 1804-1810, SZ865, 4,11. 5 Musters and Lists New South Wales and Norfolk Island 1800-1802, edited by Carol J. Baxter, Sydney,

I~, 1988. No. AH114 6 Musters and Lists 1800-18Q2, AAl13 7 Musters and Lists 1800-1802, AG120 8 Syd Gaz, 9 March 1806,2. I 9 B. T. 12, Bigge App, p. 54. 10 HRA, I, Il, 493 . 11 HRA' I, Il, 497, 741-2. I 12 HRA, I, Ill, 6. 13 HRA, I, Ill, 405-6.

Ic.. I. I il rl 11 fl 11 II II II I -:: 11 ..... il II , I I I I I IL_,~,~~~,~",~= __" ____ l!~~~~!U_, ______11 'Parramatta 1804 11 I filthOUghdated by Mitchell Library staff at 1813, this map actually 11, I plots the leases and other buildin s in Parramatta, c. 1B04. 11 I L 'h,_ Source: M. L. Map M2/,B 1,1.13011 t B 13/1 _ ~ I ,.V ,l

,..: II i .. II~·: :1 R II . 11 l' \ [I

'(l 11 <.'~)

I ... fl I. ) II a ... __ ,'t (S) , " /' I .-....,--- I,

I , ...-c. -. ~ ..

, lID I , . IlIu$ 2.02 I Parramatta, 1823 Stewart's map of Parramatta shows the alignment of allotments and the buildings upon them. , I Source: R. O. Map 4907 I I I [',I History of Site ofParramatta Hospital- Terry Kass 6

hoops. 1 That man was Anthony Landrin. He held the position of Government Cooper [I there for three years on his salary.2

By 1804, it had become obvious that the claims these two had made about their skill with the grape was false, and they were offered the choice of a passage to Europe or settlement rl in the colony. Antoine Landrien, by now signing himself Antonio Landrin, requested a passage to Europe.3 He does not appear to have taken the passage home. On 11 August 1804, "Anthony Landren" was granted 60 acres in the District of Prospect Hill (Portion 1.'1 52, Parish of Prospect). On 19 May 1805, the Sydney Gazette carried a notice for creditors that Anthony Landrin was about "to depart for the Southward".4 In February 1807, he was resident at Parramatta, when he advertised his 60 acre farm for sale.5 At rl that time, he was working as a cooper. He later claimed that after 1804, he had worked as Government Cooper at Parramatta for three years without salary. 6 He also undertook private work. Surviving accounts show that John Blaxland had paid "Landres" and "Landre" £2113/0 on 25 July 1807 and 10/- on 6 October 1807 for cooperingwork.7

Landrin requested a survey of his Parramatta land by Meehan in preparation for a lease. Although Meehan fol-got, the land was leased to Landrin anyway.8 On 30 December 1809, he was granted a lease over 62 rods ofland in the main street ofParramatta, now covered mainly by Allotment 102.9 That lease was re-issued on the nominal date of 1 January 1810, in response to petition from Landrin. l 0 This parcel may have been that on which he resided when he was managing the vineyard, but there is no evidence for this.

Landrin was listed in the 1811 Muster (as"Anthony Laundrin") but could not be located in the 1814 Muster. 11 In two records of 1820 and 1821, one of them a petition from his son, Anthony Landrin was listed as deceased. 12

, John Nichols

On the nominal date of 1 January 1806, John Nichols was leased 48 rods of land. 13 It [I was sited where Allotment 99 was subsequently measured out. Surveyor James Meehan did not actually measure this lease until 16 July 1806.

There appear to have been two persons with that name. One was John Nichols, a convict who arrived on the Scarborough, whose term had expired. He was settled on 30 acres of land four miles west ofParramatta on 18 July 1791. Of this 2 acres and five perches were l' 14 a being cultivated by November 1791. Another John Nichol or "Nichols" as it was being recorded by 1806, was the owner of a number of colonial vessels. 15 il 1 HRA, I, rn, 585 2 A. O. 4/1822, No. 181 3 HRA, I, IV, 460, 472. 4 Syd Gaz, 19 May 1805, p. 4. 5 Syd Gaz, 22 Feb 1807, p. 2. 6, A. O. 4/1822, No. 181 7 A. O. 7/1727, p. 200,203. 8 A. O. 4/1822, No. 181 9 Grants Register 4D, p. 287. 10 Grants Register 7 (formerly 3), p. 47; A. O. 4/1822, No. 181. 11 General Musters of New South Wales Norfolk Island and Van Dieman's Land, 1811, Sydney, 1987, No. 3490; General Muster of New South Wales, 1814, Sydney, 1987. 12 A. O. 4/1824Bj B. T. 12.. p. 55. , 13 ,Grants Registers 3C, p. 198 (3), LTO I 14 HRA, I, I, 279. 15 e. g. HRA, I, V, 771. J J History of Site of Parramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 7

The convict settled on the land in 1791 maintained and even increased his holdings. By 1800 and 1801, he was listed as holding either 60 or 90 acres) He was still listed as resident in the Parramatta district in 1814, as a "Landholder", with two assigned convicts and with a wife, Ann Pugh.2 He was the subject of a Sheriffs Sale in 1812, when some of his pigs and a quantity of wheat in stack was sold.3 .

It is possible that this man is the same one who was leased the town allotment in 1806. In 1810, the Sydney Gazette had a notice of houses for private sale in Parramatta, which was the property of John Nichols. It was described as,

two commodious Dwelling Houses, with a spacious Allotment of Garden Ground, with an Oven and all the Materials in the Baking Line, a good Well constantly supplied with water, a Three-stall Stable, and every other conveniency for the reception ofa Family...

Enquirers were directed to apply on the premises.4 J o'hn Hodges

John Hodges arrived as a convict on the Duke of Portland in 1807 on life sentence. Twelve months after his arrival, he and another convict had stowed away on the whaler, Sarah and had almost reached Timor and freedom ,when the whaler's captain sighted another vessel en route to Sydney and sent him back to NSW.S He was initially re­ assigned to Captain Laycock, but by 1814, was located at Parramatta in the service of "E. Schackley".6 Edward Shackley was the g.overnment gardener at Parramatta and had also arrived on the Duke ofPortland.7 I . Hodges obtained a Ticket of Leave. He later thought this was in recognition of, my service in the Colony & the Circumstance of having married a native born Girl :1L- & also having Purchased a Farm of 30 acres at Seven Hills. 8 Hodges memory of this sequence of events may have been doubtful. On 17 November 1816, he had purchased Stephen Shore's 30 acre grant, at Seven Hills, known as "Pig I and Whistle Farm".9 He received a Conditional Pardon in 1818(?) in recognition of sending a horse and cart to carry stores for Cox's building of the Bathurst Road. He had hired a horse and cart from Edmund Wright and despatched it to the roadworks and had I bribed others to recommend his cart to be allowed to work there. 10 He also arranged to pay money to Michael Robinson, the Colonial Secretary's clerk, ostensibly for searching the registers of the Colonial Secretary's Office for an alleged Conditional Pardon, which I Hodges had been told was waiting for him, by Isaac Nichols, the colony's postmaster. 11 I 1. Musters and Lists 1800-1802, AA131, AG119, BD210. 2 General Muster of New South Wales, 1814, Nos. 1904,2556-7,3129. I 3 Syd Gaz, 12 Dec 1812, 1. 4 Syd Gaz, 7 April 1810,2.. 5 B. T. 1, 375. 6 General Muster of New South Wales, 1814, 2591. I 7 General Muster of New South Wales, 1814, 2150. 8 B. T. 1, p. 368 9 Old Registers, Bk. 5, p. 329 p. 133. LTO I 10 B. T. 1, p. 368-9. -, 11 B. T.~, p. 369-73 I II [I History of Site ofParramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 8

Hodges dealt in spirits atParramatta. He received a licence in July 1818. 1 At that time, he added to his rural holdings with the purchase on 10 July 1818, ofJohn Jones' 60 acre farm at Seven Hills, immediately adjacent to Shore's farm which he had purchased earlier. 2 His personal character and that of his business was severely censured during' the Bigge Enquiry. Francis Oakes, constable of Parram atta, described his character as, '

. Extremely bad, he has often been brought forward for keeping a Disorderly House and for selling spirits without a Licence. 3 Hodges purchased a great deal of his spirits from Hannibal Macarthur. He bought a total of £3 to £4,000 worth in five years. These purchases continued even after he had lost his [I licence. For this he was prosecuted, but not convicted, by a bench of magistrates which included Hannibal Macarthur.4 Hodges' relationship with Macarthur was cause for concern. Edward Eagar, the emancipist lawyer, claimed that the only way that Hodges had been able to obtain a licence to legitimise his illicit trading was one the r.1 recommendation of Macarthur. Eagar claimed that Macarthur only sold liquor to those without licences, and that he had threatened the withdrawal of the licences of Charles II Walker and Andrew Nash if they did not buy their spirits from him.5 Hodges' manner of commercial operation suggests the caricature often used to explain why small farmers lost their lands to officials and larger landholders. In 1822, he was recorded on the Muster with the relatively innocuous occupation of shopkeeper. 6 Hodges provided credit for small settlers often for three months but occasionally for longer. He also bartered the spirits which he had received from Macarthur, in five gallon lots to settlers for pigs and wheat. He then sold these to the Commissariat in his own name.7 Since he took produce from the settlers at the store price, he was mainly converting the returns from his business into store receipts, in an economy which possessed little spare cash. . Hodges was keen to regain his licence after it had been withdrawn. At the Bigge Enquiry, he answered in the affirmative when asked if Governor Macquarie had promised him a licence if he built a good brick house in Parramatta. He had purchased the "Grant" of another man, and in January 1821 as the enquiry was proceeding, that house was under construction.8 That house is now known as "Brislington". Shortly afterwards, he was again granted a licence.9 In 1823, he requested a valuation of his house to qualify for a grant of his Parramatta allotment, since the house was over £1,000 in value.1 0 The house did exceed those I' limits.l1 Hence, on 30 June 1823, Hodges was granted 185 112 rods in George Street, Parramatta.12 a A corollary ofHodges' economic role was his land dealings, particularly in an economy !ll which had few other avenues for surplus investment. In 1821, he was listed as holding " 1 Syd Gaz, 4 July 1818, 2. 2. Old Register, Bk 7, p. 81 No. 458. 3 B. T. 1, p. 316 I 4 B. T. 1, p. 373-4. 5 Edward Eagar to Bigge, 2 Jan 1821, B. T. 25, 5534-6 6 General Muster ofand Land and Stock Register of New South Wales, 1822, No Al 0 186 'I 7 B. T. 1, p 375-6. 8 B. T. 1, p. 374-5 9 'Syd Gaz, 24 Feb 1821, p. 4. 10 Col Sec, Letters Sent, 1823, A. O. 4/3509, 664. I 11 Col Sec, Letters Received, 1823, 4/1773, 109. 12 Grant Registers, Bk 26 (formerly TG No. 1, 1823), No. 4. I I :1 History of Site of Parramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 9

100' acres of rural land by purchase. 1 The 1822 Muster noted that of this land, 40 acres :1 was cleared, and that he held 2 horses, 50 head of cattle, 8 hogs and 5 bushels of wheat and 20 of maize. 2 At that time, he had one convict assigned to him at Parramatta.3 During the early 1820s, he was also supplying wheat and meat to the government store.4 In 1828, he held 220 acres of land, 60 of which were cleared and 10 acres was il'- cultivated, plus 9 horses and 200 head of cattle.5 In 1828, he also had three assigned (I. convict servants, all based at Parramatta.6 Hodges local economic role and a litigious character was also reflected in numerous Sheriffs property sales. After Hodges had successfully taken debtors to court the Sheriff auctioned the property of the defendants to pay' the costs of the action. These sales included unspecified property at Parramatta, a brick 6 roomed house in Church Street, Parramatta, a log house in Church Street, Parramatta, a horse, cart and harness, a parcel ofland adjoining the N epean River with a mill and house, an substantial 7 roomed house, stockyard and piggery, with beef and pigs, opposite his town house [later "Brislington"], as well as a 4 roomed cottage. 7 At the same time, Hodges began to deal in Parramatta Town land on his own behalf. His earlier landholdings were largely rural. He was granted the 185 112 rods in George Street, Parramatta on 30 June 1823 on which his town house had been built. On the same day, he was also leased a parcel of land measuring 47 1/2 rods on the south side of George Street. 8

During the 1830s, a shift appears in his land holdings. His rural lands are given up and town lands appear to attract most of his attention. On 18 & 19 April 1834, John Pike conveyed nearly twenty rural grants, mostly of25 or 30 acres at Toongabbie to Hodges for £2,500.9 Hodges may simply have been providing a mortgage or as a refuge to escape creditors, since, the la.nd was conveyed back to Pike on 13 January 1837 for a - mere £2,700. 10 On the other hand, Hodges almost entirely divested himself of rural land during the 1830s. In October 1839, he sold the first two parcels of rural land he had acquired, Shore's and Jones' grants, for £330.1 1 In April 1836, he had already sold a an 80.acre and a 40 acre farm in the District of Kurrajong.12 Such a shift may have mirrored a shift in his economic activity. In 1835, he was describing himself as a "dealer",13 In the 1837 Return of Convicts, none were listed as assigned to Hodges,14 II( John Hodges hovered on the fringe of respectable society mediating between the rough and illegal and the respectable and socially acceptable. Hodges land dealings also I( - reflected his character. Many persons held town land in Sydney, Parramatta and other town centres without the benefit of a Crown grant. Some town allotments were covered

I 1 B. T. 25, p. 5508 2 General Muster ofand Land and Stock Register ofNew South Wales, 1822, No B 962 3 General Muster ofand Land and Stock Register ofNew South Wales, 1822, No. A13238 I 4 Syd Gaz Indexes. 5 Census of New South Wales - November 1828, edited by Malcolm R. Sainty & Keith A. Johnson, Sydney, 1980, H2010. 6 Census of New South Wales-November 1828, C868, CU13, L1376 I 7 Aust, 12 Aug 1829, 3; 30 July, 1830,4; 19 Nov 1830,4; !July 1831, 1. 8 Grants, Register 25 (formerly 16), p. 4. LTO; 9 LTOD, No. 944 Bk. F. I 10 LTOD, No. 871 Bk. K. 11 LTOD, No. 880 Bk. p~ 12 LTOD, No. 679 Bk. J. I 13 Col Sec, Reports of the Commissioners of Claims, 1835-55, A. O. 211839, Mem. 720. 14 General Return of Convicts in New South Wales, edited by N. G. Butlin, C. W. Cromwell & K. L. I Suthern, Sydney, 1987. I 1:1 .. fl History of Site of Parramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 10 by Crown Leases, but many had only the right of a permissive occupancy. The [I government commenced to regularize that situation during the 1820s, but little real progress occurred before the 1830s. The acceptance of a Crown Grant entailed a certain measure of responsibility and the willingness to invest sums of money in improvements on the land. A grant could be awarded for the expenditure of a minimum of £1,000 on [I tow~ allotments. In 1823, Hodges had requested a valuation of buildings on his Par~matta land prior to a grant. 1 Yet, Hodges was often less willing to incur such expense. il\ His business dealings invariably brought him into involvement in the ownership of town land. The activity of the Sheriff in selling land to satisfy Hodges as a creditor has already been noted. On 26 February 1830, he loaned John Mallone £120 for one year on the IIL security" of an acre or so of land in Parramatta with a dwelling house and two skillions thereon.2 When Mallone had difficulty repaying the loan, part of the land was auctioned and Hodges became the buyer.3 Even before the legal deeds had been drawn up, signed, sealed and delivered, Hodges put in a claim for this parcel of land to the Court of Claims.4 A year later, Mallone conveyed more of the land to Hodges.5 Hodges had acquired a useful hotel building, called the "Union Inn" by 1836. By March 1836, he was also building on the southern part of the land and took out a mortgage for £600 to fmanceit.6 In the meantime, the Commissioners of Claims had reported favourably on Hodges' claim for a grant for that parcel ofland. However, Hodges was liable to erect buildings to the value of £1,000 and to pay 21 years quit rent before the grant would be issued.? [I Hodges did little to meet these requirements, though the construction of buildings on the land in March 1836, may have been a way of partially meeting these requirements. The northern part of the land, occupied by the "Union Inn", was sold by Hodges to Edward Drinkwater for £300 cash and a promissory not,e for £400.8 Finally, on 19 August I . 1840, Hodges wrote to the Colonial Secretary, claiming that he had sold the land to William Peisley, butcher ofParramatta, and asked if the land could be granted to Peisley, , since he had built buildings to the value of £1,000 and was willing to pay' 21 years quit rent. 9 It is interesting to note that no conveyance registering such a sale has been located. That letter was minuted by the Colonial Secretary's office that the grant could only be made to Ho'dges since he was the person whom the Court of Claims had decided would I , be the grantee, and that he would need to pay the 21 years quit rent. John Hodges finally paid, and a grant was issued to him for that land on 30 November 1840. 10 A little over a year later, on 5 January 1842, Hodges conveyed that parcel to Richard Rouse for I £2,400. 11 Alarm over the financial consequences of the issue of grant may also have influenced , Hodges over another parcel of land. On 6 December 1833, three parcels of land on the eastern side of Church Street adjacent to the Parramatta River, were assigned to him for

I 1 Col Sec, Letters Sent, 1823, A. O. 4/3509, 664 2 LTOD, No. 317 Bk. C. 3. LTQD, No. 407 Bk. G. Dated'18 & 19 Sept 1834; Col Sec, Reports of the Commissioners of Claims, 1835-55, A. O. 211839, Mem. 720. I 4 Col Sec, Reports of the Commissioners of Claims, 1835-55, A. O. 211839, Mem. 720 dated 5 May 1834. 5 LTOD, No. 895 Bk. H. I. 6 LTOD, No. 493 Bk. J. 7 Col Sec, Reports of the Commissioners of Claims, 1835-55, A. O. 211839, Mem. 720. 8 . . LTOD, No. 15.9 Bk. K. I 9 With Col Sec, Reports of the Commissioners of Claims, 1835-55, A. O. 211839, Mem: 720. 10 Grants Register 51, p. 40. LTO. J 11 LTOD, No. 612 Bk. Z I il [I History of Site ofParramattaHospital- Terry Kass 11 the remainder of their 21 year Crown lease for a total of £505. 1 Those parcels were sold [I on 7 & 8 September 1835, after he had discovered his liabilities ifhe wanted to receive a Crown Grant. These parcels were sold for £300 cash and two promissory notes for £200 at 6 ap.d 12 months, a total of £700.2 This conveyance and the sale of the "Union Inn" in Church Street, both a short time after he found out about his liability for buildings and fl quit. rent, are interesting because they were the only deeds of sales by John Hodges which involve promissory notes rather than cash in hand.3 Was John Hodges unloading land that may become a liability to him to the first purchaser who seemed reasonably able 11 to repay? John Hodges' apparent unwillingness to accept the full responsibility of land ownership under the security of a Crown Grant is parallelled by Samuel Larkin who is dealt with below. fl Hodges most remarkable dealing, however, involved the town house in which he lived. He appears to have attempted to avoid the consequences oflegal action he himself had so actively used against others. On 5 January 1844, for £3,000 he conveyed his house and 11 premises in George Street to Richard Webb, Church Street, Parramatta, general dealer and James Slade, George Street, Sydney, gentleman, including all sums of money and 'll debts and, the goods, chattels, merchandise, debts, credits, Horses, cattle, sheep, household furniture, il carriages, plate,jewels, and all other personal property.4 l. He may have been selling out his business, but the nature of the transaction is too complete to suggest such a move. John Ryan, the Chief Constable ofParramatta had brought an action against Hodges in the Supreme Court for £65/4/5. A writ of fieri facias was issued on 23 July 1844 for this sum. The Sheriff, auctioned Hodges' house and land on 10 October 1844, but only the western half excluding Hodges town house was sold. The purchaser was John Ryan for . a sum of £30.5 Whatever Hodges relationship was to Ryan, cannot have been too strained, since Hodges cont.inued to occupy that house until his death in 1849.

J a;mes Harrex After convi"ction in March 1795 at Suffolk, James Harrex (Horrax, Harrox) arrived in I , NSW on the Ganges in 1797, with a 14 year sentence.6 His rise to property was rapid. On 11 August 1804, he was leased 1 acre 1 rood and 7 perches of land in Parramatta on the eastern side of what is now Church Street, near Parramatta River for a term of 14 years.7 This lease was plotted on the 1803 map ofParramatta with a house on the main I street frontage. (See Illus 2.01) Parramatta appears to have been the base for his operations from that time onwards. He married Frances Sarah Taber at Sydney on 3 February 1807, but from January 1808, all of his children were born at Parramatta until I his death in 1825.8 Thomas Taber had also come to' Sydney as a convict on the Ganges 9 I with Harrex.

I 1 LTOD, No. 979 Bk. G. 2 LTOD, No. 714 Bk. H. . 3 See above, LTOD, No. 159. Bk. K. 4 LTOD, No. 541 Bk. 6. I '5 SMH, 14 Oct 1844, 2; 25 Oct 1844, 3; LTOD, No. 73 Bk. 8. 6 'Col Sec, Convict Indents, 1788-1800,4/4003, "Ganges" No. 173. 7 Grants Registers, 3 (originally 3C), p. 150 LTO. I 8 The 1788-1820 Association's Pioneer Register, Second Edition, Vol I, Sydney, 1981. 9 Col Sec, Convict Indents, 1788-1800,4/4003, "Ganges" No. 135 I I rl History of Site ofParramattaHospital- Terry Kass 12 \. Other property came into his hands. On 15 February 1806, he purchased John Rowe's [I 50 acre grant at the Northern Boundary from Edward Elliott. l He sold it to Elizabeth Robins on 4 November, but later acquired the same grant again on 5 September 1814.2 Pastoral pursuits engaged his attention. He held a few horses and cows, but his major pride was "a fine flock of Sheep being four hundred and fifty in number". Since he had 11 no suitable land of his own for these sheep, he rented some from Captain Sutland, but all but one of his fine flock was swept away in one of the Hawkesbury floods. In compensation for this loss, Acting Governor Paterson gave him 200 acres.3 When ("I Harrex sold eight sheep to John Blax1and in October 1807, they were probably from that flock before their loss.4 [,I He commenced operating as a contractor undertaking a variety of government building works.5 During King's Governorship, he commenced building a house for the overseer at the Factory at Parramatta, which was completed during Bligh's governorship. He had ll· apparently still not been paid for this work in May 1810 6 Under the rebel administration of Foveaux, he completed three bridges "on the Public Road" for the government.7 In May 1810, he signed an agreement with the Commissioners of Roads to build a road from Cheers Corner, Sydney to the toll bridge at Hawkesbury, for £5,500. The road was it to be two rods wide, with a ditch on either side, and a stone foundation covered with gravel. The road was also to be cambered to allow the water to drain off and to build all bridges where required. He was allowed twenty convicts victualled by the government, tl three bullock teams, two carts and two timber carriages, as well as being allowed to land 2000 gallons of spirits for his own use. He was also to maintain the road for seven years II for a sum of £300 per annum8 . As security for the completion of the contract, he conveyed three properties to the government consisting of 50 acres at Freemans Reach called "Contentment Cottage", 1 .[1 acre 1 rood of Sergeant Baker's farm at Green Hills [Windsor], and a 50 acre farm at the . Northern Boundary. (This may have been John Rowe's grant which he ostensibly did not hold at that time.)9 In the Quarter ending 31 December 1810, Harrex was paid £285 il .from the Police Fund which was financing the road work. 10 Harrex never completed that ~ cop-tract, and in July 1813, Howe and Magrath were engaged by the government to complete t~at work, utilising the "Men and Bullocks heretofore furnished .... to the late Contractors" ,11 The reason may have partially been because a new sphere of activity II . beckoned. Harrex had taken out a spirit licence at the same time as he commenced work on the road contract, paying £20 for the privilege in May 1810.12 In March 1811, he was tl listed as the holder of a spirit licence in Parramatta.13 In addition, Harrex was rather suddenly whisked away from his concerns in July 1813, when he was convicted of receiving cattle stolen from the government herd at

- 1. Deed not registered. Recited in LTOD, No. 755 Bk. 12. 2 Deeds not registered. Recited in LTOD, No. 755 Bk. 12. 3 Col Sec, Memorials Received Re Land, 1810, A. O. 4/1821, No. 135 - 4. Col Sec, Letters Received, 1812, A. O. 4/1727, p. 203. 5 Col Sec, Memorials Received Re Land, 1810, A. O. 4/1821, No. 135. I<... 6 A. O. 4/1723, p. 295 7 Col Sec, Memorials Received Re Land, 1810,4/1821, No. 135 8 A. O. 4/1723, pp. 298-301 J 9 See recitals in LTOD, No. 755 Bk. 12. 1~ A. O. SZ 758, p. 164.. 11 D. R. Hainsworth,The Sydney Traders - Simeon Lord and His Contemporaries, Melbourne, 1981, 212. I 12 A. O. SZ 758, p. 165. 13 A. O. SZ 758,.p. 183.

IL_ I 11 [I History of Site ofParramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 13

Partamatta.1 He was sent to the centre for secondary punishment, Newcastle, on the fl Estramina. 2 He had returned to Parramatta by December 1817, when he successfully petitioned the Governor for a conditional pardon. 3 James Harrax's main property interests were in rural land. He did hold Town allotments II in Parramatta, but these do not appear to have been the centre of his economic activity. The first acquisition was the Town allotment near the River. In later years, he also acquired what later became Allotment 99 where he appears to have lived. No conveyance (I of this land has been located, but it is notable that in July 1817, James Harrex was one of the witnesses to a land transaction of John Hodges, who held the adjacent parcel, [.1 Allotment 98.4 Harrex was mainly interested in rural land. In 1806, he had acquired his first parcel of rural land. In 1810, the three parcels which he gave as security for the completion of the road contract consisted of other rural lands. Rural land at Airds was his main avenue for (I investment. Harrex appears to have simply purchased rural land whenever any parcels became available near the grant which·he had acquired at Airds in 1809. For instance, on fl 8 May 1821, he purchased a thirty acre farm at the Cowpastures originally granted to H. l . Wallace.5 That farm was still in the possession of his family in 1847.

In Octob~r 1815; Governor Macquarie inspected Harrax's farm at Aird's6 When his II property was partitioned after his death, there were two town allotments in Parramatta, a number of scattered rural grants, but the bulk of the landholdings were in the District of Airds close to Menangle Creek. 7 After the partition, Harrax's extensive lands at Airds II became the nucleus for an extensive rural property owned by James Edrop, his son-in­ law. 8

By 1819, Harrex himself was calling himself a grazier on his deeds. 9 In 1819, Harrex ~I . acquired G. M. Woodhouse's 200 acre grant in the District of Airds, close to his own grant. I 0 Harrex immediately leased the farm back to Woodhouse for seven years with the first two years rent free and the rest of the term at £13/10/0 per annum payable in grain at il the storehouse price deliverable at Harrex's premises at Parramatta. ll After his death, the trustees of his estate were letting his extensive lands at Airds on II clearing leases.12 It is likely that they were simply continuing Harrex's manner of utilising his rural lands whilst alive. From the disposition of his property and the apparent manner in which he worked it, Harrex appears to have resided at Parramatta, a reasonably comfortable town, and have used his rural lands as the basis for his income I by the late 1810s. I

1 Court of Criminal Jurisdiction, Indictments and Depositions, A. O. 5/1144A, pp. 131-3 I 2 Col Sec, Letters Sent to Van Dieman's Land, Newcastle and Norfolk Island, 1811-1813, A. O. 4/3492, p.. 242. 3 Col"Sec, Petitions for mitigation of sentence, 1817, A. O. 4/1851, p. 148. I 4 Old Registers, Bk. 5 p. 329 No. 133. 5 Old Registers, Bk. 8 p. 251 No. 388 6 Carol Liston, Campbellto~ - The Bicentennial History, Sydney, 1988, 11. 7 LTOD, No. 755 Bk. 12. I 8 Carol Liston, Campbelltown, 110. 9 Old Registers, Bk. 7 p. '311 No. 610. 10 Old Registers, Bk. 7 p. 311 No. 610. I 11 Old Registers, Bk. 7 p. 31(No. 609. 12 Harrex, James, Estate, Papers, 1825-47, in S. Marsden Papers, A541Z0 1, Item 3. I I tl

[I History of Site ofParramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 14 ["I Samuel Larken Samuel Larken arrived in the colony in 1801 as a convict. He quickly stepped into positions of responsibility. Despite a life sentence, he was given a conditional pardon in 1803. 1 In 1806, a person named Larken was acting as a muster clerk, and may have fl been Samue1.2 He acted as the Principal Clerk in Governor King's office for five or six years, followed by a term as Principal Clerk during the whole of Governor Bligh's tl regime.3 In October 1811, he was appointed as an "Additional Clerk" in the Commissary's office, Parramatta at an annual salary of £50.4 A further rise came in February 1813, when he fl replaced William Sherwin who had been dismissed for "improper and irregular conduct" as storekeeper at Parramatta.5 Larkin was listed as Storekeeper of the Victualling Store at Parramatta in March 1817.6 His rise came to a sudden end in 1819 when the Deputy tl Commissary General, Frederick Drennan, dismissed him for making the Store "under his charge a Shop, for receiving and vending Spirits, Tobacco, Salt and other Articles under his Private Account". He had also been in the habit of taking bribes from poor settlers so that he would accept their grain.7 Drennan noted that Larken had been a great favourite il ofWilliam Broughton, the previous Deputy Commissary, but Drennan was in the thick of a dispute with Broughton at that time. John Obee, another of the staff of the Commissariat at Parramatta was also dismissed at the same time. 8 Tobacco which may 11 have been the property of Larkin was stolen from the Parramatta magazines in December 1818 and Larkin promised a reward of £20 for the conviction of the offenders. 9 tl Larkin was probably well able to withstand the loss of his position, due to his other fmancial interests. During his career, he amassed considerable quantities ofland. As early as June 1805, he had purchased a house at an undisclosed location, possibly Sydney, for :1L. . £30 from William Spalding. lO On the 8 October 1816, he purchased a house and land at Parramatta close to the river for £20 from J oseph Ferner. ll One of the witnesses to the transaction was John Obee. On the same day, a grant of 90 acres at Airds was given to 1.1 Larkin. He later noted that the grant was given on the basis of a recommendation by ·Colonel O'Connell, Lieutenant-Governor of the colony.12 He named that grant "Ambarvale",13 In September 1817, he issued a warning to those who had been stealing II the timber from that estate.14 By November 1818, Larkin had cleared 20 acres of that grant. He also owned one horse and 11 cattle. IS

Prior to his dismissal, Larkin had been acquiring numerous parcels of Parramatta town II land. Whilst these were ostensibly by purchase, they may have also partially or wholly

I 1 Syd Gaz, 19 June 1803,4. 2 COl Sec, Memorial of Simeon Lord praying for the release of Michael Massey Robinson, 5 Dec 1806 and associated papers, A. O. SZ997 I 3 HRA, I, XI, 739. 4 A. O. SZ 758, 250. S. A. O. SZ 758, 352. 6 HRA, I, IX, 254. I 7 Letter of F. Drennan, 4 March 1819, B. T. 18,2476-7. 8 B. T. 18, 2477 9 Syd Gaz, 26 Dec 1818, 2. I 10 Old Registers, Bk. 1 p. 100 No. 552 11 Old Registers, Bk. 6 p.207 No.17. 12 A. O. 4/1826, No. 77. . 13 Grant Register 8 (originally 4) p. 213. I 14 Syd Gaz, 27 Sept 1817,4. . I IS Bigge Report, NSW Returns, 1819-22, M. L. A2131, p. 62 I History of Site ofParramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 15

represented a manner of collecting outstanding debts from his private store operating within the Commissariat. He registered the deeds of these transactions in two waves, in November 1817 and in March 1818.1 Whilst these deeds were registered as a precaution against disputed titles, they lack the precision of usual legal transactions. The motes and bounds are very approximate and in most cases, no street names are given. Many cite a fl "grant" either to the vendor or to an earlier holder. However, no grants covered the subj~ct parcels of land. In most cases, vendors were, at the most, selling a right to a permissive occupancy of town land. Most parcels were conveyed for five to seven fl p~unds each, though two were sold for as much as £65 and £50, but two also went for £2 and £1/10/0. The more valuable parcels certainly had houses on them. Most of the others appear to have been vacant allotments. I1 At the same time, Larkin also purchased rural land. In the 1821 Returns associated with the Bigge Report, Larkin was listed as holder of 560 acres ofland, all of which had been acquired by purchase, except for his 90 acre grant, "Ambarvale".2 At the 182iLand and 11 Stock Muster, he was recorded as only holding his Ambarvale graht, of which 20 acres was all that had been cleared. He also held one horse, one head of cattle and four pigs, fourteen bushels of wheat and thirty of maize.3 On 30 July 1821, he petitioned the II government for an additional grant, stock and convicts victualled by the government, citing, with what imagines was a very straight face, his twenty years of service to the government, often in positions of trust. He had four young children and their "dying mother", (minuted "Since dead" on the petition, in a different hand). John Palm er, the \1 Acting Commissary General, and Larkin's superior for much of his term in the Commissariat noted on the petition the, "efficient & satisfactory manner in which [he] discharged official duties'. whilst James Meehan, surveyor, added, "Correct". Governor Lachlan Macquarie minuted the petition, that he be allowed 100 acres and a one convict victualled for six months.4 Although he selected land about two miles south of the Parramatta Road, this land was already selected, so he had to look elsewhere.5 Finally, ~I . another portion was selected by Larkin in the Field of Mars, and it was measured in November 1830, and apparently fenced by him early in 1832.6 He did not receive the actual deed of grant until 6 July 1833.7 Larkin also attempted to diversify his income in 1822, when he applied for a spirit license for his house at Parramatta. Since he did not enjoy the favour of the Parramatta magistrates, he again cited his previous government employment, particularly "in I Situations of trust, respectability and confidence for Seventeen [years]" He also suggested enquiry be made to the Chaplain, Samuel Marsden and John Palmer, of the I. Commissariat. His application was unsuccessful. 8 When the Surveyor James McBrien surveyed Parramatta in 1823 in preparation for the issue ofleases so that the colonial administration could re-assert its control of Town land I in Parramatta, Samuel Larkin was singled out for attention by the Surveyor-General since he was found to hold nearly twenty allotments. Oxley noted that few of his allotments were built upon or fenced. Oxley added that "to these lands I am not aware that he I possesses any interest in them by purchase from persons who had no. right to dispose

1 Old Registers, Bk. 7 pp. 25-8 Nos. 230-238; pp. 74-8 Nos. 308-315, LTO I 2 B. T. 25, 5462, 5512. 3 General Muster ofand Land and Stock Register of New South Wales, 1822, No B 1198 4 A. O. 4/1826, No. 77. I 5 Letter of 22 June 1824, in Surveyor-General, Letters Received from Private Persons, 1822-9, A. O. 2(1683 . 6 Letter of 14 March 1832 (321179), in Surveyor-General, Letters Received from Private Persons, 1830- 4, A. O. 211684 I 7 Grant Register 30 (originally B) p. 214. I· 8 Wentworth, Papers - Petitions for rene~al of wine & spirit licences, 1820-22, A765, p. 155. I II (I History of Site of Parramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 16

thereof' ,I Larkins' claim to many of these allotments was disputed by the government. rl Even before McBrien had completed his work, Larkin met him at Walker's "Red Cow" inn, "with a view to correct some errors into which he had been led, in his admeasurement of the Boundaries and extent of Ground, various Individuals had pointed out to him as their possessions". McBrien apparently agreed to be shown where Larkin rl disputed the survey, but was called to leave Parramatta before he met Larkin. When the gove,rnment order of 8 May was issued about leases in Parramatta, Larkin immediately fl commenced to dispute the sUlVey, by writing to John Oxley, the SUlVeyor-Genera1.2 Many of these parcels were' claimed by others. On these grounds the government was refusing to accept all of Larkin's claims. As a result, Larkin undertook a variety of strategi~s to bolster his claims. He began a vigorous campaign ofletters to the SUlVeyor­ II General. He engaged the Parramatta sUlVeyor, James Smith to sUlVey his allotments. He also personally visited the SUlVeyor-General's office in Sydney to press his claims.3 He rapidly descended to threats against Oxley and this ushered in his second line of defence. tl By late in 1823, he was preparing a case to for the Honourable H. G. Bennett to lay before the House of Commons in Britain in the hope of impeaching Oxley.4 Larkin was also able to have the Australian, the emancipists' newspaper, publish a long address by 11 hiin, on the subject of the disabilities of emancipists in July 1825, claiming that it had been written in 1821.5 \1 It is frequently the case in early New South Wales that petitions and other correspondence were not framed or written by the person addressing the government on a particular matter. Usually the convict population were semi-literate at best. Literate individuals were 1Il, paid to draw up and present these petitions. Michael Massey Robinson, of the Colonial Secretary's Office, often drew these petitions up himself. Samuel Larkin appears to have been a better educated man than many of his peers and it is probable that he drew up all of his own petitions and letters including the long one published in the Australian. Most of {:1 , his letters covering a span of many years were written in the same hand, almost certainly his. His earlier employment as Principal Clerk to two successive Governors for many years is also indicative of a talent quite useful in the Colony. He appears to have 'I possessed some admiration for Shakespeare, as witnessed in the allusions to the Bard in one of his long complaints about the dispossession of some of his allotments.6 At least some of the, names given to his children are reminiscent of Shakespearean characters. It was probably Larken himself who composed and then penned the long, tiresome and \1 legalistic letters he addressed to the government about his allotments in Parramatta.

He also undertook to protect his interest and those of his four children to the lands he I held in Parramatta by legal means. On 7 June 1828, he signed a deed vesting all of his land in Parmmatta to Cordelia, Edgar, John and Eliza Larken, his children. Seven parcels in all were transferred to them either jointly or as single owners. 7 Thus, he listed no ~I landholdings in the 1828 census. He was simply recorded as a householder of Parramatta 8 I

1 f[RJ\,I,}Ol,399 2 Letter of 4 June 1823, in Surveyor-General, Letters Received from Private Persons, 1822-9, A. O. 211683. . - 3 Letter of 6 Oct 1823 in Surveyor-General, Letters Received from Private Persons, 1822-9, A. O. 211683 4 Col Sec, Memorials Received Re Land, 1823, A. O .. 4/1835A, No. 177. - S Aust, 28 Ju11825, 1. . , 6 Col Sec, Letters Received, 1823, A. O. 4/1765, p. 163a. 7 LTOD, No. 408 Bk. G. I 8 Census of New South Wales - November 1828, No. L0241 I [.1 , ,'. fl History of Site ofParramatta Hospital- Terry Kass 17 By this time, Larkin was living at his house in George Street, Parramatta. He was listed as the owner in the 1823 return, though no lease was issued. He successfully warded off tl a Sheriffs sale of that property in 1824, in the case Moore v. Larkin. the house was described as,

I1 . a valuable House and Premises, situated in George-street, Parramatta, near to the Government Domain; the Garden contains 120 Rods or thereabouts, well stocked with fruit trees; and the House . is weatherboarded and shingled. I 1':1 These fruit trees may have been a legacy from Anthony Landrin who had earlier held the lease, as noted on the partition deed of 1828.2 (I Despite the transfer of his land to his children, he was again moved to defend his title in 1831. James Richards' survey of Parramatta again recorded a number of allotments claimed by Larkin, but a number of neighbours disputed his claim, and the Surveyor­ t.1 General noted that most of these lands were already held by others on the basis of leases of 1823.3 Larkin again launched into letter writing to defend his title. 4 II Under the Court of Claims legislation, his children presented a claim for numerous allotments of land in Parramatta.5 However, rather than pay the fees associated with a separate assessment of each parcel, all of the lands were placed upon one memorial. When an attempt was made by the Court to convert their Memorial into all of the separate 1I claims which it encompassed and thus collect the actual fees that would be incurred by assessing each parcel, the children registered a strong protest.6 Subsequently, a number of the parcels of land were granted to Larkin's children.7 In the meantime, Larkin had fl' been granted the George Street allotment. 8 Samuel Larkin died at that residence, aged 65, on 11 September 1835, after "a protracted illness". The Australian was moved to call tl him "an old and respectable Colonist".9 John and Charles Blakefield :1 William Beaumont On 9 June 1809, the allotment adjoining O'Connell Street was leased to John Blakefield.10 The same parcel was leased to Blakefield again on 1 January 1810, as part 11 of Macquarie's re-issue of grants and leases. 11 Little is known about John Blakefield, but evidence by Samuel Marsden before the Bigge Enquiry is exceptionally full of poignant detail. Marsden was giving evidence regarding a II notorious convict Anthony Best, when he stated, II

1 Syd Gaz, 1 April 1824, 1 \1 ~ LTOD, No. 408 Bk. G. 3 Col Sec, Town Allotments, Claims to, Campbelltown, Castlereagh, Newcastle, Parramatta & Windsor, A. O. 212306 4 Letter of 27 Oct 1831 (311747), in Surveyor-General, Letters Received from Private Persons, 1830-4, I A. O. 211684 5 Court of Claims, Draft Reports on Memorials, 1833-5, A. O. 217643.2, Mem 8p8 6 Petition, 1 July 1834 in Court of Claims, Draft Reports on Memorials, 1833-5, A. O. 217643.2, I Mem868 ·7 Grants Register 48 (formerly TG 2A), '17, 18, No. 52 (formerly TG 5), 158. 8 Grants Register 49 (formerly TG 2), 227 9 Aust, 15 Sept 1835, 3 I 10 Grants Register 4D, No. 41, LTO. 11 Grants Register 7 (formerly 3), No. 105 LTD. I I ------,--_. 11 " rl History of Site ofParramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 18

on his fIrst arrival at Parramatta, he [Bestllodged with a public Baker named John Blakefield who not been long married before. Best seduced Blakefield's Wife and took her from him leaving him fl with a young Child. Blakefield was much distressed and pined after his Wife and in a short time died at his own Door sitting in his Chair. The Child Blakefield had was taken by a Constable who tl has kept him ever since. 1 That child was almost certainly named Charles. The Constable appears to have been William Beaumont. Beaumont remained a constable at Parramatta from 1810 until he became Gaoler at Parramatta in April 1821.2 Beaumont took possession of the house rl occupied by John Blakefield. On 30 June 1823, the Crown leased that land to Beaumont for 21 years.3 Charles Blakefield continued to live with Beaumont and his wife. In 1828, Blakefield attained the age of21 years, and was working as a wheelwright. He still II lived with the Beaumonts. By then William Beaumont was 62 years 01d.4 Beaumont does not appear to have died until at least the late 1830s, since he was buying and selling II land at Parramatta until at least 1838. A plan drawn from Richards' survey ofParramatta l_ dated August 1831 noted that Charles Blakefield was the occupier of that allotment. 5

Charles Blakefield became a figure of some local note. He invested in Parramatta town ,I property in a small way, acquiring land in North Parramatta.6 Land was not a major interest. He was more frequently called upon to act as trustee for the lands of others, rather than to purchase land on his own behalf. 7 He was active in public affairs, calling at II a meeting for the incorporation of the town ofParramatta in December 1844. 8 In 1853, he became one of the Commissioners for the Parramatta Town Markets. 9 . il·L During all of this time, he called himself a wheelwright though occasionally he was recorded as a merchant. 10 He possibly occupied the George Street house as his own. On 9 April 1853, a Town Purchase of that land from the Crown by Blakefield for £10 was recorded. ll Parramatta appears to have been too narrow a field for him by the 1850s . ~I . During the early 1850s, he was the holder of a claim to gold reef at Sofala, and was a member of the board of a co-operative gold mining company. 12 He had become one of (I the most notable local men within a few years. 13 By 1860, he was living at Orange and styling' himself a "landowner". At that time, he sold the George Street property in II Parramatta. ~ 4

1I~. :1 1 B. T. 26, 6014-5. 2 A. O. 9/2736, p. 8; Syd Gaz, 29 Sept 1821, 1. I 3 Grants Register 25 (formerly 16), No. 334, LTO 4 Census of New South Wales - November 1828, Nos. B0812, B 1373. 5. Plan P.3. 714, Lands Dept Plans Room 6 LTOD, No. 438 Bk. E, Col Sec, Reports of the Commissioners of Claims, 1835-55, A. O. 211761, I 570. . 7 e. g. Grants Register 52, Nc;>. 100; LTOD, No. 122 Bk. 4; No. 598 Bk. 20. , 8 James Jervis, The Cradle City ofAustralia - A History ofParramatta, Parramatta 1961, 133. I 9 Grants Register 198, p. 26, 29, LTO 10 LTOD, No. 73 Bk. 33 11 Grants Register 234, No. 25. 12 Matthew Higgins, Gold & Water - A History of Sofala and the Turon Goldfield, Bathurst, 1990, 36. I 13 Matthew Higgins, Gold & Water, 59. 14 LTOD, No. 40 Bk. 65 I :1 I - I I il il -" I 1:1 j ':"rl

IlIus 2.03 I Parrametta 1831 Rlcherds' suruey of 1831 was finally mapped In 1836. It,shows the buildin $ on the sub "ect site. I Source: R. O. Mop 4799 I I I I :1 (I

>, ~ ", /~.-.... . • • "1 I .. - lI- .~\ . t ". \ f \ -~. l \> 1 .. . ___, •.'" ':" ..-::-. I ~.~.,-

• ,1 • 1I I ...... ;

\I,~ .\.0", .. ." - :.:::.;...) .J . -,

11 IIIU$ 2.04 I I Parnsmatta, 1844 Brownrigg's Map shows the buildings in Parramatta as ~ell as the owners of each allotment. I Source: M. l. Map M3/811.1301/1844/1 I I' I I This suruey shows the fronts of buildings where they are close to the buildinQ allQnment or street. I Source: P. 714 •.1. Lands Oept Plans Room I I

I - '- - --

1.. " .... --' ;.,~;.; ~;;; : '(7#-1#,;;;-'" J·td,•• r",""71".'~ 1¥'f./~Fffl.'-6'Y].f;S: ..

IlIus 2.06 Parramatta Hospital, Februarg 1882 This suruey showed the buildings within the hospitol site ond the nomes of odjocent londowners. Source: P. 111.150, Londs Dept Pions Room :1 11 II I'll l' 11 i \

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tl I lIIus 2.07 -Parramatta Hospital, 1895 . ITiliS-detail surlJey map shows the buildings as theu were at 1895. I I Source: lands, Parramatta Detail SurlJey, M. l. Map Ser 4/ I L . 811.1301/1/Sheet 20 I I [I

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IlIus 2.08 Officiel Town Plen, Perremette, 1904 This map Inrgely cOl)firms the detnils of the grnnts on the sUbject site. Source: lnnd$~ Town of Pnrrnmnttn, 1904. I. I I - .. - .. .. ------... -- - ... -

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I I1 r 1)."'-- -) 1': r' -- --,.r~- GEORC£ P 714 J. Roll. IlIus 2.09 1\',' .I ,' Parramatta Hospital, c. June 1916 R 'f.;,,,,; ".~';~~dJ~lN';~"'I... EJ"'" ,..:.!(~tr"~'''J~;/~!!.;'!::!.Mt~:n-1T~h:i.iS~p~18~n~Shh.O;'W~S~b~U~iI~dff.in~g~s~o~n='t~h~e-=;s~lt:;e~,~b~u~t~8~p;;p;;e;;8;;r:;stt;o~h~8;;u~e;t;b;ee;n;-1 compiled from earlier surueys, rather than from actual site measurement. Source: Ms.4733.3000. Lands Oept Plans Room I ;'1 History of Site ofParramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 19 3.0' Outline History of each Allotment rl Allotment 8,. Sec 19, Hospital Allotment A tent with a thatched roofhad been built as a Hospital at Parramatta by November 1790. rl Tench described it as "a most wretched hospital, totally devoid of every conveniency.l Fo~dations for a brick hospital on the site now called Allotment 8, Section 19, were being laid in April 1792.2 The hospital consisted of two wards when it was completed in ~I pecember. To prevent communication with other convicts, the site was enclosed with a palisade.3 In 1798, the building was re-roofed. New chimneys were added and the dispensary was plastered.4 In 1799, the surgeon's house and the hospital were tiled.5 ~I Early in'1803, unspecified repairs were carried out on the hospital. 6

When J ames Meehan surveyed the streets of Parramatta and plotted all of the leases in April 1804, the Hospital and the lane to the surgeons (Marsden Street) was noted, as it was on the leases subsequently drawn up.7 On the plan drawn up afterwards, the Hospital buildings were shown, as were two allotments near the River. (See Illus 2.01) The Hospital.appears to have remained in good condition. Although the Garden was supposedly unkempt, the buildings were not noted as being in need of repair in 1807.8 By 1817, however, the situation was different. On 1 January 1817, Macquarie drew up a list buildings required but not yet commenced, which included at Parramatta, "A new General Hospital".9 The old building was later described by Macquarie as "entirely decayed and Unfit to be Inhabited by the Sick".1 0 He approved plans for the new hospital on 16 April 1817. 11 (See Illus 3.01 & 3.02) By December 1817, the Hospital was under construction.12

.To allow the hospital to proceed the government purchased a house from Daniel Allen, on 30 September 1817 for £50, "required to make Room for the General Hospital". 13 AlIen was an ex-convict, who was residing at Parramatta, at least as early as 1814, when he was employed by William Cox. 14 This was possibly one of the houses near the river facing Marsden Street, which are no longer shown on the 1823 map ofParramatta. (See Illus 2.02) .

The Hospital was complete by March 1819.15 Macquarie described it in 1822 as:

A Hospital built of brick, two Stories high, with an upper and lower Verandah all round, with all I necessary Out offices for the residence and occupation of 100 Patients, with Ground for a Garden

It, 1 Captain Watkin Tench, Sydney's First Four Years, Sydney, 1979, 196. 2 David Collins, An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, Vol I" Sydney, 1975 (Originally published 1798), 173. 3 David Collins, An Account of the English Colony 207. I 4 HRNSW,III,524 5, HRNSW, Ill, 752. 6 HRA, I, IV, 319 I 7 Surveyor-General, Surveyors' Field Books, No 32, J. Meehan, 1804-1810, A. O. SZ865, 5, 11. 8 HRA, I, VI, 98, 170, 448 .. 9 Col Sec, Letters Received, 1817, A. 0.4/1737, 15. I 10 HRA, I, IX, 720. 11 Plans of Buildings erected mainly in Parramatta under Governor Lachlan Macquarie, M. L. D337 12 HRA, I, IX, 720. . 13 SydGaz, 22Nov 1817,2; See also A. O. SZ759, 411. I 14 General Muster of New South Wales, 1814, 2645 15 HRA, I, X, 96. I I I ,• I

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History of Site ofParramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 20 r:1" <.

and for the Patients to take Air and Exercise in, the whole of the Premises being enclosed with a

I High Strong Stockade.! "II. Until 1848, it remained as a convict hospital, but with the winding down of the convict establishment, Parramatta Hospital, like that at Liverpool, became surplus to requirements. Liverpool Hospital was transferred to the Benevolent Society to use as an Asylum for the destitute. Parramatta Hospital, on the other hand, was in the midst of a prosperous and thriving community, with an active town life and economy. In response to public pressure, lead by the elite of the town, Parramatta Hospital was transferred to a committee as the Parramatta District Hospital. The official notice was gazetted on 15 June 1848.2 '11 The committee did not inherit a run-down institution. The colonial government had maintained the fabric and the grounds and had extended the buildings. Almost every year, repairs were undertaken of the Hospital. 3 Much of the expenditure recorded for the t'I Hospital was devoted to repairs, but additions were also made. In 1832, the surgeon's residence was extended for a cost of £23/15/3 4 During the early 1840s, substantial sums of money were expended on "repairs", though the array of buildings depicted on 11 the 1844 Brownrigg map ofParramatta which are not shown on earlier maps, suggests that a building campaign was underway. In 1840 and 1841, a substantial figure of £108/19/0 was budgeted for repairs of which, £9')/On was actually expended.5 In 1842, £110/17/4 of an estimated £205/17/5 was spent.6 In 1843, £82/6/3 was spent of an flI estimated £176/16/3.7 In 1844, £43')/15/1 was spent ofa budget of £556/3/4, again on "repairs".8 It is known that at that date, the"dead house" and the perimeter stone wall 9 il'c", were built. For the rest of that decade, until the buildings were taken over by the local committee, only minor repairs appear to have been undertaken, including external :1, painting in 1845.10 \. "From the 1870s onwards, major changes occurred in the building. Bathrooms were built in 1877~ 11 A bath house and lavatories were commenced late in 1882, as was the laying of water pipes,12 In January 1896, work was underway in erecting new hospital buildings, to the design of architects Sulman and Power in association with G. A. Oakes.13 In 1901, when much of the new building work was complete, decisions were made to demolish all of the old buildings on the site. 14

1 HRA, I, X, 689. 2 Caring for Convicts and the Community - A History ofParramatta Hospital, Westmead, 1988, 30.' 3 Col Sec, Returns of the Colony, 1828-1850, A. O. 4/257-4/283. 4. Col Sec, Returns of the Colony, 1832, A. O. 4/263, 50. S Col Sec, Returns of the Colony, 1840 A. 0.4/272,76-7; 1841, A. 0.4/273,64-5. I 6 Col Sec, Returns of the Colony, 1842 A. O. 4/274, 108-9 7 Col Sec, Returns of the Colony, 1843 A. O. 4/275-6, 130-1. 8 Col Sec, Returns of the Colony, 1844 A. O. 4/277, 144-5. 9 SMH, 27 April 1844; KeithMacarthur Brown, Medical Practice in Old Parramatta, Sydney, 1937,47. Ic. 10 Col Sec, Returns of the Colony, 1845 A. O. 4/278,142-3 11 Caring for Convicts and the Community, 38. 12 Caring for Convicts and the Community, 40. 13 Caring for Convicts and the Community, 45. 14 Caring for Convicts and the Community, 48-9. . , \:1 ... '·1 History of Site ofParmmatta Hospital - Terry Kass 21 Allotment 98, Section 19, Granted to John Hodges, 30 June 1823

The allotment at the corner ofGeorge and Marsden Streets was shown on the 1792 plan of Parramatta as occupied by a convict allotment and hut. It was leased to Timothy Hollister on 16 July 1804, acknowledging his prior occupation) When James Meehan surveyed Parmmatta on 4 April 1804, Hollister was in occupation of that allotment.2 John.Hodges had acquired possession of that allotment by January 1821. He stated,

I purchased the Grant of another man. It was a Grant of Govr Phillips [sic] I believe. 3 Hodges built the house (now Brislington) in response to a promise from Governor Macquarie that he would be given a liquor licence ifhe built a good brick house on that allotment. 4 5 ,\1 Hodges received a grant on 30 June 1823. In January 1844, he conveyed the house, land, and all his real and personal property to Richard Webb, general dealer ofParramatta and James Slade, gentleman of Sydney for £3,000, though this appears to have been a 1 m~er of averting th~ consequences of losing a legal action against John Ryan.6 At the 'Il Sheriffs sale which arose from the court action, John Ryan, purchased the land, which :1 amounted to the western part of the allotment only. 7 \ After Hodges' death, a series oflegal transactions were required to clear up the legal title, including the purchase of the western part of the allotment from Ryan. George Rattray, a Sydney merchant, consolidated all of the land into his control in 1851.8 From the tota~ of ~I £530, Rattray had acquired the land for in 1851, it had leapt in value to £2,500 in 1854 when he sold it to George Alfred Lloyd, another Sydney merchant.9 It was sold by Lloyd to George Wigram Allen, the Sydney solicitor, for £3,000 on 30 March 1855.10

\I . It remained in the hands of All en until April 1875 when it was sold to a pair of trustees for the benefit of Sigismund Brown, wife ofWalter Brown, a doctor ofParramatta,11 :1 This family then retained a prolonged association with the land and with Brislington. Brpwn was associated with the hospital and· the situation was ideal for him. Part of the land was resumed for the hospital in 1916.12 The land remained in the hands of the Brown family until 1947 when it was resumed by the hospital. 13 I\ ~

I, I

I 1 Grants Register, 3C, 140, LTO. 2 Surveyor-General, Surveyors' Field Books, No 32, J. Meehan, 1804-1810, A. O. SZ865, p. 4, 11. 3. B. T. 1, 375. 4 B. T. 1, 374. I 5 Grants Register, 26 (originally TG No. 1),4, LTO 6 LTOD, No. 541 Bk. 6. 7 LTOD, No. 73 Bk. 8. 8 . I LTOD, No. 392, Bk. 20; No. 947 Bk. 21. 9 LTOD, No. 612 Bk. 32. 10 LTOD, No. 72 Bk. 38: 11 LTOD, No. 983 Bk. 149. I, . 12 C. T. 1106 f. 188 I 13 C. T. 3905 f. 44-5. I I I PLAN ,I OT d/lofment.J8 Section /.9 TOWN Of" PARRAIY1ATTA ,I I'c3rish of" StJohn County oF Cumber/and SCd/e 60 reef to dn inch 'I I·

/ / I I - / ;1- f'arr.amatta fJtsfrict Jlospila/ 7:0 i/HI, ~~~S!"J:,rrl",;rff;t (#_S'«/ , 2n"n!,., 'I Z7Z·~4-· /G7:.r .... 'I c., -t ;1\ I .. ; r t "4 ..$! , /;c, . ~ I ~~ Or. Pep • ~ .~ ~ l.u t::) ~ I ~ \J Q:: ~ ~ ~ J~~r.: I .\ ~ ~ I I I I

ClUJlfidd ~4ro1fn I ~~ Lie!Svrvqor.s IUus 3.03 I Rllotment 98. Rpril 1893 This surueg shows some of the buildings on the subject site. I Source: FP 59062, lTO Plans Room I History of Site ofParramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 22

Allotment 99, Section 19, Granted to James McRoberts, 18 June 1855

This allotment is shown occupied by a convict hut on the 1792 plan. It appears to fall into the area that was leased to John Nichols on the nominal date of 1 January 1806. 1 James Meehan noted a ''hut next Hollister's" on his survey of 4 April 1804.2 This was also rl, shown in the 1804 plan ofParramatta. On 16 July 1806, he surveyed Nichols' lease, and the field book description is fuller than that given on the lease,

/1 .. East Side NI E 298 - front W 6 NI Chain - (is 90 more to the Surr; Gully which bears down N 5 1/2 W) W side N 293 - N side E 272 S 104 from Se Cor. is E 6 S 150 to Hollisters SW Cor. :~I. The lane 28 wide out of it - Contains 48 rods. 3 Little is 'known about Nichols. In 1810, the Sydney Gazette had a notice of property in Parramatta for private sale in Parramatta, which was the property of John Nichols. It was [I described as, two commodious Dwelling Houses, with a spacious Allotment of Garden Ground, with an Oven and all the Materials in the Baking Line, a good Well constantly supplied with water, a Three-stall Stable, and every other conveniency for the reception of a Family... IIt Enquirers were directed to apply on the premises.4 This may have been Allotment 99, but cannot be ascertained with certainty. 1I( In later years, James Harrex acquired what later became Allotment 99. He appears to have lived on that land. No conveyance of this land has been located, but it is notable that :-1 in July 1817, James Harrex was one of the witnesses to a land transaction of John Hodges, who held the adjacent parcel, Allotment 98, i. e. the next door neighbour.5 Harrex was' granted a Crown lease on 30 June 1823.6 After his death in 1825, the property passed to the trustees of his will, Charles Walker, of the "Red Cow" inn and . Samuel Marsden. Walker died at about the same time as Harrex, so Samuel Marsden and then his son, acted as trustees of the will. Harrex had a number of children, but none of them appear to have wanted to stay in the house on that allotment. It appears that the house was becoming quite aged by the 1830s. During the early 1830s, from at least 1831, it Wru? leased to John Moor, a publican ofParramatta.7 By 1837, the house had been let to John Foreman Staff, a local notable, who acted as clerk to St Johns Church and later was in business as an auctioneer. In 1837, the children ofHarrex agreed that the old house was decrepit and instructed the trustee to have a new house built, to the design and specifications of Staff.The new house was built by James Houison for £325.8 Thus the location of the house on this allotment differs on the 1831 and 1844 maps ofParramatta. (See Illus 2.03 & 2.04) The estate of Harrex continued to be managed by trustees until Harrex's children instructed the trustee to partition the estate. This was done on 3 April 1847.9 Harrex's daughter Hannah Sarah, had married James McRoberts, a Parramatta innkeeper. Their' share of the balloted lots included the George Street allotment. Thus, 18 June 1855,

I 1 Grants Register, 3C, 198, LTO. '. 2 Surveyor-General, Surveyors' Field Books, No 32, J. Meehan, 1804-1810, A. O. SZ865, p. 4. 3 Surveyor-General, Surveyors' Field Books, No 32, l. Meehan, 1804-1810, A. 0: SZ865, p. 16. 4 Syd Gaz, 7 April 1810, 2. I\. 5 Old Registers, Bk. 5 p. 329 No. 133. 6 Grants Register, 25 (originally 16), 16, LTO 7 Harrex, lames, Estate, Papers, 1825-47, in S. Marsden Papers, M. L. A5412-1, Item 3, p. 43. 8 Harrex, James, Estate, Papers, 1825-47, in S. Marsden Papers, M. L. A5412-1, Item 3, p. 127-9. 9 LTOD, No. 755 Bk. 12

I'- I I-II rl History of Site ofParramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 23 Allotment 99 was formally granted to James McRoberts for £19/1/8.1 Notwithstanding [I the protection ofa trust deed in which James had conveyed that property to trustees for \ the benefit of his wife, Hannah Sarah in May 1852, this property was conveyed by the Official Assignee after McRoberts' bankruptcy in 1862 to James Garvey, another Parramatta publican. since Garvey held a mortgage over the property.2 After Garvey's rl, death; the property passed to his widow. She transferred it to Bridget King, wife oflsaac King, a timber merchant of Parramatta on 15 March 1873.3 It remained in the King family for many years. It was resumed by the Department of Public Works in 1916.4 Throughout this period, the same brick house that had been built by James Houison in 1837 continued to be shown on survey plans. (See Illus 2.04 & 2.07) Even after the resumption, the Kings continued to utilise the allotment as a fuel yard. 5 il rl II \.: rl

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,I I I I '-. 1 Grant Register 249, p. 107, LTO 2 LTOD, No. 469 Bk. 42;" No. 182 Bk. 79. 3 C. T. 155 f. 7. 4 C. T. 158 f. 132. - 5 Sands, Sydney Directories, 1916-1925. I\. I History of Site ofParramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 24

Allotment 102, Section 19, Granted to Samuel Larken, 19 October 1831

The 1792 map of Parramatta shows convict huts occupying this allotment. On 30 December 1809, Anthony Landrin was given a lease over this land by the government. 1 It was re-issued on the nominal date of 1 January 1810 by Macquarie. That lease was rl, . described as consisting of 62 rods being bounded on the west by Blakefield's lease S 6° W 174 feet, on the south by the main street of Parram at ta, E 6° S 100 feet, on the east, N 6° E, and on the north by the "Ditch of the Hospital Garden".2 1I\ . It is uncertain when Samuel Larkin acquired that property. He w~ in occupation of that land by April 1824, when he lost his case against Richard Cavenagh for possession of some of the Parramatta allotments which he claimed as his own. His George Street house fl was put up for sale, but he managed to avoid losing it. In the advertisement, it was described as,

rl a valuable House and Premises, situated in George-street, Parramatta, near to the Government Domain; the Garden contains 120 Rods or thereabouts, well stocked with fruit trees; and the House is weatherboarded and shingled.3 1 _' 1 On 7 June 1828, Larkin signed a partition deed dividing his lands amongst his children. To Cordelia and Edgar, he deeded the George Street land, which had formerly been leased to Landrin. It was described as being bounded on the west by Blakefield, 300 feet, :rl on the east by Harrex; 300 feet, on the south by George Street, 180 feet. 4 I Samuel Larken was granted that allotment on 19 October 1831. It was described as being 1I\ 1 acre and 27 perches, bounded on the north by the Government Reserve 3 chains 31inks (200 feet), on the west by William Beaumont's allotment 3 chains 80 links (250 feet) on the south by George Street chains 83 links (186 feet) and on the east by James Harrex's 11 .allotment 4 chains 5 links (267 feet).5 After Samuel's death in 1835, Edgar and Cordelia partitioned that allotment between them on 15 and 16 June 1836. The eastern half went to Edgar and measured 1 1/2 chains and 1 1/2 links on the north and 1 chain 41 112 links on the George Street frontage. The western allotment went to Cordelia and the measurements II of her allotment were similar.6 It is the eastern half that we will follow first.

Edgar Larken immediately sold his half of the allotment to Ouseley Condell, a Sydney 11 merchant, on the same day as the partition was completed, for £250.7 Condell mortgaged that land, first to William Schofield, a Wesleyan minister of Windsor, and, later, in January 1843 to Thomas Holt, a substantial merchant of Sydney. The mortgage J to Holt included numerous other parcels ofland.8 In September of that year, he conveyed all of these lands including the Larken allotment which he held to Holt. 9 Holt sold that allotment to Thomas Wheaton Bowden, a prominent Sydney ironmonger on 3 October 0 '.I 1843 for £165/5/0.1 When Bowden filed for bankruptcy in 1848, this allotment was conveyed to George I AlIen, the prominent Sydney solicitor in partial satisfaction of some outstanding legal

1 Grant Register, 4D, No. 287 LTO I 2 Grant Register, 7 (originally 3), 47, LTO 3 Syd Gaz, 1 April 1824, 1 . 4 LTOD, No. 408 Bk. G...... 1 5 Grants Register 49 (originally TG No. 2),227, LTO 6 LTOD, No. 905 Bk. J. 7 LTOD, No. 888 Bk. J. . 8 LTOD, No. 87 Bk. 3 9 LTOD, No. 938 Bk. 4. 10 LTOD, No. 366 Bk. 8. )1. 1.

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I IUus 3.04 Eastern art of Rllotment 10 Ju 1897 I This shows ,the buildin on the allotment at that date. Source: FP 6039 LTO Plans Room

I, I I I History of Site ofParramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 25

obligations. Bowden had to Allen. 1 George AlIen retained ownership of that allotment until 23 October 1873, when he conveyed the land to PatrickHayes, dealer ofParramatta for £40.2 Hayes had earlier been the proprietor of the Emu Brewery which had been erected on the other half of the Larken allotment in the 1840s. (See below) During this time, the land remained vacant. On 18 September 1880, that land was conveyed to Cyrus Edgar Fuller, bookseller of Sydney for £100.3

Fuller shortly moved to Parramatta and became prominent as a printer and publisher, rl notably for his editorship of the Cumberland Mercury. Fuller had built a cottage on that land by 1882.4 Fuller's financial affairs became difficult and the property was entangled by two substantial mortgages. On 25 March 1893; the two main mortgagees, the Union II Bank ofAustralia Ltd and the National Mutual Life Association of Australasia came to an agreement whereby, the Association gained title to that allotment and other parcels ofland owned by the now bankrupt Fuller.5 ,fl The Association transferred the ownership of the land on 26 May 1909 and it passed briefly through the hands of a number of owners. In 1916, it was resumed by the Public Works Department for the Hospital. 6

The other half of Larken's' allotmen~ followed a different path of ownership and use. Cordelia appears to have gained the half with the cottage upon it. After the partition of the allotment in 1836, Cordelia made numerous borrowings on mortgage on the security of her allotment, comprising the western half of Allotment 102. On 13 February 1837, she sold her equity to Robert Gooch, for £200.A dwelling house and outhouses were specifically mentioned in that deed.7 The rather confused legal situation of this allotment was cleared up on 23 and 24 July 1838 when Cordelia and Robert Gooch conveyed all of their respective interest in that land to the mortgagee, Edye Manning, a Sydney merchant. 8

Manning quickly sold the land to a syndicate of Arthur Scowler, Patrick Anderson and John Neilson, on 1 and 2 July 1839, for £500.9 These three gentlemen then proceeded to erect a brewery on that land. On 24 and 25 August 1840, they took out a mortgage for £1~000 froIl). the Savings Bank of New South Wales. 10 When the Magistrates Returns of industry in Parramatta were drawn up on 30 January 1840, there was no brewery in Parramatta at all. When the next return was prepared one year later in 1841, there were two breweries, one of which was conducted by Patrick Anderson. 11

I, Two legal deeds of April and June 1841 vested the land and brewery in trust to Alexander Brodie Spark, Severin Kanute Salting, Phillip William Flower and Gordon Sandeman, a I, bevy of powerful Sydney merchants. 12 The brewery was offered for sale at auction on I' 1 LTOD, No. 824 Bk. 15. 2, LTOD, No. 851]2. Bk. 157 3 LTOD, No. 863 Bk. 211. I,~ 4 Parramatta Rate Assessment Books, 1882. 5 LTOD, No. 759 Bk. 512 . 6 C. T. 1272 f. 175 I, 7 LTOD, No. 36 Bk. L. 8 LTOD, No. 300 Bk. N. 9 . LTOD, No. 168 Bk. P. 10 LTOD, No. 978 Bk. S .. 11 Col Sec, Magistrates Returns of Mills, Manufactories etc. 1831-42, A. O. 4/7267. 12 LTOD, No.335 Bk. W [I II History of Site ofParramatta Hospital- Terry Kass 26 15 April 1842 on behalf of the mortgagees, but no final sale was made. 1 It appears that fl the mortgagee may have entered into possession of the brewery. The brewery had a chequered life, periodically closing down and then re-opening. By {I June 1845, the brewery was being conducted by Patrick Hayes.2 He was also shown as t.. the proprietor on the 1844 Brownrigg map. (See Illus 2.04) It later closed and them re- opened for a short time.in 1850.3 About 1851, it became a wool washery, which spread rl the seeds of the Bathurst Burr along the river through its waste.4 The mortgagee, the Savings Bank of New South Wales, managed to find a buyer at an auction sale by Mort and Co, when John Carney, a Sydney builder, purchased the il brewery for £650 on 30 November 1854.5 Camey mortgaged the brewery back to the bank for £325. 6 When he was bankrupted in 1859, the assignee repaid the mortgage and then put the land up for auction sale. The auctioneer was John Foreman Staff, who 11L provided a detailed description of the buildings on the site, from that intimate knowledge that comes from years of proximity.7 Staff had long resided in the house on James

I,

II:

I I i 1 SMH, 25 March 1842, 4. 2. J. Jervis, Cradle City, 104-5. 3 J. Jervis, Cradle City, 29. 4 SMH, 5 March 1853, 3. 5 LTOD, No. 933 Bk. 35. - 6 LTOD, No. 934 Bk. 35 J 7 SMH, 13 April 1859, 11 8 LTOD, No. 847 Bk. 62. 9 SMH, 21 June 1861, 3 . 10 Parramatta Rate Assessment Book, 1865ff. 11 LTOD, No. 301 Bk. 470 - 12 LTOD, No. 412 Bk. 700.

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--~~~--~.. ~. ~··~-m&~l~---,----~--~--- 11 '!'be Brewery Freehold !'roPerl.,..: " . In the In~lTiiDt· Kat"'e or John C~. " .• ,,' WED.NJt.liDAY. l~lh April, on the propidT. ' . R. J. Po STAFF"- will·lIeU.by auetton, lI:r . \1 M. -order O(-Adam ·Wilton.-Eeq;:;-oflle1al.ud~_ , 'l'b&t. lp6ciolll -.od truly nl1l&bl. il"Qpttty, altae&e·,.,::­ . --Oeorg&-.~ W.,." -.od .)(IIppl1ee. . .- ~.' Lo~ 1 OODa~ta Ant ol a, n~ brlok.llx-,vom&d nrudalk cottage 011 a ,tone t..uDdJtloo,' and')~ to • I'C*l UnMt. In the rear!. tb. 1p6Cloua brewery; wlUl 11D~u.e oellan, mal, bon..... l'urlll-OM Nld T&ealtIt, 11 &boTe ,!.and th. boiler., eoolen, «T&nui"'; ~ ~0UIeII, cooperage, pump-rOOmj".to WI\hlD a feW' p&oee !. tb. freoh water rI""', with a n.nr-f&1l!Ac ,opply. Fron\&~ to GfIOr~~ 156 tM b7 • , "depth of' IkO ftoet more'or le... " " Lot 2 oonal.~ of DlocL .Ullible bwlldlns- plata adJofala~ 11 lo~ 1 • frontag-t Lo Oeor~"5 lee&. 'depUl i6Q feet more 01' lfl.. ~ " ' ,. _• . Pta". of ~ ~pettl mal be ~ oa appUct.Uoa 10 th. a.otloDeer. . 'I TILIe-A &nllt tram lb. CroWll • )1 .ADd the ...~e tak~'p.!.? at III o:..:·o.....:'OO...:..,1r,;,;,. ______\. 11 tl

I IlIus 3.05 Ruction of Emu Brewery! R~rll 1859 I This auction advertisement provides D detailed description of buildings and uses on the site. I Source: SM~ 13 April 1859! 11. I I I I I1 ["I History of Site ofParramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 27 Allotment 103, Section 19, Granted to Charles Blakefield, 9 April 1853 1'1 What later became Allotment 103 was shown as being occupied by a convict hut on the 1792 map ofParramatta. On 9 June 1809, this allotment was leased to John Blakefield.1 This was re-issued on the nominal date of 1 January 1810 by Macquarie. At that date, the rl allotment measured 39 1/2 rods and was bounded on the west S 13 112° W 179 feet, on the south by the line of houses E 6° S 74 feet on the east N 6° E 174 feet and on the north I1 by the "Ditch forming Hospital inclosure".2 The people involved with this allotment were dealt with above and thus explain some of the further changes. On 30 June 1823, William Beaumont was leased 60 rods covering this allotment. On the west, it was bounded by O'Connell Street 373 links (246 feet) on II the north by 107 links (71 feet) on the east by 380 links (251 feet) on the south [George Street} 97 links (64 feet)) rl A house is shown on this land in 1823. (See Illus) Charles Blakefield was in occupation of this land in August 1831.4 There was· still a house on that land at that date. (See Illus ) When Brownrigg published his map of Parramatta in 1844, he showed part of the Emu \1 Brewery extending across this land. (See Illus 2.02) The house may have disappeared after this date. It was not shown on the 1855 street alignment map, though it may simply have not been close enough to the street to interest the surveyor. (See Illus 2.05)

\1 On 9 April 1853, Charles Blakefield had finally acquired a grant for that land.5 He conveyed that land out of his hands on 9 January 1860 and it came into the hands of Edward Mason, a stationer of Parramatta, on 28 January 1860 for £180.6 By 1865, fl there were five small dwellings on this land owned by Mason, who lived in one of the houses and let the rest.7 On 14 September 1883, he conveyed this land to Charles Edward Jeannerett, steamboat proprietor of Sydney, for £1700.8 Jeannerett was then II building a steam tramway from a steamer's wharf at Rose Hill along George Street to its terminus at this allotment. fl Some of the cottages remained on the allotment, but they were gradually replaced by sheds servicing the tramway. (See Illus 2.07 & 2.09) On 14 January 1889, Jeannerett conveyed all of his steamboat and tram interests including their rights-of-way and land \.1' parcels to Phillip Billingsley Walker, an "electrician" of Sydney, for £14,700.9 These assets became the property of the Parramatta River Steamers and Tramway Company Ltd. The assets of this company were sold to Sydney Ferries Ltd on 8 March 1901 and the outstanding bank loan was retired. 10 The land was finally resumed for the hospital on tl 30 Apri11948. 11 t.:1 HI 1. Grant Register 4D, 41, LTO (I.' 2 Grant Register 7 (originally 3), 105., LTO ~ . 3 Grant Register 25 (originally 16), 334., LTO 4 Plan P.3.714, Lands Dept ~lans Room 5 Grant Register 234, 25, LTO. 6 LTOD, No. 40 Bk. 65; No. 154 Bk. 65 :1I: 7 Parramatta Rate Assessment Books, 1865ff. 8 . LTOD, No. 493 Bk. 276. 9 LTOD, No. 350 Bk. 405. l 10 LTOD, No. 543 Bk. 684. 11 C. T. 1642 f. 175.

I\ ... I' :1 rl History of Site ofParramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 28

4.0 'BIBLIOGRAPHY II MAPS - ARCHIVES OFFICE Surveyor General, Sketch Books, Vo12, X752 II, Map ofParramatta compiled from Richards' survey. Johnstone. 1836 (P.714.a) A. O. Map~799 Parramatta Township - allotment numbers and building locations, Stewart (draughtsman), (P.l.I022), 1823, A. o. Map 4907. MAPS;. MITCHELL LIBRARY Brownrigg, William Meadows, Plan of the Town of Parramatta and the adjacent properties, M3/81 1. 130 111844/1.

Evans, G. W. Plan of the Township of Parram atta, M2/81 1.1301/1813/1. (Actually 18,04), .

Lands, Parramatta Detail Survey, M. L. Ser 41 811.130 III1Sheet 20 MAPS - LANDS DEPT PLANS ROOM P.714.j, Street alignment ofParramatta South, 1855

11 P.3. 714, Sections in Parramatta, August 1831. (I P.171.750, ParramattaHospital, February 1882 Ms,4733.3000, ParramattaDistrict Hospital, June 1916

11, LAND TITLES OFFICE Certificates ,of Title, 1863 onwards

Dealings, 1863 onwards -I' Deeds Registers, 1825 onwards t Grants Registers, 1792 onwards "Old Registers", 1802-25. - Plans, Plans Room I, Real Property Applications, 1863 to date MANUSCRIPT SOURCES - MITCHELL LIBRARY Governor Bourke's Despatches, 1832, A1210. Bigge Report, NSW Returns, 1819-22, A2131. Bigge Report, Evidence, Convicts 1819-21, Bonwick Transcripts, B. T. 1 Bigge Report, Appendix, B. T. 12 [I rl History of Site ofParramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 29 Bigge Report, Appendix, (2380-2697), B. T 18 (.­ Bigge Report, Appendix, (5309-5728), B. T. 25. [I Bigge Report, Appendix, B. T. 26 Map~ and Plans, B. T. 36 II ~arrex, James, Estate, Papers, 1825-47, in S. Marsden Papers, A5412- 1, Item 3. Judge-Advocate, Registers of Assignments, 1802-~5, A1753, A3609-A3619 (I Plans of Buildings erected mainly in Parramatta under Governor Lachlan Macquarie, D337 \1 Wentworth, Papers - Petitions for renewal of wine & spirit licences, 1819-20, A764; 1820-22, A765 PRIMARY SOURCES - ARCHIVES OFFICE I' Col Sec, Government and General Orders, No. 1,5 Jan 1810-12 Nov 1814, SZ758 IJ Surveyor-General, Surveyors' Field Books, No 32, 1. Meehan, 1804-1810, SZ865 Col Sec, Memorial of Simeon Lord praying for the release ofMichael Massey Robinson, tl 5 Dec 1806 and associated papers, SZ997 Surveyor-General, Letters Received from Private Persons, 1822-9,211683

II . Surveyor-General, Letters Received from Private Persons, 1830-4,211684 1I Col Sec, Reports of the Commissioners of Claims, 1835-55,211761,211839,211842 Col Sec, Town Allotments, Claims to, Campbelltown, Castlereagh, Newcastle, Parramatta& Windsor, 212306 \1 Court of Claims, Draft Reports on Memorials, 1833-5,217643.2 II Col Sec, Returns of the Colony, 1828-1850,4/257-4/283. Col Sec, Convict Indents, 1788-1800,4/4003

Col Sec, Convict Indents, 4/4004 -- Col Sec, Letters Received, 1812, 4/1727 Col Sec, Letters Received, 1817,4/1737 - Col Sec, Letters Received, 1823,4/1765 - Col Sec, Letters Receiveq, 1823,4/1773 Col Sec, Memorials Received Re Land, 1810,4/1821 ·1·- Col Sec, Memorials Received Re Land, 1823,4/1835A l. Col Sec, Petitions for mitigation of sentence, 1817,4/1851 I l. I rl

History of Site ofParramattaHospital- Terry Kass 30 rl Col'Sec, Letters Sent to Van Dieman's Land, Newcastle and Norfolk Island, 1811-1813, (I 413492 ' Col Sec, Letters Sent, 1823,4/3509

[I Col ~ec, Magistrates Returns of Mills, Manufactories etc. 1831-42, 4n267. (I Court of Criminal Jurisdiction, Indictments and Depositions, 5/1144A PRIMARY SOURCES - NEWSPAPERS 11 }1ustr.alian, 1824-42 Sydney Gazette, 1803-29

1I 0' SydneyMomingHer.ald, 1831-65 PRIMARY SOURCES - PRINTED BOOKS

\1 Census ofNew South Wales - November 1828, edited by Ma1colm R. Sainty & Keith A. Johnson, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1980. Collins, David, An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, 2 volumes, ~ edited by Brian H. Fletcher, Reed, Sydney, 1975 (Originally published 1798)

General Musters ofNew South Wales Norfolk Island and Van Dieman's Land} 1811, ~ ABGR, Sydney, 1987 GeneraljV[usterofNewSouth Wales} 1814,ABGR, Sydney, 1987. ~ General Muster of and Land and Stock Register of New South Wales} 1822, ABGR, Sydney, 1988. . General Retum of Convicts in New South Wales, edited by N. G. Butlin, C. W. - Cromwell & K. L. Suthern, ABGR, Sydney, 1987. ~ Historical Records of Australia, Series I, Vols I-XI, Library Committee of the Commonwealth of Australia, Sydney, 1914-7. Musters and Lists New South Wales and Norfolk Island 1800-1802, edited by Carol J. ~ Baxter, ABGR, Sydney, 1988. Tench, Captain Watkin, Sydney's First Four Years, Library of Australian History, I Sydney, 1979. ~ SECONDARY SOURCES Brown, Keith'Macarthur, Medical Practice in Old Parramatta, Angus & Robertson, I Sydney, 1937. \. . Caring for Convicts and the Community - A History ofParramatta Hospital, Cumberland Area Health Service, Westmead, 1988. .

It Rainsworth, D. R., The Sydney Traders - Simeon Lord and His Contemporaries, Melbourne University-J>ress, Melbourne, 1981.

Riggins, Matthew, Gold & Water - A History of Sofala and the Turon Goldfield, Robstar, Bathurst, 1990. I l. I History of Site ofParramatta Hospital - Terry Kass 31

Jervis, James, The CradJe City ofAustralia - A History ofParramatta, Parramatta City Council, 1961. Liston, Carol, Campbelltown - The BicentenniaI History, AlIen & Unwin, Sydney, 1988. The 1788-1820 Association's Pioneer Register, Second Edition, Vol I, Sydney, 198.1.

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