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Agriculture, Peasantry and Poverty in Turkey in the Neo-Liberal Age

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Agriculture, Peasantry and Poverty in Turkey in the Neo-Liberal Age A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Öztürk, Murat Book — Published Version Agriculture, peasantry and poverty in Turkey in the neo-liberal age Provided in Cooperation with: Wageningen Academic Publishers Suggested Citation: Öztürk, Murat (2012) : Agriculture, peasantry and poverty in Turkey in the neo-liberal age, ISBN 978-90-8686-748-6, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-748-6 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/182270 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0 www.econstor.eu Agriculture, peasantry and poverty in Turkey in the neo-liberal age Murat Öztürk Agriculture, peasantry and poverty in Turkey in the neo-liberal age Agriculture, peasantry and poverty in Turkey in the neo-liberal age Murat Öztürk Wageningen Academic Publishers Buy a print copy of this book at www.WageningenAcademic.com/Turkey This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. Nothing from this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored in a computerised system or published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, reprographic or photographic, without prior written permission from the publisher, ISBN: 978-90-8686-192-7 Wageningen Academic Publishers, e-ISBN: 978-90-8686-748-6 P.O. Box 220, DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-748-6 NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands. www.WageningenAcademic.com Cover photo: [email protected] Village in West Anatolia by Zeynep Üstünipek The content of this publication and any liabilities arising from it remain the responsibility of the author. First published, 2012 The publisher is not responsible for possible damages, which could be a © Wageningen Academic Publishers result of content derived from this The Netherlands, 2012 publication. Table of contents List of tables 8 List of textboxes 11 List of appendices 11 Foreword 13 Preface 29 Chapter 1. Introduction 31 Part I – Trends in Turkish agriculture since 1980 Chapter 2. The agrarian question 45 Chapter 3. The development of Turkish agriculture until 1980 59 Chapter 4. Developments in the structure of agriculture in Turkey since 1980 67 Chapter 5. Agricultural policies, market conditions and transfers 89 Chapter 6. Conclusions 121 Part II – Neo-liberalism, rural life and poverty in Turkey today Chapter 7. Sociological approaches to recent developments in agriculture and rural Turkey 129 Chapter 8. Village loss, village urbanisation and villages as shelters for the weak 139 Chapter 9. The neo-liberal approach to poverty 165 Chapter 10. Turkey’s experience 179 Chapter 11. Conclusions on agriculture, rural life and poverty in Turkey during the age of neo-liberalism 205 References 217 Appendices 227 Agriculture, peasantry and poverty in Turkey in the neo-liberal age 7 List of tables 4.1. Number and land-share of agricultural enterprises by holding size in 1938. 76 4.2. Proportions of number and land-share of agricultural enterprises by size during 1950-2006. 77 4.3. Proportions of number and land share of agricultural enterprises by size between 1963-2006. 78 4.4. Proportions of number and land share of enterprises farming own land by size during 1991-2006. 80 4.5. Proportions of farming types practiced, by enterprise size in 2001. 81 4.6. Proportion of cultivated field crops and orchards to total agricultural land, by enterprise size during 1991-2006. 84 4.7. Proportion of enterprises and amount of land cultivated using tractors, by enterprise size in 2001. 85 4.8. Ownership proportions of enterprises using tractors for enterprises and amount of land cultivated in 2001. 87 5.1. Agricultural terms of trade in the world and Turkey during 1968-1998. 95 5.2. Agricultural supports during 1998-2002 in million USD. 96 5.3. State agricultural budget realisation during 2002-2009 in million TL. 99 5.4. Agriculture sector credits during 2003-2009 in TL. 100 5.5. Proportions of crop and animal production 101 5.6. Number of sites with fertiliser applications in 2001. 103 5.7. Fertiliser and pesticide usage during 2003-2007 in metric tons. 103 5.8. State Hydraulic Works investment spending during 1999- 2008 in million TL. 108 5.9. Numbers of people actively employed in agriculture covered by social security during 1984-2004. 109 5.10. Indices for agriculture GDP, rural population, and per capita agriculture and national GDP during 1927-2010 by index period. 117 5.11. Indices for agriculture GDP, rural population, and per capita agriculture and national GDP during 1927-2010 (by index period for annual changes and averages). 118 8 Agriculture, peasantry and poverty in Turkey in the neo-liberal age 8.1. Rural and urban population during 1927-2010. 140 8.2. Migration by place of settlement (rural and urban) during 1975-2000 in thousands. 141 8.3. Employment status (%) and sector by gender in 2005. 146 8.4. Distribution of rural employment (aged 15+) by agricultural and non-agricultural activities, 1989-2009 in thousands. 149 8.5. Rural and urban population during 2007-2010. 150 8.6. Work status of rural employed (aged 15+) as a proportion (%) of total rural employed, 1989-2009. 151 8.7. Employment status numbers, and proportions by sector and location type in 2005. 153 8.8. Labour force employed in agriculture by location type during 2007-2010. 155 8.9. Population out of the labour force by causes and location type in 2005. 156 8.10. Population of over 60 age group by location type in 2007 and 2010 in millions. 157 8.11. Numbers and increases of rural households active in agriculture and non-agriculture in 1980, 1991 and 2001 in thousands. 158 8.12. Population growth (annual average) rate by location type during 1990-2000 and 2000-2008 in thousands. 160 8.13. Rural district population change during 1990-2000 and 2000-2008. 160 8.14. Number of villages and village populations by village size as proportions during 1980-2008. 162 9.1. Regional reduction in proportion of people living in (extreme) poverty ($1.25 a day, PPP) during 1990-2005. 167 9.2. Growth, (extreme) poverty and inequality during 1995-2007 in selected countries. 168 9.3. Regional (extreme) poverty headcount, by ratio of population at $1.25 and $2 a day in 2005 (PPP). 170 9.4. Average annual real income increase, OECD households during the mid 1980s-1990s and mid1990s-2000s, ordered by lowest income group. 177 Agriculture, peasantry and poverty in Turkey in the neo-liberal age 9 10.1. Change in GDP and per capita GDP during 1980-2010. 181 10.2. Change in employment during 1980-2010. 181 10.3. GDP and unemployment rates during 2000-2010. 182 10.4. Income distribution as share of national income, by household income group. 184 10.5. Individual poverty rate (national), by purchase base poverty line during 2002-2009. 185 10.6. Individual poverty rate (rural), by purchase base poverty line during 2002-2009. 186 10.7. Poverty rates by sector. 192 10.8. Share of taxation, social insurance contributions and public social expenditure by GDP. 200 10 Agriculture, peasantry and poverty in Turkey in the neo-liberal age List of textboxes 3.1. Agriculture in Turkey. 60 4.1. Turkey’s agricultural census. 71 7.1. The village and rural structure in Turkey. 133 9.1. Forms of exclusion. 175 10.1. Kurds and the Southeast. 188 10.2. From rotation poverty to permanent poverty. 194 List of appendices 1. Elevation and topograpic map of Turkey 227 2. Map of ecological zones in Turkey 228 3. Drought and soil degredation map of Turkey 229 4. Map of agricultural product production in Turkey 230 5. Map of agricultural zones in Turkey 231 Agriculture, peasantry and poverty in Turkey in the neo-liberal age 11 Foreword Andy Hilton By way of providing a context for this work, some thoughts and explanations are provided here regarding the background to the subject mater. First, a consideration of the term ‘peasantry’ is offered, as its significance cannot be assumed as unproblematic. Essentially, a dual analysis is suggested of narrow and wide meanings, the latter of which is invoked in contemporary discussion. There then follows a historical narrative focusing on the rural issue in Turkey. The place of the village and the peasantry in the state’s desire to shape the country and promote its ideal of rural development contextualises the later unfolding of government policies as recounted in this book, coupled with the more immediate factor of the onset of migration from the countryside to the cities. Next, some of the issues around the introduction of neo-liberal policies to the agricultural sector in Turkey are mentioned. Important here are the inheritance of state involvement and the particular confluence of events and processes with which neo-liberalism was introduced into agriculture in Turkey.
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