Curriculum Vitae of Naoki Yoshihara
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Introduction to Computational Social Choice
1 Introduction to Computational Social Choice Felix Brandta, Vincent Conitzerb, Ulle Endrissc, J´er^omeLangd, and Ariel D. Procacciae 1.1 Computational Social Choice at a Glance Social choice theory is the field of scientific inquiry that studies the aggregation of individual preferences towards a collective choice. For example, social choice theorists|who hail from a range of different disciplines, including mathematics, economics, and political science|are interested in the design and theoretical evalu- ation of voting rules. Questions of social choice have stimulated intellectual thought for centuries. Over time the topic has fascinated many a great mind, from the Mar- quis de Condorcet and Pierre-Simon de Laplace, through Charles Dodgson (better known as Lewis Carroll, the author of Alice in Wonderland), to Nobel Laureates such as Kenneth Arrow, Amartya Sen, and Lloyd Shapley. Computational social choice (COMSOC), by comparison, is a very young field that formed only in the early 2000s. There were, however, a few precursors. For instance, David Gale and Lloyd Shapley's algorithm for finding stable matchings between two groups of people with preferences over each other, dating back to 1962, truly had a computational flavor. And in the late 1980s, a series of papers by John Bartholdi, Craig Tovey, and Michael Trick showed that, on the one hand, computational complexity, as studied in theoretical computer science, can serve as a barrier against strategic manipulation in elections, but on the other hand, it can also prevent the efficient use of some voting rules altogether. Around the same time, a research group around Bernard Monjardet and Olivier Hudry also started to study the computational complexity of preference aggregation procedures. -
Social Choice Theory Christian List
1 Social Choice Theory Christian List Social choice theory is the study of collective decision procedures. It is not a single theory, but a cluster of models and results concerning the aggregation of individual inputs (e.g., votes, preferences, judgments, welfare) into collective outputs (e.g., collective decisions, preferences, judgments, welfare). Central questions are: How can a group of individuals choose a winning outcome (e.g., policy, electoral candidate) from a given set of options? What are the properties of different voting systems? When is a voting system democratic? How can a collective (e.g., electorate, legislature, collegial court, expert panel, or committee) arrive at coherent collective preferences or judgments on some issues, on the basis of its members’ individual preferences or judgments? How can we rank different social alternatives in an order of social welfare? Social choice theorists study these questions not just by looking at examples, but by developing general models and proving theorems. Pioneered in the 18th century by Nicolas de Condorcet and Jean-Charles de Borda and in the 19th century by Charles Dodgson (also known as Lewis Carroll), social choice theory took off in the 20th century with the works of Kenneth Arrow, Amartya Sen, and Duncan Black. Its influence extends across economics, political science, philosophy, mathematics, and recently computer science and biology. Apart from contributing to our understanding of collective decision procedures, social choice theory has applications in the areas of institutional design, welfare economics, and social epistemology. 1. History of social choice theory 1.1 Condorcet The two scholars most often associated with the development of social choice theory are the Frenchman Nicolas de Condorcet (1743-1794) and the American Kenneth Arrow (born 1921). -
Social Choice (6.154.11)
SOCIAL CHOICE (6.154.11) Norman Scho…eld Center in Political Economy Washington University in Saint Louis, MO 63130 USA Phone: 314 935 4774 Fax: 314 935 4156 E-mail: scho…[email protected] Key words: Impossibility Theorem, Cycles, Nakamura Theorem, Voting.. Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Rational Choice 1.2 The Theory of Social Choice 1.3 Restrictions on the Set of Alternatives 1.4 Structural Stability of the Core 2 Social Choice 2.1 Preference Relations 2.2 Social Preference Functions 2.3 Arrowian Impossibility Theorems 2.4 Power and Rationality 2.5 Choice Functions 3 Voting Rules 3.1 Simple Binary Preferences Functions 3.2 Acyclic Voting Rules on Restricted Sets of Alternatives 4 Conclusion Acknowledgement Glossary Bibliography 1 Summary Arrows Impossibility implies that any social choice procedure that is rational and satis…es the Pareto condition will exhibit a dictator, an individual able to control social decisions. If instead all that we require is the procedure gives rise to an equilibrium, core outcome, then this can be guaranteed by requiring a collegium, a group of individuals who together exercise a veto. On the other hand, any voting rule without a collegium is classi…ed by a number,v; called the Nakumura number. If the number of alternatives does not exceed v; then an equilibrium can always be guaranteed. In the case that the alternatives comprise a subset of Euclden spce, of dimension w; then an equilibrium can be guaranteed as long as w v 2: In general, however, majority rule has Nakumura number of 3, so an equilibrium can only be guaranteed in one dimension. -
Neoliberal Reason and Its Forms: Depoliticization Through Economization∗
Neoliberal reason and its forms: Depoliticization through economization∗ Yahya M. Madra Department of Economics Boğaziçi University Bebek, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey [email protected] Yahya M. Madra studied economics in Istanbul and Amherst, Massachusetts. He has taught at the universities of Massachusetts and Boğaziçi, and at Skidmore and Gettysburg Colleges. He currently conducts research in history of modern economics at Boğaziçi University with the support of TÜBITAK-BIDEB Scholarship. His work appeared in Journal of Economic Issues, Rethinking Marxism, The European Journal of History of Economic Thought, Psychoanalysis, Society, Culture and Subjectivity as well as edited volumes. His current research is on the role of subjectivity in political economy of capitalism and post-capitalism. and Fikret Adaman Department of Economics, Boğaziçi University Bebek, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey [email protected] Fikret Adaman studied economics in Istanbul and Manchester. He has been lecturing at Boğaziçi University on political economy, ecological economics and history of economics. His work appeared in Journal of Economic Issues, New Left Review, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Economy and Society, Ecological Economics, The European Journal of History of Economic Thought, Energy Policy and Review of Political Economy as well as edited volumes. His current research is on the political ecology of Turkey. DRAFT: Istanbul, October 3, 2012 ∗ Earlier versions of this paper have been presented in departmental and faculty seminars at Gettysburg College, Uludağ University, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul University, University of Athens, and New School University. The authors would like to thank the participants of those seminars as well as to Jack Amariglio, Michel Callon, Pat Devine, Harald Hagemann, Stavros Ioannides, Ayşe Mumcu, Ceren Özselçuk, Maliha Safri, Euclid Tsakalatos, Yannis Varoufakis, Charles Weise, and Ünal Zenginobuz for their thoughtful comments and suggestions on the various versions of this paper. -
The Death of Welfare Economics: History of a Controversy
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Igersheim, Herrade Working Paper The death of welfare economics: History of a controversy CHOPE Working Paper, No. 2017-03 Provided in Cooperation with: Center for the History of Political Economy at Duke University Suggested Citation: Igersheim, Herrade (2017) : The death of welfare economics: History of a controversy, CHOPE Working Paper, No. 2017-03, Duke University, Center for the History of Political Economy (CHOPE), Durham, NC This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/155466 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu The death of welfare economics: History of a controversy by Herrade Igersheim CHOPE Working Paper No. 2017-03 January 2017 Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2901574 The death of welfare economics: history of a controversy Herrade Igersheim December 15, 2016 Abstract. -
1 Social Choice Or Collective Decision-Making: What Is Politics All About?
1 Social Choice or Collective Decision-making: What Is Politics All About?1 (penultimate draft) Thomas Mulligan Georgetown University Abstract: Sometimes citizens disagree about political matters, but a decision must be made. We have two theoretical frameworks for resolving political disagreement. The first is the framework of social choice. In it, our goal is to treat parties to the dispute fairly, and there is no sense in which some are right and the others wrong. The second framework is that of collective decision- making. Here, we do believe that preferences are truth-apt, and our moral consideration is owed not to those who disagree, but to the community that stands to benefit or suffer from their decision. In this essay, I consider whether political disagreements are conflicts between incommensurable values or imperfections in our collective search for truth. I conclude two things. First, analysis of real-world disagreement suggests that collective decision-making is the right way to model politics. In most, possibly even all, political disagreements, all parties believe, if implicitly, that there is an objective standard of correctness. Second, this matter is connected to the concept of pluralism. If pluralism is true, then collective decision-making cannot be applied to some political disagreements. More surprisingly, pluralism may rule out the applicability of social choice theory, as well. Resolving disagreement is both a central challenge for our politics and one of its greatest gifts. It is rare that a policy commands anything like consensus; different special interest groups have different desires; and the elements of government compete among themselves for limited resources. -
1 Democratic Deliberation and Social Choice: a Review Christian List1
1 Democratic Deliberation and Social Choice: A Review Christian List1 This version: June 2017 Forthcoming in the Oxford Handbook of Deliberative Democracy 1. Introduction In normative political theory, it is widely accepted that democratic decision making cannot be reduced to voting alone, but that it requires reasoned and well-informed discussion by those involved in and/or subject to the decisions in question, under conditions of equality and respect. In short, democracy requires deliberation (e.g., Cohen 1989; Gutmann and Thompson 1996; Dryzek 2000; Fishkin 2009; Mansbridge et al. 2010). In formal political theory, by contrast, the study of democracy has focused less on deliberation, and more on the aggregation of individual preferences or opinions into collective decisions – social choices – typically through voting (e.g., Arrow 1951/1963; Riker 1982; Austen-Smith and Banks 2000, 2005; Mueller 2003). While the literature on deliberation has an optimistic flavour, the literature on social choice is more mixed. It is centred around several paradoxes and impossibility results showing that collective decision making cannot generally satisfy certain plausible desiderata. Any democratic aggregation rule that we use in practice seems, at best, a compromise. Initially, the two literatures were largely disconnected from each other. Since the 1990s, however, there has been a growing dialogue between them (e.g., Miller 1992; Knight and Johnson 1994; van Mill 1996; Dryzek and List 2003; Landa and Meirowitz 2009). This chapter reviews the connections between the two. Deliberative democratic theory is relevant to social choice theory in that deliberation can complement aggregation and open up an escape route from some of its negative results. -
Kenneth Arrow's Contributions to Social
Kenneth Arrow’s Contributions to Social Choice Theory Eric Maskin Harvard University and Higher School of Economics Kenneth Arrow created the modern field of social choice theory, the study of how society should make collection decisions on the basis of individuals’ preferences. There had been scattered contributions to this field before Arrow, going back (at least) to Jean-Charles Borda (1781) and the Marquis de Condorcet (1785). But earlier writers all focused on elections and voting, more specifically on the properties of particular voting rules (I am ignoring here the large literature on utilitarianism – following Jeremy Bentham 1789 – which I touch on below). Arrow’s approach, by contrast, encompassed not only all possible voting rules (with some qualifications, discussed below) but also the issue of aggregating individuals’ preferences or welfares, more generally. Arrow’s first social choice paper was “A Difficulty in the Concept of Social Welfare” (Arrow 1950), which he then expanded into the celebrated monograph Social Choice and Individual Values (Arrow 1951). In his formulation, there is a society consisting of n individuals, indexed in1,..., , and a set of social alternatives A (the different possible options from which society must choose). The interpretation of this set-up depends on the context. For example, imagine a town that is considering whether or not to build a bridge across the local river. Here, “society” comprises the citizens of the town, and A consists of two options: “build the bridge” or “don’t build it.” In the case of pure distribution, where there is, say, a jug of milk and a plate of cookies to be divided among a group of children, the children are the society and A 1 includes the different ways the milk and cookies could be allocated to them. -
Economics and Ethics of the Welfare State
The Third Welfare Policy Seminar Economics and Ethics of the Welfare State (held on March 8, 1999, Tokyo) Review of Population and Social Policy, No. 8, 1999, 119–138. Welfare Economics and the Welfare State* Kotaro SUZUMURA** The complicated analyses which economists endeavour to carry through are not mere gymnastic. They are instruments for the bettering of human life. The misery and squalor that surround us, the injurious luxury of some wealthy families, the terrible uncertainty overshadowing many families of the poor—these are evils too plain to be ignored. By the knowledge that our science seeks it is possible that they may be restrained. Out of the darkness light! To search for it is the task, to find it perhaps the prize, which the “dismal science of Political Economy” offers to those who face its discipline. — Arthur Cecil Pigou*** 1. Introduction The time is now ripe for re-examining the concept of the welfare state with a view to searching for a common understanding on the agenda and ethical foundations of the welfare state in a contemporary society. The time is also ripe for re-orienting welfare economics with a view to renovating this discipline so that it can contribute actively to the enhancement of human well-being in general, and to the design and implementation of fully-fledged welfare state policies in particular. The necessity and urgency of such a re-examination and re- orientation seem all too clear for at least two reasons. First, ever since the publication of Amartya Sen’s epoch-making synthesis of social choice theory in 1970 and John Rawls’s monumental edifice in moral and political philosophy in 1971, the concept of well-being has been enriched substantially, liberating us from the narrow cage of utilitarian sum of individual utilities, and enabling us to accommodate such basic considerations as liberty, * Paper presented at the Third Welfare Policy Seminar on the Economics and Ethics of the Welfare State held at the United Nations University in Tokyo on March 8, 1999. -
Brief Biography of Kotaro Suzumura
Brief Biography of Kotaro Suzumura July 20, 2005 Kotaro Suzumura is Professor of Public Economics at the Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University. Since 2003, he has been serving as the Director of Competition Policy Research Center within the Fair Trade Commission of Japan. He is also the leader of the 21 st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Project on Normative Evaluation and Social Choice of Contemporary Economic Systems at Hi- totsubashi University. He was born in Tokoname, Aichi Prefecture, Japan on the 7th of January 1944. After graduating from Hitotsubashi University in 1966 majoring in economics, he completed his Ph. D course work at Hitotsubashi University in 1971. It was in 1980 that he received the doctoral degree (Doctor in Economics) from Hitotsubashi University. His doctoral dissertation, which was subsequently published by Cam- bridge University Press in 1983, was Rational Choice, Collective Decisions and Social Welfare. He has taught at Department of Economics, Hitotsubashi University in 1971-73 and then at Kyoto Institute of Economic Research, Kyoto University in 1973-82. He joined the Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University in 1982. He also taught at London School of Economics in 1974-76, Stanford University in 1979-80, Australian National University in 1986, University of Pennsylvania in 1987, Essex University in 1990-91, and the University of British Colombia in 1994. He was a Visiting Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford University in 1988, a Fulbright Senior Research Fellow at Harvard University in 1993, and a Visiting Fellow Commoner at Trinity College, Cambridge University in 2001. He is a Fellow of the Econometric Society since 1990. -
Computer-Aided Methods for Social Choice Theory
CHAPTER 13 Computer-aided Methods for Social Choice Theory Christian Geist and Dominik Peters 13.1 Introduction The Four Color Theorem is a famous early example of a mathematical result that was proven with the help of computers. Recent advances in artificial intelligence, particularly in constraint solving, promise the possibility of significantly extending the range of theorems that could be provable with the help of computers. Examples of results of this type are a special case of the Erdos˝ Discrepancy Conjecture (Konev and Lisitsa, 2014), and a solution to the Boolean Pythagorean Triples Problem (Heule et al., 2016). The proofs obtained in these two cases are only available in a computer-checkable format, and have sizes of 13 GB and 200 TB, respectively. Proofs like these do not have any hope of being human-checkable, and make the controversy about the proof of the Four Color Theorem pale in comparison. The computer-found proofs of results we discuss in this chapter, on the other hand, will have the striking property of being translatable to a human-readable version. Social choice theory studies group decision making, where the preferences of several agents need to be aggregated into one joint decision. This field of study has three characteristics that suggest applying computer-aided reasoning to it: it uses the axiomatic method, it is concerned with combinatorial structures, and its main concepts can be defined based on rather elementary mathematical notions. Thus, Nipkow (2009) notes that “social choice theory turns out to be perfectly suitable for mechanical theorem proving.” In this chapter, we will present a set of tools and methods first employed in papers by Tang and Lin (2009) and Geist and Endriss (2011) that, thanks to the aforementioned properties, will allow us to use computers to prove one of social choice theory’s most celebrated type of result: impossibility theorems. -
Publics and Markets. What's Wrong with Neoliberalism?
12 Publics and Markets. What’s Wrong with Neoliberalism? Clive Barnett THEORIZING NEOLIBERALISM AS A egoists, despite much evidence that they POLITICAL PROJECT don’t. Critics of neoliberalism tend to assume that increasingly people do act like this, but Neoliberalism has become a key object of they think that they ought not to. For critics, analysis in human geography in the last this is what’s wrong with neoliberalism. And decade. Although the words ‘neoliberal’ and it is precisely this evaluation that suggests ‘neoliberalism’ have been around for a long that there is something wrong with how while, it is only since the end of the 1990s neoliberalism is theorized in critical human that they have taken on the aura of grand geography. theoretical terms. Neoliberalism emerges as In critical human geography, neoliberal- an object of conceptual and empirical reflec- ism refers in the first instance to a family tion in the process of restoring to view a of ideas associated with the revival of sense of political agency to processes previ- economic liberalism in the mid-twentieth ously dubbed globalization (Hay, 2002). century. This is taken to include the school of This chapter examines the way in which Austrian economics associated with Ludwig neoliberalism is conceptualized in human von Mises, Friedrich von Hayek and Joseph geography. It argues that, in theorizing Schumpeter, characterized by a strong com- neoliberalism as ‘a political project’, critical mitment to methodological individualism, an human geographers have ended up repro- antipathy towards centralized state planning, ducing the same problem that they ascribe commitment to principles of private property, to the ideas they take to be driving forces and a distinctive anti-rationalist epistemo- behind contemporary transformations: they logy; and the so-called Chicago School of reduce the social to a residual effect of more economists, also associated with Hayek but fundamental political-economic rationalities.