APPEL A PROJETS LABEX/ Acronym CALL FOR PROPOSALS ENIGMASS
2011 SCIENTIFIC SUBMISSION FORM B
Acronym of the ENIGMASS project
Titre du projet en L’énigme de la Masse français
Project title in English The Enigma of Mass
Last name, First name : Karyotakis Jean Project manager Institution : CNRS (chercheur, enseignant Laboratory : LAPP chercheur…) Unit number : UMR5814
9 157 516 € Requested funding TVA non récupérable incluse
Sciences de la Matière et de l’Energie Sciences du Système Terre‐Univers‐Environnement Scientific field(s) of the Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé project Sciences du Numérique et Mathématiques Sciences Sociales Humanités
Ce projet, ou un projet Non Oui proche, a‐t‐il été soumis pour LABEX2010 ? Acronyme du projet : OSUTI Coordinateur du projet : Karyotakis Jean Ce projet est‐il la suite, Non Oui pour tout ou partie, d’un Acronymes des Coordinateurs ou plusieurs projets projets soumis à LABEX2010 ?
Ce projet est‐il partie Non Oui prenante d’un projet d’Idex ? Acronyme de lʹIdex : GUI+
1/31 APPEL A PROJETS LABEX/ Acronym CALL FOR PROPOSALS ENIGMASS
2011 SCIENTIFIC SUBMISSION FORM B
Institution leading the project (project leader – see definition in the call for proposals)
Institution name Status PRES Université de Grenoble EPCS
Institution managing the fundings (see definition in the call for proposals), to be completed if different from the project leader
Institution name Status CNRS EPST
Partner’s affiliation (see definition in the call for proposals)
Research organization Laboratory Unit number reference LAPP UMR 5814 UdS-CNRS LPSC UMR 5821 UJF-CNRS LAPTh UMR 5108 UdS-CNRS CNRS-CEA (UdS starting January 1st LSM UMR 6417 2012) Entreprise(s) / company Secteur(s) d’activité/activity field Effectif/ Staff size
SUMMARY ...... 3 1. TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 4 1.1. Program description, vision, ambition and scientific strategy ...... 4 1.2. Scientific description of the research project ...... 10 1.3. Impact on training ...... 17 1.4. Socio economic impact ...... 20 2. ORGANIZATION AND GOVERNANCE ...... 21 2.1. Principal Investigator...... 21 2.2. Partnership ...... 22 2.2.1 Partners’ description, relevance and complementarity 22 2.2.2 Qualification, role and involvement of the partner units 26 2.3. Governance ...... 27 2.4. Institutional strategy ...... 28 3. FUNDING JUSTIFICATION ...... 29 3.1.1 Research project 29 3.1.2 Teaching project 30 3.1.3 Exploitation of results and technology transfer 31 3.1.4 Governance 31
2/31 APPEL A PROJETS LABEX/ Acronym CALL FOR PROPOSALS ENIGMASS
2011 SCIENTIFIC SUBMISSION FORM B
SUMMARY Particle physics, astroparticle physics and cosmology are research fields addressing fundamental questions about the origin of the universe. Observing structures far away in distance and time in our universe or the particles created at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator, gives us insight about the birth and the evolution of our universe and helps us to understand the deepest laws of nature. The research carried out by the partners of the ENIGMASS project aims at unveiling the fundamental laws of physics by exploring the origin of the mass of elementary particles, the origin of dark matter and dark energy, the unification of forces, etc. The next decade will be crucial for this field of research. The LHC have started to record data and will continue doing so for 20 years. In parallel, the PLANCK experiment has started to scrutinise the sky more than two years ago. PLANCK addresses questions like the structure of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), and hints to inflation at the very early stage of the universe. The AMS and HESS experiments search for anti- matter and dark matter in space. Precise astroparticle and cosmology experiments will and are expected to bring answers on the dark matter and perhaps the dark energy. All these experiments are complementary and aim to understand the origin of the universe. New theoretical models and revolutionary mathematical methods are emerging. Bringing together all the researchers working on these projects in synergy and combining their expertise will strongly develop the scientific potential for discoveries. In the coming years important decisions on the future of this field of physics will be made. It is therefore the time for ENIGMASS partners to strengthen the links between their laboratories and universities, and get prepared to face new challenges by building in the Alpes a unique centre of expertise dedicated to fundamental research and training and technology transfer. Along a virtual geographical line starting from Geneva and running south-east to Grenoble, more than 200 scientists and technical staff from LAPP, LPSC, LAPTh, LSM share the same fundamental questions. CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), located at the Swiss border, is a major research site for all the partners of the ENIGMASS project. The LSM (Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane) laboratory is unique in France and Europe. It offers excellent observational conditions for neutrino physics and dark matter direct searches. The aim of the laboratories of the ENIGMASS consortium is to reinforce their solid existing collaborations, develop new ones, coordinate together their scientific programmes, and share efficiently their technical resources. This Labex project focuses on one scientific challenge: the origin of the mass and its diverse implications. The Labex should take advantage of the Equipex already proposed in the same framework namely, HoMe and DOMUS. The mass in contemporary physics emerges in two frameworks: a) its origin, involving at the microscopic level, the mechanisms though which elementary particles acquire mass, b) at the astrophysical and cosmological levels. In the first one the Standard Model (SM) relies on the Higgs mechanism which the LHC data should validate or refute very soon. Beyond the SM a plethora of models exist that will also be confronted with the future LHC data. The neutrino masses and oscillations are still a puzzle despite recent important progress. In the second one the mass is the probe to unravel the structure of the universe, uncover violent astrophysical phenomena, look for gravitational waves and confront general relativity. The aim of this project is to create a profound synergy between physicists from different fields (from particle physics to cosmology) who use different methodological approaches (from mathematical physics to instrumentation) and share a common interest for the enigma of mass. To successfully achieve this goal our strategy is to greatly enhance our attraction capability in conjunction with an innovative education offer, allowing for the development of fruitful collaborations breaking the barriers between disciplines. The current successful centre CIPHEA (Centre International de Physique des Hautes Energies et d'Astrophysique), which welcomes high level foreign researchers, will be at the forefront of the attraction policy. This project will allow CIPHEA to grow, and create the critical mass to address efficiently, the mass problem.
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2011 SCIENTIFIC SUBMISSION FORM B
This Labex is led by a consortium of three A+ laboratories in the AERES assessment, LAPP, LPSC, and LAPTh while the LSM has not been evaluated. As recognition of the scientific excellence, numerous distinguished national and international prizes awarded to researchers of the partner laboratories during the last years: silver and bronze CNRS medals, Joliot Curie prize, Bogolioubov prize, Max Planck medal, membership of IUF (Institut Universitaire de France) etc. The ENIGMASS project relies on qualified teams and recognized infrastructures that are involved in international large-scale projects which have attracted international, national and regional grants: EU FP6 and FP7 calls, ANR grants, Rhone-Alpes region and Conseil Général de la Haute Savoie. Concerning education, the ENIGMASS project will take advantage of the different programmes in which the consortium members are involved, Master and Doctoral programmes, and its special educational platforms for subatomic physics such as the subatomic training facility. This unique resource available at LPSC trains more than 500 master students each year. To increase its performance and to transfer the high level of knowledge developed through research activities, the consortium wishes to implement an ambitious action plan, offering transverse actions as well as targeted actions for professional training for example. Concerning spin-offs and technology transfer from fundamental research, ENIGMASS will take advantage of the existing collaborations of its laboratories with industry. Six topics have already been identified as potentially carriers of economic fallout for the socio-economic sector: Nuclear industry, Health technologies (cancer treatment), Materials sciences technologies, Mechatronics, Fast electronics, Grid and cloud software developments, and green computing. The important size of the consortium is in line with the scientific objectives that ENIGMASS targets. The governance will be structured in 3 different bodies that will be in adequacy with the current structures. The management will have at its disposal efficient tools for the management and the precise monitoring of the efficiency and the excellence of the Labex. ENIGMASS is supported by the PRES Université de Grenoble, and the CNRS and is positioned coherently with the objectives of the IN2P3 (Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules CNRS), the agency that defines the global French strategy for the discipline. The PRES Université de Grenoble aspires to develop a high level education and to promote excellent research in connection with the socio-economic world. Therefore the ENIGMASS Labex is a strategic element for the PRES development for the future. The ENIGMASS research programme is also in agreement with the Supervision Institution and the French national strategy for research and innovation (SNRI). ENIGMASS goals and achievements will contribute directly or indirectly to the three axes clearly defined by the SNRI by providing a technological and a theoretical high level support to the Health, the Environmental emergency and the Information technologies.
This project resulted from a thematic refocusing of our previous Labex, project: OSUTI.
1. TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
1.1. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION, VISION, AMBITION AND SCIENTIFIC STRATEGY This project is focused on the investigation of the origin of mass and its consequences. The notion of mass and its generation permeates practically all aspects of fundamental physics. At the microscopic level it is intimately related to i) the mysterious nature of the vacuum and how particles acquire their masses, ii) how matter forms and why there is much more matter than anti-matter iii) why there is roughly six times more dark non luminous matter than ordinary matter iv) and of course the much celebrated Higgs which is being cornered at the LHC. At the macroscopic level, it is also deeply rooted in the dynamics and history of the Universe through the even more mysterious presence of dark energy and the accelerating Universe. The notion of the quantum vacuum shakes even the foundations of our century long guiding principles whose resolution with a coherent
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quantum theory of gravity would lead to a new revolution in Physics. The project is original and innovative as it brings together physicists from different fields (from particle physics to cosmology) using different methodological approaches (from mathematical physics to instrumentation) sharing a common interest in the enigma of mass. The aim of the proposal is to create a profound synergy, including senior researchers, pre-doctoral and doctoral students as well as post-doctoral fellows, around this theme. Much more than a federative structure of current existing activities, this Labex will lead to new collaborations and novel projects that would not be possible outside a Labex, in the spirit of the whole being more than the sum of the parts. Training and education at different levels are very important elements of the project
ENIGMASS is a project that aims at creating a centre of excellence for both research and training at the pre- doctoral, doctoral and post-doctoral education involving the four French laboratories in the Alpes Valley in the area of high energy physics and astrophysics. The project stems from an initiative started in 2006 on a small scale and smaller scope with limited resources. This was the creation of CIPHEA, Centre International de Physique des Hautes Energies et d'Astrophysique or International Centre of High Energy Physics and Astrophysics. CIPHEA was founded by LAPP and LAPTh under the auspices of CERN and the Local Authority “Conseil Général de la Haute-Savoie” which is the major funding body. CNRS, through both the IN2P3 and INP, and the Université de Savoie have also contributed. From early on, CIPHEA has been receiving an overwhelming success. It has attracted high level scientists from around the world, including senior top-class physicists, post- doctoral fellows, PhD students and young trainees. Recently, the prestigious Sakurai Prize was awarded to one of our regular visitors from Boston. The ever-growing success of the Centre in attracting an ever increasing number of scientists, particularly since the LHC experiments started taking data, coinciding with a wealth of results from astrophysics and cosmology as well as neutrino physics, means that the present funding of the Centre is far from being sufficient. The Centre exploits not only the proximity to CERN but offers also a multi- disciplinary approach combining collider and non-collider physics where both theorists and experimentalists meet while building on the research areas of our laboratories. We have been searching, since 2006, for additional financial means to foster this ambitious and successful programme. The Labex call for tender is therefore a great opportunity that will allow us to build even further on this initiative. Moreover the Annecy laboratories have very recently joined the PRES Université de Grenoble. Joining forces with LPSC Grenoble and LSM Modane which are also part of the same university looks most natural in setting up such a centre of excellence. This Labex is not just a consortium of laboratories in the Alpes Valley for high energy physics, but it is also a natural reinforcement to many successful projects between our laboratories and serves to firmly consolidate and extend our existing collaborations (ATLAS, AMS, ToolsDMColl ....). Through the LSM as a member of the Labex not only do we want to strengthen the neutrino activity which has recently witnessed fantastic discoveries but we aim at also creating a neutrino pole by gathering physicists of our laboratories and expert visitors around the many facets of the neutrino. No doubt that the 8 year breadth, at least, of the Labex will allow us not only more initiatives along these lines but include in our strategies the common development of detector and accelerator technologies and will give much more impetus to concerted actions concerning technology transfer.
The Labex is therefore an excellent opportunity to maintain and develop this ambitious programme and will lead:
To promote and develop scientific collaborations around the physics at current and future colliders, neutrinos, as well as in Astrophysics and Cosmology. Therefore, all aspects related to the origin of mass and matter and the nature of the vacuum can be covered in a coherent and complementary way. Being at the heart of fundamental physics, the activities of the Centre will certainly be strengthened through mathematical physics. One can mention in this respect the major inroads brought by i) dual superconformal theories in their application to the calculation of scattering amplitudes that are necessary to perform precision measurements at the LHC, ii) string and quantum loop gravity that might bring a solution to a quantum theory of gravity both with possible applications to new physics model building with an impact for example on unexpected discoveries at the colliders, cosmology and the analyses that gravitational wave searches will perform.
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The need for neutrino physicists with expertise in astrophysics, cosmology and particle physics is important especially in the context of LSM joining the Labex. Targeted initiatives towards neutrino physics are being set to organize the development of future projects and infrastructures in a coherent fashion at the European level (e.g. the ASPERA network for astroparticle http://www.aspera-eu.org) as illustrated for the specific case of an underground neutrino detector by the LAGUNA collaboration (http://www.laguna-science.eu/). At the French national level, coordination is provided by the GDR neutrino, chaired by a member of ENIGMASS. At local/regional level, little coordination exists, despite the unique advantage provided by the nearby location of key scientific centres involved in such programmes such as CERN and more particularly LSM. We believe that the Labex will provide the necessary framework to coordinate the local activity in neutrino physics bringing together the already existing expertise in astrophysical, cosmological and particle physics aspects, bridging the gap to the critical mass for a neutrino pole, taking advantage of LSM. To put together our human and scientific resources in a cohesive structure to tackle such an interdisciplinary project. Such programme will be further strengthened by the vigorous visitor programme that we wish to establish. This will involve chair positions and 6-month long visits for young and senior scientists, short term visits and invitations in the context of regular working groups (10 scientists) on targeted topics, post-doctoral fellowships and grants at the PhD level. Some of the topical working groups could serve as a pre-Workshop to Les Houches Workshop that we have been organising since 1999 and whose impact on LHC physics and analyses is highly recognised. For LHC related studies, our initiative has the support of the new LPCC (LHC Physics Centre) at nearby CERN. Coordination of and collaborations on some specific activities are being worked out, similar to the association of the LPCC with the 2011 PhysTeV Les Houches Workshop (http://phystev.in2p3.fr/). To reinforce the development of instrumentation. Innovative instrumentation is a key element for building detectors at the border of the known technologies, as those running actually at LHC, new accelerators at the highest energy and intensity, instruments at the frontier of the current technology installed on very large telescopes like HESS and the future CTA, and finally detectors launched in space. New ideas, conceptual designs, feasibility studies and small-scale prototypes emerge, in the partner’s laboratories before becoming ambitious international programmes. ENIGMASS will provide regional coordination and will allow i) the reinforcement of an accelerator physics pole in contact with CERN to address the high luminosity phase of LHC and a future e+e- machine, ii) the development of an entirely new know-how on silicon detectors for trackers iii) to form a critical mass to address future neutrino detectors. To become a leading Centre of excellence on the international scene, drawing from the experience of Centres like the Kavli (Santa-Barbara), Perimeter Institute (Waterloo, Canada), GGI (Florence). Moreover, as stated above the CIPHEA project has already led to several MoU that have been signed between the ENIGMASS laboratories and large centres/universities in Europe, USA and Asia (India, Japan and China). Beyond reinforcing our scientific activities the exchange programme will open up new opportunities to our students. o To be the melting pot of research and explorations through mini workshops where experts from different horizons meet under one roof through research from fields not in the mainstream of the Labex and as varied as i) biophysics and biomathematics ii) data management on a large scale drawing from the LHC, CTA and LSST experiences towards genomics iii) DNA and quantum computing, to name a few. Bringing together computer scientists, mathematicians, high energy physicists, astrophysicists and cosmologists is an initiative that LAPP physicists have taken since 1990 through the organisation of the ACAT series (see here for the 2011 session: http://acat2011.cern.ch/). The Labex will give more impetus to such actions which in turn will be beneficial to our projects, many of which rely heavily on computing. This Centre of excellence will also be able to initiate debates and forums on epistemology, philosophy and history of science. These think tank forums and debates will certainly add to the visibility of the Labex and consolidate our public outreach. In all these themes some of our members have active and established links. Some coordinated actions with the CTPG (Centre de Théorie en Physique de Grenoble) are foreseen.
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To greatly reinforce the training/teaching roles of our laboratories. With renowned physicists visiting the Labex and the pool of permanent researchers of the ENIGMASS Labex team we will be able to continue to offer lectures at the most competitive level, not only in the field of high energy physics where the attraction of nearby CERN is a chance not to be missed, but also in astrophysics and cosmology benefiting from a strong network of collaborations around the world. Neutrino physics will nicely complete a first class programme in which the origin of mass is the key word. The cross-border collaborations, multi-pronged strategy to unravel the mystery of the origin of mass and matter at the microscopic as well as the macroscopic level certainly add further stimulus, strengths and synergy to the scientific activities of our respective laboratories and the field at large. Our ambitious and original training programme will attract some of the best students and young fellows who will be the next leaders in the field. The different actions we have set up and will pursue to attract students will certainly appeal to many young researchers who will be immersed in a buoyant atmosphere where many cultures and nationalities meet. These young people will in turn inject new dynamism in our research groups.
The Scientific Vision
Ever since the tremendous achievement of Newtonian physics and the explanation of the movement of celestial bodies, mass has been a key concept and a key ingredient as has, more surreptitiously, the concept of space- time in building up the classical theory of gravitational forces. Another achievement of modern times was the unification of the magnetic and electric forces as manifestations of a common force leading to the theory of light. Add to these two pillars, the successes of the theory of heat, many came at the turn of the 20th century to despair (or over rejoice) that we were near the end of physics: There are no more secrets in nature (Monde est sans mystère: M. Berthelot), The more important fundamental laws and facts of physical science have all been discovered,..Our future discoveries must be looked for in the sixth place of decimals (A.A. Michelson), de toutes les théories physiques, la moins imparfaite est celle de la lumière (the theory of light-with the notion of the aether- is most perfect H. Poincaré:). It was only L. Kelvin who cast two small shadows. The resolution of these supposed blemishes through quantum mechanics and relativity has been a fantastic revolution with far reaching consequences. After more than a century of tremendous discoveries, technical and intellectual feats in building up the Standard Model of particle physics and cosmology, one could still say that our knowledge at this beginning of the 21st century is still marred by a proper understanding of mass. This lack of understanding has also been into questioning of the origin of mass and the nature of the vacuum. Somehow, though the one century old paradigm has changed in a most dramatic way, it is as if we have come full circle concerning the enigma of mass. There are however signs that we are at the threshold of new discoveries and perhaps another revolution in our perception of matter, mass and the vacuum. In all arguments in favour of New Physics today, one admires that the Standard Model of particle physics has passed all tests with flying colours. The Standard Model is a generalisation of the perfect theory of light when described at the quantum relativistic level, which also attempts, albeit partially, to unify the weak force and the electromagnetic force. It also incorporates along a similar construct the strong force (cohesion of the nucleon). Yet, that gravitational force which of all forces is the most easily grasped by the layman can still not be described within a conclusive and coherent framework and clashes with quantum mechanics. In perspectives related to the gravitational force and relativity, one is for example still searching for gravitational waves. More puzzling is the issue of the cosmological constant or the energy of the vacuum which though recently measured to be tiny, clashes by orders of magnitude with what one can, perhaps naively, compute in field theory in the context of the standard model or its extensions. Though great progress has been made, we need to know more about the history of the Universe and its expansion, the Big Bang, etc. Moreover there is another aspect of the vacuum which is related to the generation of mass inherent to our formulation of the standard model. Indeed, in order to emulate the perfect theory of light whose carrier, the photon, is massless with perfect symmetry, the carriers of the weak interaction are massive as are the matter fields. These masses would then prevent the construction of a perfectly symmetric predictive theory. The realisation that one can still describe the theory in terms of a perfect hidden symmetry of the interaction and that it is rather the vacuum which is not symmetric was a tour de force
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where the concept of mass as the sole and intrinsic property of a particle got diluted and transferred to the vacuum. But we are still lacking a theory of mass. Especially with the recent discovery of neutrino oscillations, the masses of the known particles are distributed, in a seemingly haphazard way, over orders of magnitude. Moreover the vacuum of the standard model and its hidden symmetry require a fundamental scalar particle, the Higgs particle which is hitherto undetected. Moreover for the theory to make sense, the mass of the Higgs cannot be above 800GeV, or else some other New Physics must show up. Although the Higgs particle allows, in principle, to perform predictions with a precision more than in the sixth place of decimals it poses many conceptual problems. The naturalness problem, or the lack of the stabilisation of the Higgs mass which would otherwise lead to a mass of the order the Planck scale, is a manifestation that a lone fundamental scalar is not protected by a (perfect) symmetry. The resolution of the dilemma of naturalness, why the mass of the Higgs MH is so incredibly smaller than the Planck mass MPlanck: MH << MPlanck, or why gravity is much weaker than the weak interaction, depends on how one goes about the three elements of the inequality MH << MPlanck: i) MH should not appear in this inequality, meaning the Higgs is either composite or does not exist ii) a symmetry protects the Higgs mass and therefore the symbol << is perfectly possible iii) one should reinterpret the Planck scale MPlanck, models with extra dimensions make gravity weak because it is diluted in a bigger volume of space-time. More recently the whole inequality itself has been dismissed based on desperate calls to anthropic arguments that require a mind boggling number of vacua, like in the string theory landscape. Anyway, LHC will very soon give invaluable clues on the enigma of mass either through a discovery of the Higgs, and other particles of the New Physics or even through a lack of a Higgs signal. Original aspects and the ambitious character of the project Mass at the macroscopic level makes the Universe a stage to probe gravitational physics, violent astrophysical phenomena and the structure of the Universe. At the microscopic level, how mass is generated is intimately related to how particles with otherwise similar properties mix and why there is so much more matter than anti- matter over the whole universe. CP violation which, in field theory is equivalent to a non-invariance of our observables under time reversal is a pre-requisite. Baryogenesis and leptogenesis are other ingredients. Flavour physics in both the lepton sector (particularly neutrino physics) and the baryon sector could deliver additional clues on the matter front. Not that matter does not matter. Coming back to the movements of celestial objects, the spectacular advances in cosmology and astrophysics confirm that ordinary matter is a minute part of what constitutes the Universe at large. There is a large amount of non-luminous Dark Matter (DM) which is not accounted for by any of the particles of the Standard Model. There ought to be New Physics. Until a few years ago the epitome of this New Physics has been supersymmetry which when endowed with a discrete symmetry furnishes a good Dark Matter candidate. More recently a few alternatives have been put forward. Originally this was to solve the Higgs naturalness problem but it has been discovered that, generically, their most viable implementation (in accord with electroweak precision data, proton decay,..) fares far better if a discrete symmetry is embedded. This same symmetry is also behind the existence of a possible DM candidate. The LHC research programme has traditionally centred on the discovery of the Higgs, by the end of next year one could be close to the ultimate answer as concerns its existence while at the same time searching for new phenomena in ATLAS and CMS but also in LHCb through flavour physics. Meanwhile a host of non-collider experiments are being carried out or planned in search of DM and probes of Dark Energy (AMS, CRESST, Fermi, HESS, Edelweiss, MIMAC, PLANCK, LSST,..) with an accuracy making cosmology enter the era of precision. In our strategy, our involvement in direct and indirect detection of dark matter as well as our study of models of New Physics at the colliders and the calculation of backgrounds gives us the edge to reinterpret a signal of a new particle in indirect measurement with its possible impact on direct detection and collider physics and sometime even flavour physics. One could also confront this finding through the measurement of the relic density with our current understanding about the history of the Universe. These studies that start by probing the microscopic properties of DM could also give a clue on the distribution of DM. In fact we have written some seminal papers exposing these concerted strategies. New results and surprises are also expected from neutrino physics. Here also, a combination of terrestrial, astrophysical and cosmological observations was necessary to put together many pieces of the puzzle, different groups of our Labex have contributed significantly to such a combination. Neutrino mass being a prime example of New Physics, the latter could also show up at the colliders. Let us give
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another example of attack which combines different working groups from our Labex. In our view heavy flavour physics can no longer be restricted to B-Physics. After all, the top is the heaviest particle of the SM whose left- handed component is in the same doublet as the bottom, moreover the LHC could be considered as a top factory. We ought now to combine and devise more strategies to reconstruct the pattern of mass and matter generation in the hadron sector. The LHCb team with its CKMfitter experts, the LPSC ATLAS task force and our theorists will initiate such investigations. Moreover associating a reconstruction of the pattern of mass generation and the nature of the neutrino could bring an overall picture on the issue of the mass and matter. The heavy top mass, in numerous models of new physics, has an important impact on symmetry breaking and issues related to the Higgs. This should be pursued. As concerns the Higgs our groups are involved in cornering it in the two-photon channel, a subject where LAPTh theorists are world leaders. One is on the other hand well prepared to study issues of an invisible Higgs in models such as supersymmetry in relation with DM, as we are prepared for a lack of Higgs as in studies of technicolour models. We will continue our strategy of anticipating new directions and whenever know-how is lacking locally we will appeal to world experts, as has been successfully done with technicolour for example. In particular for the LHC, it is also not inconceivable that new phenomena will not show up in a spectacular way but will be uncovered after years of data taking by improving the detectors and taking into account most precise theoretical computations. Again the Labex collaboration is well equipped. At the experimental level an initiative in improving and later replacing the ATLAS tracker is being conducted. On theoretical side, we contribute to the improvement in the parton density functions and have world expertise in both QCD and electroweak corrections. This has allowed us to offer many popular tools to experimentalists and theorists alike (micrOMEGAs, Golem, Diphox,…). In this context let us mention that the implication of our mathematical physics team in such multi-disciplinary approach is crucial. The discovery of a dual superconformal symmetry in N=4 super Yang-Mills and its connection with Wilson loops, the existence of an underlying Yangian in such systems brought another expertise of LAPTh, integrable systems, to the frontline. These seemingly formal aspects are in fact revolutionising the computation of scattering amplitudes for processes at the LHC. These formal aspects are not to be neglected as they can even spur research in new directions. For example general phenomenology of strings and new physics predicts first order phase transitions which may be the seed for a stochastic gravitational wave background that could be searched for by experiments. Work on quantum aspects of gravity should certainly be kept alive. This can also have interesting and important incidence in the observation of the CMB. Multi‐disciplinary aspects, complementarity, know‐how and value‐added As should be clear now, the emergence of this new paradigm around the problem of the mass means it is of utmost importance to analyse and combine data from these upcoming observations, both at the microscopic level and the macroscopic level to build an overall picture of the problem of mass and the nature of vacuum. This will also pave the way to search strategies for the next Linear Collider and other facilities. This crucial programme is only possible if a cross-border particle-astroparticle-cosmology collaboration is set up having at its disposal common or complementary tools to conduct global searches and analyses. Moreover it is crucial to associate theorists and experimentalists from these communities. Such a multi-prong programme where mass and the vacuum are studied through the various disguises we have just described, is the aim of our ENIGMASS project. The members of the Labex are involved in practically all the facets of the mass problem. Our ultimate goal is to create a synergy between the different existing activities, nurture cross-breeding thereby not only consolidating but extending the scope and ambition of many themes. Such an approach certainly gives more vision for the future and helps make strategic changes more quickly. Considering that such a project runs over eight years in a field where discoveries and surprises will take place one should certainly accept the possibility that some avenues will be closed where others offer more opportunities. Being involved in different aspects of the mass problem with a cross-talk that we want to establish within the Labex, will allow quickly putting more weight and shifting resources on a new or existing axis of our collaboration. Within this strategy, we will in the following describe a selection of research axes, how to create synergy between these axes, how extensions and development are foreseen. We will try as much as possible to give milestones and when and where thematic re-orientations and consolidation could and should be set during the next decade.
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1.2. SCIENTIFIC DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT Our scientific project covers colliders physics (Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, quark mass textures, New Physics), astroparticles and cosmology (gravitational waves, dark matter, dark energy) and neutrinos physics (lepton mass texture, nature of the neutrino) both on the experimental and theoretical side. All aspects are well inserted in major international collaborations. In the following we will detail our programme highlighting the transverse synergies between these three streams and the cross breeding we want to instil. For astrophysics and neutrinos we will insist on the multi-messengers approach which will enter in a mature stage within this Labex. Although we give here precedence to the experimental programmes we are involved in, it is evident that we will keep a close eye on the results of other experiments (eg. T2K for neutrinos, Edelweiss for direct detection of Dark Matter, etc.). 1.2.1 The scientific objectives and the work program. Synergies and complementarities A. New Physics at the LHC The issue of mass as implemented in our current formulation of the much successful Standard Model of particles leaves many questions unanswered, which is probably the reason why the model has still not gained the status of a full-fledged theory. Deep down, the description appeals to a fundamental concept, that of spontaneous symmetry breaking that requires a particular type of vacuum with an elementary particle, the Higgs boson which has so far been elusive, but not for long. Higgs and Electroweak Symmetry Breaking: The main raison d’être of the LHC is to track the Higgs particle and through its discovery as a fundamental object to unveil the nature of the vacuum. In the Standard Model all elementary particle masses derive from one mass, the vacuum expectation value. Yet symmetry breaking might just be a parameterisation of an underlying dynamics like what one is accustomed to in condensed matter. So beyond tracking the Higgs down one is probing a key concept and might discover New Physics. Is the vacuum expectation value a parameterisation of a condensate? In that case does the weak interaction get stronger (Higgsless models, technicolour like,..) ? If there is a Higgs, is it the Standard Model one? Can one reconstruct the Higgs potential? In the immediate future the priority is given to the difficult low mass region (115-140GeV) which must be explored before the end of 2012. Members of the Labex are taking active part in this urgent task especially with their expertise in photon physics covering all facets – theoretical, experimental, signal and backgrounds. Beyond 2015, when the LHC runs at nominal conditions, one will need to either study the decay and production of the Higgs separately in as many channels as possible in order to determine its nature and draw a coherent picture with other possible signals of New Physics, or to shift our attention towards the very high mass window if a light Higgs had been excluded by then. In particular we have developed know-how and initiated simulations in technicolour theories and their extended versions. When the full energy and highest luminosity become available, our task is to exploit vector boson scattering.
We are also readying ourselves to the possibility that New Physics will show up in an unexpected way within a framework that one has not thought of. ATLAS, LAPP and LPSC teams will pursue a collaboration around model independent searches and limits based on topologies. Theorists of the team will join in as they have proposed novel ideas concerning the reconstruction of spin and mass measurements (transverse mass techniques). In collaboration with the CKMfitter team (see below) is also foreseen taking advantage of the expertise they have had in combining measurements to constrain parameters. Physics of Heavy Flavour From a different angle, it is necessary to pursue the issue of the pattern of mass in the quark sector and how the different quarks share mass and mix among themselves, adding now the top into the picture. It is indeed fascinating that the existence of three families, so far unexplained, permits a rather simple explanation of CP violation, an ingredient that might explain why matter is much more abundant than anti-matter. New Physics can also be probed in heavy flavour, indirectly through virtual effects notably at LHCb or directly at ATLAS especially as concerns top physics. The LAPP LHCb team building up on a reputation and tradition from analyses at B factories and being a major actor in CKMfitter will spearhead such an activity. A concerted action
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2011 SCIENTIFIC SUBMISSION FORM B
with LPSC ATLAS top working group will add more insight. One is already in the situation where new Physics indirect effects (eg rare Bd/s→ decay mode) give strong constraints on supersymmetry. The high statistics at LHCb push these tests and constraints for a host of models at an unprecedented level. The precision on the mass patterns and mixing embodied in the CKM matrix will reach a new level of precision (the angle , the Bs CPV mixing angle s, radiative decays such as Bs → K*(, hadronic charmless decays as Bs→ KK/K,,..). B. The Physics of neutrinos: lepto‐flavour analysis and neutrinos as a probe New Physics has in fact shown up recently in the neutrino sector precisely because these neutral particles were discovered to have mass after all, they mix and oscillate. But they do not seem to do so like quarks, what is the mixing pattern and mass hierarchy? Would that lead, like in the quark sector, to CP violation? The measurement of one mixing parameter, 13, within 5 years will give some information. One only has a very recent hint (T2K) for a non-zero value for this pivotal angle. Is the neutrino and anti-neutrino exactly the same with all charges equal (Majorana) or are they different? Neutrino-less double beta decay (DBD) is such a discriminant. Answers to such questions are a window on the matter anti-matter asymmetry. Our neutrino task force is involved in both these important aspects: currently OPERA/CNGS (oscillations) and NEMO at LSM (DBD) and later on in the projects LAGUNA-LBNO (oscillations) and superNEMO (DBD), taking part in defining, designing and building a new generation of large detectors. At the moment the absolute values of the neutrino masses are only weighed through data from cosmology. They still need to be measured directly. A discrepancy would hint at interesting issues about the history of the Universe, this would be an interesting cross-border topic for our Labex. Another transversal topic, once the analysis of the neutrino mass pattern has been achieved, is to put it against what one has learned in the quark sector and to study even further the issue of matter anti-matter asymmetry. Studies of neutrino properties in astrophysical objects and cosmology are deeply connected with new discoveries made using photons as probes, (FERMI and HESS /CTA for rays, the WMAP/PLANCK/LSST for the CMB). This Labex, by attracting world-wide experts will foster and promote a multi-disciplinary approach: it is also crucial to cross-correlate forthcoming detections of high energy neutrino signal (IceCube) with -ray signals to clarify their origin. This is particularly important for objects like Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs). C. Indirect and Direct Dark Matter Searches, weighing the Universe at the Colliders The search for Dark Matter which is the effective manifestation of the invisible mass of the Universe is an important transversal research axis that we want to consolidate vigorously by combining strategies like those pursued in neutrino physics. We will address the dark matter issue both by direct and indirect approaches, both through experiments and through theoretical investigations. The LAPP, LAPTh and LPSC are involved in several projects aiming at observing dark matter either directly, MIMAC (a microTPC at low CF4 pressure), located at the LSM or indirectly using the gamma-rays and antiparticles (AMS, HESS, CREAM, CTA) possibly produced by the annihilation of dark matter particles. MIMAC through the possibility of directional detection will allow an easier interpretation of a signal of Dark Matter. The combination of deep observations of gamma–rays from potential candidates of dark matter over-densities (galactic halo, clumps, dwarf galaxy) together with measurements of exotic components in the anti-matter cosmic-ray spectra (anti-p, anti-d and positrons) covers a substantial part of indirect searches of dark matter. After having contributed to the construction of the detectors, we are strongly involved in the data analysis for the on-going experiments AMS, HESS and CREAM. As we are strongly involved on the experimental side – data analysis for the on-going experiments, design for future projects – the systematic effects and possible instrumental bias will be very well controlled. For example, the LAPP has designed and built the autofocus system of HESS2 and was deeply involved in the AMS-calorimeter, whereas the LPSC was responsible for the front-end electronics of the AMS-RICH and of the whole Cherenkov counter of CREAM. In addition, the different groups of the consortium are involved in the computation of the expected fluxes, the evaluation of constraints and rates from New Physics models. They are the developers of the popular code micrOMEGAs. Very importantly, there is first class expertise in the accurate evaluation of different backgrounds that are being implemented in a powerful code (USINE) for the propagation of cosmic ray anti-protons, positrons. The Labex would substantially enhance collaborations allowing a possibly unique capability of going ahead on this most important topic by exchanging know-how and combining experimental results. This collaboration between LAPP, LAPTh and LPSC is already very active and ready to confront any discovery in the next decade.
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An interaction with LHC members of ENIGMASS is crucial as constraints on New Physics models set at the colliders have an impact on the analysis for direct and indirect detection, and even the design of their detectors. Model independent searches at LHC based on topologies including missing energy and their interpretation might furnish important information on the properties of the Dark Matter candidate behind the excess in missing energy events as well as other topologies. Through the reconstruction of the relic density and confrontation with measurements at PLANCK, one can indirectly probe different issues about the history and the thermodynamics of the Universe. A signal of Dark Matter from direct or indirect detection could furnish the mass, or at least give a good idea of the mass of the Dark Matter candidate, that could help greatly in the reconstruction made at the colliders. Moreover a signal from such detectors could offer clues about the distribution of Dark Matter, if the effective annihilation cross section has been reconstructed. D. Multi‐messenger astrophysics, from gravitational waves to the high‐energy universe Just like radio-astronomy has done in the 20th century and gamma-ray astronomy is currently achieving, the detection of gravitational waves (GW) will open a new way to observe the Universe. GW will shed light on poorly understood, powerful astrophysical events, directly probing the masses and mass distributions involved in mergers and explosions: in fact they would provide spectacular demonstrations of conversion of rest mass into propagating energy at macroscopic scales. Virgo to which LAPP members have made important contributions is one of the large scale interferometric GW detectors, operating within the worldwide GW detector network together with the partner LIGO instruments. Over the recent years, these detectors have taken science data at the sensitivities provided by their initial and enhanced configurations. They are currently being upgraded to their advanced configurations and are expected to come back online in 2015. The targeted sensitivity should allow not only to make the first detections, but to truly enter the era of GW astronomy with routine detections. One of the accomplishments of the initial Virgo and LIGO was to start exploring multi-messenger approaches, through searches of GW associated with electromagnetic events such as gamma ray bursts, and partnerships with X-ray, optical and radio telescopes to follow-up on interesting GW candidates detected by low-latency searches. LAPP has been actively involved in both of these aspects. The goal of the project is to boost the achievement of the science programme associated with Advanced Virgo (AdV), through dedicated commissioning work to speed up the progress toward AdV's nominal sensitivity, and by exploring in depth the path of multi-messenger astronomy (jointly with instruments like LSST, HESS/CTA, AMS, or neutrino observatories). Additionally, the similarities between the optical benches involved in Virgo and LSST also make it worth considering joint technical developments. More generally, the ENIGMASS Labex provides the opportunity to further study how to best combine the information from GW and other messengers. For example, nearby, powerful galactic accelerators, e.g. pulsar and pulsar wind nebulae, are sources of non-thermal emission and represent the majority of the TeV gamma-ray galactic sources discovered in the last years. They may prove suitable to a multi-messenger campaign, including cosmic-ray leptons and GW. Such an approach will require a population study of galactic sources with present (e.g. Fermi) and next-generation observatory (e.g. CTA). The detection/discovery of tens of quiet radio pulsars by means of VHE -ray observations will provide potential unknown and close-by galactic sources of continuous gravitational waves. Developing and applying new methods dedicated to a stack analysis of these pulsars and by means of these two messengers (gammas and GW) is of paramount importance. The multi-messenger approach is not limited to local, astrophysical sources, but can be extended to cosmologically interesting objects. One example is provided by first stars (so called Population III) whose birth put an end to the so-called dark ages. They are expected to be massive stars, ending their life in violent explosions, acting as powerful engines of re-ionisation. At LAPTh, a new model for GRBs has been proposed. These GRBs are the result of the death of very massive stars disrupted by pair instability processes. One prediction of the model is the increase in the number of GRBs with redshift, ultimately related to the presence of Population III stars. Again, a multimessenger strategy is crucial to shed new light on this early epoch, for example attacking the Population III problem via direct observations (LSST), via infrared background fluctuations inferred from CMB surveys (PLANCK), or constraints on the magnitude and z-dependence of the extra-galactic background light via the absorption spectra features manifested by astrophysical sources (namely Active Galactic Nuclei and GRBs) probed by TeV gamma-ray observatories (HESS/CTA). Additionally, refining the understanding of these
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phenomena may improve our sensitivity to effects of new physics: one example is the sensitivity to DM annihilation cross section via its impact on re-ionisation probed in CMB. Yet another example of very promising information which is suitable to a combined analysis within the Labex perimeter is the reconstruction of the CMB lensing map from the PLANCK satellite data: this cosmological signal sees a strong implication of LPSC, via the development of suitable analysis methods. E. Dark Energy Probes Dark energy as inferred from the acceleration of the Universe, which is difficult to be made consistent with a purely attractive gravity, is the most puzzling enigma of mass. One still does not know for sure whether it corresponds to the cosmological constant or whether it could be incorporated within extended gravity models (eg. scalar-tensor gravity) a topic members of our team have worked on. The ENIGMASS Labex plans to combine efforts to address, in an original way, the dark energy issue, complementary to approaches conducted in other laboratories. Namely we wish to perform a combined analysis of Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations, as observed by the next-generation LSST telescope, with standard candles, as possibly obtained both by gamma-ray and gravity wave emitters. Although data are expected by 2020, the analysis techniques are being prepared right now: we have published studies on the use of Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations to reconstruct the dark energy parameters with the LSST, in particular related to the “photometric redshift” issue. This important LSST effort on dark energy will be combined, in the Labex perspective, with two other original approaches. The first one aims at using gamma-ray bursts, as studied by the HESS/CTA group at LAPP, and the second one is based on gravitational wave emitters. In both cases, the idea is to use them as standard candles in an approach which is inspired but complementary to what is done with type Ia supernovae. It might also be envisaged to propose blazars as cosmological candles once the mechanisms at the origin of their non-thermal emission will be better understood (which will come with the advent of VHE gamma-ray astronomy). F. The nature of Gravity As stressed in 1.1, when dark energy is made to correspond to the energy of the vacuum our present theoretical foundations become an embarrassment in trying to wed gravity with quantum mechanics and urge us to seek a new paradigm. The ENIGMASS project will address these topics both at the theoretical and the experimental level especially that our members have been contributing to important aspects on the nature of gravity. One of the ultimate goals of understanding gravity would be to build a Quantum Theory of Gravity. To some extent, one can argue that there is no other option: black hole centres and the Big Bang are singular. Those singularities are not pathologies of space-time itself but of our theory of space time. General relativity has to be extended in its ultra-violet limit. We are involved in the phenomenology of quantum gravity and plan to reinforce this axis. We are also involved in Loop Quantum Gravity, which is the major attempt to provide a non- perturbative and background-independent quantization of general relativity. It is also the main challenger to string theory. It does not provide unification but does require neither extra-dimensions nor supersymmetry. We have obtained innovative results on the black hole structure and the early universe in this framework. On the experimental side, probes of the actual formulation of quantum gravity are Lorentz invariance violation and cosmological footprints as pointed out by a member of ENIGMASS. On the first point, physicists from HESS and CTA at LAPP are developing new methods to analyse the data and improve the already impressive limits recently published by gamma-ray experiments. About the second point, the LPSC has pioneered the study of new signatures in the Cosmological Microwave Background (CMB), especially through B-mode spectra. This is being pushed further through interactions with experimentalists from Planck in Grenoble. We have also shown that strong links are to be expected with inflation. Within the Labex framework, we plan to develop a combined analysis of the CMB and gamma-rays that would greatly enhance the discovery or exclusion power of those approaches. From a totally complementary perspective, ENIGMASS is lucky to host physicists heavily involved in GRANIT. The existence of quantum states of matter in the gravitational field was demonstrated recently by a series of experiments with ultra-cold neutrons (UCN) carried out at ILL. GRANIT is a follow-up project based on a second- generation UCN gravitational spectrometer with ultra-high energy resolution. It will provide more accurate studies of these quantum states as well as measurements of the resonant transitions between them. The GRANIT
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spectrometer will be a unique tool for carrying out a wide range of investigations in particle physics, on the foundations of quantum mechanics, in surface physics, as well as for development of experimental techniques and their applications. Most exciting as concerns the notion of mass and gravity is the fact that GRANIT could be a test on the nature and interpretation of gravity as in the context of the fascinating suggestion of E. Verlinde that gravity is not a fundamental theory but an emergent phenomenon.
1.2.2 Technical hurdles and challenges, R&D The success of the above scientific programme relies on several technical challenges to be overcome and developments to be successful. A. LHC ATLAS and LHCb, the Linear Collider experiment, theoretical tools In the coming years the technical and experimental challenges include the higher luminosity at the LHC (HL-LHC) and R&D in detectors for the Linear Collider. Presently the LHC upgrade is scheduled in three phases; in phase 0 starting in 2014, the centre of mass energy will reach its designed value of 14 TeV with an instantaneous luminosity of 1034 cm-2 s-1, 2 to 3 ×1034 cm-2 s-1 for the phase I in 2019 and finally 5 × 1034 cm-2 s-1 for the phase II in 2023. This leads to issues due to the handling of an increased particle rate. In particular, the first level trigger of the ATLAS experiment will need improvement in order to cope with the particle flow and to select leptons and photons with a higher purity. This requires a higher granularity of the trigger readout and a faster processing. An evaluator conceived at LAPP will be tested in phase 0 followed by a demonstrator installed for the phase I. All readout cards will be changed for phase II. Similarly, we are involved in the LHCb trigger readout upgrade for phase I. The inner tracker performances will slowly degrade due to the radiation level in operation. Therefore a three-step planning is scheduled: a consolidation phase with the addition of silicon layer closer to the beam pipe for the phase 0, followed by the replacement in two steps of the other components of the tracker. LAPP and LPSC are involved in this process. A key issue in the physics at LC is the necessity to obtain a jet energy resolution good enough to be able to resolve W and Z from their hadronic decays; this requires developing a highly segmented hadronic calorimeter. An approach based on Pixel-Micromegas within the CALICE collaboration is being developed at LAPP.
Discoveries will be made only if one controls all aspects of the detector but also the signals from ordinary Standard Model processes as incorporated in simulation tools such as Monte Carlos. LAPTh and the LPSC theory groups are internationally recognized for their expertise in theoretical precision computations of SM (QCD and Electroweak) as well as new physics processes especially for one-loop processes. They are at the origin of many public tools (Micromegas, PHOX Family, Resummation codes, Golem library) and contribute largely to other tools (CTEQ_PDFs, MC@NLO, POWHEG). LAPTh members are behind a tremendous discovery as concerns the calculation of scattering amplitudes that emerged in the context of highly symmetric extended superconformal gauge field theories where the discovery of a Yangian structure hints at integrability. From the experimentalist's point of view, this may be viewed as a "Gedanken-laboratory", but the field is evolving very rapidly with, already, early applications to the Strong interaction i.e. QCD sector. In order that we exploit these findings for the LHC, one should consolidate the collaboration between the mathematical physicists and the phenomenologists. B. Underground Physics: Neutrinos and direct detection of Dark matter The measurement of 13 expected by 2015 will clarify the best strategy for experimental access to CP violation in the leptonic sector. Several programmes to study the feasibility of a large underground infrastructure with large detectors for neutrino physics as well as new neutrino beams in Europe exist. The LAPP and LSM teams will contribute to the physics performance and feasibility studies for building a large Water Cerenkov detector or liquid argon TPC to be installed in underground cavities. The tasks envisaged for the coming 3 years cover the simulation to optimize the detector geometry of a Water Cerenkov prototype and photo-detection performances, the development of the front end readout electronic, the study of a calibration system of several thousand photo-sensors, the study mechanical structure for supporting photo-detector arrays and integration in underground cavities. This phase will be concluded by the installation
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and operation of an 8 tons Water Cerenkov detector prototype at LSM to study neutrons’ and comics’ background levels. The conclusions of these studies are expected by 2014 in order to play a role in the choice of the future European neutrino infrastructure. The following steps will be the conception and realization of a new detector with enough mass to perform neutrino physics and access possible CP violation and mass hierarchy for the following decade. In parallel, the DBD team will develop a traco-calo detector module for SuperNemo consisting of a thin source foil of enriched isotopes sandwiched by two tracking volumes surrounded by a calorimeter. This demonstrator module with 7 kg of source will be built at LSM with the goal to be able to reach by 2014 a limit on the effective Majorana mass m<0.2-0.3 eV with no background. To achieve this performance several tasks are required: the production of source foil at the required radiopurity level, the production of calorimeter blocks with the required resolution, performing aging test and prove that radon level (100 µBq/m3) is under control. If the demonstrator offers the expected results and validates the technique, the following step will be to build the full SuperNemo detector consisting of 100 kg source foils. This programme should cover the period 2015 to 2020 and should allow to reach a sensitivity of m<0.05 eV. Such a detector has to be installed in a sufficiently large underground cavity which could be the LSM.
Direct detection with MIMAC is still at the project stage. It has now been demonstrated with an operational prototype that the techniques employed work correctly. This is of tremendous importance since it allows for directional detection. In a few months, a new elementary-cell prototype will be tested and, in 3 years from now, a cubic meter detector should be installed in the LSM. This would be a key dark matter project of the Labex. C: Challenges for the Observatories. CTA: Mechatronic developments and a Science Gateway {Virtual Data Centres} CTA involves extraordinary engineering and technological challenges. The development of a reliable and efficient drive system for the array of the telescopes requires the design of an architecture based on a mechatronic framework. This involves different components: automatic programmable devices for tracking system command; the design of inertial actuators with local force feedback control for active vibration isolation of telescope structures and real time optics alignment; electronics devices for real-time control and command; universal interface layer between generic hardware and protocol independent software for homogeneity purposes. With CTA VHE gamma-ray astronomy will evolve from scientific collaboration-led experiments to public observatories where astronomers will submit proposals and receive data, software or analysis services, and support. The handling of a large amount of data for the CTA observatory purposes is a challenging objective of the concerned community and a major project of the LAPP team and a priority of the French CTA collaboration. This project aims at contributing to designing, implementing and deploying an e-Science Environment for CTA built on top of the EGI Grid e-Infrastructure and enabling end users to: i) access and make use of computing facilities in a scalable way; ii) access and make use of additional network and data resources (e.g. those provided by the Virtual Observatory); iii) access and make use of important legacy software applications and libraries; iv) new generation of data-base and meta-database for image and data processing. The French LSST consortium as well as new generation GW antennas are facing similar challenges. A concerted effort to develop a new generation of science gateway virtual data centres should be explored. Gravitational Waves in Virgo The challenge to be tackled during the first phase of the project is to get to the point of having AdV (Advanced Virgo) operating at improved sensitivity as quickly as possible, to join Advanced LIGO in taking data as soon as 2015. For LAPP this means completing successfully the detector upgrades under its responsibility, in particular that of the detection system, one of the crucial sub-systems of Virgo. The Labex can be instrumental in achieving this goal by providing the possibility to hire expert manpower to help commission the detection system, both at the sub-system and integrated levels. During the second phase of the project, the goal is to make the most of a multi-messenger approach to maximize the science return of GW observations, through dedicated joint projects with LSST. The Labex can ideally foster such projects by supporting collaborative initiatives between the Virgo group at LAPP and the LSST group at LPSC.
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LSST, Cosmology The LSST is an 8 meters class telescope especially dedicated to dark energy. It has been ranked as first priority by the American decadal survey. The IN2P3 is a major partner. Within this collaboration, the LPSC is in charge of the calibration and commissioning of the LSST camera. Building on the experience gained with Archeops and Planck, it should also be underlined that the LPSC is involved in developments of matrices of sub-millimeter detectors that could be used to probe the B-mode polarization in the future. This B-mode could also reveal primordial gravitational waves. This is a very complementary approach to what is done with interferometers. 1.2.3 Strategic structuring, Competitive advantage and Overall attractiveness We firmly believe that our project is quite unique, in originality and in scope, particularly in the French context. As we argued, the focus on the concept of mass has far reaching repercussions that irrigate all aspects of fundamental physics. A multi-disciplinary approach involving particle physics, astroparticle physics, cosmology, theory and experiment in a structure that allows cross breeding is the only way forward at a critical moment where major experiments are carried out, or are in the planning, while important advances in theory are taking place. The members of ENIGMASS are involved in many of these activities and developments. As testimony, LHC physics is one of the first priorities of the Labex pursued in ATLAS. Our concerted effort involving LAPP/LAPTh/LPSC within a Labex is already significant. Our members have shown a know-how in the exploitation, conception and realization of detectors, recognized at the international level by the nomination of LAPP or LPSC members as project leaders of ATLAS and LHCb electromagnetic calorimeters, as conveners of physics groups and as experts in theoretical precision computations and New Physics in our theory groups. We have shown that we can come up with new and original ideas and setups that involve physicists from various backgrounds around a common theme. Practically all LHC physicists and many astrophysicists know of the Les Houches Accords, results of a series of events that we have been organizing in Les Houches since 1999 and that are now instrumental in physics analyses. The popularity of this event is such that we are always way oversubscribed. Theorists and experimentalists of the consortium have been truly collaborating together in the past since the LEP era. To consolidate our research, we have also shown that we can carry successful projects with our Figure 1: Synergy nearest neighbour, namely LPSC through for example the already multi-disciplinary between working ANR project ToolsDMColl, foreseeing the rapprochement of the Université de groups Savoie and Université de Grenoble in the same PRES that has very much strengthened our mutual participation in common educational programme (Master and Doctoral level). This tradition applies also to projects in astroparticles, AMS is such a telling example. The LAPP research team has a well-established expertise in neutrino experiments covering detector conception, construction and exploitation as well as physics analysis. Members of the group are recognized at the international level and play an active role in the experiment management as project leader, as chairman of the publication board and member of the executive committee. At the national level, the director of the CNRS Groupement de Recherche (GDR2918) on neutrinos is a LAPP member. The privileged LAPP/LAPTh/LPSC/LSM partnership is certainly an added strength to our project, in line also with the strategy of LSM joining the Université de Savoie in 2012. The scientific glue of the project is cemented by a geographical proximity and the special relationship we have had with CERN (Geneva). We have always been aware of the attraction and the unique environment of our laboratories. We are reminded of this by the numerous requests of our colleagues from all over the world for long stay visits. The quality of our research, the participation of many of us in lecturing in key events and schools (Les Houches, Cargèse, Tasi, WHEPP-India,..) and our Master programme explain why we receive a large number of applications from students the world over. The set-up of CIPHEA was a first step to meet such calls and at the same time enhance our research activities. The overwhelming success of this initiative has been beyond our expectations. Our involvement in Erasmus Mundi programmes, with eventually the creation of a network of excellence (we have
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contacts with centres in Germany taking part in the German Excellence Initiative, see next), together with our CIPHEA means that our formula for attracting senior physicists, students and post-doctoral fellows is a winner. We have ear-marked funds from the Labex budget for 2 12-month long Professor Chairs each year over the whole duration of the project and the equivalent of 384 man months for visiting scientists. We will offer competitive post-doctoral fellowships (540 man months) within the 8 years of the Labex. To add to the attraction of the site we will continue the tradition of organising schools and conferences, setting aside some funds for innovative cross border forums (biology and computing, philosophy and science). We have insisted on promoting and giving priority to transversal actions and synergies between different research groups. For practical and administrative purposes, we will structure our activities around three poles or working packages: i) Colliders representing: Mass, the Earth as a Laboratory ii) Astroparticles: Mass, the Cosmos as a Laboratory iii) Neutrinos: Neutrinos as a Thread. Figure 2 shows our tentative schedule and milestones.
Figure 2 : The ENIGMASS Time line
1.3. IMPACT ON TRAINING
With renowned physicists visiting the Labex, the Chair programme that we will put in place, the pool of permanent researchers and professors of the ENIGMASS Labex team we will be able to continue to offer lectures at the most competitive level, not only in the field of high energy physics where the attraction of nearby CERN is a chance not to be missed, but also in astrophysics and cosmology benefiting from a strong network of collaborations around the world. Including neutrino physics taking advantage of the LSM in Modane being part of our Labex will nicely complete a first class programme in which the origin of mass is the key word. Training and initiatives towards higher education is a strong priority of ENIGMASS. We have decided to allocate 23% of the requested Labex budget to education. As far as training at the undergraduate and Master level is concerned we plan to reach out areas not strictly within the research themes of the project, making full use of the human potential of the Labex and the involvement of many of us in other courses. Parts of the courses are oriented towards immediate industry needs, as, for example, training new nuclear engineers or medical physicists. From an operational point of view, the education policy will be coordinated by a special unit in our Labex which will be in strong connection with the supervising institutions and their members (see section Governance). The ENIGMASS members are heavily involved in many higher education programmes, both at the local level (Grenoble, Annecy), at the European and international level. At present, more than 100 students graduate each year from the subatomic physics Masters and nuclear engineering Schools which are within the perimeter of the research activities of the Labex, and more than 500 Master students in many disciplines (including medicine) benefit each year from practical training sessions in subatomic physics organized on our local experimental platform. These records, which we would like to consolidate even further, are noticeably above the average
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French standards. Our educational offer is probably among the widest possible as all the scientific themes studied in subatomic physics, astroparticle physics and cosmology are taught at a very high-level. Our students benefit from strong links both with the research community and with the industrial network. The employment rate of the ENIGMASS graduated students, >95% 6 months after graduation, is a testimony of our achievement. This success rate is based on 148 students who obtained a Ph.D. in the last ten years in our laboratories. It is decomposed as follows: 77% are researchers, university faculty and post docs in high level French and foreign laboratories 7 % are permanent high school professors 16% have a permanent job in private companies Our PSA Master programme and the new initiatives at the Master level The PSA (Physique Subatomique et Astroparticules) international master programme in Grenoble (http://lpsc.in2p3.fr/MasterPSA) run by members of ENIGMASS covers all the themes of the research activities of our Labex. It includes courses in elementary particle physics, relativistic quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, hadronic and nuclear physics, general relativity and cosmology, astroparticle physics, physics beyond the standard model; together with the associated experimental methods and detector technology. A four-month training period in a research laboratory completes the course. Being part of ENIGMASS it will get a more international exposure and will be able to attract even more students. New Actions and Initiatives Incentives to reach more students and add originality to the programme include one-week immersion stays in international laboratories and facilities covering the PSA and ENIGMASS programme (the LHC@ CERN, the ILL@Grenoble, Virgo@Pisa, an astronomical observatory). We take advantage of the fact that many senior members, PhD students and post-doctoral fellows of the ENIGMASS Labex work at these laboratories and will be accompanying the students through their visit, at the end of which the students hand in their report. Each year, a few students of our masters also attend the JUAS international accelerator school located in Archamps (half way between LAPP/LAPTh and CERN). The JUAS school was founded in 1994 under the patronage of CERN and a European network of 11 Universities of Science and Technology. Despite the excellent quality of its training in accelerator physics, the school lacks some courses in fundamental physics. We plan to remedy this. Contacts with other first class institutes around the world have been made to use PSA as a springboard for an Erasmus Mundus Master Course (MAPAP). A MAPAP application, including Turin, Athens and Annecy- Grenoble has been made. It will be revived and extended to include Durham University. This will increase the number of Master students who will then enrol into our PhD programmes. Initiatives at the Doctoral level Our ambition is to have an excellent pool of first-class doctoral students. To achieve this we will consolidate actions that we are involved in at the European level and international level, initiate new collaborative schemes which will bring in more students and financial resources and very importantly inject a substantial financial contribution in terms of scholarships drawn from our ENIGMASS budget. This will achieve an important increase in the number of students while maintaining excellence, directly through the ENIGMASS budget, but also by giving our consortium an important weight in our international actions especially that we are initiating these actions. International Doctoral Network (IDN). At the doctoral level many actions are already in place for the exchange of students and co-supervision within a European network. Co-supervision of students between Université de Savoie and sister universities of a European Network are taking place within IDAPP in astrophysics (http://www.fe.infn.it/idapp/) which include Ferrara, Turin, Milan, Genoa, Rome, Paris 7. We have recently also been approached to participate in a similar network covering particle physics and astroparticle physics, http://www.idpasc.lip.pt/. Within this framework the student is awarded a degree from the two institutions. Bilateral conventions for the exchange of doctoral students. We have signed many MOU (CERN, Karlsruhe, Bangalore, Mumbai,..) for the exchange of students and senior scientists from the same institutions. Unlike the IDN the student graduates from one institution.
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Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctoral Program (EMJD). We are also exploring the possibility to organise and coordinate doctoral or post-doctoral lectures which could be linked to different laboratories or universities worldwide, taking the Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctoral (EMJD) IRAP program on astrophysics, led by one of our members, as a first initiative upon which we can build further into the fields of particle physics. The Erasmus Mundus on Astrophysics (http://www.irap-phd.org/) is a consortium of 13 first league institutions in Europe, China, India and Brazil. Steps and contacts to set up, in parallel, an EMJD in particle physics have also been taken (Durham, SBF-DESY, TIFR Mumbai, IIS Bangalore,…). These initiatives demonstrate that the Labex is part of a network of excellence. Within this novel framework, each student is registered in all participating doctoral schools. For all these programmes and actions, we want to add originality to maximise the attractiveness of the training in our project. For example, we will organise summer/autumnal schools associating lectures and in-situ research. Without substituting to the schools offered by CERN, these programmes should be elaborated in tandem through a partnership with CERN. We are aiming at a unique format akin to that of Les Houches Workshop Physics at TeV Colliders that we have been organising for more than ten years where many doctoral students are part of a project involving senior physicists. Contacts with the senior physicists established at the School-Workshop continue for a year through emails, wikis, video conferencing and social networking tools. PhysTeV site: http:// phystev.in2p3.fr We will organise and publicise special advanced crash courses (2 weeks) for second year PhD and onward (including post-doctoral fellows) on specialised topics. This will be open not only to our students, those of our partners involved in the EMJD but also to students outside of our networks (in France, Europe and beyond). These courses could serve as parts or credits towards a PhD degree in an institution outside our network. We will also carry on the tradition of the week-long refreshers course for all the new doctoral students starting a thesis in the field of high energy physics and astrophysics in a laboratory in the Rhones-Alpes region. Originality comes also from delivering a doctoral degree combining two fields of research. In our Labex we can mention that a collaboration with LAMA (Lab. of Mathematics, Chambery) and AGIM (Biology and Complex Systems, Archamps) has attracted students for a biophysics/biomathematics doctoral thesis. Likewise, as concerns philosophy of science and physics and cosmology a joint PhD with the philosophy department of the Université Pierre Mendes France (Grenoble 2) is being worked out. The student is supervised by two advisors one of which is a member of our Labex. A non-negligible percentage of our funding will go towards offering grants to doctoral students, leaving aside the usual funding from the doctoral school, some funding will come from the EMJD programmes with some small additional amount from the IDN actions. This will significantly increase the number of PhD students, especially foreign students. We will anyway remain extremely careful not to assign too many Ph.D. students to a given group of the Labex. The excellence nature of the Labex means that we will be very selective in the attribution of PhD grants. Our exchange programmes will also allow some of our Master students to join foreign institutions in our network while still maintaining contact with ENIGMASS. Bachelor Level There is no denying that the number of students enrolling in physics at the University is diminishing in Europe. The new discoveries awaited at the LHC and in astroparticle will most probably change this situation. A centre of excellence like ours with proactive outreach initiatives towards schools and the general public could be seen as a beacon and will certainly attract new undergraduate students to our University. We will of course target our efforts towards our first year students. Meanwhile, some of our laboratories have had a leading role in attracting students from emerging and developing countries by helping set up undergraduate, pre-doctoral and doctoral curriculae in Algeria, Vietnam and soon in Lebanon. We are planning to set up a traineeship programme for our undergraduate students enrolled in a physics curriculum at the end of the academic year. The Labex will centralise and make public a listing of topics offered by the members of ENIGMASS, with the aim that each researcher proposes a topic and supervises a student. Transverse actions towards training Although nuclear science is not at the core of the research activities of our project, we want to associate the master degree in nuclear engineering (Master EP) run by LPSC to our Labex. The technical platform in
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Grenoble for this Masters welcomes some 500 students every year from the Université Joseph Fourier, Phelma and E3 engineering schools (INPG) 9 FTE professors of LPSC teach at the facility. Its total investment cost is worth around 1 million Euros. This nuclear platform has no equivalent in France. It could certainly be promoted at the international level by our training programme. Improving and gathering new equipment will attract even more students. Investigate in details the possible creation of a new high level education program in instrumentation The consortium wants to study the possibility of creating a new education programme in instrumentation. This program will be based on the competences and on the equipment of the ENIGMASS laboratories as well as on the unique amount of large equipment of the Alpes Valley (CERN, ESRF, ILL, etc.). This high level education program would be a European school such as JUAS and could take advantage of the creation of the CDEE “Collège Doctoral et Ecoles Européennes” at LPSC. This new School could also be open to professional training.
1.4. SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACT
Innovation is at the foundation of particle and astroparticle physics experiments, which rely on technologies usually exceeding the available industrial know-how. ENIGMASS partners have a long tradition of industrial collaborations and technology transfer with regional, national and international partners. Some examples are given here: new technologies for superconducting cavities, cryogenics and accelerator techniques, fast electronics, medical imaging, low radioactivity measurements, photodetectors, nanometer stabilisation, etc. Our main aim is to coordinate the individual partners’ actions and provide a complementary link to the chain of the existing structures. Consequently, the ENIGMASS Labex will allocate ~11% of the requested aid for technology transfer actions.
Two themes have been identified in addition to the usual scientific publications, to ensure a comprehensive promotion of research as shown in Figure 3.
To reach its objectives, the ENIGMASS Labex proposes the following action plan:
Create a technology transfer unit for the promotion of research The technology transfer unit of the ENIGMASS Labex together with HoMe’s Equipex, if successful, will be the gate for future industrial collaborations. The aim of this unit will be to develop and support knowledge dissemination and technology transfer and to create links between fundamental research, applied research and applications. Technology transfer officers of each partner and industrialist’s representatives, form this team. This unit will collaborate with the regional incubation structures in place: SAS FLORALIS (University Joseph Fourier valorisation subsidiary company), consortia GRAVIT (Grenoble Alpes Valorisation Innovation Technologiques), Valorisation of CEA, CNRS, and GRAIN (Grenoble Alpes Incubation); and possibly a future appropriate structure such as SATT (Sociétés d’Accélération de Transfert Technologique). Support the first steps towards a technology transfer Technology transfer officers are in charge to detect within their laboratories, in an early stage, promising scientific achievements with high valorisation potential and to facilitate the first steps of the transfer process such as the deposit of a patent or the drafting of partnerships. Then there is a clear necessary maturation phase to achieve the results’ proof-of-concept validation, making them ready for industrial development. In many cases collaboration with the TTN (Technology Transfer Network) of CERN, in progress, is mandatory. Specific support actions may also be decided as accompanying measures of innovative projects. ENIGMASS foresees the recruitment of two specialized engineers over the project duration to support the development and the technical maturation of selected projects. Specific training or subcontracting especially for industrial qualification or market research may be needed. It is also true that additional skills are often needed for the evaluation of the projects' economic perspective.
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Improve the dissemination of the results to the socio-economic world The ENIGMASS project will participate actively, within the research ecosystem developed in the PRES Université de Grenoble, to ensure medium and long term socio-economic impacts at the regional, national and European level. It should therefore: Ensure the widest dissemination of the research results in order to maximize the socio economic returns. This objective can be reached through strong collaborations with the clusters or other organizations building interfaces between socio-economic actors and laboratories, eg ‘Pole de competitivité Arves industries’. Technical improvements could be done between academic staff and industrial partners using the technological platforms already available like SIRCE (accelerator, plasma techniques and ion source at LPSC) or the future ones foreseen by the Equipex initiatives. Dissemination of the results to the scientific world Scientific results are disseminated through well-established channels and practices within our community: conferences, public presentations and seminars, scientific meetings, and finally publications.
Society is thirsty for exciting scientific achievements as witnessed by the media interest and large coverage on LHC physics and recently on the neutrino velocity have shown. ENIGMASS physicists have continuously organised actions towards the general public. The Labex will allow allocating specific resources to this important action. Develop the dissemination of the results to the general public The ENIGMASS team aims to improve the outreach efficiency by setting up a close collaboration with a specialized external agency. We consider that the addition of a professional company will boost the present actions, as for example the « fêtes de la science », the organization of public conferences and events or organized visits of the laboratories. Past experience of the LSM visitors centre, the PLANCK public exhibitions, or the local media Figure 3 : Research Promotion scheme follow-up of the AMS launch, have been very successful, such an organisation is beyond the reach of an average physicist. A specific budget will be allocated for this action to improve and set up, through the specialised media agency, web portals, social networks, booklets, etc. We mentioned that we will initiate forums that involve philosophers and physicists, biologists computer scientists and physicists. As part of these forums, a general public session will be organised to discuss some of these key multi-disciplinary topics.
2. ORGANIZATION AND GOVERNANCE
2.1. PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR The principal investigator is Dr Jean Karyotakis, PhD in Physics, who is director of LAPP since 2007 and has started his second mandate. The laboratory, about 150 persons, is founded on scientific excellence of the highest level, both in LHC physics, and astroparticle physics, based on participation in research programmes ATLAS, LHCb, OPERA, VIRGO, AMS, HESSII and CTA. These previous achievements, coupled with the skills of the scientific and technical teams, place LAPP at the cutting edge for the future. - Scientific Quality Production: Dr J.Karyotakis has participated in the past to outstanding experiments, NA3 at the SPC, L3 at LEP, BaBar at SLAC, and has published more than 650 physics papers in international physics revues. He has initiated in 2003 the R&D program at LAPP on the future linear collider allowing the laboratory to develop a new valuable expertise on accelerator physics. He has been at the origin of important publications at
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LEP, the Z lineshape, searches for supersymmetric particles, and at BaBar, evidence for CP violation. A large part of his activity is spent on detector developments ex: the BGO crystal calorimeter for L3, the MICROMEGAS chambers, the BaBar Drift Chamber. - Ability to manage ambitious projects: For the BaBar experiment (1994-2005), Dr J.Karyotakis served as a group leader for the LAPP team, and as head of all the French groups participating in the experiment. From 1999 to 2002 he served as ‘Technical Coordinator’ for the whole experiment, forming with the spokesperson the management team for more than 600 physicists, from about 50 institutes from 10 countries. In 2001 BaBar published the 1st evidence for CP violation in the B system. As a laboratory director, he is in charge of the human and financial resources of all the on-going projects. - Experience in pooling resources: As a laboratory director Dr Y.Karyotakis increased the external resources (not originating from CNRS) of the laboratory from 5% of the total budget to 25%. This was achieved by answering calls to EU, ANR, Region Rhone Alpes, Conseil Général, and Ministry of foreign affairs. In the past he participated to the FP6 European project EUROTeV, as Work package coordinator, and scientific representative for the CNRS, bringing significant resources to France and allowing the involved laboratories to participate successfully to the next calls, EUCARD and AIDA of FP7. - Supervision: Dr J.Karyotakis has supervised 7 PhD theses and has been member of many thesis defence committees. Using project funds he earned, he has hired about 10 engineers and post docs, and half of them got a permanent position in the CNRS at the end of their temporary contract. For the laboratory he oversees the scientific strategy. - An international recognition: Dr Y.Karyotakis served as member of the LHCC committee form 2000-2004, is the president of the scientific advisory committee of NIKHEF, member of the Restricted European Committee for Future Accelerators, and is member of many review committees in Europe and the USA. Finally he was awarded the Joliot Curie prize of the French physical society in 2001.
2.2. PARTNERSHIP
2.2.1 PARTNERS’ DESCRIPTION, RELEVANCE AND COMPLEMENTARITY • Partner 1: LAPP Laboratoire de Physique des Particules d’Annecy le Vieux The Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP) is a combined CNRS and Université de Savoie unit composed of 32 researchers, 75 ITA (engineers, technicians and administrative staff), 8 faculty and 32 non-permanent staff including 15 students. The annual budget (including salaries) of the laboratory is around 10 M€, originating from the funding agencies and external sources. The AERES report, following the evaluation of the laboratory in February 2010, reported a « well-structured research program…well organized, very competent and motivated technical services ». The AERES awarded LAPP an A+ mark. The laboratory is very actively involved in several large international collaborations working on accelerators (ATLAS and LHCb on the LHC at CERN, BaBar at SLAC in California, OPERA in Gran Sasso) and astroparticle experiments (Virgo, AMS, HESS, CTA). A solid R&D program on large surface MICROMEGAS chambers allowing building a hadronic calorimeter is on-going. The laboratory publishes about 85 scientific and technical papers per year to international journals requiring peer review. The best papers are cited about 250 times after few years. Physicists and research engineers give about 30 talks per year to international conferences. International workshops, collaboration meetings and other scientific events are regularly organised at LAPP. LAPP has built very significant and large parts of the LHC experiments, 1/3 of the LAr ATLAS calorimeter, the support structures of the LHCb calorimeters, the front-end electronics of the AMS calorimeter, the detection system of VIRGO, the HESS auto-focus and the automated camera unloading mechanism for the 5th telescope, etc. In the past the development of the BGO calorimeter for the L3 experiment at LEP was a major contribution to science and technology. The laboratory has a long tradition on neutrino physics and has participated to pioneering experiments (Bugey, NOMAD, CHOOZ) allowing to build the current neutrino picture. Since few years LAPP has developed an accelerator expertise on sub-nanometer stabilisation and diagnostic sensors.
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The laboratory’s skills cover a large scope of domains involving innovative technologies, complex mechanical structure design and optimisation, simulation of particle propagation in matter, scientific and grid computing, ASICS design and realisation. LAPP has well-established relations with technical centres such as MIND (centre de Microtechnologies pour l’Industrie), CETIM (Centre Technique des Industries Mécaniques), with the Arve Industries cluster and the Thésame association, all involved in complex multi-technology assemblies and mechatronics. The laboratory uses an interdisciplinary approach (mechanics, electronics, computing, what is now the basis of mechatronics) in line with the expectations of the last call Equipex where the LAPP has submitted an ambitious project entitled “HoMe” “Hosting Mechatronics Projects”. These previous achievements, coupled with the skills of the scientific and technical teams, place the LAPP at the cutting edge for the future. The laboratory is heavily involved in higher education. Between 9 and 12 students prepare their PhD thesis at LAPP. Three to four defend their thesis each year. Given the number of HDR physicists, the LAPP could increase the capacity to supervise more students; however the limitation comes from the available funds. At a lower level the laboratory is involved in three different education programmes: Master 1 in Physics of the Université de Savoie, Master 2 “Subatomic Physics and Astroparticles” of the Université Joseph Fourier, and “Fields, Particles and condensed Matter” of the ENS Lyon. The location of LAPP, 50km from CERN, and the presence of the theory laboratory LAPTh in the same premises, makes the LAPP campus an ideal and very attractive place for people willing to contribute to particle and astroparticle physics. An international centre for high energy physics and astroparticle physics (CIPHEA) is running, jointly with the LAPTh, since 5 years now, funded mainly by the local authorities (Conseil Général de la Haute Savoie) allowing more than 10 senior internationally known visitors to work on all themes of LHC physics, and coach young students and researchers. • Partner 2: LPSC Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie The “Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie de Grenoble” (LPSC)” is a research laboratory operated jointly by several funding agencies; the CNRS (IN2P3 and INSIS) and two of Grenoble’s Universities UJF and INP). Created in 1967, the laboratory staff is composed of about 225 people (40 CNRS researchers, 27 University researchers, 100 ITA, 35 PhD students and 25 post-docs or temporary technical positions). The annual budget (including salaries) of the lab is around 13 M€ and the sources of funding are diverse: operating agencies and an increasing part from other agencies (ANR, regional contributions, European Frameworks, international exchange programmes, technology transfer and patent royalties). Rated A+ after the recent review of AERES, with special notices on the management of the laboratory and its projects, the LPSC is not only a major actor in the local Grenoble research environment but also plays an important role at both the national and international level. Our laboratory is involved in several scientific or technical projects driven by large international collaborations; let us quote Particle and Fundamental Interactions experiments (ATLAS at LHC and UltraCold Neutrons at ILL), spatial missions (Planck, AMS) or ground base experiments (Auger, LSST) for astroparticles or cosmological issues, the innovative research on electronuclear power reactor (ADS GUINEVERE in SCK Mol, Molten Salt or Thorium cycle based concepts), the nuclear structure study (ILL and SPIRAL), hadron physics (JLab experiments and ALICE at LHC). Also an accelerator pole, with both ion source and accelerating device skills, is involved in several major developments in nuclear physics (SPIRAL2). Hadron therapy issues (CNAO in Italy) or future machine (HL-LHC, SuperB, CLIC, etc.) are also addressed by this pole. The size and complexity of these projects are such that they are organized on time scales exceeding sometimes decades and involve worldwide collaborations formed by hundreds of people. The LPSC technical staff has acquired a strong reputation of providing its deliverables in time and budget. Among the recent projects, one can list strong contributions in major projects like: assembly, tests and calibration for the ALICE EMCal calorimeter supermodules, the ATLAS cryogenics and presampler, the GENEPI-3C accelerator for the GUIVENERE project, the low energy beam line operation for the SPIRAL 2 project, the RICH for the AMS spectrometer and electronics for the sorption cooler of the HFI device for Planck, half of the G0 experiment at JLab, etc. A LPSC theory group finally supports this experimental effort allowing better scientific return. It is worth noticing that the Grenoble scientific context, with a unique set of large scale facilities (ILL, ESRF, IRAM, LNCMI …), is beneficial to develop synergies on both scientific and instrumentation. Another important feature of the laboratory is cross-disciplinary physics collaborations like the design and development of new types of nuclear
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reactor for energy production and waste reduction, the interface between physics and other sciences like biology and medicine. Finally spin-offs arise from the knowledge and know-how acquired by the members of the lab like teaching tasks in the UJF and INP universities in Grenoble and technology transfer, consulting and know-how for various fields such as electronics, computing, low activity measurements, surface treatments and ion implantation, cancer treatment (medical imagery and hadron-therapy). All this work leads to a strong publication rate (more than 500 published papers and 75 invited talks in conferences, and an h-index of 78, over the last 4 years), as well as numerous distinctions of various domains in research, techniques and valorisation. The laboratory is also attractive with a large number of PhD students and postdoc positions as well as candidates on positions open. • Partner 3: LAPTh LAPTh consists of 16 CNRS researchers, 7 Université de Savoie faculty, 4 administrative staff and 2 computer engineers. As of September 2011, it hosts 7 doctoral students and 3 post-doctoral fellows. The scientific areas are represented by three broad activities grouped into three teams: i) particle physics ii) particle astrophysics and cosmology, iii) mathematical physics. In particle physics the team is known for important contributions in both the standard model (electroweak and QCD: from photon to Higgs physics, precision loop calculations, quark gluon plasma) and beyond the standard model (supersymmetry and Higgless scenarios, dark matter). In astrophysics the team is world leader in cosmic ray propagation and dark matter in general, gamma ray bursts and neutrinos from the sky. In cosmology there is leading expertise in the extraction of the cosmological parameters (including data on massive neutrinos), CMBPol and constraints on inflation, and non-standard cosmology. In mathematical physics one of the most recent breakthroughs was achieved by members of LAPTh. This concerns the discovery of a dual superconformal symmetry in N=4 super Yang-Mills and its connection with Wilson loops. Existence of an underlying Yangian in such systems brought another expertise of LAPTh, integrable systems, to the frontline. These seemingly formal aspects are in fact revolutionising the computation of scattering amplitudes for processes at the LHC. LAPTh is also known for the development of tools for colliders and in astrophysics (micrOMEGAs, Golem, Diphox, USINE). LAPTh members were among the first, in the subject of dark matter, to address the synergy between searches at colliders and `in the sky”. It is clear from this short description that the activities of LAPTh are at the heart of the topics that this Labex covers. The laboratory benefits from the geographical vicinity of CERN (50kms) and from sharing a building with LAPP initiating with the latter an International Centre for High Energy Physics and Astrophysics (CIPHEA) that has attracted many first class physicists. LAPTh has also been running some world renowned events among them RAQIS in mathematical physics, PhysTeV in particle physics since 1999, the latter having set standards and accords for the physics at the LHC (Les Houches Accords). LAPTh has been awarded an A+ label by the AERES in recognition for the quality of its research. To further illustrate the excellence of LAPTh, it should be mentioned that the laboratory hosts 4 “médailles du CNRS”, six out of the seven members of the Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) of the Université de Savoie are LAPTh members. Moreover one member of LAPTh is the recipient of two prestigious prizes: Max-Planck and Heineman prize. Taking the 2006-2009 period as reference (AERES), each team published more than 100 papers. Training: For the period 2005-2009, 21 doctoral students graduated after having pursued their PhD at LAPTh. As testimony of the attraction of LAPTh 1/3 of these came from the Master Programme of Lyon and Grenoble in which LAPTh is involved. For the rest, we have been able to reach out for other students in France (including Grandes Ecoles) and particularly from abroad. The latter have been financed through foreign, binational or Marie Curie fellowships, thanks to vigorous actions outside France. Among these, let us mention that LAPTh has led the proposal of the now successful Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate Programme “International Relativity and Astrophysics”. In Algeria, we have helped set up and take part into the 3ème cycle de l’Université de Jijel. A member of LAPTh is head of the LIA FVPPL (CNRS-Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology). Many of the Vietnamese students (Master and PhD) in France are a result of his action. Thanks to close scientific collaborations between LAPTh physicists and Università di Torino and Università Roma Tre,
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six students prepared a «co-tutelle» thesis. Physicists also teach at various doctoral schools in France, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland. They also organise and/or teach at summer schools.
AERES assessment: grade A+, in its 2010 report the AERES underlines: The excellence of the laboratory: “LAPTh is one of the best French laboratories of theoretical physics, at the forefront on the international scene in all its three main areas of activity: particle physics, mathematical physics, and astrophysics/cosmology. The scientific production is regular and very well- balanced across the fields.” The multidisciplinary: “LAPTh has a rare mix of first-rate expertise in both the formal and the phenomenological aspects of fundamental physics, ranging from string theory and the search for new physics in accelerator experiments, to astrophysics and cosmology.” The international involvement, collaboration and attraction: “All three teams are well-inserted in the broader European research landscape, as evidenced by collaborations, participation in networks, invitations to (and organization of) conferences or workshops, and their ability to attract first-rate students and postdocs. The coexistence and good relations with LAPP, and the proximity of CERN, offer many opportunities which are being well exploited.” Important link with education and public outreach: “The laboratory has a unique programme of outreach activities, addressed both to the wider public and to local high-schools. These help the integration of LAPTh in the region, and augment the visibility of fundamental science in a broader sense.” • Partner 4: LSM The Modane Underground Laboratory (LSM) is a very low radioactive platform located 1700 m under the Fréjus Mountain. The LSM is a combined CNRS and CEA (and soon Université de Savoie) unit. The operating budget of the laboratory is 400 k€/year. The LSM staff is composed of 3 researchers and 11 engineers and technicians. Their charge is to operate the facility, to develop detectors for ultra-low radioactivity measurement and to provide support for the installation and maintenance of the experiments. More than 150 users from various countries (Russia, Czech Republic, UK, Germany, USA, Japan, Ukraine, Spain) are involved in the experiments hosted by LSM. The site of the LSM is unique in Europe with a cosmic ray suppression factor of 2 000 000 and it is the second deepest laboratory in the world. The very low radioactive conditions allow hosting international experiments looking for very rare physical processes or very weak signals in particle, astroparticle and nuclear physics. A part of the LSM activities is dedicated to the development of ultra-low radioactivity techniques and measurements. Presently, the LSM hosts two main experiments in neutrino physics (NEMO3) and dark matter search (EDELWEISS) which have obtained limits at the level of the best in the world in their field. There are also several R&D projects hosted in the laboratory like the SEDINE project for supernovae neutrino detection or the BiPo prototype to measure radioactivity of thin foil at the level of 1 µBq/kg. A park of fourteen gamma spectrometers are installed at LSM for ultra-low radioactive material selection and environmental researches on oceanography, sediment, retro-observation, climate changes, This is done in particular with 2 laboratories of the Grenoble PRES, EDYTEM (Université de Savoie) and LGGE (Université de Grenoble). Various fields of science are interested in low radioactive conditions of LSM. The micro-electronics academic and industrial laboratories use the LSM to test the effects of natural radiation on the circuits. The biologists study the development of bacteria to have a better understanding of the effect of natural radiation on the mutation process. Discussions are also in progress with geophysicist for the use of the platform. The LSM is involved in the development of detectors to measure ultra-low level of radioactivity by gamma and alpha spectroscopy and also to monitor very low fluxes of neutrons and radon. This is done in collaboration with CENBG (Bordeaux I University), JINR Dubna (Russia), CTU Prague (Czech Republic) and Canberra Company. There are also developments on the electronics and acquisition required for such detectors. A radiochemistry activity is also developed for the environmental measurements.
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The LSM leads the DOMUS Equipex project to build a new low radioactive platform 5 times bigger in volume than the existing one at LSM to be able to host the next generation of neutrino and dark matter experiments. An ultra-low radioactivity measurement pole will be created to develop environmental research and this project is associated to the CEMBRO Equipex driven by the Université de Savoie. Several foreign partners have written letters of intent to participate in this project. The LSM is involved in education through lectures at the Grenoble IUT and training courses for students. The LSM has an agreement of international associated laboratory with the JINR Dubna (Russia) and the Charles Technical University of Prague (Czech Republic). • Collaborations between our Laboratories Strong collaboration ties, on experimental and theoretical programmes, exist between the partners. Let us mention the ATLAS LAr calorimeter detector, the AMS physics analysis, the accelerator physics for the LHC and the LC, or the ANR project ToolsDMColl (2007-2010) whose aim was to develop tools and carry analyses combining collider data (direct and indirect precision measurements), astrophysics (direct and indirect detection of Dark Matter) as well as cosmology. LAPP/LAPTh/LPSC take part in common programmes such as the GDRI with Japan and Russia, take part in the French GDR SUSY, co-organise some of Les Houches Schools and Workshops. LSM/LAPP have been collaborating on neutrino physics. A strong coordination between the partners as concerns Master courses and doctoral exchanges have been in place. The majority of our scientific projects are part of international collaborations and coordinated in France by the CNRS institutes, IN2P3 and INP.
2.2.2 QUALIFICATION, ROLE AND INVOLVEMENT OF THE PARTNER UNITS
The key persons for this project are listed below:
Surname First name Position Domain Partner Organization or Contribution in the company project Karyotakis Jean DR1 Particle Physics UMR5814 CNRS / UdS Coordinator Goy Corinne DR2 Particle Physics UMR5814 CNRS / UdS Standard Model Marion Frederique DR2 Astroparticles UMR5814 CNRS / UdS Gravitational waves Duchesneau Dominique DR2 Particle Physics UMR5814 CNRS / UdS Neutrino Physics Rosier‐Lees Sylvie DR2 Astroparticles UMR5814 CNRS/UdS Dark Matter Lamanna Giovanni CR1 Astroparticles UMR5814 CNRS / UdS Dark matter Tisserand Vincent DR2 Particle Physics UMR5814 CNRS / UdS Flavor Physics Boudjema Fawzi DR1 Theory UMR 5108 CNRS / UdS Part. and astro phenomenology Pilon Eric CR1 Theory UMR 5108 CNRS / UdS Part. phenomenology Belanger Genevieve DR2 Theory UMR 5108 CNRS / UdS Part. and astro phenomenology Salati Pierre PR1 Theory UMR 5108 UdS Astroparticle phenomenology Serpico Pasquale CR1 Theory UMR 5108 UdS Astroparticle phenomenology Sokatchev Emeri PR1 Theory UMR5108 UdS Mathematical physics Collot Johann PR1 Particle Physics UMR5821 CNRS/UJF/INP Deputy coordinator
Barrau Aurelien PR1 Astroparticle UMR5821 CNRS/UJF/INP Dark matter/energy Kraml Sabine CR1 Theory UMR5821 CNRS/UJF/INP Part. phenomenology Lucotte Arnaud DR2 Particle Physics UMR5821 CNRS/UJF/INP Top physics Stark Jan CR1 Particle Physics UMR5821 CNRS/UJF/INP Standard Model Maurin David CR1 Astroparticle UMR5821 CNRS/UJF/INP Dark Matter Santos Daniel DR1 Astroparticle UMR5821 CNRS/UJF/INP Dark Matter Piquemal Fabrice DR2 Particle Physics UMR6417 CNRS/CEA Neutrino Physics
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A summary of the partners’ personnel is following:
Nom du partenaire Affiliation Effectifs / Catégorie de personnel (chercheurs, ingénieurs, doctorant) Total number of staff = 144 Researchers Université de Savoie (CNRS)=33 Engineers, Technicians = 74 LAPP (UdS) UMR5814 / Faculty=9 Temporary technical staff =4 CNRS-IN2P3 Post Docs=8 Visiting scientists = 5 PhD students=11 Total number of staff = 228 Researchers Temporary technical staff =7 Université Joseph Fourier (CNRS)=38 Engineers, Technicians = 91 LPSC (UJF)/ INPG / CNRS- Faculty=28 Visiting scientists = 2 IN2P3 Post Docs= 28 PhD students=34 Total number of staff = 48 Researchers Engineers, Technicians =5 (CNRS)=16 Visiting scientists = 10 LAPTh UdS / CNRS-INP Faculty=7 Post Docs=3 PhD students =7 Total number of staff = 14 LSM CNRS-IN2P3 / CEA Researchers Engineers, Technicians =11 (CNRS/CEA)=3
2.3. GOVERNANCE The PRES Université de Grenoble is the legal entity that will bear the ENIGMASS Labex and will have the legitimacy to sign contracts with the CNRS, the CEA and other partners, such as those for the promotion of research, to insure an optimum functioning of the Labex. The Labex is also part the global strategic scheme within the Idex Initiatives d’Excellence GUI+ (see section 2.4) submitted by Grenoble-Alpes. In addition to the PRES legal entity (or GUI+ in case the Idex application is successful), the Labex has its own operational structure for governance that: Allows coordinating the global action in links with the partners and the supervising institutions. Creates flexibility to react rapidly to the scientific and technological new challenges. An internal call for resources is foreseen. The projects submitted are evaluated by an external committee. Accomplishes the fixed objectives with defined indicators and bodies in charge of this aspect. The governance of the Labex is structured around 3 different bodies: The steering board will supervise the management team, will approve the scientific programme, the financial investments, and the operation plan. It is composed by representatives of the PRES/ IDEX GUI+, the socio-economic Figure 4 : The organisation Chart
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partners, and the laboratories’ directors. It meets at least once a year. The International scientific council advises the management team on scientific matters and orientations. It is appointed by the steering board and is composed of 9 internationally renowned external members and the project coordinator. The management team is in charge of the day to day running of the Labex. The management team oversees the operational implementation of the strategy, public outreach, industrial partnerships and the promotion of the Labex. The management team will report to the steering board. It is composed of: the project coordinator, the deputy coordinator, the coordinators of the three physics working groups, a coordinator in charge of education and training and a coordinator for matters related to valorisation (outreach, technology transfer). Figure 4 shows the organisation chart. In order to evaluate the performance and the realisation of the Labex objectives, 3 types of indicators are proposed: a)The scientific excellence: Scientific production: is evaluated by the number of publications, presentations to international conferences Scientific influence: is evaluated by the organization of colloquiums, membership of International Advisory Committees (laboratories, large scale infrastructures…), invitations and stays in France and abroad, leadership positions at running or proposed experiments, leadership and participation at European or international programmes of research, membership on thesis juries, prizes and distinctions. b) For the dissemination and the valorisation of the scientific results in the socio-economic world we will use numbers of CIFRE thesis (co-financed with an industrialist) and capacity to attract new companies, R&D collaborative projects with industrialists and the transfer of patents or licensing and amount of royalties, c) For the development of education we will use numbers of Master 2 and PhD students and our capacity to attract foreign students.
2.4. INSTITUTIONAL STRATEGY The academic community of Grenoble has a long-standing tradition of scientific collaboration, exemplified by the establishment of the “Université de Grenoble” research and higher education consortium (PRES), and the so- called Campus Plan initiative (“Grenoble Université de l’Innovation”, GUI). In this context of strong partnerships, the IDEX project of the academic community of the alpine corridor, called “Grenoble-Alpes Université de l’Innovation” (GUI+), including the four universities of Grenoble and Savoie, four schools (engineering, management, architecture and political sciences), the University Hospital, and five national worldwide known research organizations (CNRS, CEA, INSERM, INRIA, Cemagref), was preselected in the first running call of Initiative of Excellence. It received an “A” for its scientific strength and scientific ambition as well as for its very strong technological transfer potential. The IDEX project GUI+ is a continuation of the GUI vision, structured around four societal issues – information, planet and sustainable development, health and biotechnologies, innovation including societal dimension – and a deepening of it, by strengthening the key points of the site such as instrumentation, modelling and scientific computing, which mainly concerns physics but also focuses on nearly every discipline that requires the development of innovative instruments. The IDEX will of course capitalize on the excellence of our fundamental research. The whole projects submitted to the “Investments for Future” initiatives are either part of the IDEX project GUI+ (e.g. Equipex, Labex, IHU, Health biotechnology infrastructures) or closely related to it (e.g. IRT, IEED, SATT). A special feature of the alpine corridor ecosystem is to link strongly to national research organizations, and to ensure consistency between their national strategy and the local version they develop, especially through the IDEX project GUI+. The project ENIGMASS fits into this strategy, at the national and local level. High energy physics, cosmology, theoretical physics, are strong fields of excellence in the extended Grenoble. At the national level, the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, http://www.cnrs.fr), the largest research organization in Europe, carries out research in all fields of knowledge through ten institutes. LAPP, LPSC and LSM are part of the Nuclear Physics and Particle Physics National Institute (IN2P3) federating and coordinating at a national level, research activities on nuclear, particle and astroparticle physics. The 21 IN2P3
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laboratories form a firm, coordinated and well-organized network, able to manage and contribute to international projects. The ENIGMASS scientific programme fits exactly in the three strategic axes of the IN2P3, namely the understanding of the elementary constituents and their interactions, the structure of matter and complexity, and probing the universe in the quest for the origins. LAPTh as a theoretical physics laboratory is part of the Institute of Physics (INP) of CNRS. One of the strategic priorities of the INP is to establish synergies and interfaces in particular between physics, mathematics and technology and to contribute significantly to the physics of the extremely small (particle physics) and the extremely large (astroparticle and cosmology). These priorities are all well represented in the objectives of the ENIGMASS project. As a major actor in Research, Development and Innovation, the CEA (Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, http://www.cea.fr) addresses four major domains: low carbon energies, defence and security, information and health technologies. In each of these fields, the CEA maintains a cross-disciplinary culture of engineers and researchers, building on the synergies between fundamental research and technological innovation, and exceptional facilities. The CEA is itself a key partner of these large projects and large instruments, where fundamental physics issues are addressed.
At the local level, the emergence of a Labex gathering, within the alpine corridor, all laboratories involved in particle physics, cosmology and astrophysics, both experimental and theoretical, is strongly supported by the supervising universities and national research agencies. It is clearly a unique opportunity in the Rhône-Alpes region to constitute a strike force at the national and international level. The strong connection of this Labex to CERN and its international links is a strategic element of the PRES. The Labex ENIGMASS provides also the appropriate framework to support the underground Modane laboratory (LSM), exceptional world-class facility, and to create a very competitive international neutrino and dark matter observatory, open to other disciplines too.
3. FUNDING JUSTIFICATION The total cost of this project is 9 157 516 €. The following table summarizes the amounts allocated to the different activities. We have decided to focus the resources essentially on the research and educational projects, mainly on manpower. We have not included any scientific equipment cost, as it has been requested to the Equipex call through our HoMe proposal. In case HoMe is not accepted, this project will not be affected as it concentrates on physics analysis and R&D issues. Project resources should be available from CNRS for major detector constructions.
Category Cost % of Total Category Cost % of Total Research Project 5 485 790 € 62,30% Subcontracting 318 806 € 3,62% Educational Project 2 050 868 € 23,29% Travel Expenses 320 700 € 3,64% Valorisation 938 454 € 10,66% Other costs 264 914 € 3,01% Governance 330 192 € 3,75% Personnel 7 900 884 € 89,73% Total 8 805 304 € Total 8 805 304 € Overhead (4%) 352 212 € Overhead (4%) 352 212 € Grand total (€TTC) 9 157 516 € Grand total (€TTC) 9 157 516 €
3.1.1 RESEARCH PROJECT • Staff costs The aim of this project is to create an attractive scientific environment to address the mass problem through different angles. We therefore stress the need to increase the physicists’ potential. We will create two full chairs per year and a substantial number of months for visiting scientists. Our goal is to attract senior scientists on leave for few years or young very promising physicists who could join our laboratories permanently afterwards. To accompany each chair we foresee post docs, and students. To reinforce our groups, confirmed young physicists’ positions (more than 3 years of post doc) are also proposed. The summary of the requested resources is shown
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below on the left. On the right is shown the distribution over the duration of the project of the number of post- doctoral fellows, researchers and chairs supporting our existing groups.
Research Monthly Total Category cost Man.months Salaries Research chair 10 000 € 192 1 920 000 € Visiting scientist 3 000 € 384 1 152 000 € Non‐permanent researcher 4 495 € 216 970 920 € Post doctoral researcher 3 915 € 324 1 268 460 € Total 1116 5 311 380 € • Travel For each person we have accounted for his/her travel expenses, including the participation to international conferences, collaboration meetings and frequent travels to the experimental sites, 5 000 €/year for each chair and 1500 €/year for post docs and researchers. Research personnel travel expenses amount to a total of 147 500 €. • Other running costs The other costs are dedicated to the non-permanent personnel installation, mainly a personal computer and minor expenses (1 794 €/person) amounting to a total of 26 910 €.
3.1.2 TEACHING PROJECT • Staff costs The reinforcement of the physicist personnel through our chair and visiting scientists programme will greatly benefit the teaching project. Their costs have been included in the research program. Here we focus on the PhD students’ attraction. The aim is to attribute at least one student to every physicist detaining a Habilitation. This can’t be done today due to our limited financial resources. The additional resources attributed here aim to attract the best students across Europe. We have foreseen an additional, to existing staff, secretary in charge of housing and installation procedures in order to facilitate the foreign students’ integration. To support the Master 2 students a dedicated budget is foreseen. The educational activities personnel related costs are detailed in the following table:
Educational Monthly Man.month Category cost sTotal Salaries PhD student 2 751 €5041 386 504 € Master 2 student 398 €14457 312 € Non‐permanent technician 2 381 €96228 576 € Total cost 744 1 672 392 €
• Travel In the framework of our lectures’ programme we foresee to invite, external to the Labex and our laboratories, experts to give dedicated presentations and lectures. To support this activity we foresee 15 000 € per year. Students’ travel
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expenses for conferences, schools meetings etc., are also included and amount to a total of 42 000€ for the project duration. The global amount of travel expenses is 162 000 €. • Other running costs Running costs for improving the subatomic training facility at LPSC amounts to 191 360€. We have foreseen students’ installation costs, including a laptop and minor expenses, accounting for a total of 25 116 €. The total amount of other running costs is 216 476 €.
3.1.3 EXPLOITATION OF RESULTS AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER • Staff cost Almost two engineers per year are planned for transfer to industry activities. These persons are aware of the technical developments within our laboratories, and their role is to detect at an early stage of a technical project the possibility of technology transfer. They are in contact with researchers, university promotion structures and privileged industrial collaborators. The personnel related costs are 601 272 € corresponding to 168 man months salaries. • Subcontracting Outreach activities are foreseen to be developed with a specialized agency. We have already a successful collaboration experience for the PLANCK outreach, the LSM visitors centre and specific actions as the AMS take off announcement etc. The cost for few actions per year, exhibitions, event organization, etc. amounts to ~40 000 €, as can be seen in the attached quote. The total amount of subcontracting costs is 318 806 €. • Travel Technical meetings and contacts with the socio-economic partners are covered by a total cost of 11 200 €. • Other running costs We account for the valorisation engineers installation costs to 7 176 €. This includes a personal computer and minor expenses.
3.1.4 GOVERNANCE One administrative staff is planned for the governance support for the whole duration of the project. We wish to hire a senior administrator to handle internal and external calls of tender, and follow-up the financial matters. The total amount allocated is 315 840 € corresponding to a monthly full salary of 3 290 € and 96 man months. Other running costs have been planned for the organization of internal colloquiums and meetings accounting to a total of 14 352 €.
All the partners have earned in the past ANR and European projects averaging for ~1M€ per year. In the next 10 years a structure as the Labex if accepted will enhance our potential and credibility on answering future calls and we expect these resources to grow. The requested Equipex projects, HoMe and DOMUS will also generate if accepted their proper new resources. The HoMe requested equipment offers 25% availability for external industrial partners. If the planned Idex GUI+ proposal submitted by the PRES Université de Grenoble is successful additional funds are also expected.
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ANNEXE
1. Glossary ...... 1 2. State of the art references ...... 2 3. Partners’ publication record ...... 6 4. Price Quotations ...... 10 5. Commitment Letters ...... 11
1. GLOSSARY
ACAT : Advanced Computing and GW: Gravitational Waves Analysis Techniques HDR: Habilitation à Diriger les Recherches AdV : Advanced Virgo HESS: High Energy Stereoscopic System AERES: Agence d’Evaluation de la Recherche et Idex: Initiative d’Excellence de l’Enseignement Supérieur ILL: Institut Laue Langevin ALICE: A Large Ion Collider Experiment IN2P3: Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de AMS: Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer Physique des Particules Archeops : Is a balloon experiment looking for INP: Institut National de Physique anisotropies of the CMB INSERM: Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche ATLAS: A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS Médicale LSST: Large Synoptic Survey Telescope IRT: Institut de Recherche Technologique CEA: Centre de l’Energie Atomique et aux JLab: Jefferson Lab. (Thomas Jefferson National Energies Alternatives Accelerator Facility) CERN: European Organisation for Nuclear LAPP: Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique Research des Particules CETIM: Centre Technique des Industries LAPTh: Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique Mécaniques Théorique Chooz: was a long baseline neutrino oscillation LC: Linear Collider experiment in Chooz, France LEP: Large Electron Positron CIPHEA: Centre International de Physique des LHC :Large Hadron Collider Hautes Energies et d’Astrophysique LIGO :Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave CMB: Cosmic Microwave Background Observatory CMS: Compact Muon spectrometer LNCMI: Laboratoire National des Champs CNRS: Centre National de la Recherche Magnétiques Intenses Scientifique LPSC: Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de CREAM: Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass Cosmologie CTA: Cherenkov Telescope Array LSM: Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane DBD: Double Beta Decay MIMAC : A Micro-TPC Matrix of Chambers DM: Dark Matter Nomad: NeutrinoOscillationMAgneticDetector ESA: European Space Agency OPERA: Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking ESRF: European Synchroton Radiation Facility Apparatus EUSO : Extreme Universe Space Observatory PLANCK: is a space observatory of the European EWSB: Electroweak Symmetry Breaking Space Agency (ESA) and designed to observe the Fermi/LAT: Fermi Large Area Telescope anisotropies of the CMB GRANIT: Gravitational Neutron Induced Transitions PRES: Pôle de Recherche et d’Enseignement GUI+: Grenoble-Alpes Université de l'Innovation Supérieur
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QCD: Quantum ChromoDynamics SLAC: Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre QED: Quantum ElectroDynamics SM: Standard Model SATT: Sociétés d'Accélération du Transfert de T2K: Tokai to Kamioka (Neutrino experiment) Technologie
2. STATE OF THE ART REFERENCES A non-exhaustive selected list of state of the art references in connection with our project is given below. We have highlighted, in blue, those references which involve members of ENIGMASS.
a. Collider Physics
1. Precision electroweak measurements on the Z resonance. ALEPH Collaboration and DELPHI Collaboration and L3 Collaboration and OPAL Collaboration and SLD Collaboration and LEP Electroweak Working Group and SLD Electroweak Group and SLD Heavy flavour Group. Phys. Rept. 427:257 (2006). 2. The ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. ATLAS Collaboration. JINST3: S08003 (2008). 3. Perturbative QCD at the LHC PoS ICHEP2010 (2010) 556 arXiv:1103.1318 [hep-ph] 4. Hard interactions of quarks and gluons: a primer for LHC physics J M Campbell, J W Huston and W J Stirling 2007 Rep. Prog. Phys. 70 89 doi:10.1088/0034-4885/70/1/R02 5. Automation of one-loop QCD corrections V. Hirschi, R. Frederix, S. Frixione, M.V. Garzelli, F. Maltoni, R. Pittau, JHEP 1105 (2011) 044. [arXiv:1103.0621 [hep-ph]]. 6. General-purpose event generators for LHC physics Andy Buckley et al., Physics Reports, Volume 504, Issue 5, July 2011, Pages 145-233 7. Automatic calculations in high energy physics and GRACE at one-loop, G. Bélanger, F. Boudjema, J. Fujimoto, T. Ishikawa, T. Kaneko, K. Kato, Y. Shimizu Physics Reports, Volume 430, (2006) Pages 117-209. 8. A proposal for a standard interface between Monte Carlo tools and one-loop programs, T. Binoth et al, Comput.Phys.Commun. 181 (2010) 1612-1622 9. The anatomy of electroweak symmetry breaking. I. The Higgs boson in the standard model, A. Djouadi, Phys. Rep. 457 (2008) p.1 hep‐ph/0503172 10. Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 1. Inclusive Observables. LHC Higgs Working Group (S. Dittmaier et al.) Jan 2011. 153 pp. e-Print: arXiv:1101.0593 [hep-ph]. 11. Jet Substructure as a new Higgs search at the LHC, J.M. Butterworth, A.R. Davison, M. Rubin, G.P. Salam, Phys.Rev.Lett. 100 (2008) 242001 e-Print: arXiv:0802.2470. 12. New Physics at the LHC: A Les Houches Report. G. H. Brooijmans et al. (New Physics Working Group) (2008). . Les Houches 2007: Physics at TeV Colliders. 5th Les Houches Workshop on Physics at TeV Colliders 11–29 June 2007, Les Houches, France. pp. 363–489. 13. Physics Beyond the Standard Model: Supersymmetry. M.M. Nojiri et al, Contributed to 5th Les Houches Workshop on Physics, e-Print: arXiv:0802.3672 [hep-ph] SUSY searches at ATLAS, Caron, Sascha et al., arXiv:1106.1009 [hep-ex]. 14. The Hierarchy problem and new dimensions at a millimeter. Nima Arkani-Hamed, Savas Dimopoulos, G.R. Dvali. Phys.Lett.B429:263-272, 1998 [hep-ph/9803315]. 15. A Large mass hierarchy from a small extra dimension. Lisa Randall & Raman Sundrum.Phys.Rev.Lett.83:3370-3373, 1999 [hep-ph/9905221]. 16. Predictive Landscapes and New Physics at a TeV. N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos and S. Kachru, arXiv:hep-th/0501082. 17. Electroweak symmetry breaking from dimensional deconstruction. Nima Arkani-Hamed, Andrew G. Cohen, Howard Georgi. Phys.Lett.B513:232-240, 2001 [hep-ph/0105239]. 18. The Littlest Higgs. N. Arkani-Hamed, A.G. Cohen, E. Katz, A.E. Nelson. JHEP 0207:034, 2002 [hep- ph/0206021].
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19. Physics interplay of the LHC and the ILC. LHC/LC Study Group (G. Weiglein et al.) Phys.Rept. 426 (2006) 47-358 ; e-Print: hep-ph/0410364. 20. Flavor Physics in the Quark Sector M. Antonelli et al., Report of the CKM workshop, Rome 9-13th Sep. 2008, Physics Reports 494 (2010); arXiv:0907.5386v2 21. Flavour Visions, Andrzej J. Buras. Jun 2011. 18 pp. e-Print: arXiv:1106.0998 [hep-ph] 22. CP Violation and the CKM matrix: assessing the Impact of the Asymmetric B-factories. J. Charles et al. (CKMfitter). Eur. Phys.J.C41:1-131 (2005). 23. Observation of Bs0-Bs0bar Oscillations. CDF Collaboration (A. Abulencia). Phys. Rev. Lett 97, 242003 (2006). 24. Evidence for D0-D0bar Mixing. B. Aubert et al. (BaBar Collaboration). Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 211802 (2007).
b. Neutrinos 25. Models of neutrino masses and mixings, G. Altarelli and F. Feruglio, New J.Phys.6:106,2004, e-Print: hep-ph/0405048 26. A Measurement of Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillation Parameters by Super-Kamiokande I. Y. Ashie et al. Phys.Rev. D71 (2005) 112005, [hep-ex/0501064]. 27. Measurement of Neutrino Oscillation by the K2K Experiment. M.H. Ahn et al. Phys. Rev. D74 (2006) 072003, [hep-ex/0606032]. 28. Measurement of Neutrino Oscillations with the MINOS Detectors in the NuMI Beam. P. Adamson et al. Phys.Rev.Lett.101 (2008) 131802 and Phys. Rev. D82 (2010) 051102. 29. Observation of a first nutau candidate in the OPERA experiment in the CNGS beam. N. Agafonova et al. Phys.Lett. B691 (2010) 138. 30. Observables sensitive to absolute neutrino masses. G.L. Fogli et al. Phys. Rev. D 78, 033010 (2008) [arXiv:0805.2517v3]. 31. Next Challenge in Neutrino Physics: the theta_13 Angle. M. Mezzetto. (2009) [arXiv:0905.2842v1]. 32. Double Chooz, a Search for the Neutrino Mixing Angle theta-13. F. Ardelier et al. (2006) [arXiv:hep- ex/0606025v4]. 33. Daya Bay proposal. http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0701029. 34. Neutrinoless double beta-decay. S. M. Bilenky. [arXiv 1001.1946], 2010 and references therein. 35. Measurement of the double-beta decay half-life of 150Nd and search for neutrinoless decay modes with the NEMO-3 detector. J. Argyriades et al. Phys. Rev. C80 (2009) 032501, [arXiv:0810.0248]. 36. Measurement of double beta decay of 100Mo to excited states in the NEMO 3 experiment. R. Arnold et al. Nucl. Phys. A781 (2007) 209. Phenomenology with massive neutrinos M.C. Gonzalez-Garcia and M. Maltoni, Phys. Rept. 460, Issue 1-3, 2008, Pages 1-129 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2007.12.004 37. Accelerator neutrino beams Sacha E. Kopp Physics Reports, Volume 439, Issue 3, February 2007, Pages 101-159 38. Physics at a future Neutrino Factory and super-beam facility A Bandyopadhyay et al., 2009 Rep. Prog. Phys. 72 106201 doi:10.1088/0034-4885/72/10/106201 39. Massive neutrinos and cosmology, Article Julien Lesgourgues, Sergio Pastor Physics Reports, Volume 429, Issue 6, July 2006, Pages 307-379 40. Leptogenesis Sacha Davidson, Enrico Nardi, Yosef Nir Physics Reports, Volume 466, September 2008, Issues 4-5, Pages 105-178
c. Astroparticles and Cosmology
41. Particle Dark Matter: Observations, Models and Searches, edited by G.F. Bertone, Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 9780521763684, 762 p, Jan 2010. 42. Cosmological constraints from the SDSS luminous red galaxies. Tegmark, M et al.Phys. Rev. D 74, 123507 (2006).
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43. Seven-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Interpretation. E. Komatsu, et al [arXiv:1001.4538] (Jan 2010) 48p. 44. An excess of cosmic ray electrons at energies of 300-800 GeV. J. Chang, et al. Nature 456:362-365, 2008. 45. An anomalous positron abundance in cosmic rays with energies 1.5-100 GeV. PAMELA 46. On possible interpretations of the high energy electron-positron spectrum measured by the Fermi Large Area Telescope. FERMI-LAT Collaboration. Astropart.Phys.32:140-151, 2009 [arXiv:0905.0636]. 47. Dark Matter Search Results from the CDMS II Experiment. The CDMS-II Collaboration. Science 327:1619-1621, 2010 [arXiv:0912.3592]. 48. DarkSUSY: Computing supersymmetric dark matter properties numerically. P. Gondolo, J. Edsjo, P. Ullio, L. Bergstrom, Mia Schelke, E.A. Baltz. JCAP 0407:008, 2004 [astro-ph/0406204]. 49. MicrOMEGAs 2.0: A Program to calculate the relic density of dark matter in a generic model. G. Belanger, F. Boudjema, A. Pukhov, A. Semenov. Comput.Phys.Commun.176:367-382, 2007 [hep- ph/0607059]. 50. From precision cosmology to fundamental physics Fabio Iocco, Gianpiero Mangano, Gennaro Miele, Ofelia Pisanti, Pasquale D. Serpico Physics Reports, Volume 472, Issues 1-6, March 2009, Pages 1-76. 51. Baryon Acoustic Oscillations in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 Galaxy Sample, SDS Collaboration (Reid, Beth A. et al.) Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc. 401 (2010) 2148-2168 . arXiv:0907.1660 [astro- ph.CO] 52. Requirements on collider data to match the precision of wmap on supersymmetric dark matter., B.C. Allanach, G. Bélanger, F. Boudjema and A. Pukhov , JHEP 0412 (2004) 020. 53. Positrons from dark matter annihilation in the galactic halo: Theoretical uncertainties. T. Delahaye, R. Lineros, F. Donato, N. Fornengo, P. Salati. Phys.Rev.D77:063527, 2008 [arXiv:0712.2312]. 54. Energy Spectrum of Cosmic-Ray Electrons at TeV Energies. Aharonian F, Akhperjanian AG, Barres de Almeida U, et al. Physical Review Letters. Volume: 101; Issue: 26; Article Number: 261104; Published: DEC 31 2008 55. Listening to the Universe with gravitational wave astronomy, S.A. Hughe, arXiv:astro-ph/0210481v3 56. The commissioning of the central interferometer of the Virgo gravitational wave detector. Acernese F, Amico P, Arnaud N, et al. Astroparticle Physics. Volume: 21; Issue: 1; Pages: 1-22 Published: APR 200. 57. Detailed comparison of LIGO and Virgo inspiral pipelines in preparation for a joint search. Beauville F, Bizouard MA, Blackburn L, et al. Classical And Quantum Gravity. Volume: 25; Issue: 4; Article Number: 045001; Published: FEB 21 2008. 58. Exploring short Gamma-ray bursts as gravitational wave standard sirens, Samaya Nissanke et al. 2010 ApJ 725 496. 59. What is the Most Promising Electromagnetic Counterpart of a Neutron Star Binary Merger? Brian D. Metzger, Edo Berger arXiv:1108.6056 60. Inflation in loop quantum cosmology: dynamics and spectrum of gravitational waves, J.Mielczarek, T. Cailleteau, J. Grain and A. Barrau, Phys. Rev. D81 (2010) 104049.
d. Gauge theories, Wilson loops & integrability, String Theory
61. Large N Field Theories, String Theory and Gravity, Ofer Aharony. Steven S. Gubser, Juan M. Maldacena, Hirosi Ooguri, Yaron Oz, Phys.Rept.323:183-386, 2000. 62. Conformal Ward identities forWilson loops and a test of the dualitywith gluon amplitudes. J.M. Drummond, J.Henn, G. P. Korchemsky, and E. Sokatchev, Nuclear Physics B, vol. 826, no. 1-2, pp. 337– 364, 2009 63. Magic identities for conformal four-point integrals. J. M. Drummond, J. Henn, V. A. Smirnov, and E. Sokatchev, Journal of High Energy Physics, no. 1, article 064, 2007. 64. Gluon scattering amplitudes at strong coupling. L. F. Alday and J. M. Maldacena, JHEP 0706, 064
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(2007), arxiv:0705.0303. 65. Perturbative gauge theory as a string theory in twistor space. E. Witten, Commun. Math. Phys. 252, 189 (2004), hep-th/0312171. 66. New Recursion Relations for Tree Amplitudes of Gluons. R. Britto, F. Cachazo and B. Feng, Nucl. Phys. B715, 499 (2005), hep-th/0412308. 67. The S-Matrix in Twistor Space. N. Arkani-Hamed, F. Cachazo, C. Cheung and J. Kaplan, 68. From correlation functions to Wilson loops. L. F. Alday, B. Eden, G. P. Korchemsky, J. Maldacena and E. Sokatchev, arxiv:1007.3243. 69. The All-Loop Integrand For Scattering Amplitudes in Planar N=4 SYM. N. Arkani-Hamed, J. L. Bourjaily, F. Cachazo, S. Caron-Huot and J. Trnka, “arxiv:1008.2958. 70. The Complete Planar S-matrix of N=4 SYM as a Wilson Loop in Twistor Space. L. Mason and D. Skinner, arxiv:1009.2225. 71. Scattering amplitudes, Wilson loops and the string/gauge theory correspondence Luis F. Alday, Radu Roiban Phys. Rept. Volume 468, Issue 5, November 2008, Pages 153-212 72. de Sitter Vacua in String Theory. S. Kachru, R. Kallosh, A. Linde and S. P. Trivedi, Phys.Rev.D68:046005,2003, arXiv:hep-th/0301240.
e. Theories of Gravity
73. Quantum Gravity. Carlo Rovelli, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2005). 74. Modern Canonical General Relativity, Thomas Thiemann, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2007). 75. Mathematical strucure of loop quantum gravity. Abhay Ashtekar, Marton Bojowald, Jerzy Lewandowski, Adv.Theor.Math.Phys. 7 (2003) 233-268. 76. Absence of singularity in Loop Quantum Cosmology. Martin Bojowald, Phys.Rev.Lett.86:5227-5230, 2001. 77. Quantum Nature of the Big Bang. Abhay Ashtekar, Tomasz Pawlowski, Parempreet Singh, Phys.Rev.Lett.96:141301, 2006. 78. Cosmological footprints of loop quantum gravity. Julien Grain and Aurelien Barrau, Phys.Rev.Lett.102:081301, 2009. 79. Approaches to understanding cosmic acceleration Alessandra Silvestri and Mark Trodden 2009 Rep. Prog. Phys. 72 096901 doi:10.1088/0034-4885/72/9/096901 . 80. How far are we from the quantum theory of gravity? R P Woodard, 2009 Rep. Prog. Phys. 72 126002 doi:10.1088/0034-4885/72/12/126002. 81. Critical overview of loops and foams Sergei Alexandrov, Philippe Roche Phys. rept, Volume 506, Issues 3-4, Pages 41-86. 82. Cosmic rays and the search for a Lorentz Invariance Violation Wolfgang Bietenholz Physics Reports, Volume 505, Issue 5, August 2011, Pages 145-185. 83. On the origin of gravity and the laws of Newton, E.P. Verlinde, JHEP 1104:029 (2011), arXiv:1001.0785.
f. Cold Neutrons
84. The Physics of Ultracold Neutrons. V.K. Ignatovich. Oxford University Press (1990). 85. Ultra-Cold Neutrons. R. Golub, D. Richardson, S.K. Lamoreaux. Adam Higler (1991). 86. Quantum states of neutrons in the Earth’s gravitational field? V.V. Nesvizhevsky, H.G. Börner, A.K. Petukhov, H. Abele, S. Bäßler, F.J. Rueß,Th. Stöferle, A. Westphal, A.M. Gagarski, G.A. Petrov, and A.V. Strelkov. Nature 415:297-299 (2002). 87. Constraint on the coupling of axion like particles to matter via an ultracold neutron gravitational experiment. S. Bäßler, V.V. Nesvizhevsky, K.V. Protasov, and A.Yu. Voronin.Phys. Rev. D 75, 075006
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(2007). 88. On gravity as an entropic force, M. Chaichian, M. Oksanen and A. Tureanu, arXiv:1104.4650
3. PARTNERS’ PUBLICATION RECORD We will highlight in blue publications where members of at least two laboratories are authors.
i. LAPP
89. Measurement of the CP asymmetry amplitude sin2 beta with B-0 mesons. Aubert B, Boutigny D, Gaillard JM, et al. Physical Review Letters. Volume:89; Issue:20 (2002). 90. Search for the rare decays Bsmu mu and Bd mu mu. The LHCb Collaboration (R. Aaij et al.), Phys.Lett. B699 (2011) 330-340 e-Print: arXiv:1103.2465 [hep-ex]. 91. Anatomy of New Physics in B-Bbar mixing A. Lenz, U. Nierst, and CKMfitter Group (J. Charles/ et al.), Phys.Rev. D83 (2011) 036004 e-Print: arXiv:1008.1593 [hep-ph]. 92. A multivariate analysis approach for the Imaging Atmospheric Cerenkov Telescopes System H.E.S.S. F. Dubois, G. Lamanna and A. Jacholkowska, Astroparticle Physics 32 (2009) 73–88. 93. Search for a Dark matter annihilation signal from the Galactic Center halo with H.E.S.S. H.E.S.S. collaboration, A. Abramowski et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (2011) 161301. 94. CTA Large Size Telescope –LST. M. Teshima et al. for the CTA Consortium - Proceedings 32nd ICRC Beijing 2011. 95. Search for Lorentz Invariance breaking with a likelihood fit of the PKS 2155-304 Flare Data Taken on MJD 53944. H.E.S.S. collaboration, A. Abramowski et al. Astroparticle Physics 34 (2011) 738. 96. Search for gravitational-wave inspiral signals associated with short gamma-ray bursts during LIGO's fifth and Virgo's first science run. J. Abadie et al. 2010 ApJ 715 1453. 97. Implementation and testing of the first prompt search for electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational wave transcients. The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration: J. Abadie et al. http://arxiv.org/abs/1109.3498. 98. The Low-Latency search for Binary Inspirals and their Electromagnetic Counterparts in LIGO S6 and Virgo VSR3. The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration, in preparation. 99. First events from the CNGS neutrino beam detected in the OPERA experiment. Acquafredda R, Agafonova N, Ambrosio M, et al. New Journal Of Physics. Volume: 8( 2006). 100. Observation of a first nutau candidate event in the OPERA experiment in the CNGS beam. Agafonova N, Aleksandrov A, Altinok O, et al. Physics Letters B. Volume: 691; Issue: 3; (2010) Pages: 138-145. 101. Measurement of the atmospheric muon charge ratio with the OPERA detector. Agafonova N, Anokhina A, Aoki S, et al. European Physical Journal C. Volume: 67; Issue: 1-2; (2010) Pages: 25-37. 102. MICROMEGAS chambers for hadronic calorimetry at a future linear collider. Adloff C., Attie D., Blaha J., Cap S., Chefdeville M., Colas P., Dalmaz A., Drancourt C., Espargilière A., Gaglione R., Gallet R., Geffroy N., Giomataris I., Jacquemier J., Karyotakis Y., Peltier F., Prast J., Vouters G. JINST 4 (2009) P11023; in2p3- 00419201. 103. Response of the CALICE Si-W electromagnetic calorimeter physics prototype to electrons. Boumediene D., Adloff C., Karyotakis Y. et al., CALICE Collaboration. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A608 (2009) 372-383. 104. The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station: Part I - results from the test flight on the space shuttle. Aguilar M, Alcaraz J, Allaby J, et al. Physics Reports-Review Section of Physics Letters. Volume:366; Issue:6; (2002) Pages:331-405. 105. Cosmic-ray positron fraction measurement from 1 to 30 GeV with AMS-01. Aguilar M, Alcaraz J, Allaby J, et al. Physics Letters B. Volume: 646; (2007) Issue: 4; Pages: 145-154.
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106. Protons in near earth orbit. Alcaraz J, Alvisi D, Alpat B, et al. Physics Letters B. Volume: 472; Issue: 1-2; (2000) Pages: 215-226. 107. Measurement of the inclusive W± and Z cross sections in the electron and muon decay channels in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector. ATLAS Collaboration arXiv:1109.5141, Submitted to Physical Review D (23 September 2011). 108. Search for the Standard Model Higgs boson in the two photon decay channel with the ATLAS detector at the LHC / ATLAS Collaboration arXiv:1108.5895 submitted to PLB (30 August 2011). 109. Measurement of the inclusive isolated prompt photon cross-section in pp collisions at s√= 7 TeV using 35 pb−1 of ATLAS data arXiv:1107.5003 submitted to PLB (1 August 2011). 110. Measurement of isolated di-photon cross-section in pp collision at s√=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector. arXiv:1107.0581 submitted to PRD (4 July 2011). 111. Search for Diphoton Events with Large Missing Transverse Energy with 36 pb−1 of 7 TeV Proton-Proton Collision Data with the ATLAS Detector. arXiv:1107.0561 accepted by EPJC (submitted 4 July 2011).
ii. LSPC
112. Correlation of the highest-energy cosmic rays with nearby extragalactic objects. Abraham J, Abreu P, Aglietta M, et al. Science. Volume: 318; Issue: 5852; Pages: 938-943 (2007) 113. Correlation of the highest-energy cosmic rays with the positions of nearby active galactic nuclei. Abraham J, Abreu P, Aglietta M, et al. Astroparticle Physics. Volume: 29 ; Issue: 3; Pages: 188-204 (2008) 114. Observation of the suppression of the flux of cosmic rays above 4x1019 eV. Abraham J, Abreu P, Aglietta M, et al. P Physical Review Letters. Volume: 101; Issue: 6 (2008) 115. Search for neutral MSSM Higgs bosons at LEP. Schael S, Barate R, Bruneliere R, et al. European Physical Journal C. Volume: 47; Issue: 3; Pages: 547-587 (2006). 116. Cosmic protons. Alcaraz J, Alpat B, Ambrosi G, et al. Physics Letters B. Volume: 490; Issue: 1-2; Pages: 27- 35 (2000) 117. Leptons in near earth orbit. Alcaraz J, Alpat B, Ambrosi G, et al. Physics Letters B. Volume: 484; Issue: 1-2; Pages: 10-22 (2000). 118. Protons in near earth orbit. Alcaraz J, Alvisi D, Alpat B, et al. Physics Letters B. Volume: 472; Issue: 1-2; Pages: 215-226 (2006). 119. Supersymmetry parameter analysis: SPA convention and project. Aguilar-Saavedra JA, Ali A, Allanach BC, et al. European Physical Journal C. Volume: 46; Issue: 1; Pages: 43-60 (2006). 120. Cosmological footprints of loop quantum gravity. Julien Grain and Aurelien Barrau, Phys.Rev.Lett.102:081301, (2009). 121. Cosmological constraints from Archeops. Benoit A, Ade P, Amblard A, et al. Astronomy & Astrophysics. Volume: 399; Issue: 3; Pages: L25-L30 (2003). 122. The upgraded DO detector. Abazov VM, Abbott B, Abolins M, et al. Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors And Associated Equipment. Volume: 378; 565; Issue: 1-2; Pages: 57-100; 463-537 (2006). 123. A precision measurement of the mass of the top quark. Abazov VM, Abbott B, Abdesselam A, et al. Nature. Volume: 429; Issue: 6992; Pages: 638-642 (2004). 124. Direct limits on the B-s(0) oscillation frequency. Abazov VM, Abbott B, Abolins M, et al. Physical Review Letters. Volume: 97; Issue: 2 Article Number: 021802 (2006). 125. Measurement of the W Boson Mass. Abazov VM, Abbott B, Abolins M, et al. Physical Review Letters. Volume: 103; Issue: 14 Article Number: 141801 (2006). 126. The ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Aad G, Abat E, Abdallah J, et al. Journal Of Instrumentation. Volume: 3 Article Number: S08003 (2008). 127. The ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC. Aamodt K, Quintana AA, Achenbach R, et al. Journal of Instrumentation. Volume: 3 Article Number: S08002 (2008). 128. Final results on the neutrino magnetic moment from the MUNU experiment. Daraktchieva Z, Amsler C,
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Avenier A, et al. Physics Letters B. Volume: 615; Issue: 3-4; Pages: 153-159 (2005). 129. Constraint on the coupling of axionlike particles to matter via an ultracold neutron gravitational experiment. Baessler S, Nesvizhevsky VV, Protasov KV, et al. Physical Review D. Volume: 75; Issue: 7 Article Number: 075006 (2007). 130. Study of the neutron quantum states in the gravity field. Nesvizhevsky VV, Petukhov AK, Borner HG, et al. European Physical Journal C. Volume: 40; Issue: 4; Pages: 479-491 (2005). 131. Measurement of quantum states of neutrons in the Earth's gravitational field. Nesvizhevsky VV, Borner HG, Gagarski AM, et al. Source: Physical Review D. Volume: 67; Issue: 10 Article Number: 102002 (2003). 132. Neutron whispering gallery. Nesvizhevsky VV, Voronin AY, Cubitt R, et al. Nature Physics. Volume: 6; Issue: 2; Pages: 49-52 (2010).
iii. LAPTh
133. Automatic calculations in high energy physics and Grace at one-loop. G. Belanger, F. Boudjema, J. Fujimoto, T. Ishikawa, T. Kaneko, K. Kato and Y. Shimizu, Phys. Rept 430, 117 (2006). 134. A proposal for a standard interface between Monte Carlo tools and one-loop programs. T. Binoth et al,.Comput. Phys. Commun. 181, 1612 (2010). 135. Automatised full one-loop renormalisation of the MSSM I: The Higgs sector, the issue of tan(beta) and gauge invariance. N. Baro, F. Boudjema and A. Semenov. Phys. Rev. D78, 115003 (2008). 136. An algebraic/numerical formalism for one-loop multi-leg amplitudes. T. Binoth, J. P. Guillet, G. Heinrich, E. Pilon and C. Schubert, JHEP0510, 015 (2005) 137. Golem95: a numerical program to calculate one-loop tensor integrals with up to six external legs. T. Binoth, J. P. Guillet, G. Heinrich, E. Pilon and T. Reiter. Comput. Phys. Commun. 180, 2317 (2009). 138. Hexagon Wilson loop = six-gluon MHV amplitude. J. M. Drummond, J.M. Henn, G. P. Korchemsky and E. Sokatchev. Nucl. Phys. B815, 142 (2009). 139. Conformal Ward identities for Wilson loops and a test of the duality with gluon amplitudes. J. M. Drummond, J.M. Henn, G. P. Korchemsky and E. Sokatchev. Nucl. Phys. B826, 337 (2010). 140. Conformal properties of four-gluon planar amplitudes and Wilson loops. G. P. Korchemsky, J. M. Drummond and E. Sokatchev. Nucl. Phys. B795, 385 (2008). 141. Yangian symmetry of scattering amplitudes in N=4 super Yang-Mills theory. J. M. Drummond, J. M. Henn and J. Plefka.JHEP 0905, 046 (2009). 142. Relic density of neutralino dark matter in the MSSM with CP violation. G. Belanger, F. Boudjema, S. Kraml, A. Pukhov and A. Semenov (with LPSC). Phys. Rev. D73, 115007 (2006). 143. MicrOMEGAs2.0: A program to calculate the relic density of dark matter in a generic model. G. Belanger, F. Boudjema, A. Pukhov and A. Semenov.Comput. Phys. Commun. 176, 367 (2007). 144. Indirect search for dark matter with micrOMEGAs2.4. G. Belanger, F. Boudjema, P. Brun, A. Pukhov, S. Rosier-Lees, P. Salati and A. Semenov. 145. Positrons from dark matter annihilation in the galactic halo: theoretical uncertainties. T. Delahaye, R. Lineros, F. Donato, N. Fornengo and P. Salati. Phys. Rev. D77, 063527 (2008). 146. Constraints on WIMP Dark Matter from the High Energy PAMELA p/pbar data. F. Donato, D. Maurin, P. Brun, T. Delahaye and P. Salati. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 071301 (2009). 147. Pulsars as the Sources of High Energy Cosmic Ray Positrons. D. Hooper, P. Blasi and P. D. Serpico. JCAP 0901, 025 (2009). 148. Primordial Nucleosynthesis: from precision cosmology to fundamental physics. F. Iocco, G. Mangano, G. Miele, O. Pisanti and P. D. Serpico.Phys. Rept. 472, 1 (2009). 149. Massive neutrinos and cosmology. J. Lesgourgues and S. Pastor. Phys. Rept.429, 307 (2006). 150. Physics at a future Neutrino Factory and super-beam facility. A. Bandyopadhyay et al. [ISS Physics Working Group],]. Rept. Prog. Phys. 72, 106201 (2009). 151. Probing neutrino masses with future galaxy redshift surveys. J. Lesgourgues, S. Pastor and L. Perotto. Phys. Rev. D70, 045016 (2004).
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152. Probing cosmological parameters with the CMB: Forecasts from full Monte Carlo simulations. L. Perotto, J. Lesgourgues, S. Hannestad, H. Tu and Y. Y. Y. Wong. JCAP 0610, 013 (2006).
iv. LSM 153. Measurement of the background in the nemo3 double beta decay experiment. J.Argyriades et al.. NEMO Collaboration. Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A606: 449-465, 2009. 154. Measurement of double beta decay of mo-100 to excited states in the nemo 3 experiment. R. Arnold et al. Nucl.Phys.A781: 209-226, 2007. 155. Limits on different majoron decay modes of mo-100 and se-82 for neutrinoless double beta decays in the nemo-3 experiment. R. Arnold et al. Nucl.Phys.A765: 483-494, 2006. 156. The SuperNEMO project. F. Piquemal. Phys.Atom.Nucl, vol. 69, No. 12, pp2096-2100, 2006. 157. First results of the search of neutrinoless double beta decay with the nemo 3 detector. R.Arnold et al. Phys.Rev.Lett.95: 182302, 2005. 158. Study of 2b-decay of mo-100 and se-82 using the nemo3 detector. R. Arnold et al. JETP Lett.80: 377-381, 2004. Pisma Zh.Eksp.Teor.Fiz.80: 429-433, 2004. 159. Technical design and performance of the nemo 3 detector. R. Arnold et al. Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A536: 79- 122, 2005. 160. Topical Workshop on Low Radioactivity Techniques, LRT 2006.Editor Pia Loaiza, AIP Conference Proceedings 897, (2007). 161. Low radioactivity at the Modane Underground Laboratory. P. Loaiza. AIP Conf. Proc. 785: 100-103, (2005).
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4. PRICE QUOTATIONS
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5. COMMITMENT LETTERS The table below presents all the organizations supporting the ENIGMASS project. This project follows last’s year project named OSUTI after a thematic refocusing. We therefore have used in some case support letters from last year which refer to OSUTI.
Name and position of the signatory Structure Philippe BAPTISTE Directeur scientifique référent CNRS Supervising institution Jacques MARTINO Directeur de l’IN2P3 Gilbert Angénieux Supervising institution Président de l’UdS Bernard ACCOYER Président de l’Assemblée Nationale, Elected authoritiy Député de Haute-Savoie, Maire d’Annecy–le-Vieux Rolf HEUER Laboratory (Europe) Directeur général du CERN Tatsuya Nakada Former LHCb spokesman
Aurelio Bay Laboratory (Switzerland) Director of LPHE
Minh Quang Tran Director of IPEP (EPFL Lausanne) Frank Linde Laboratory (Netherlands) Director of NIKHEF Roberto Petronzio Laboratory (Italy) President of INFN
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