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Thesis Front Matter NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Takht-e-Soleyman and Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump: The Recognition and Conservation of World Heritage Cultural Landscapes by Shabnam Inanloo Dailoo A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN CALGARY, ALBERTA June, 2009 © Shabnam Inanloo Dailoo 2009 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-54425-9 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-54425-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n’y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Abstract This research emphasizes that cultural landscapes are places where tangible and intangible values are integrated, where cultural and natural characteristics of place are subject to change over time, and where people and places are interconnected. They are places characterized by use and continuity. This research examines the factors that contribute to the identification, conservation and management of cultural landscapes and to an understanding of how their conservation affects the critical relationship between culture and nature. It proves that while scholarly literature and institutional guidelines are available to help define, identify and evaluate cultural landscapes, research is weak with respect to their management. Despite the broadening of the concept of cultural landscape during the last two decades, there is a critical need to further develop this concept and to integrate it into a values-based management approach as well as into national legislation. The study of two examples from Canada and Iran highlights the shortcomings of the application of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention and demonstrates the complexities of identifying, designating and conserving cultural landscapes at national and international levels. Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump and Takht-e-Soleyman illustrate how a lack of recognition of values and inadequate and often inappropriate legal frameworks at different levels of government have resulted in significant management and conservation challenges. The research concludes that cultural landscapes are not protected and are under threat because of a misapplication of theory in practice, and because of a lack of understanding of the concept of cultural landscape and its categories in local and cultural iii contexts. Improvements could be achieved by recognizing the complexities and challenges of large-scale, multi-layered cultural landscapes, and by introducing new approaches and perspectives into the broader field of heritage conservation. The development of reference models would illustrate the challenges of applying the concept of cultural landscape in conservation practice and of promoting the application of an integrated and holistic approach for similar heritage properties with tangible and intangible, and cultural and natural values. The conceptual framework that emerges out of this study is intended to be ultimately applied in practice. iv Acknowledgements I would like to extend my greatest appreciation to my supervisory committee members, Dr. Michael McMordie, Dr. Frits Pannekoek, and Dr. Dianne Draper who supported me tirelessly and endlessly. Their encouragement, enthusiasm and commitment made it easier for me to manage what at times seemed an overwhelming task. I am grateful to my supervisor, Dr. McMordie, for his insight, expertise and guidance throughout this research and for his faith in my work; to Dr. Pannekoek for his knowledge, inspiration and dedication, and for his time, patience and many invaluable comments; and to Dr. Draper for her insight, motivation and kindness. I would also like to thank my examiners Mr. Francois LeBlanc and Dr. Donald Smith for their valuable time and effort. It has been an honor to have them as a part of this research. In addition, I would like to recognize Dr. Michael Quinn, who acted as neutral chair for the oral examination. My deep gratitude goes out to the many individuals who took time to meet with me and participated in interviews for this research, graciously contributing their expertise, assistance and encouragement to this dissertation. I would also like to thank all the government agencies and private sector organizations in Iran and Canada that provided information, knowledge and assistance. I especially thank Dr. Christina Cameron who provided the opportunity to take this research to an international level. I gratefully acknowledge friends who helped me with this research for their support and insightful comments, especially Susan Buggey and Stephanie Westlund, for giving their time and making constructive and useful comments. I am grateful to all my v friends in Iran and Canada, as well as the EVDS faculty and staff, for their endless support. I would also like to thank my mother and father, Zahra and Asad, for their endless love, support and constant encouragement and for their confidence in me. I greatly appreciated their many phone calls throughout this journey, which made me feel less far from home, and for being readily available in times of difficulty. I also offer grateful thanks to my parents-in-law for all their kindness, support and encouragement. I am indebted to my husband, Alireza Farrokhi, for his love, spirit, knowledge, and for believing in me. Without his active help, encouragement and support, this dissertation would most certainly have not been completed. Alireza offered professional advice and discussed, debated and commented on all aspects of the research. I am more grateful than I can express to my daughter, Pardis, who has been my inspiration, for her endless love and patience, for bearing with me, offering help with her little hands, and being such wonderful company during this research and its many travels. vi To Pardis, my beautiful daughter and Paradise. vii Table of Contents Approval Page..................................................................................................................... ii Abstract.............................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................v Dedication………………………………………..……………………………………….vii Table of Contents............................................................................................................. viii List of Tables ................................................................................................................... xiii List of Figures and Illustrations ....................................................................................... xiv List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................. xvi Epigraph………………………………………………………………………………...xvii CHAPTER ONE: THE RESEARCH AND ITS CONTEXT..............................................1 1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................1 1.2 Research Problem ......................................................................................................4 1.3 Research Purpose.......................................................................................................7 1.4 Importance of the Research .....................................................................................11 1.5 Organization of the dissertation...............................................................................13 CHAPTER TWO: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................16 2.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................16
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