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PART II: CUVELAI AREA of NAMIBIA INTERIM REPORT No. 1: WATER

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` REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, WATER AND FORESTRY EoI 1/18/2 – 02/2011 A PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY INTO: THE AUGMENTATION OF WATER SUPPLY TO THE CENTRAL AREA OF NAMIBIA AND THE CUVELAI PART II: CUVELAI AREA OF NAMIBIA INTERIM REPORT No. 1: WATER DEMANDS AND WATER RESOURCES 25 JULY 2014 SUBMITTED BY: IN JOINT VENTURE WITH WITH SUB-CONSULTANTS ENVES AND OTHERS THE AUGMENTATION OF WATER SUPPLY TO THE CENTRAL AREA OF NAMIBIA AND THE CUVELAI PART II: THE CUVELAI AREA OF NAMIBIA PREFACE Namibia is an arid country where water supply is the primary limiting factor to development. As with most parts of the country, both the Central and the Cuvelai Areas of Namibia experience an annual water deficit since evaporation rates far exceed the average annual rainfall. Both the Central Area of Namibia and the Cuvelai area play very important roles in the social and economic development of the country, as both areas experience population and economic growth rates well above the average for Namibia. Both areas are prone (presently and in the near future) to water supply interruptions which would jeopardise prospective new economic growth. Most of the water sources within the Central Area of Namibia and the Cuvelai have been developed and are nearing the limit of their supply potential. Further development and growth in both the CAN and the Cuvelai, and by extension in Namibia as a whole, is dependent on securing the long-term water supply for current and prospective future consumers. Failure to ensure adequate water supplies to these areas will result in reduced economic activity with serious social and economic consequences for the continued development of Namibia and its people (WTC, 1997a). The long-term water security for the Central Area of Namibia and the Cuvelai area and their inhabitants necessitates a further investigation into alternative, additional and / or new sources of supply. Such an investigation must be undertaken and the recommended measures implemented before any shortfall occurs, which on the basis of recent demand modelling, is projected to occur around 2020, provided that the Windhoek Managed Aquifer Recharge project is fully developed as soon as possible (for the Central Area of Namibia). The main objective of this Pre-Feasibility Study is to examine all the nominally feasible options for augmenting the water supply to the Central and the Cuvelai Areas of Namibia where existing sources might become inadequate in the near future. In terms of alleviating the supply shortfalls which are expected to occur in the future, additional water sources are to be examined on the basis of augmentation and back-up – i.e. whether the proposed source and / or scheme is to serve for augmentation and / or supply, is to be investigated. This Pre-Feasibility Study will be undertaken in three main phases as follows: 1. Phase 1: Investigations and Water Demands, 2. Phase 2: Modelling and Concept Schemes, 3. Phase 3: Engineering and Environmental Evaluations. The Interim Reports No. 1, submitted in two parts; Part I which deals with the Central Area of Namibia and Part II which deals with the Cuvelai Area of Namibia, mark the milestones for the conclusion of Phase 1 of the Pre-Feasibility Study. Interim Reports No. 1 provide details of the water demands in and water resources currently and potentially available to the Central and Cuvelai Areas of Namibia. Preface I THE AUGMENTATION OF WATER SUPPLY TO THE CENTRAL AREA OF NAMIBIA AND THE CUVELAI PART II: THE CUVELAI AREA OF NAMIBIA INDEX TO ALL VOLUMES The Interim Reports for Phase 1 of this Pre-Feasibility Study are submitted in two parts; Part I deals with the Central Area of Namibia and Part II deals with the Cuvelai Area of Namibia. Part I: Central Area of Namibia Part II: Cuvelai Area of Namibia Volume 1 Volume 1 Chapter 1 Project Background Chapter 1 Project Background Chapter 2 Overview of Namibia Chapter 2 Overview of Namibia Chapter 3 Introduction to the Central Area of Chapter 3 Introduction to the Cuvelai Area of Namibia Namibia Chapter 4 Water Resources and Supply Chapter 4 Water Resources Available to the Infrastructure in the Central Area Cuvelai Area of Namibia Chapter 5 Water Demand Projections in the Chapter 5 Water Supply Infrastructure in the Central Area of Namibia Cuvelai Area Chapter 6 Water Demands Along the Chapter 6 Historic Water Consumption in the Eastern National Water Carrier Cuvelai Area Chapter 7 Water Demands Supplied by the Chapter 7 Water Demands in the Cuvelai Area Von Bach Water Treatment Plant Chapter 8 Raw Water Demands: Von Bach – Chapter 13 Approval of Report and Swakoppoort – Okongava and Recommendations Navachab Mine Chapter 9 Water Demands Supplied by the Karibib Water Treatment Plant Chapter 10 Other Towns and Centres not Linked to the Central Area Water Supply System Chapter 11 Other Towns with own Water Resources not Linked to the CAN System Chapter 12 Summary of Water Demands in the Central Area of Namibia Chapter 13 Approval of Report and Recommendations Index to All Volumes I THE AUGMENTATION OF WATER SUPPLY TO THE CENTRAL AREA OF NAMIBIA AND THE CUVELAI PART II: THE CUVELAI AREA OF NAMIBIA CONTENTS PREFACE I INDEX TO ALL VOLUMES I CONTENTS i TABLES IN TEXT vi FIGURES IN TEXT ix ABBREVIATIONS xii GLOSSARY OF TERMS xvii REFERENCES xxi CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 1-1 1.1.1 Project Advertisement and Award 1-1 1.1.2 Engineering, Environmental and Social Consultants and External Reviewers 1-2 1.2 PROJECT AREA 1-3 1.2.1 The Central Area of Namibia 1-5 1.2.2 The Cuvelai Area of Namibia 1-6 1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE 1-7 1.4 OVERALL PROJECT APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 1-7 1.4.1 Overall Project Methodology 1-7 1.4.2 Underlying Approach to this Study 1-8 1.4.3 Planning Horizon 1-8 1.4.4 Client Liaison 1-9 CHAPTER 2 : OVERVIEW OF NAMIBIA 2-1 2.1 OVERVIEW OF NAMIBIA 2-1 2.1 CLIMATE AND GEOLOGY 2-1 2.2.1 The Climatic Systems of Southern Africa 2-1 2.2.2 The Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification 2-2 2.2.3 Rainfall 2-4 2.2.4 Temperature 2-7 2.2.5 Evaporation of Water Deficit 2-7 2.2.6 Geology, Elevation, Relief and Soils 2-9 2.3 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS 2-13 2.3.1 Namibia's Population 2-13 2.3.2 Analysis of Population and Income Levels 2-15 2.3.3 The Effect of HIV/AIDS on Population Growth (UNDP Website 2014) 2-16 2.3.4 Population Growth Rates 2-17 Table of Contents i THE AUGMENTATION OF WATER SUPPLY TO THE CENTRAL AREA OF NAMIBIA AND THE CUVELAI PART II: THE CUVELAI AREA OF NAMIBIA CONTENTS (continued) 2.4 WATER RESOURCES 2-20 2.4.1 Surface Water 2-20 2.4.2 Groundwater 2-24 2.4.3 Unconventional Water Resources 2-27 2.4.4 Inter-Basin Transfers 2-30 2.5 THE WATER SUPPLY DILEMMA IN NAMIBIA 2-31 2.6 WATER DEMAND PROJECTIONS 2-33 2.6.1 General 2-33 2.6.2 Factors Which Influence Water Demand 2-35 2.6.3 Water Demand Norms Used 2-35 2.7 LEGISLATIVE AND POLICY ENVIRONMENT 2-37 2.7.1 National Legislation and Policies 2-37 2.7.2 Regional Policies and Agreements 2-42 2.7.3 International Law and Principles 2-42 CHAPTER 3 : INTRODUCTION TO THE CUVELAI AREA 3-1 3.1 PROJECT AREA IN THE CUVELAI 3-1 3.1.1 Introduction 3-1 3.1.2 Climate 3-2 3.1.3 Biophysical Environment 3-4 3.1.4 Water Supply 3-11 3.1.5 Population 3-11 3.2 ECONOMIC & OTHER IMPORTANCE OF THE CUVELAI AREA 3-14 3.2.1 Population Growth and Private Consumption 3-14 3.2.2 Building and Construction in Oshakati 3-14 3.3 HISTORY OF WATER SUPPLY IN THE CUVELAI 3-15 3.3.1 The Assessment and Planning of Water Supply Infrastructure in the Cuvelai 3-15 3.3.2 Use of Surface Water Sources 3-27 3.3.3 Groundwater in the Cuvelai Area 3-33 3.3.4 Current Water Supply Situation in the Cuvelai 3-34 3.4 BILATERAL RELATIONS REGARDING THE KUNENE RIVER 3-35 3.4.1 Bilateral Agreements 3-35 3.4.2 Permanent Joint Technical Commission 3-37 3.4.3 Terms of Reference of the Permanent Joint Technical Commission 3-38 3.4.4 Kunene Transboundary Water Supply Project 3-39 Table of Contents ii THE AUGMENTATION OF WATER SUPPLY TO THE CENTRAL AREA OF NAMIBIA AND THE CUVELAI PART II: THE CUVELAI AREA OF NAMIBIA CONTENTS (continued) CHAPTER 4 : WATER RESOURCES AVAILABLE TO THE CUVELAI AREA 4-1 4.1 CURRENTLY USED WATER RESOURCES 4-1 4.2 THE KUNENE RIVER 4-1 4.2.1 The Kunene River Basin 4-1 4.2.2 Hydrology 4-9 4.2.3 Dams on the Kunene River 4-18 4.2.4 Water Quality 4-22 4.2.5 Proposed Developments in the Kunene River Basin 4-23 4.3 SURFACE FLOW IN THE CUVELAI BASIN 4-24 4.3.1 Major Drainage Zones in the Cuvelai 4-24 4.3.2 Floods in the Cuvelai System 4-28 4.3.3 Potential use of the Surface Flow in the Cuvelai 4-31 4.4 GROUNDWATER IN THE CUVELAI AREA 4-32 4.4.1 Introduction 4-32 4.4.2 Hydrogeology 4-34 4.4.3 Aquifer Characteristics 4-37 4.4.4 Groundwater Sub-Basins 4-44 4.4.5 Water Quality 4-47 4.4.6 Groundwater Supply Potential 4-53 4.4.7 Summary of the Potential of Groundwater in the Cuvelai Etosha Basin 4-54 4.4.8 Current Utilisation of Groundwater Resources in the Cuvelai Area 4-56 4.4.9 Recharge 4-57 CHAPTER 5 : WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE CUVELAI AREA 5-1 5.1 BASIC LAYOUT OF WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE CUVELAI AREA 5-1 5.1.1 Introduction 5-1 5.1.2 Separation of Schemes and Water Supply Zones 5-2 5.2 INFRASTRUCTURE AT CALUEQUE 5-4 5.2.1 Calueque Dam 5-4 5.2.2 Calueque Pump Station 5-8 5.2.3 Calueque Pipeline 5-9 5.2.4 Summary of the Raw Water Abstraction Capacity at Calueque 5-10 5.3 CALUEQUE - OSHAKATI CANAL 5-11 5.4 OLUSHANDJA DAM AND THE ETAKA CANAL 5-14 5.4.1 Olushandja Dam 5-14 5.4.2 Etaka Canal 5-17 5.5 WATER PURIFICATION PLANTS 5-18 Table of Contents iii THE AUGMENTATION OF WATER SUPPLY TO THE CENTRAL
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