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The Post Event Function of World Cup Stadia As Contribution to the 2010 Fifa World Cup Legacy

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THE POST EVENT FUNCTION OF WORLD CUP STADIA AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE 2010 FIFA WORLD CUP LEGACY by KWENAITSILE MAITSHWARELO MOSIME (STUDENT NUMBER: 12379418) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MA (HMS) OPTION SPORT AND RECREATION MANAGEMENT In the DEPARTMENT OF SPORT AND LEISURE STUDIES at the UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA FACULTY OF HUMANITIES SUPERVISOR: E. VD. KLASHORST JUNE 2016 1 © University of Pretoria ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank the Lord God Almighty for giving me the guidance, strength and the passion to make this achievement possible. I would like to dedicate this to my loving family, my parents Lesole and Loise Mosime, my brothers and sister; John, Kuda and Ntebo. Thank you for the loving support you gave me during my studies. I appreciate all you have done for me and for making this journey possible. A special thanks to Dr Engela Van der Klashorst for the support and encouragement you gave me during our research. Thank you for always giving me the motivation to give my best and helping me to make this research study a success. Through your supervision and guidance, my efforts, hard work and achievements were made possible. I would also like to acknowledge and thank CATHSSETA for the financial support they gave me to during this study. I would also like to thank all the participants in the study for their time and effort in this study. Thank you 2 © University of Pretoria TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES 11 CHAPTER 1 1.1 Introduction and contextualisation 13 1.2 Problem statement 15 1.3 Aims and objectives 16 1.4 Theoretical framework 17 1.5 Research Methodology 22 1.5.1 Research design 22 1.5.2. Research population 23 1.5.2.1. Research population 23 1.5.2.2. Sample 23 1.5.2.3 Sample Method 23 1.5.3. Data collection 24 1.5.3.1. Semi-structured interviews 24 1.5.4. Data analysis 25 1.6. Ethical aspects 26 1.6.1 Voluntary participation 26 1.6.2 Informed consent 26 1.6.3 Privacy 26 1.7 Clarification of terminology 26 3 © University of Pretoria CHAPTER 2 2.1. Introduction 28 2.2 History of the FIFA World Cup 28 2.3 The FIFA World Cup Bidding Process 33 2.4 Previous hosts of the FIFA World Cup 36 2.4.1 1994 FIFA World Cup in USA 36 2.4.2 1998 FIFA World Cup in France 38 2.4.3 2002 FIFA World Cup in Japan and South Korea 39 2.4.4 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany 40 2.5 The FIFA World Cup as a mega event 41 2.5.1 Mega Events defined 41 2.5.1.1 Technologies for mass communication creating global audiences 42 2.5.1.2 Large Corporate Sponsorship 42 2.5.1.3 Promotional opportunities for the host destination 43 2.6 Responsibilities of hosting a FIFA World Cup 44 2.6.1 Government commitment 45 2.6.2 Planning of the event 46 2.6.3 FIFA Reporting 46 2.6.4 Safety and Security 47 2.6.5 Travel 47 2.6.6 Finance 48 2.6.7 Environment 49 2.6.8 General Infrastructure 49 2.6.8.1 Information Technology and Communication Network 50 2.6.8.2 Media Facilities, Communications and Public Relations 50 4 © University of Pretoria 2.6.8.3 Health and Medical Services 50 2.6.9 Media and Marketing Rights 50 2.6.10 Stadiums 51 2.7 Motivations to host the FIFA World Cup 52 2.7.1 Strategic Alignment 53 2.7.2 Political Motives 53 2.7.3 Urban Regeneration and Transformation 54 2.7.4 Host City Image 54 2.7.5 Tourism 55 2.7.6 Economic Motives 55 2.7.7 Intangible Elements 55 2.7.8 Sport Development 56 2.7.9 International Relations 56 2.7.10 Motives for hosting other FIFA World Cup tournaments 56 2.8 Drawbacks of hosting a mega event such as FIFA World Cup 58 2.8.1 Financial Risks 58 2.8.2 Economic Outcomes and Predictions 60 2.8.3 Demanding requirements conflicting with local needs 61 2.8.4 Internal Bidding and Competition 61 2.8.5 Unmet Expectations 61 2.9 South Africa as hosts of the 2010 FIFA World Cup 62 2.9.1 South Africa’s roles and expectations from mega events such as the FIFA World 63 Cup 5 © University of Pretoria 2.9.1.1 Afro-pessimism 63 2.9.1.2 Stimulating Economic Growth 64 2.9.1.3 Social Cohesion and National Pride 64 2.9.1.4 Infrastructure Development 64 2.9.2 Objectives of 2010 FIFA World Cup 65 2.9.2.1 Using the FIFA World Cup as a catalyst for infrastructure 65 2.9.2.2 Using the FIFA World Cup to create national unity and pride 66 2.9.2.3 Leaving an African legacy altering negative perceptions 66 2.10 Conclusion 69 CHAPTER 3 3.1 Introduction 70 3.2 A review of the FIFA World Cup stadia and training facilities 70 3.2.1 Technical requirements of FIFA World Cup stadia 71 3.2.2 The costs of FIFA World Cup stadia 75 3.3 The functions and roles of the FIFA World Cup stadia 77 3.3.1 Before the FIFA World Cup 77 3.3.1.1 Free money 78 3.3.1.2 The big idea 78 3.3.1.3 Marketing of the city 79 3.3.1.4 Expectations of addressing development challenges 79 3.3.1.5 Anticipation of the event 80 6 © University of Pretoria 3.3.1.6 Development expectations 80 3.3.1.7 Media speculation 81 3.3.2 During the FIFA World Cup 82 3.3.3 After the FIFA World Cup 84 3.3.3.1 Public stadiums 86 3.4 The case of South Africa stadia and government commitment post 2010 88 3.4.1 The 2010 FIFA World Cup stadiums 89 3.4.1.1 Parliament meeting for the future of 2010 stadia 89 3.5 Conclusion 92 CHAPTER 4 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Definition of the legacy concept 93 4.3 The legacies of the FIFA World Cups 95 4.3.1 The legacy of job creation 96 4.3.2 The legacy of events attraction and capacity 96 4.3.3 The legacy of sports development 97 4.3.4 The legacy of local economic development 98 4.3.5 The legacy of sport and recreation participation 98 4.3.6 The legacy of sport tourism 99 4.3.7 Positive and Negative legacies 99 4.4 Unique attributes of legacies 102 7 © University of Pretoria 4.5 Obstacles of meeting legacies intended by the host country of the FIFA World Cup 105 4.6 The legacies expected from host countries and cities 107 4.7 Tangible and Intangible legacies 108 4.8 The South African stadia as a legacy 110 4.8.1 Additional legacies for training venues 112 4.9 Conclusion 114 CHAPTER 5 5.1 Introduction 116 5.2 Research Design 117 5.2.1. Research population 119 5.2.2. Research sample 119 5.2.3 Sample population 120 5.3. Data Collection 120 5.3.1 Semi-structured interview 121 5.4. Data Analysis 122 5.5 Conclusion 123 CHAPTER 6 6.1 Introduction 124 6.2 Results of the study 124 6.2.1 Role of stadia after hosting the 2010 FIFA World Cup 124 6.2.2 Challenges faced by Local Municipalities in keeping the 2010 FIFA World Cup 130 stadia sustainable 6.2.3 Stadium contributions on the legacy of the 2010 FIFA World Cup and the 138 8 © University of Pretoria Local Municipality brand 6.2.4 Alternative uses of the 2010 FIFA World Cup stadia 145 6.2.5 Functions of the 2010 FIFA World Cup stadia affecting other stadia within the 148 Local Municipality 6.3 Interpretation 149 6.3.1 The role of the stadia after hosting the 2010 FIFA World Cup 150 6.3.2 Challenges faced by the Local Municipalities in keeping the 2010 FIFA World 155 Cup stadia sustainable 6.3.3 Stadium contributions on the legacy of the 2010 FIFA World Cup and 159 Local Municipality brand 6.3.4 Alternative uses of the 2010 FIFA World Cup stadia 161 6.3.5 Functions of the 2010 FIFA World Cup stadia affecting other stadia within the 162 Local Municipality 6.4 Conclusion 163 CHAPTER 7 7.1 Introduction 164 7.2 Conclusions 165 7.2.1 Objective specific conclusions 165 7.2.1.1 Role of the FIFA World Cup stadiums 165 7.2.1.2 Stadia challenges sustainability 168 7.2.1.3 Stadia contributions on 2010 FIFA World Cup legacy and Local Municipality 170 brand 7.2.1.4 Alternative uses of stadia 171 7.2.1.5 Effect of functions of the World Cup stadia on other stadia 171 9 © University of Pretoria 7.2.2 Overall Conclusion 172 7.3 Recommendations 173 7.4 Implications for further research 175 7.5 Final study conclusion 175 REFERENCES 177 APPENDIX 1 – Research Schedule 212 APPENDIX 2 – Participation Letter 214 10 © University of Pretoria LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Tables Table 1: A chronology of the history of football 29 Table 2: Examples of 3 stadiums built for the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Japan 59 Table 3: Comparative examples of the development needs of South Africa versus the 68 needs for the FIFA World Cup Table 4: Examples of the technical recommendations and requirements for the FIFA 72 World Cup Table 5: Total costs of the stadium construction and the number of stadiums in the 75 2002-2010 FIFA World Cups Table 6: Budget allocation and expenditure for the 2010 FIFA World Cup 76 Table 7: Stadium ownership of the 2010 FIFA World Cup stadiums 91 Table 8: Advantages/Positive legacies and the disadvantages/negative legacies of 100 mega events such as the FIFA World Cup Table 9: The differences between the two host cities in South Africa 104 Table 10: Differences between Germany as hosts of the 2006 FIFA World Cup and 105 South Africa as hosts of the 2010 FIFA World Cup Table 11: Legacy Indicator Framework 107 Table 12: 2010 FIFA World Cup legacies 110 Table 13: Roles of the 2010 FIFA World Cup stadia Table 14: Challenges of keeping the 2010 FIFA World Cup stadia sustainable 130 11 © University of Pretoria Table 15: Stadium contributions to the legacy of the 2010 FIFA World Cup and the 138 Local Municipality brand Table 16: Alternative uses of the stadia 146 Table 17: Functions of the World Cup stadia affecting other stadia within the 148 Local Municipality Figures Figure 1: Milestones of the FIFA bidding process 34 Figure 2: Average attendance for FIFA World Cup hosts domestic football top 85 divisions 2010/2011 Figure 3: Current ownership of FIFA World Cup stadiums from the 2002-2010 FIFA 87 World Cups Figure 4: Matrix of event comparisons 102 Graph Graph 1: Budget allocation and expenditure for the 2010 FIFA World Cup 76 12 © University of Pretoria CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXTUALISATION 1.1 INTRODUCTION Football is played by millions of people across the world and is regarded as the world’s favourite sport (FIFA, 2013a).
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